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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">kYkZDdmyj7pr8CQdmXFxJLD</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000400205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240140</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Usando Troponina de Alta Sensibilidade para Melhorar a Previs&#227;o de Risco ap&#243;s Cirurgia N&#227;o Card&#237;aca &#8211; J&#225; Chegamos L&#225;?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0163-6508</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tralh&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#243;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Unidade Local de Sa&#250;de de Lisboa Ocidental</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos Card&#237;acos</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos Card&#237;acos &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia &#8211; Unidade Local de Sa&#250;de de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Nova Medical School</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Nova Medical School, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ant&#243;nio Tralh&#227;o</bold> &#8226; Hospital de Santa Cruz, Avenida Professor Doutor Reinaldo dos Santos, <postal-code>2799-134</postal-code>, Carnaxide &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>atralhao@chlo.min-saude.pt</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>17</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240140</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Inj&#250;ria Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Cirurgia N&#227;o Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Troponina Ultrasens&#237;vel</kwd>
        <kwd>Classifica&#231;&#227;o de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A perturba&#231;&#227;o homeost&#225;tica relacionada &#224; cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca &#233; um gatilho bem descrito para morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato e tardio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Por meio de m&#250;ltiplos mecanismos, incluindo inflama&#231;&#227;o e hipercoagulabilidade, instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica e perda sangu&#237;nea, hipoxemia ou suspens&#227;o de terapias protetoras, condi&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas cr&#244;nicas conhecidas ou silenciosas, como doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda ou doen&#231;a valvar, podem servir como substrato para isquemia e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou arritmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Epidemiologicamente, uma taxa significativa de complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, combinada com um imenso n&#250;mero de pacientes submetidos a procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos n&#227;o card&#237;acos por ano, cria um grande desafio &#224; sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, mudando necessariamente o foco para a preven&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Tradicionalmente, a avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco tem sido baseada em fatores do paciente, tipo de cirurgia e urg&#234;ncia da interven&#231;&#227;o, que est&#227;o inclu&#237;dos, embora com pesos diferentes, nos escores de risco dispon&#237;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Infelizmente, a capacidade discriminativa das pontua&#231;&#245;es existentes est&#225; longe de ser ideal, deixando espa&#231;o para ferramentas complementares como os biomarcadores. Especificamente, foi demonstrado que a libera&#231;&#227;o de troponina card&#237;aca (cTn) na corrente sangu&#237;nea, refletindo les&#227;o multifatorial de cardiomi&#243;citos, sinaliza aumento de morbidade e mortalidade quando elevada no per&#237;odo perioperat&#243;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> No entanto, e at&#233; agora, a integra&#231;&#227;o deste chamado MINS ("les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ap&#243;s cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca") com a mais familiar avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco cl&#237;nico, na tarefa de previs&#227;o de risco continua a ser uma quest&#227;o a ser devidamente respondida.</p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o da revista, Gomes et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> apresentam uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva unic&#234;ntrica de 2.230 pacientes internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva ap&#243;s cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca por um periodo de 5 anos, acompanhados por uma mediana de 6,7 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Eles descobriram que o MINS era bastante frequente, pois ocorria em quase um em cada 10 pacientes, um n&#250;mero que n&#227;o foge dos estudos publicados anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Tal como biologicamente esperado, o risco cl&#237;nico correlacionou-se com a probabilidade de MINS, anunciando uma maior carga de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
    <p>O MINS foi ent&#227;o combinado com a avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco com base em tr&#234;s m&#233;tricas (risco CV, RCRI e risco cir&#250;rgico), criando quatro subgrupos de pacientes ao emparelhar o risco (+/-) com o MINS (+/-), para cada uma dessas m&#233;tricas. A grande maioria dos pacientes tinha baixo risco e nenhum MINS e serviu como popula&#231;&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia. A categoriza&#231;&#227;o de alto risco foi substancialmente diferente de acordo com risco CV (26,1%), RCRI (0,9%) e risco cir&#250;rgico (14,6%). A an&#225;lise de sobreviv&#234;ncia mostrou que os pacientes que apresentavam maior risco e MINS tinham pior progn&#243;stico, mas tamb&#233;m que os pacientes MINS com baixo risco na verdade se sa&#237;ram pior do que os pacientes considerados de alto risco, mas nos quais MINS n&#227;o foi detectado, destacando uma sensibilidade reduzida da avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica para detectar aumento mortalidade em pacientes de baixo risco. Uma exce&#231;&#227;o a esse padr&#227;o foi observada para pacientes com RCRI elevado, nos quais o MINS n&#227;o separou a probabilidade de sobreviv&#234;ncia, possivelmente relacionado ao pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes nesse grupo. Depois de contabilizar a gravidade geral do paciente atrav&#233;s da pontua&#231;&#227;o SAPS 3, o MINS manteve o impacto progn&#243;stico independente. Estes resultados foram ainda refor&#231;ados pelo recurso a tr&#234;s metodologias estat&#237;sticas diferentes, mostrando a melhoria da capacidade discriminativa da cTn quando adicionada &#224; estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cl&#237;nico. Dados estes resultados, o papel da medi&#231;&#227;o da cTn na avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular ap&#243;s cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca parece merecer uma reavalia&#231;&#227;o cuidadosa.</p>
    <p>As diretrizes atuais do ESC sobre cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca recomendam a medi&#231;&#227;o de cTnI ou cTnT antes da cirurgia e 24 e 48 horas depois, mas apenas em pacientes com alta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> As diretrizes da ACC/AHA sobre avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular perioperat&#243;ria e manejo de pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca restringem o papel da cTn a pacientes que apresentam sinais de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, levantando preocupa&#231;&#245;es sobre a falta de estrat&#233;gias de manejo ap&#243;s MINS. Mais recentemente, uma diretriz focada no papel da cTn na avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco cir&#250;rgico n&#227;o card&#237;aco sugere a determina&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria e p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria da cTn para melhorar a previs&#227;o de risco, com um n&#237;vel moderado de evid&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Antes que a medi&#231;&#227;o da cTn possa ser recomendada a todos os pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca, diversas quest&#245;es n&#227;o resolvidas, algumas delas levantadas por Gomes et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> permanecem a serem abordadas em estudos futuros. Em primeiro lugar, a &#225;rea sob a curva ROC para predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade foi modesta mesmo ap&#243;s a adi&#231;&#227;o de cTn ao modelo. Em segundo lugar, como a eleva&#231;&#227;o da cTn &#233; multifatorial e est&#225; associada a complica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o cardiovasculares, seria relevante diferenciar a mortalidade card&#237;aca da n&#227;o card&#237;aca, pois isso poderia elucidar mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos e possivelmente implicar diferentes estrat&#233;gias de manejo. Em terceiro lugar, o desempenho de outros escores de risco, como a Calculadora de Risco Cir&#250;rgico ou a Ferramenta de Risco de Resultado Cir&#250;rgico, que possuem melhor poder discriminativo, n&#227;o foi testado.</p>
    <p>Finalmente, a quest&#227;o mais dif&#237;cil, clinicamente mais importante, e ainda sem resposta, diz respeito &#224; aus&#234;ncia de uma via de diagn&#243;stico e tratamento rent&#225;vel que, atrav&#233;s de terapias modificadoras da doen&#231;a, resultasse em melhores resultados para os pacientes, evitando ao mesmo tempo testes a jusante desnecess&#225;rios e interven&#231;&#245;es invasivas. Embora o trabalho de Gomes et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> represente mais um passo na adapta&#231;&#227;o da previs&#227;o de risco ap&#243;s cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca, a aplicabilidade de uma estrat&#233;gia de tratamento melhorada com cTn continua necessitando de uma an&#225;lise cuidada em estudos cl&#237;nicos bem concebidos.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Adi&#231;&#227;o da Troponina Ultrassens&#237;vel &#224; Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Risco Perioperat&#243;rio Melhora a Capacidade Preditiva de Morte em Pacientes Submetidos &#224; Cirurgia N&#227;o Card&#237;aca</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240140i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Using High-Sensitivity Troponin for Enhancing Risk Prediction after Non-Cardiac Surgery &#8211; Are We There Yet?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0163-6508</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tralh&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#243;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos Card&#237;acos &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia &#8211; Unidade Local de Sa&#250;de de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Nova Medical School, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Ant&#243;nio Tralh&#227;o</bold> &#8226; Hospital de Santa Cruz, Avenida Professor Doutor Reinaldo dos Santos, <postal-code>2799-134</postal-code>, Carnaxide &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>atralhao@chlo.min-saude.pt</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Myocardial Injury</kwd>
        <kwd>Non-Cardiac Surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>High-Sensitivity Troponin</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Classification</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The homeostatic disruption related to non-cardiac surgery is a well-described trigger for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the early and late post-operative periods.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Through multiple mechanisms, including inflammation and hypercoagulability, hemodynamic instability and blood loss, hypoxemia or suspension of protective therapies, known or silent chronic cardiac conditions like coronary artery disease, left ventricular dysfunction or valve disease may serve as the substrate for myocardial ischemia and infarction, heart failure or arrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Epidemiologically, a significant rate of cardiac complications, combined with an immense number of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgical procedures <italic>per annum</italic> creates a major public healthcare challenge, necessarily shifting the focus towards prevention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Traditionally, risk assessment has been based on patient factors, type of surgery, and urgency of the intervention, which are included, albeit with different weighing, in the available risk scores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Unfortunately, the discriminative ability of existing scores is far from optimal, leaving room for complementary tools like biomarkers. Specifically, the bloodstream release of cardiac troponin (cTn), reflecting multifactorial cardiomyocyte injury, has been shown to signal increased morbidity and mortality when elevated in the perioperative period.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> However, and until now, the integration of this so-called MINS ("myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery") with the more familiar clinical risk evaluation in the task of risk prediction remains a question to be properly answered.</p>
      <p>In this issue of the Journal, Gomes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> present a single-center retrospective analysis of 2230 patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit after non-cardiac surgery for a 5 years-period, followed by a median of 6.7 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> They found that MINS was quite frequent, as it occurred in almost one out of 10 patients, a number that does not deviate from previously published studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> As biologically expected, clinical risk correlated with the likelihood of MINS, heralding a greater cardiovascular disease burden.</p>
      <p>MINS was then combined with risk assessment based on 3 metrics (CV risk, RCRI, and surgical risk), creating four patient subgroups by pairing risk (+/-) with MINS (+/-), for each of these metrics. The large majority of patients had both low-risk and no MINS and served as the reference population. High-risk categorization was substantially different according to CV risk (26.1%), RCRI (0.9%), and surgical risk (14.6%). Survival analysis showed that patients displaying both higher risk and MINS had the worse prognosis but also that MINS patients with low-risk actually fared worse than patients deemed at high risk but in whom MINS was not detected, highlighting a reduced sensitivity of clinical assessment to detect increased mortality in low-risk patients. An exception to this pattern was noted for patients with an elevated RCRI, in which MINS did not separate survival probability, possibly relating to the small number of patients in this group. After accounting for overall patient severity through SAPS 3 scoring, MINS maintained independent prognostic impact. These findings were further strengthened by resorting to three different statistical methodologies, showing the improved discriminative ability of cTn when added to clinical risk stratification. Given these results, the role of cTn measurement in the assessment of cardiovascular risk after non-cardiac surgery seems to merit a thoughtful reappraisal.</p>
      <p>Current ESC Guidelines on non-cardiac surgery recommend either cTnI or cTnT measurement before surgery and at 24 and 48 hours afterward, but only in high-patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> ACC/AHA guidelines on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and management of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery restrict the role of cTn to patients showing signs of myocardial ischemia, raising concerns about the lack of management strategies after MINS. More recently, a focused guideline on the role of cTn in non-cardiac surgical risk assessment suggests both preoperative and postoperative cTn determination to enhance risk prediction, with a moderate level of evidence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Before cTn measurement can be recommended to all patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery, several unresolved questions, some of them raised by Gomes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> remain to be addressed in future studies. Firstly, the area under the ROC curve for mortality prediction was modest even after the addition of cTn to the model. Secondly, as cTn elevation is multifactorial and associated with non-cardiovascular complications, it would be relevant to differentiate cardiac from non-cardiac mortality, as this might elucidate pathophysiological mechanisms and possibly imply different management strategies. Thirdly, the performance of other risk scores such as the Surgical Risk Calculator or the Surgical Outcome Risk Tool, which have better discriminative power, was not tested.</p>
      <p>Finally, the most difficult, clinically most important, and yet unanswered question pertains to the absence of a cost-effective diagnostic and treatment pathway that, through disease-modifying therapies, would result in better patient outcomes whilst avoiding unnecessary downstream tests and invasive interventions. Although the work by Gomes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> represents one more step in tailoring risk prediction after non-cardiac surgery, the applicability of a cTn-enhanced management strategy remains to be carefully scrutinized in well-designed clinical studies.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Addition of High-Sensitivity Troponin to Perioperative Risk Assessment Improves the Predictive Ability of Death in Non-Cardiac Surgery Patients</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
