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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">bCSMjJJ39tB9ZKHpsS7j7sz</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000401201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240113</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Diretrizes</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Diretrizes Brasileiras de Medidas da Press&#227;o Arterial Dentro e Fora do Consult&#243;rio &#8211; 2023</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9983-4720</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>Audes Diogenes de Magalh&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1265-1930</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1564-121X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mion</surname>
            <given-names>Decio</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2311-4222</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nobre</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6652-1533</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mota-Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5333-013X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Cesar Brand&#227;o Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8523-760X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Amodeo</surname>
            <given-names>Celso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0504-4518</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Camargo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3762-1372</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alessi</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7566-3541</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7040-396X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Araujo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5118-7990</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pio-Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7127-2052</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sposito</surname>
            <given-names>Andrei C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3274-7729</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pierin</surname>
            <given-names>Angela Maria Geraldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">
            <sup>16</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3071-6758</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Annelise Machado Gomes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9594-0841</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Spinelli</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">
            <sup>17</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2050-273X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">
            <sup>18</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7333-8884</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Poli-de-Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19">
            <sup>19</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9490-7997</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Cibele Isaac Saad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7584-4265</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Forjaz</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia Lucia de Moraes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8181-4986</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Diogo Pereira Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">
            <sup>22</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4361-936X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Costa Duarte</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23">
            <sup>23</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4956-5267</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Elizabete Viana de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24">
            <sup>24</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8621-0305</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cestario</surname>
            <given-names>Elizabeth do Espirito Santo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25">
            <sup>25</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3853-7842</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Muxfeldt</surname>
            <given-names>Elizabeth Silaid</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff26">
            <sup>26</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff27">
            <sup>27</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6887-9387</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Emilton</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28">
            <sup>28</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6352-3330</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Campana</surname>
            <given-names>Erika Maria Gon&#231;alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6915-8127</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana Gomes Arag&#227;o Magalh&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff29">
            <sup>29</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3220-019X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Consolim-Colombo</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Marciano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff30">
            <sup>30</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9404-9707</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Ant&#244;nio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3370-9326</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Giovanio Vieira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6330-697X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moreno</surname>
            <given-names>Heitor</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4195-5463</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Finimundi</surname>
            <given-names>Helius Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31">
            <sup>31</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3367-5779</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Isabel Cristina Britto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32">
            <sup>32</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4507-253X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gemelli</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff33">
            <sup>33</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3552-6160</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Augusto Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff34">
            <sup>34</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6960-2825</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vilela-Martin</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff35">
            <sup>35</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4430-7760</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Marcio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff36">
            <sup>36</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff37">
            <sup>37</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6583-6536</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yugar-Toledo</surname>
            <given-names>Juan Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff35">
            <sup>35</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2881-7402</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Luc&#233;lia Batista Neves Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff38">
            <sup>38</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2081-6846</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Drager</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4865-6442</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bortolotto</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Aparecido</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff30">
            <sup>30</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-2988-006X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Antonio de Melo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff39">
            <sup>39</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8171-3920</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Malachias</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vin&#237;cius Bol&#237;var</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff36">
            <sup>36</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff40">
            <sup>40</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0797-572X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Neves</surname>
            <given-names>Mario Fritsch Toros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3192-7186</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Mayara Cedrim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6031-048X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dinamarco</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff41">
            <sup>41</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8640-0811</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Osni</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff42">
            <sup>42</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4032-2894</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Passarelli</surname>
            <given-names>Oswaldo</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff43">
            <sup>43</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5487-4649</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vitorino</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila Valverde de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff44">
            <sup>44</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1582-7268</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Dischinger</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff45">
            <sup>45</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9719-3176</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bezerra</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff46">
            <sup>46</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9078-3296</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Pinto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7778-2907</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Paula</surname>
            <given-names>Rogerio Baumgratz de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff47">
            <sup>47</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7116-274X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Okawa</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio Toshiro Passos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff48">
            <sup>48</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4295-9151</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>P&#243;voa</surname>
            <given-names>Rui Manuel dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff45">
            <sup>45</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6351-9588</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fuchs</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff49">
            <sup>49</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1088-2126</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Sandro Gon&#231;alves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5784-9991</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Inuzuka</surname>
            <given-names>Sayuri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff50">
            <sup>50</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4176-9572</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Sebasti&#227;o Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff51">
            <sup>51</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2331-2432</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fillho</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio Hock de Paffer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff52">
            <sup>52</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7750-2792</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago de Souza Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff53">
            <sup>53</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1441-8323</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Vanildo da Silva</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff54">
            <sup>54</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7478-3931</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Koch</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Hermina Kalika</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff55">
            <sup>55</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4549-1363</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gusm&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Wal&#233;ria Dantas Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff56">
            <sup>56</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4976-7889</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oigman</surname>
            <given-names>Wille</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0003-5102</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nadruz</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UFPE</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">PROCAPE</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE), Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">IAPES</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Assist&#234;ncia, Pesquisa e Ensino em Sa&#250;de (IAPES), Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UFG</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s (UFG), Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">HCFMUSP</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio CESMAC</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio CESMAC, Macei&#243;, AL &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Alagoas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Alagoas, Macei&#243;, AL &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Pesquisas Cl&#237;nicas Dr. Marco Mota</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisas Cl&#237;nicas Dr. Marco Mota, Macei&#243;, AL &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>10</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hcor, Associa&#231;&#227;o Beneficente S&#237;ria</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hcor, Associa&#231;&#227;o Beneficente S&#237;ria, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>11</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s (UFG), Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>12</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; (UFPR), Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13">
        <label>13</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Enfermagem</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s (UFG), Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14">
        <label>14</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff15">
        <label>15</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff16">
        <label>16</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff17">
        <label>17</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cardiocentro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Natal</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RN</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiocentro, Natal, RN &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff18">
        <label>18</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de de Campos do Jord&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campos do Jord&#227;o</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de de Campos do Jord&#227;o, Campos do Jord&#227;o, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff19">
        <label>19</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff20">
        <label>20 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas e da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Sorocaba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de S&#227;o Paulo, Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas e da Sa&#250;de,Sorocaba, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff21">
        <label>21</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Esporte</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Esporte da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff22">
        <label>22</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff23">
        <label>23</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade FEEVALE</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade FEEVALE, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff24">
        <label>24</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff25">
        <label>25</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro Universit&#225;rio de Votuporanga</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UNIFEV</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Votuporanga</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio de Votuporanga (UNIFEV), Votuporanga, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff26">
        <label>26</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Resistente</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho &#8211; Programa de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Resistente (ProHArt), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff27">
        <label>27</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">IDOMED</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Est&#225;cio de S&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Educa&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica (IDOMED) - Universidade Est&#225;cio de S&#225;, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff28">
        <label>28</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff29">
        <label>29</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP), Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff30">
        <label>30</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (Incor/FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff31">
        <label>31</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Caxias do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Caxias do Sul</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff32">
        <label>32</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff33">
        <label>33</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Governo do Estado de Rond&#244;nia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Velho</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Governo do Estado de Rond&#244;nia, Porto Velho, RO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff34">
        <label>34</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff35">
        <label>35</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto (FAMERP), S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff36">
        <label>36</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff37">
        <label>37</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Fel&#237;cio Rocho</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Fel&#237;cio Rocho, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff38">
        <label>38</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade Zarns</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Zarns, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff39">
        <label>39</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Esperan&#231;a Recife</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Esperan&#231;a Recife, Ilha do Leite, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff40">
        <label>40</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Educacional Lucas Machado</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Educacional Lucas Machado (FELUMA), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff41">
        <label>41</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Colegiado de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ilh&#233;us</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Colegiado de Medicina &#8211; Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilh&#233;us, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff42">
        <label>42</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica Gapski Moreira</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica Gapski Moreira, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff43">
        <label>43</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff44">
        <label>44</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff45">
        <label>45</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff46">
        <label>46</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Laborat&#243;rio de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff47">
        <label>47</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Juiz de Fora</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff48">
        <label>48</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Maring&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Maring&#225;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Maring&#225;, Maring&#225;, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff49">
        <label>49</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff50">
        <label>50</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Unidade de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">NIPEE</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UFG</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial &#8211; NIPEE &#8211; LHA/UFG, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff51">
        <label>51</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Nefroclinica de Uberl&#226;ndia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Uberl&#226;ndia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Nefroclinica de Uberl&#226;ndia, Uberl&#226;ndia, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff52">
        <label>52</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de Olinda</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Olinda</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Olinda, Olinda, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff53">
        <label>53</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff54">
        <label>54</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Diagn&#243;stico Card&#237;aco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Diagn&#243;stico Card&#237;aco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff55">
        <label>55</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto da Crian&#231;a e do adolescente do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff56">
        <label>56</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Alagoas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Alagoas (UNCISAL), Macei&#243;, AL &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Marechal C&#226;mara, 360/330 &#8211; Centro &#8211; Rio de Janeiro &#8211; CEP: 20020-907. E-mail: <email>diretrizes@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn id="fn1">
          <p>Coordenador geral: Audes Diogenes de Magalh&#227;es Feitosa</p>
          <p>Coordenadores: Audes Diogenes de Magalh&#227;es Feitosa, Celso Amodeo, Decio Mion Junior, Fernando Nobre, Marco Antonio Mota-Gomes, Paulo Cesar Brand&#227;o Veiga Jardim, Weimar Kunz Sebba Barroso, Wilson Nadruz Junior</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240113</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="18"/>
        <table-count count="66"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="251"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="2">Diretrizes Brasileiras de Medidas da Press&#227;o Arterial Dentro e Fora do Consult&#243;rio &#8211; 2023</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="2">O relat&#243;rio abaixo lista as declara&#231;&#245;es de interesse conforme relatadas &#224; SBC pelos especialistas durante o per&#237;odo de desenvolvimento deste posicionamento, 2021-2023.</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Especialista</th>
              <th align="left">Tipo de relacionamento com a ind&#250;stria</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Adriana Camargo Oliveira</td>
              <td>Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: - Brace Pharma; EMS; Servier; Biolab. Outros relacionamentos Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: - Biolab: Bivolet; EMS: Xakilis.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Alexandre Alessi</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Ana Luiza Lima Sousa</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Andr&#233;a Araujo Brand&#227;o</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Andrea Pio-Abreu</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Andrei C. Sposito</td>
              <td>Outros relacionamentos Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: - Novo Nordisk; Novartis.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Angela Maria Geraldo Pierin</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Annelise Machado Gomes de Paiva</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Antonio Carlos de Souza Spinelli</td>
              <td>Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: - Novonordisk: Ozempic; Daiichi Sankyo: Benicar Triplo; Torrent: Rosucor; Boehringer: Jardiance. Outros relacionamentos Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: - Novonordisk: Ozempic; Daiichi Sankyo: Benicar Triplo; Torrent: Rosucor; Boehringer: Jardiance.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Audes Diogenes de Magalh&#227;es Feitosa</td>
              <td>Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: - Consultor da Omron; aulas para Omron, Micromed e Cardios. Outros relacionamentos Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: - Omron.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Carlos Alberto Machado</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Carlos Eduardo Poli-de-Figueiredo</td>
              <td>Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: - AstraZeneca/Alexion: SHUA e Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; Bayer: Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; Fresenius, Life e Baxter: Di&#225;lise. Organiza&#231;&#227;o do evento MAYOPUCRS 2023 e de outros congressos de Sociedades M&#233;dicas com apoio de empresas. Sem conflitos na &#225;rea de hipertens&#227;o arterial. B - Financiamento de pesquisas sob sua responsabilidade direta/pessoal (direcionado ao departamento ou institui&#231;&#227;o) provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: - Pesquisador do Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica da PUCRS. Sem estudos no momento. Outros relacionamentos Participa&#231;&#227;o societ&#225;ria de qualquer natureza e qualquer valor economicamente apreci&#225;vel de empresas na &#225;rea de sa&#250;de, de ensino ou em empresas concorrentes ou fornecedoras da SBC: - Consult&#243;rio m&#233;dico (Nefromonitoriza). Participa&#231;&#227;o em comit&#234;s de compras de materiais ou f&#225;rmacos em institui&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de ou fun&#231;&#245;es assemelhadas: - Chefe de Servi&#231;o de Nefrologia do HSL/PUCRS at&#233; 2023. Participa&#231;&#227;o em &#243;rg&#227;os governamentais de regula&#231;&#227;o, ou de defesa de direitos na &#225;rea de cardiologia: - Participa&#231;&#227;o em estudos financiados pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, CNPq e CAPES.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Celso Amodeo</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Cibele Isaac Saad Rodrigues</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Claudia Lucia de Moraes Forjaz</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>D&#233;cio Mion Junior</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Diogo Pereira Santos Sampaio</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Eduardo Costa Duarte Barbosa</td>
              <td>Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: - Cardios: Arteris; Brace Pharma: Olmy Anlo; Servier: Triplixam; EMS: Bramicar. Outros relacionamentos Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: - Servier: Triplixam.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Elizabete Viana de Freitas</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Elizabeth do Esp&#237;rito Santo Cestario</td>
              <td>Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: - Servier: Triplixam; Torrent: Rosucor. B - Financiamento de pesquisas sob sua responsabilidade direta/pessoal (direcionado ao departamento ou institui&#231;&#227;o) provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: - Servier: Vastarel; Libbs: Hipertens&#227;o. Outros relacionamentos Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: - Servier; Torrent.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Elizabeth Silaid Muxfeldt</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Emilton Lima J&#250;nior</td>
              <td>Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: - Servier: Hipertens&#227;o; Novo Nordisk: Diabetes/Obesidade; Daiichi Sankyo: Liliana; Chiesi: DPOC; Novartis: Dislipidemia. Outros relacionamentos Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: - Servier: Hipertens&#227;o; Novo Nordisk: Diabetes/Obesidade; Daiichi Sankyo: Liliana; Chiesi: DPOC; Novartis: Dislipidemia.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Erika Maria Gon&#231;alves Campana</td>
              <td>Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: - Servier: Perindopril/Hipertens&#227;o; Biolab: Pressplus/Hipertens&#227;o. Outros relacionamentos Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: - Servier: Perindopril/Hipertens&#227;o.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Fabiana Gomes Arag&#227;o Magalh&#227;es Feitosa</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Fernanda M. Consolim-Colombo</td>
              <td>Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: - Daiichi Sankyo; Merck; Servier; AstraZeneca. Outros relacionamentos Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: - Daiichi Sankyo; Servier.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Fernando Ant&#244;nio de Almeida</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Fernando Nobre</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Giovanio Vieira da Silva</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Heitor Moreno J&#250;nior</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Helius Carlos Finimundi</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Isabel Cristina Britto Guimar&#227;es</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Jo&#227;o Roberto Gemelli</td>
              <td>Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: - Servier; Boerinhger; AstraZeneca; Libbs.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Jos&#233; Augusto Soares Barreto Filho</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Jos&#233; Fernando Vilela-Martin</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Jos&#233; Marcio Ribeiro</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Juan Carlos Yugar-Toledo</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Luc&#233;lia Batista Neves Cunha Magalh&#227;es</td>
              <td>Outros relacionamentos Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: - AstraZeneca: Selozok; Farmoqu&#237;mica: Exforge.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Luciano Ferreira Drager</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Luiz Aparecido Bortolotto</td>
              <td>Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: - GSK: Shingrix; Servier: Triplicam.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Marco Antonio de Melo Alves</td>
              <td>Outros relacionamentos Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: - Torrent: Dislipidemia/Hipertens&#227;o.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Marco Antonio Mota-Gomes</td>
              <td>Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: - Omron: Equipamentos; Biolab: Press Plus; Daiichi Sankyo: Benicar Triplo; AstraZeneca: Forxiga; Ache: Edistride. B - Financiamento de pesquisas sob sua responsabilidade direta/pessoal (direcionado ao departamento ou institui&#231;&#227;o) provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: - Novartis: Inclisiran; Libbs: Associa&#231;&#227;o Tripla; Servier: Associa&#231;&#227;o Qu&#225;drupla.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Marcus Vin&#237;cius Bol&#237;var Malachias</td>
              <td>Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: - Boehringer Ingelheim/Lilly: diabetes; Daiichi Sankyo: Hipertens&#227;o; Libbs: Hipertens&#227;o, Roche: Biomarcadores; Novo Nordisk: Diabetes; Bayer: Diabetes; Novartis: Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca; Viatris: Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca; Servier: Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca. Outros relacionamentos Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: - Boehringer Ingelheim/Lilly: Diabetes; Daiichi Sankyo: Hipertens&#227;o; Libbs: Hipertens&#227;o, Novo Nordisk: Diabetes; Bayer: Diabetes. Participa&#231;&#227;o societ&#225;ria de qualquer natureza e qualquer valor economicamente apreci&#225;vel de empresas na &#225;rea de sa&#250;de, de ensino ou em empresas concorrentes ou fornecedoras da SBC: - Instituto de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial de Minas Gerais: servi&#231;os na &#225;rea da sa&#250;de; Cardio Check Up: servi&#231;os na &#225;rea da sa&#250;de.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mario Fritsch Toros Neves</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Mayara Cedrim Santos</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Nelson Dinamarco</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Osni Moreira Filho</td>
              <td>Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: - Daiichi Sankyo: Benicar Triplo; Servier: Triplixam. Outros relacionamentos Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: - Torrent: Hipertens&#227;o Arterial; Servier: Hipertens&#227;o Arterial.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Oswaldo Passarelli J&#250;nior</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Paulo Cesar Brand&#227;o Veiga Jardim</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Priscila Valverde de Oliveira Vitorino</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Roberto Dischinger Miranda</td>
              <td>Outros relacionamentos Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: - Novo Nordisk: Ozempic; EMS: Hipertens&#227;o Arterial e Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Rodrigo Bezerra</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Rodrigo Pinto Pedrosa</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Rog&#233;rio Baumgratz de Paula</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Rog&#233;rio Toshiro Passos Okawa</td>
              <td>Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: - EMS: Hipertens&#227;o. Outros relacionamentos Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: - Novo Nordisk: Obesidade.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Rui Manuel dos Santos Povoa</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sandra C. Fuchs</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sandro Gon&#231;alves de Lima</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sayuri Inuzuka</td>
              <td>Outros relacionamentos Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: - Servier; EMS; Daichi Sankyo.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Sebasti&#227;o Rodrigues Ferreira-Filho</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Silvio Hock de Paffer Fillho</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Thiago de Souza Veiga Jardim</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Vanildo da Silva Guimar&#227;es Neto</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Vera Hermina Kalika Koch</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Wal&#233;ria Dantas Pereira Gusm&#227;o</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Weimar Kunz Sebba Barroso</td>
              <td>Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: - EMS; Brace Pharma; Servier; Biolab; Omron; Cardios. B - Financiamento de pesquisas sob sua responsabilidade direta/pessoal (direcionado ao departamento ou institui&#231;&#227;o) provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: - Minist&#233;rio de Sa&#250;de; PROADI SUS; Novartis: Entresto. C - Financiamento de pesquisa (pessoal), cujas receitas tenham sido provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: - EMS: Estudo RITMO; Brace Pharma: Estudo BRACE 23. Outros relacionamentos Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras: - Servier; Congresso Europeu de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Wille Oigman</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Wilson Nadruz Junior</td>
              <td>Nada a ser declarado</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </p>
    <sec>
      <title>Sum&#225;rio</title>
      <p>Atualiza&#231;&#245;es e Mudan&#231;as nas Diretrizes Brasileiras de Medidas da Press&#227;o Arterial Dentro e Fora do Consult&#243;rio 10</p>
      <p>Parte 1 &#8211; Medidas da Press&#227;o Arterial 10</p>
      <p>1. Introdu&#231;&#227;o 10</p>
      <p>2. Medida da PA no Consult&#243;rio 11</p>
      <p>2.1. Medida da PA com T&#233;cnica Auscultat&#243;ria 11</p>
      <p>2.2. Medida da PA com T&#233;cnica Oscilom&#233;trica e Equipamentos Autom&#225;ticos ou Semiautom&#225;ticos 11</p>
      <p>2.3. Etapas para Medida da PA em Consult&#243;rio 11</p>
      <p>2.4. Medida da PA no Punho e no Dedo 12</p>
      <p>2.5. Medida da PA no Idoso 13</p>
      <p>2.6. Classifica&#231;&#227;o da PA de Acordo com a Medida de Consult&#243;rio 13</p>
      <p>3. Medidas da PA Fora do Consult&#243;rio 14</p>
      <p>3.1. Automedida da Press&#227;o Arterial (AMPA) 14</p>
      <p>3.2. Medidas da PA em Farm&#225;cias 14</p>
      <p>3.3. Medidas da PA em Espa&#231;os P&#250;blicos 14</p>
      <p>3.4 Monitora&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial (MAPA) 15</p>
      <p>3.5. Monitora&#231;&#227;o Residencial da Press&#227;o Arterial (MRPA) 15</p>
      <p>4. Medida Central da PA e seus Par&#226;metros Derivados 15</p>
      <p>5. Medida da PA Durante o Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico 15</p>
      <p>Parte 2 &#8211; Aspectos e Conceitos Comuns &#224; MAPA e a MRPA 15</p>
      <p>1. Aspectos Indispens&#225;veis para a Constitui&#231;&#227;o de um Servi&#231;o de MAPA e MRPA 15</p>
      <p>2. Valores de Anormalidade para PA no Consult&#243;rio e Fora do Consult&#243;rio 16</p>
      <p>2.1. Normotens&#227;o e Hipertens&#227;o Controlada 16</p>
      <p>2.2. Hipertens&#227;o Sustentada e Hipertens&#227;o Sustentada N&#227;o Controlada 16</p>
      <p>2.3. Hipertens&#227;o do Avental Branco e Hipertens&#227;o do Avental Branco N&#227;o Controlada 16</p>
      <p><bold>2.3.1. Efeito do Avental Branco</bold> 16</p>
      <p><bold>2.3.2. Investiga&#231;&#227;o</bold> 16</p>
      <p><bold>2.3.3. Progn&#243;stico</bold> 16</p>
      <p><bold>2.3.4. Seguimento e Tratamento</bold> 16</p>
      <p>2.4. Hipertens&#227;o Mascarada e Hipertens&#227;o Mascarada N&#227;o Controlada 16</p>
      <p><bold>2.4.1. Efeito de Mascaramento</bold> 17</p>
      <p><bold>2.4.2. Investiga&#231;&#227;o</bold> 17</p>
      <p><bold>2.4.3. Progn&#243;stico</bold> 17</p>
      <p><bold>2.4.4. Tratamento</bold> 18</p>
      <p>2.5 Hipertens&#227;o Resistente 18</p>
      <p>3. Indica&#231;&#245;es, Vantagens e Desvantagens da MAPA e MRPA 18</p>
      <p>Parte 3 &#8211; Monitora&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial (MAPA) 18</p>
      <p>1. Defini&#231;&#227;o 18</p>
      <p>2. Protocolos para Realiza&#231;&#227;o da MAPA 19</p>
      <p>2.1. Reprodutibilidade da MAPA 19</p>
      <p>3. Orienta&#231;&#245;es aos Pacientes e Profissionais de Sa&#250;de 20</p>
      <p>3.1. Di&#225;rio de Atividades Durante o Exame 20</p>
      <p>3.2. Orienta&#231;&#245;es Gerais 20</p>
      <p>4. Interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos Resultados 20</p>
      <p>4.1. Crit&#233;rios para Interpreta&#231;&#227;o do Exame 20</p>
      <p>4.2. Valores de Anormalidade 20</p>
      <p>4.3. Comportamento da Press&#227;o Arterial entre os Per&#237;odos de Vig&#237;lia e Sono 20</p>
      <p>4.4. Ascens&#227;o Matinal da Press&#227;o Arterial 20</p>
      <p>4.5. Cargas de Press&#227;o, &#193;reas sob as Curvas, Variabilidade da Press&#227;o Arterial e Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca 20</p>
      <p><bold>4.5.1. Cargas de Press&#227;o</bold> 20</p>
      <p><bold>4.5.2. &#193;reas sob as Curvas</bold> 21</p>
      <p><bold>4.5.3. Variabilidade da Press&#227;o Arterial</bold> 21</p>
      <p><bold>4.5.4. Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</bold> 23</p>
      <p>5. Interpreta&#231;&#227;o da MAPA e Emiss&#227;o de Laudo 23</p>
      <p>5.1. Emiss&#227;o de Laudo 23</p>
      <p>5.2. Comportamento da Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica e Diast&#243;lica nas 24 Horas, Vig&#237;lia e Sono 23</p>
      <p>5.3. Comportamento da Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica e Diast&#243;lica entre os Per&#237;odos de Vig&#237;lia e Sono 23</p>
      <p>5.4. Pico de Press&#227;o e Hipotens&#227;o 24</p>
      <p>5.5. Correla&#231;&#227;o entre Atividades, Medicamentos Utilizados e Sintomas 24</p>
      <p>5.6. Conclus&#227;o 24</p>
      <p>6. Aplica&#231;&#245;es Cl&#237;nicas da MAPA 25</p>
      <p>6.1. Para Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Progn&#243;stico de Pacientes com Hipertens&#227;o Arterial 25</p>
      <p>6.2. Para Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Efic&#225;cia Terap&#234;utica Anti-hipertensiva 25</p>
      <p>7. MAPA em Situa&#231;&#245;es Especiais 25</p>
      <p>7.1. Crian&#231;as e Adolescentes 25</p>
      <p>7.2. Gestantes 26</p>
      <p>7.3. Idosos 26</p>
      <p>7.4. Diabetes Melito 26</p>
      <p>7.5. Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica 26</p>
      <p>7.6. S&#237;ndrome da Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono 27</p>
      <p>7.7 Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca 27</p>
      <p>7.8. Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico 27</p>
      <p>8. Custo-efetividade 27</p>
      <p>9. Perspectivas 28</p>
      <p>Parte 4 &#8211; Monitora&#231;&#227;o Residencial da Press&#227;o Arterial 28</p>
      <p>1. Introdu&#231;&#227;o 28</p>
      <p>2. Orienta&#231;&#245;es ao Paciente 28</p>
      <p>3. Protocolo para Realiza&#231;&#227;o do Exame 28</p>
      <p>4. Valores Referenciais de Anormalidade 29</p>
      <p>5. Emiss&#227;o de Laudo e Interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos Resultados 29</p>
      <p>6. Aplica&#231;&#245;es da Monitora&#231;&#227;o Residencial da Press&#227;o Arterial 29</p>
      <p>6.1. Para o estabelecimento do comportamento da press&#227;o arterial no consult&#243;rio e fora dele 29</p>
      <p>6.2. Para a Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Progn&#243;stico 31</p>
      <p>6.3. Para Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Terap&#234;utica Anti-hipertensiva 31</p>
      <p>6.4. Em Situa&#231;&#245;es e Popula&#231;&#245;es Especiais 32</p>
      <p><bold>6.4.1. Crian&#231;as e Adolescentes</bold> 32</p>
      <p><bold>6.4.2. Gestantes</bold> 32</p>
      <p><bold>6.4.3. Idosos</bold> 32</p>
      <p><bold>6.4.4. Diabetes Melito</bold> 32</p>
      <p><bold>6.4.5. Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica</bold> 32</p>
      <p><bold>6.4.6. Obesidade</bold> 32</p>
      <p><bold>6.4.7. Nas Arritmias</bold> 33</p>
      <p>7. Custo-efetividade 33</p>
      <p>8. Perspectivas 33</p>
      <p>Parte 5 &#8211; Press&#227;o Central, Velocidade da Onda de Pulso e <italic>Augmentation Index</italic> 33</p>
      <p>1. Introdu&#231;&#227;o 33</p>
      <p>2. Defini&#231;&#245;es 33</p>
      <p>2.1. Velocidade de Onda de Pulso 33</p>
      <p>2.2. Augmentation Index 33</p>
      <p>2.3. Press&#227;o Central 34</p>
      <p>3. Indica&#231;&#245;es 34</p>
      <p>4. Vantagens da Medida da Press&#227;o Central, <italic>Augmentation Index</italic> e Velocidade da Onda de Pulso 34</p>
      <p>5. Limita&#231;&#245;es da Medida da Press&#227;o Central, <italic>Augmentation Index</italic> e Velocidade da Onda de Pulso 34</p>
      <p>6. T&#233;cnicas Dispon&#237;veis para Verifica&#231;&#227;o dos Par&#226;metros Centrais e de Rigidez Arterial 34</p>
      <p>6.1. M&#233;todos para Medida Indireta da Press&#227;o Arterial Central 34</p>
      <p>7. Protocolos para Medidas de PAC, VOP e AIx 34</p>
      <p>7.1. Protocolo para Realiza&#231;&#227;o das Medidas de Par&#226;metros Centrais pelo M&#233;todo Tonom&#233;trico 34</p>
      <p>7.2. Protocolo para Realiza&#231;&#227;o do Triplo Tiro (Medida do Consult&#243;rio) pelo M&#233;todo Oscilom&#233;trico 35</p>
      <p>7.3. Protocolo para Realiza&#231;&#227;o das Medidas de par&#226;metros Centrais da PA de 24 Horas pelo M&#233;todo Oscilom&#233;trico 35</p>
      <p>8. Valores de Refer&#234;ncia 35</p>
      <p>8.1 Valores de Refer&#234;ncia para Velocidade de Onda de Pulso (VOP) 35</p>
      <p>8.2. Valores de Refer&#234;ncia para a Press&#227;o Sist&#243;lica Central (PSc) 36</p>
      <p>8.3. Valores de Refer&#234;ncia para VOP, PAC e AIx Utilizando o M&#233;todo Oscilom&#233;trico na Popula&#231;&#227;o Brasileira 36</p>
      <p>9. Valor Progn&#243;stico das Medidas Derivadas dos Par&#226;metros Centrais 38</p>
      <p>10. Par&#226;metros Centrais de 24 Horas 38</p>
      <p>11. Perpectivas 39</p>
      <p>Refer&#234;ncias 40</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Atualiza&#231;&#245;es e Mudan&#231;as nas Diretrizes Brasileiras de Medidas da Press&#227;o Arterial Dentro e Fora do Consult&#243;rio</title>
      <p>Estas diretrizes, revisando e atualizando as anteriores de Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial (MAPA) e Monitoriza&#231;&#227;o Residencial da Press&#227;o Arterial (MRPA), introduzem uma s&#233;rie de modifica&#231;&#245;es relevantes, destacando aspectos fundamentais na avalia&#231;&#227;o da medida e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da Press&#227;o Arterial (PA) tanto no ambiente de consult&#243;rio quanto fora dele, incluindo MAPA, MRPA, Automedida da Press&#227;o Arterial (AMPA) e Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Press&#227;o Arterial Central. Algumas das principais altera&#231;&#245;es incluem:</p>
      <list list-type="order">
        <list-item>
          <p>A atualiza&#231;&#227;o da 6&#170; Diretriz Brasileira de MAPA e 4&#170; Diretriz Brasileira de MRPA, publicada em 2018, passou a ser denominadas &#8220;Diretrizes Brasileiras de Medidas da Press&#227;o Arterial Dentro e Fora do Consult&#243;rio&#8221;. Essa nova nomenclatura reflete a abrang&#234;ncia e atualidade das diretrizes, destacando seu impacto na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>&#202;nfase na precis&#227;o e qualidade das medidas de PA em consult&#243;rio.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Novas orienta&#231;&#245;es sobre a medida da PA desacompanhada no consult&#243;rio.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o rigorosa da hipotens&#227;o postural.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Uso expandido das medidas de PA em farm&#225;cias e espa&#231;os p&#250;blicos para rastreio da hipertens&#227;o.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Atualiza&#231;&#227;o das indica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas para medidas de PA, tanto em consult&#243;rio como fora dele.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Reconhecimento da import&#226;ncia das medidas de PA durante o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Certifica&#231;&#227;o e valida&#231;&#227;o necess&#225;rias para monitores (Consultar www.stridebp.org e INMETRO).</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Valores atualizados dos crit&#233;rios de normalidade da PA na MRPA.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Novos comportamentos identificados em indiv&#237;duos sob tratamento medicamentoso.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Fluxograma revisado para avalia&#231;&#227;o e conduta em hipertens&#227;o mascarada e do avental branco.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Atualiza&#231;&#227;o das indica&#231;&#245;es, limita&#231;&#245;es, vantagens e desvantagens da MAPA e MRPA.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Nova classifica&#231;&#227;o de valores de normalidade da PA obtida pela MAPA em crian&#231;as e adolescentes.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Atualiza&#231;&#227;o do protocolo para realiza&#231;&#227;o de MRPA.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Atualiza&#231;&#227;o dos valores referentes aos efeitos do avental branco e mascaramento pela MRPA.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Novo protocolo de MRPA para pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Introdu&#231;&#227;o de um Cap&#237;tulo sobre Press&#227;o Arterial Central (PAC), Velocidade de Onda de Pulso (VOP) e Augmentation Index (AIx), o qual inclui poss&#237;veis indica&#231;&#245;es, defini&#231;&#227;o de protocolos espec&#237;ficos e valores de refer&#234;ncia para as medidas de VOP, PAC e Aix.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>Essas modifica&#231;&#245;es refor&#231;am o compromisso com a precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica e aprimoramento do cuidado relacionado &#224; press&#227;o arterial, promovendo pr&#225;ticas cl&#237;nicas embasadas e alinhadas com os mais recentes avan&#231;os na &#225;rea.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Parte 1 &#8211; Medidas da Press&#227;o Arterial</title>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>1. Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) &#233; um dos principais fatores de risco modific&#225;veis para morbidade e mortalidade em todo o mundo, sendo um dos maiores fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria, acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) e insufici&#234;ncia renal. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; altamente prevalente e atinge mais de um ter&#231;o da popula&#231;&#227;o mundial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A medida da PA &#233; procedimento OBRIGAT&#211;RIO em qualquer atendimento m&#233;dico ou realizado por diferentes profissionais de sa&#250;de. Contudo, ainda &#233; comumente realizada sem os cuidados t&#233;cnicos necess&#225;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Como o diagn&#243;stico se baseia na medida da PA, fica claro o cuidado que deve haver com as t&#233;cnicas, os m&#233;todos e os equipamentos utilizados na sua realiza&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Deve-se refor&#231;ar que, feito o diagn&#243;stico, toda a investiga&#231;&#227;o e os tratamentos de curto, m&#233;dio e longo prazos s&#227;o feitos com base nos resultados da medida da PA. Assim, t&#233;cnicas e/ou equipamentos inadequados podem levar a diagn&#243;sticos incorretos, tanto subestimando quanto superestimando valores e levando a condutas inadequadas e grandes preju&#237;zos &#224; sa&#250;de e &#224; economia das pessoas e das na&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma vez feito o diagn&#243;stico correto, na medida em que avan&#231;a o conhecimento da import&#226;ncia do tratamento adequado, com a ado&#231;&#227;o de valores de normalidade mais detalhados e com objetivos de tratamento mais cuidadosos no sentido do alcance de metas de PA mais rigorosas, fica tamb&#233;m refor&#231;ada a import&#226;ncia da precis&#227;o na medida da PA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A medida da PA (descrita a seguir) &#233; habitualmente feita pelo m&#233;todo tradicional, a assim chamada medida casual ou de consult&#243;rio. Ao longo do tempo, foram agregadas alternativas a ela, mediante o uso de equipamentos semiautom&#225;ticos ou autom&#225;ticos pelo pr&#243;prio paciente, nas salas de espera ou fora do consult&#243;rio, em sua pr&#243;pria resid&#234;ncia ou em espa&#231;os p&#250;blicos. Um passo adiante foi dado com o uso de equipamentos semiautom&#225;ticos providos de mem&#243;ria que permitem medidas sequenciais fora do consult&#243;rio (AMPA; ou MRPA) e outros autom&#225;ticos que permitem medidas programadas por per&#237;odos mais prolongados (MAPA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Alguns aspectos na medida da PA podem interferir na obten&#231;&#227;o de resultados fidedignos e, consequentemente, causar preju&#237;zo nas condutas a serem tomadas. Entre eles, est&#227;o: a import&#226;ncia de serem utilizados valores m&#233;dios, a varia&#231;&#227;o da PA durante o dia e a variabilidade a curto prazo. Esses aspectos t&#234;m estimulado a realiza&#231;&#227;o de maior n&#250;mero de medidas em diversas situa&#231;&#245;es, e as diferentes diretrizes t&#234;m preconizado o uso de equipamentos que favore&#231;am essas a&#231;&#245;es. Ganham cada vez mais espa&#231;o os equipamentos que realizam MRPA ou MAPA, que, al&#233;m de permitirem maior precis&#227;o, se empregados em conjunto, detectam a HA do avental branco (HAB), HA mascarada (HM), altera&#231;&#245;es da PA no sono e HA resistente (HAR) (definidos no Cap&#237;tulo 2 desta diretriz).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Resguardados esses detalhes, devemos ressaltar que as informa&#231;&#245;es relacionadas a diagn&#243;stico, classifica&#231;&#227;o e estabelecimento de metas ainda s&#227;o baseadas na medida da PA de consult&#243;rio e, por esse motivo, toda a aten&#231;&#227;o deve ser dada &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o desse procedimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>2. Medida da PA no Consult&#243;rio</title>
      <sec>
        <title>2.1. Medida da PA com T&#233;cnica Auscultat&#243;ria <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> </title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>O esfigmoman&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio &#233; considerado o dispositivo padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia e pode ser &#250;til para validar dispositivos oscilom&#233;tricos e aneroides, embora tenha sido abolido da &#225;rea da sa&#250;de por lei do Minist&#233;rio do Trabalho &#8211; (NR 15 125.001-9/I4).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Em muitos locais, os man&#244;metros aneroides substitu&#237;ram os dispositivos de merc&#250;rio. Por&#233;m, s&#227;o facilmente danificados e requerem recalibra&#231;&#227;o frequente, ao menos a cada 12 meses, para garantir sua precis&#227;o.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A medida da PA com t&#233;cnica auscultat&#243;ria ainda &#233; amplamente realizada em nosso meio com esfigmoman&#244;metro aneroide e estetosc&#243;pio.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>O esfigmoman&#244;metro &#233; formado pelo conjunto do manguito, a bolsa de borracha infl&#225;vel revestida por tecido n&#227;o distens&#237;vel; man&#244;metro para registro da press&#227;o; e sistema de v&#225;lvulas, tubos e pera de borracha que permite a infla&#231;&#227;o e a defla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A infla&#231;&#227;o do manguito sobre a art&#233;ria braquial interrompe o fluxo sangu&#237;neo. Com a defla&#231;&#227;o, h&#225; redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o do manguito; quando a press&#227;o gerada pela contra&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo impulsiona o sangue pela art&#233;ria, h&#225; a produ&#231;&#227;o de sons caracter&#237;sticos que s&#227;o auscultados pelo estetosc&#243;pio. S&#227;o os chamados sons de Korotkoff (Quadro 1).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A t&#233;cnica auscultat&#243;ria requer boa audi&#231;&#227;o coordenada com a visualiza&#231;&#227;o dos valores na escala do aparelho, para promover a identifica&#231;&#227;o correta dos sons que determinam as press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2.2. Medida da PA com T&#233;cnica Oscilom&#233;trica e Equipamentos Autom&#225;ticos ou Semiautom&#225;ticos <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> </title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>A medida da PA com aparelhos autom&#225;ticos ou semiautom&#225;ticos, com t&#233;cnica oscilom&#233;trica, apresenta vantagens em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; t&#233;cnica auscultat&#243;ria, principalmente por afastar ou diminuir os erros sistem&#225;ticos de aproxima&#231;&#227;o de valores e da influ&#234;ncia da presen&#231;a do observador, al&#233;m da realiza&#231;&#227;o incorreta do procedimento (Quadro 2).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Outra utilidade do uso desses equipamentos &#233; a realiza&#231;&#227;o da medida da PA pelo paciente sem a presen&#231;a do profissional de sa&#250;de, denominada medida da PA desacompanhada no consult&#243;rio (Quadro 3). Essa estrat&#233;gia incrementa a reprodutibilidade da medida, al&#233;m de minimizar o efeito do avental branco.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Os equipamentos autom&#225;ticos ou semiautom&#225;ticos de medida da PA devem ser validados por protocolos espec&#237;ficos, e a lista de aparelhos validados pode ser encontrada nos seguintes <italic>links</italic>:  <italic>British and Irish Hypertension Society</italic> (www.bihsoc.org/bp-monitors); <italic>European Society of Hypertension &#8211; International Society of Hypertension &#8211; World Hypertension League</italic> (www.stridebp.org); e <italic>Hypertension Canada</italic> (www.hypertension.ca/bpdevices). A maioria dos equipamentos dispon&#237;veis no mercado n&#227;o foi validada.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Os equipamentos, mesmo validados para adultos, necessitam de valida&#231;&#227;o em popula&#231;&#245;es especiais: crian&#231;as, gestantes, idosos, pessoas com circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o acima de 42 cm e aqueles com arritmias.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da calibra&#231;&#227;o dos equipamentos autom&#225;ticos ou semiautom&#225;ticos deve ser realizada a cada 12 meses.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Os manguitos de diferentes dimens&#245;es devem ser do mesmo fabricante e modelo do aparelho.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2.3. Etapas para Medida da PA em Consult&#243;rio <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> </title>
        <p>Na medida da PA, seja com t&#233;cnica auscultat&#243;ria ou oscilom&#233;trica, cuidados importantes devem ser tomados visando ao adequado preparo do paciente e &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento, conforme descrito no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t42">Quadro 4</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t42">
            <label>Quadro 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Etapas para a medida da press&#227;o arterial (PA) em consult&#243;rio</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Preparo do paciente</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Repouso por 5 minutos, em ambiente calmo e confort&#225;vel, e orientar para n&#227;o falar ou se mover durante a medida</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Verificar se o paciente N&#195;O: &#8226;Est&#225; com a bexiga cheia &#8226;Praticou exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos h&#225;, pelo menos, 90 minutos &#8226;Ingeriu bebidas alco&#243;licas, caf&#233;, alimentos ou fumou 30 minutos antes</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sentar o paciente, com pernas descruzadas, p&#233;s apoiados no ch&#227;o, dorso relaxado e recostado na cadeira</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Posicionar o bra&#231;o na altura do cora&#231;&#227;o, apoiado, com a palma da m&#227;o voltada para cima e sem garrotear o bra&#231;o com roupas</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Na primeira consulta, registrar a PA em ambos os bra&#231;os, preferencialmente de forma simult&#226;nea, e usar a leitura do bra&#231;o que forneceu valor mais elevado para medidas subsequentes. Registrar em que bra&#231;o devem ser feitas as medidas</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Etapas da medida</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Colocar o manguito, sem deixar folgas, 2 a 3 cm acima da fossa cubital, centralizar o meio da bolsa infl&#225;vel sobre a art&#233;ria braquial</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Estimar o n&#237;vel da PA sist&#243;lica* (Quadro 5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Palpar a art&#233;ria braquial na fossa cubital e colocar a camp&#226;nula ou o diafragma do estetosc&#243;pio sem compress&#227;o excessiva.* N&#227;o permitir que o estetosc&#243;pio seja colocado sob o manguito</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Inflar rapidamente at&#233; ultrapassar 20 a 30 mmHg o n&#237;vel estimado da PA sist&#243;lica*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Realizar a defla&#231;&#227;o lentamente (cerca de 2 mmHg/segundo)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Determinar a PA sist&#243;lica na ausculta do primeiro som (fase I de Korotkoff)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Determinar a PA diast&#243;lica no desaparecimento dos sons (fase V de Korotkoff)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Continuar a auscultar cerca de 20 a 30 mmHg abaixo do &#250;ltimo som para confirmar seu desaparecimento e depois proceder a defla&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida e completa. Se os batimentos persistirem at&#233; o n&#237;vel zero, determinar a diast&#243;lica no abafamento dos sons (fase IV de Korotkoff) e anotar valores da PA sist&#243;lica/diast&#243;lica/zero*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Realizar tr&#234;s medidas, com intervalo de 1 minuto, e usar a m&#233;dia das duas &#250;ltimas medidas. Se houver diferen&#231;a &gt; 10 mmHg, realizar medidas adicionais.</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN15">
                <p>*Aplicados &#224; t&#233;cnica auscultat&#243;ria.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise da hipotens&#227;o postural &#233; uma etapa importante na avalia&#231;&#227;o do paciente, principalmente em idosos, indiv&#237;duos com disautonomia e nos pacientes em uso de medica&#231;&#245;es anti-hipertensivas. Para pesquis&#225;-la, me&#231;a a PA na posi&#231;&#227;o supina (ap&#243;s o paciente estar nessa posi&#231;&#227;o por 5 minutos) e depois me&#231;a a PA, 1 e 3 minutos ap&#243;s a pessoa ficar em p&#233;. A medida da PA feita em p&#233; deve ser feita preferencialmente com o bra&#231;o do paciente apoiado pelo examinador no n&#237;vel do cora&#231;&#227;o. A hipotens&#227;o postural &#233; definida como uma redu&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 20 mmHg para PA sist&#243;lica ou &#8805; 10 mmHg para a PA diast&#243;lica no primeiro e/ou terceiro minuto na posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o supina.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2.4. Medida da PA no Punho e no Dedo</title>
        <p>Como descrito, os equipamentos mais utilizados e padronizados para medir a PA utilizam o manguito envolvendo o bra&#231;o e o m&#233;todo de oclus&#227;o-libera&#231;&#227;o do manguito, associado &#224; t&#233;cnica auscultat&#243;ria ou &#224; an&#225;lise pelo m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico (aparelhos semiautom&#225;ticos e autom&#225;ticos). Entretanto, existem equipamentos que cont&#234;m manguito para envolver a regi&#227;o do punho, associado tamb&#233;m &#224; t&#233;cnica oscilom&#233;trica (aparelhos autom&#225;ticos). Os denominados &#8220;monitores de pulso&#8221; t&#234;m a vantagem de ser menores e de mais f&#225;cil transporte e, de fato, v&#234;m sendo utilizados amplamente por pacientes para monitora&#231;&#227;o da PA fora do consult&#243;rio. Uma indica&#231;&#227;o desses modelos &#233; para indiv&#237;duos muito obesos, em que os erros nas medidas realizadas nos bra&#231;os s&#227;o mais frequentes e pode haver dificuldade com largura e comprimento de manguitos. No entanto, as medidas da PA feitas com esses equipamentos est&#227;o sujeitas a apresentar maior n&#250;mero de erros sistem&#225;ticos. A posi&#231;&#227;o do punho (altura) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao cora&#231;&#227;o no momento da medida e o aparecimento frequente de artefatos tornam a medida menos fidedigna. Esses aparelhos t&#234;m sido aperfei&#231;oados para libera&#231;&#227;o de medidas apenas quando a posi&#231;&#227;o &#233; adequada em rela&#231;&#227;o ao cora&#231;&#227;o, entretanto, ainda faltam estudos de valida&#231;&#227;o e correla&#231;&#227;o mais consistentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Recentemente, novas tecnologias para medir a PA sem a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de manguitos v&#234;m sendo desenvolvidas. Dispositivos denominados <italic>wearables</italic> (vest&#237;veis, utiliz&#225;veis), que podem ser acoplados a pulseiras ou rel&#243;gios, medem a PA por meio de diferentes tecnologias, como fotopletismografia e tonometria de aplana&#231;&#227;o. Apesar de n&#227;o existirem estudos de valida&#231;&#227;o dos dispositivos frente &#224;s formas cl&#225;ssicas de medida da PA, muitos j&#225; est&#227;o no mercado. Pelo grande apelo promocional como: facilidade de uso, monitora&#231;&#227;o praticamente cont&#237;nua da PA, alguns sem necessidade de calibra&#231;&#227;o, facilidade de compartilhamento dos dados e transmiss&#227;o dos valores obtidos quase em tempo real, esses novos dispositivos t&#234;m atra&#237;do significativo n&#250;mero de usu&#225;rios. Contudo, n&#227;o h&#225; recomenda&#231;&#227;o para o uso dessas novas tecnologias e dispositivos no acompanhamento de pacientes na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica atual. Aguardaremos a realiza&#231;&#227;o e a divulga&#231;&#227;o de estudos cl&#237;nicos que forne&#231;am embasamento cient&#237;fico para que tal acompanhamento possa ser feito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Os monitores de dedo ainda s&#227;o imprecisos e n&#227;o devem ser utilizados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2.5. Medida da PA no Idoso <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> </title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>A medida da PA no idoso pode sofrer influ&#234;ncia do processo de envelhecimento e as mais comuns s&#227;o: pseudo-hipertens&#227;o, hiato auscultat&#243;rio, arritmias e hipotens&#227;o postural.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A pseudo-hipertens&#227;o &#233; considerada quando h&#225; valor indevidamente elevado da PA medida pelo m&#233;todo indireto, comparada com o m&#233;todo direto, em consequ&#234;ncia do processo de ateromatose excessiva associada ou n&#227;o &#224; hipertrofia da camada m&#233;dia das art&#233;rias. Nesses casos, a calcifica&#231;&#227;o da parede arterial promove um enrijecimento t&#227;o pronunciado que a insufla&#231;&#227;o do manguito &#233; insuficiente para colabar a art&#233;ria braquial. Al&#233;m disso, deve ser considerado que esse diagn&#243;stico &#233; sugerido quando a PA sist&#243;lica se apresenta muito elevada sem acometimento de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo ou quando o paciente apresenta manifesta&#231;&#245;es de hipotens&#227;o. A suspeita dessa situa&#231;&#227;o pode ser refor&#231;ada pelo achado de c&#225;lcio em exame radiol&#243;gico.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A manobra de Osler pode ser &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o da pseudo-hipertens&#227;o e consiste na insufla&#231;&#227;o do manguito no bra&#231;o at&#233; o desaparecimento do pulso radial. Se o trajeto da art&#233;ria for palp&#225;vel ap&#243;s esse procedimento, o paciente &#233; considerado Osler positivo.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>O hiato auscultat&#243;rio caracteriza-se pelo desaparecimento da ausculta durante a defla&#231;&#227;o, entre o final da fase I e o in&#237;cio da fase II dos sons de Korotkoff. Dessa forma, pode haver subestima&#231;&#227;o da PA sist&#243;lica ou superestima&#231;&#227;o da PA diast&#243;lica. A estima&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel da PA sist&#243;lica pela medida palpat&#243;ria &#233; imprescind&#237;vel para identifica&#231;&#227;o e corre&#231;&#227;o da medida nessa condi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A hipotens&#227;o postural ou ortost&#225;tica &#233; frequente nos idosos que apresentam sintomas como tontura, vis&#227;o turva, escotomas, astenia ou s&#237;ncope, na mudan&#231;a da posi&#231;&#227;o supina para a posi&#231;&#227;o ereta. Recomenda-se a verifica&#231;&#227;o da PA no idoso na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, deitada e em p&#233;, pois as altera&#231;&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas nas regi&#245;es dos seios carot&#237;deos podem reduzir a sensibilidade dos barorreceptores, ocasionando maior variabilidade da PA nos idosos e redu&#231;&#227;o dos reflexos posturais, o que predisp&#245;e &#224; hipotens&#227;o postural. O uso de f&#225;rmacos como diur&#233;ticos, antidepressivos, vasodilatadores e betabloqueadores pode tamb&#233;m ocasionar hipotens&#227;o postural. A preval&#234;ncia da hipotens&#227;o postural em idosos com mais de 75 anos tem sido referida como 34%, e assume import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica quando se manifesta com tontura postural, sobretudo na vig&#234;ncia de uso de f&#225;rmacos hipotensores.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A presen&#231;a de arritmias, como fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e extrassistolia, pode dificultar a medida da PA com aparelhos que usam a t&#233;cnica oscilom&#233;trica, exceto nos aparelhos que t&#234;m mecanismo de capta&#231;&#227;o da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e outras arritmias.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2.6. Classifica&#231;&#227;o da PA de Acordo com a Medida de Consult&#243;rio</title>
        <p>A classifica&#231;&#227;o &#233; definida de acordo com a PA no consult&#243;rio e pelo n&#237;vel mais elevado da sist&#243;lica ou diast&#243;lica. Considera-se hipertens&#227;o sist&#243;lica isolada se PAS &#8805; 140 mmHg e PAD &lt; 90 mmHg, e deve ser classificada em est&#225;gios 1, 2 e 3 ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t46">Quadro 8</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t46">
            <label>Quadro 8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Classifica&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PA) de acordo com a medida no consult&#243;rio a partir de 18 anos de idade (GR: I &#8211; NE: C)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Classifica&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th>PA sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</th>
                  <th>PA diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#211;tima</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 120 e</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 80</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normal</td>
                  <td align="center">120-129 e/ou</td>
                  <td align="center">80-84</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">130-139 e/ou</td>
                  <td align="center">85-89</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 1</td>
                  <td align="center">140-159 e/ou</td>
                  <td align="center">90-99</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 2</td>
                  <td align="center">160-179 e/ou</td>
                  <td align="center">100-109</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 3</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 180 e/ou</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 110</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN17">
                <p>Adaptado das Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial (2020).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> GR: grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o; NE: n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>&#201; importante salientar que o reconhecimento da HA &#8211; portanto, o diagn&#243;stico final &#8211; n&#227;o deve se embasar em uma &#250;nica medida da PA, considerando-se que ela pode ser muito vari&#225;vel. Assim, n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos que n&#227;o se enquadrem em est&#225;gio 3 em ambiente de consult&#243;rio devem ser reavaliados em medidas subsequentes para a confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica, bem como para a defini&#231;&#227;o do est&#225;gio de hipertens&#227;o.</p>
        <p>V&#225;rias medidas devem ser realizadas em diferentes dias no consult&#243;rio m&#233;dico, observando-se 1 a 2 minutos de intervalo entre as medidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Ainda assim, com alguma frequ&#234;ncia, os valores obtidos nos consult&#243;rios (medida casual) n&#227;o s&#227;o suficientes para a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da HA. As medidas de consult&#243;rio est&#227;o sujeitas a in&#250;meros vieses (erros sistem&#225;ticos), al&#233;m de proporcionarem um n&#250;mero reduzido de medidas. Nos casos de d&#250;vidas, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de outros m&#233;todos de medida para o diagn&#243;stico e seguimento s&#227;o necess&#225;rios, citados neste cap&#237;tulo e detalhados em cap&#237;tulos subsequentes.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>3. Medidas da PA Fora do Consult&#243;rio</title>
      <sec>
        <title>3.1. Automedida da Press&#227;o Arterial (AMPA)</title>
        <p>De acordo com a 6&#170; Diretriz de MAPA e a 4&#170; Diretriz de MRPA, a AMPA &#233; a medida da PA realizada pelo pr&#243;prio paciente ou familiar em seu domic&#237;lio. Ainda, segundo as referidas diretrizes, a AMPA n&#227;o obedece a nenhum protocolo preestabelecido, sendo as medidas realizadas aleatoriamente e feitas por decis&#227;o do pr&#243;prio paciente ou at&#233; a pedido m&#233;dico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Diferentemente da MAPA e da MRPA, realizadas com equipamentos autom&#225;ticos com acur&#225;cia e reprodutibilidade validadas, e pertencentes &#224;s institui&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de, a AMPA &#233; realizada com equipamento autom&#225;tico do pr&#243;prio paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Na Diretriz Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial 2020, um avan&#231;o substancial ocorreu no conceito AMPA ao se sugerir um n&#250;mero m&#237;nimo de 7 medidas realizadas no per&#237;odo de 16-72 horas, utilizando equipamentos oscilom&#233;tricos de boa qualidade e validados. Entretanto, estudos que validem os valores da PA obtidos pela AMPA no tocante ao risco cardiovascular e renal n&#227;o s&#227;o conhecidos. Nem tampouco as consequ&#234;ncias n&#227;o intencionais de medidas aleat&#243;rias da PA, sem rigor metodol&#243;gico, na tomada de decis&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Considerando que a acur&#225;cia da medida da PA &#233; fundamental na tomada de decis&#227;o, a presente diretriz sugere que os mesmos cuidados e procedimentos para a medida da PA (descritos no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t42">Quadro 4</xref> ) sejam seguidos para a AMPA. Ressalta-se, no entanto, que n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias conclusivas que respaldem a ado&#231;&#227;o de protocolos espec&#237;ficos (n&#250;mero de medidas, hor&#225;rios e dias de monitora&#231;&#227;o), nem a determina&#231;&#227;o de valores de normalidade para esse m&#233;todo. Dessa forma, a diretriz recomenda que a AMPA seja utilizada apenas como meio de triagem, para que m&#233;todos confirmat&#243;rios sejam solicitados (MRPA ou MAPA), se necess&#225;rio ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t47">Quadro 9</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t47">
            <label>Quadro 9</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Indica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica das medidas da PA no consult&#243;rio e fora dele (GR: I &#8211; NE: C)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Uso cl&#237;nico</th>
                  <th>Consult&#243;rio</th>
                  <th>MRPA</th>
                  <th>MAPA</th>
                  <th>AMPA</th>
                  <th>Farm&#225;cia</th>
                  <th>Espa&#231;os p&#250;blicos</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triagem</td>
                  <td align="center">+++</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">_</td>
                  <td align="center">++</td>
                  <td align="center">++</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diagn&#243;stico inicial</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">++</td>
                  <td align="center">+++</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ajuste de dose</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">++</td>
                  <td align="center">++</td>
                  <td align="center">+ (?)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Seguimento</td>
                  <td align="center">++</td>
                  <td align="center">+++</td>
                  <td align="center">+</td>
                  <td align="center">+ (?)</td>
                  <td align="center">+ (?)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Indica&#231;&#227;o principal</td>
                  <td align="center">Triagem de seguimento</td>
                  <td align="center">Seguimento</td>
                  <td align="center">Diagn&#243;stico inicial</td>
                  <td align="center">Triagem</td>
                  <td align="center">Triagem de seguimento (?)</td>
                  <td align="center">Triagem de oportunidade</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Valores, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 140 &#215; 90</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 130 &#215; 80</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 130 &#215; 80</td>
                  <td align="center">?</td>
                  <td align="center">?</td>
                  <td align="center">?</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN18">
                <p>Adaptado de Stergiou et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> GR: grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o; NE: n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia; PA: press&#227;o arterial; MAPA: monitora&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial; MRPA: monitora&#231;&#227;o residencial da press&#227;o arterial; AMPA: automedida da press&#227;o arterial.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.2. Medidas da PA em Farm&#225;cias</title>
        <p>Esta pr&#225;tica &#233; utilizada no Brasil e em v&#225;rios outros pa&#237;ses. Pelo baixo custo ao indiv&#237;duo, tem potencial para rastreamento e at&#233; seguimento de tratamento, mas carece do estabelecimento de protocolos de medida que assegurem valida&#231;&#227;o dos equipamentos e dos pr&#243;prios m&#233;todos de medida, al&#233;m de estudos que comprovem sua validade ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t47">Quadro 9</xref> ). N&#227;o h&#225; crit&#233;rios definidos para valores anormais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.3. Medidas da PA em Espa&#231;os P&#250;blicos</title>
        <p>S&#227;o frequentemente utilizadas em campanhas educativas e apresentam como principal vantagem a possibilidade de rastrear poss&#237;veis indiv&#237;duos com HA na popula&#231;&#227;o geral para posterior confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica em consult&#243;rio ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t47">Quadro 9</xref> ). N&#227;o h&#225; crit&#233;rios definidos para valores anormais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Recomenda-se, portanto, que, para medidas em espa&#231;os p&#250;blicos, pessoas que n&#227;o conhe&#231;am a condi&#231;&#227;o de hipertensas e assim se apresentam, ou que estejam fora da meta press&#243;rica e saibam ser hipertensas, sejam encaminhadas para seguimento m&#233;dico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.4. Monitora&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial (MAPA)</title>
        <p>Ver Cap&#237;tulos 2 e 3.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.5. Monitora&#231;&#227;o Residencial da Press&#227;o Arterial (MRPA)</title>
        <p>Ver Cap&#237;tulos 2 e 4.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>4. Medida Central da PA e seus Par&#226;metros Derivados</title>
      <p>Ver Cap&#237;tulo 5.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>5. Medida da PA Durante o Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico</title>
      <p>Recomenda-se que a PA seja medida antes e durante a execu&#231;&#227;o dos exerc&#237;cios em hipertensos mal controlados e/ou com resposta hiper-reativa ao exerc&#237;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A medida da PA antes da execu&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio deve ser realizada na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada ou em p&#233;, de acordo com o exerc&#237;cio que ser&#225; realizado, podendo-se utilizar os m&#233;todos auscultat&#243;rio ou oscilom&#233;trico, seguindo-se as recomenda&#231;&#245;es j&#225; descritas neste cap&#237;tulo em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o do corpo e do bra&#231;o, tempo de repouso pr&#233;vio, tamanho do manguito e t&#233;cnica de medida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Recomenda-se que o exerc&#237;cio s&#243; iniciado somente se os valores da PA sist&#243;lica/diast&#243;lica estiverem iguais ou menores que 160/105 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A medida da PA durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos pode ser limitada ou impossibilitada em algumas modalidades. A medida s&#243; &#233; precisa em modalidades que possibilitem a manuten&#231;&#227;o do bra&#231;o em posi&#231;&#227;o est&#225;vel e no n&#237;vel do cora&#231;&#227;o. A medida deve, idealmente, ser realizada em momentos de equil&#237;brio metab&#243;lico durante o esfor&#231;o, ou seja, com a intensidade mantida h&#225;, pelo menos, 3 minutos. A medida deve empregar o m&#233;todo auscultat&#243;rio, pois os monitores autom&#225;ticos validados para essa condi&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o raros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Considera-se necess&#225;rio reduzir a intensidade do exerc&#237;cio se os valores de PA sist&#243;lica/diast&#243;lica durante o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico estiverem maiores que 180/105 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nos testes ergom&#233;tricos, devido ao aumento progressivo da intensidade em intervalos variados, a medida da PA deve ser feita conforme preconizado em cada protocolo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Durante a execu&#231;&#227;o dos exerc&#237;cios resistidos din&#226;micos, n&#227;o se recomenda a medida da PA, visto que os m&#233;todos existentes para essa medida na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica (auscultat&#243;rio e oscilom&#233;trico) n&#227;o s&#227;o validados para a situa&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio, resultando em valores imprecisos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Parte 2 &#8211; Aspectos e Conceitos Comuns &#224; MAPA e &#224; MRPA</title>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>1. Aspectos Indispens&#225;veis para a Constitui&#231;&#227;o de um Servi&#231;o de Mapa e MRPA</title>
      <p>Para criar ou dar continuidade a um servi&#231;o de MAPA e MRPA, independentemente de sua gest&#227;o ou localiza&#231;&#227;o, devem ser atendidos alguns princ&#237;pios b&#225;sicos, como definidos no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t48">Quadro 10</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t48">
          <label>Quadro 10</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Condi&#231;&#245;es indispens&#225;veis para cria&#231;&#227;o de servi&#231;os de MAPA e/ou MRPA</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="100%">
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">M&#233;dico respons&#225;vel familiarizado com o m&#233;todo e detentor de conhecimento t&#233;cnico e cient&#237;fico sobre o exame</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Equipe formada por t&#233;cnico capacitado a fazer a instala&#231;&#227;o e promover as devidas e necess&#225;rias orienta&#231;&#245;es ao paciente</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Equipamento oscilom&#233;trico autom&#225;tico de bra&#231;o, validado, calibrado, com mem&#243;ria; manguito com todos os tamanhos; pilhas carregadas</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Elabora&#231;&#227;o de laudo padronizado em planilhas, softwares ou plataformas online</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Local apropriado</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN19">
              <p>MAPA: monitora&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial; MRPA: monitora&#231;&#227;o residencial da press&#227;o arterial.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Os equipamentos de MAPA e/ou de MRPA dever&#227;o ser autom&#225;ticos, digitais e que utilizem t&#233;cnica oscilom&#233;trica validada, com armazenamento dos dados que possibilite a emiss&#227;o do laudo. Esses monitores devem possuir certificado de valida&#231;&#227;o (consultar o site www.stridebp.org), corroborado pelo Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (INMETRO).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Para ambos os m&#233;todos, recomendam-se os monitores de bra&#231;o. Excepcionalmente na MRPA, nos pacientes com bra&#231;os com di&#226;metros superiores a 42 cm, pode ser considerado o uso de equipamentos de punho validados ou dar prefer&#234;ncia ao uso de MAPA com o manguito de bra&#231;o adequado, de 42 a 50 cm. Al&#233;m disso, os monitores devem ter sua calibra&#231;&#227;o verificada, no m&#237;nimo, a cada 12 meses, ou sempre que houver suspeita de descalibra&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>2. Valores De Anormalidade para PA no Consult&#243;rio e Fora do Consult&#243;rio</title>
      <p>Os valores de PA considerados anormais est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref> . Com o advento da medida da PA fora do consult&#243;rio, foram definidos oito tipos de comportamento da PA: normotens&#227;o (NT), hipertens&#227;o controlada (HC), hipertens&#227;o sustentada (HS), hipertens&#227;o sustentada n&#227;o controlada (HSNC), hipertens&#227;o do avental branco (HAB), hipertens&#227;o do avental branco n&#227;o controlada (HABNC), hipertens&#227;o mascarada (HM) e hipertens&#227;o mascarada n&#227;o controlada (HMNC) (Figuras 1 e 2).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Com o uso da MAPA, temos o nono comportamento, a hipertens&#227;o noturna.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Valores de PA considerados anormais nas medidas casuais (consult&#243;rio), pela MAPA (nas 24 horas, vig&#237;lia e durante o sono) e na MRPA para defini&#231;&#227;o de diagn&#243;sticos (GR: I &#8211; NE: B) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><bold>,</bold><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><bold>,</bold><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> </title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>PAS (mmHg)</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>PAD (mmHg)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Consult&#243;rio</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 140</td>
                <td align="center">e/ou</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MAPA 24 horas</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 130</td>
                <td align="center">e/ou</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MAPA Vig&#237;lia</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 135</td>
                <td align="center">e/ou</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 85</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MAPA Sono</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 120</td>
                <td align="center">e/ou</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MRPA &#8211; MAPA 5d*</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 130</td>
                <td align="center">e/ou</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 80</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>GR: grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o; NE: n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; MAPA: monitora&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial; MRPA: monitora&#231;&#227;o residencial da press&#227;o arterial. *Em 8 de maio de 2019, foi introduzida na Classifica&#231;&#227;o Brasileira Hierarquizada de Procedimentos M&#233;dicos (CBHPM) a MRPA, com a denomina&#231;&#227;o de Monitora&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial de 5 dias (MAPA 5d) e c&#243;digo: 2.01.02.16-0. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44"><sup>44</sup></xref> </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>2.1. Normotens&#227;o e Hipertens&#227;o Controlada</title>
        <p>Define-se normotens&#227;o quando os valores da PA medida no consult&#243;rio s&#227;o inferiores a 140/90 mmHg e m&#233;dias de PA obtidas pela MAPA 24 horas ou pela MRPA inferiores a 130/80 mmHg, na aus&#234;ncia do uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos. Caso o indiv&#237;duo fa&#231;a uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva, ele &#233; definido como indiv&#237;duo com HC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2.2. Hipertens&#227;o Sustentada e Hipertens&#227;o Sustentada N&#227;o Controlada</title>
        <p>HS &#233; definida quando os valores de PA s&#227;o anormais pelas medidas de PA no consult&#243;rio (&#8805; 140/90 mmHg) e m&#233;dias de PA anormais pela MAPA 24 horas ou MRPA (&#8805; 130/80 mmHg). Caso o indiv&#237;duo fa&#231;a uso de medicamento anti-hipertensivo, &#233; definido como indiv&#237;duo com HSNC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2.3. Hipertens&#227;o do Avental Branco e Hipertens&#227;o do Avental Branco N&#227;o Controlada</title>
        <p>A HAB se caracteriza por valores anormais na medida da PA no consult&#243;rio (&#8805; 140/90 mmHg) e normais de PA pela MAPA 24 horas (&lt; 130/80 mmHg) ou pela MRPA (&lt; 130/80 mmHg) em indiv&#237;duos sem tratamento. Quando esse comportamento ocorre em pacientes sob tratamento, denomina-se HABNC.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>2.3.1. Efeito do Avental Branco</title>
          <p>O efeito do avental branco se caracteriza por exacerba&#231;&#227;o da PA na presen&#231;a do m&#233;dico que pode ocorrer na faixa de normotens&#227;o ou hipertens&#227;o. A presen&#231;a desse efeito n&#227;o muda o diagn&#243;stico do comportamento de HA do paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> Na MAPA, tem sido considerado, empiricamente, efeito do avental branco significativo quando &#8805; 20 mmHg para a PA sist&#243;lica e/ou &#8805; 10 mmHg para a PA diast&#243;lica. Na MRPA, o efeito do avental branco significativo, tamb&#233;m denominado rea&#231;&#227;o de alarme, deve ser considerado quando &#8805; 15 mmHg para a PAS e/ou &#8805; 9 mmHg para a PA diast&#243;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.3.2. Investiga&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Como n&#227;o existem dados patognom&#244;nicos, as caracter&#237;sticas que orientam a pesquisa do diagn&#243;stico de HAB s&#227;o: hipertens&#227;o sist&#243;lica ou diast&#243;lica isolada no consult&#243;rio, idosos, mulheres, gestantes, n&#227;o fumantes, indiv&#237;duos sem les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo e, principalmente, pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio 1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.3.3. Progn&#243;stico</title>
          <p>O risco atribu&#237;do aos pacientes que t&#234;m HAB tem sido muito discutido. Alguns estudos apontam que os pacientes que t&#234;m esse diagn&#243;stico apresentam risco cardiovascular intermedi&#225;rio entre NT e HS, por&#233;m mais pr&#243;ximo ao risco atribu&#237;do aos normotensos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref></sup> Por outro lado, pacientes com HABNC n&#227;o parecem ter maior risco cardiovascular do que aqueles com HC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.3.4. Seguimento e Tratamento</title>
          <p>Nos pacientes com HAB, existe aumento do risco para se transformar em HS quando comparados aos normotensos. Assim, recomenda-se que o diagn&#243;stico de HAB seja confirmado e os pacientes sejam seguidos anualmente, ou mais frequentemente naqueles com risco alto, por meio de MAPA e/ou MRPA para detectar progress&#227;o para HS, visto que eles t&#234;m maior probabilidade de se tornarem hipertensos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref></sup> N&#227;o existem evid&#234;ncias de benef&#237;cios de interven&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas, e o tratamento n&#227;o medicamentoso deve ser considerado para todos os pacientes com HAB.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>2.4. Hipertens&#227;o Mascarada e Hipertens&#227;o Mascarada N&#227;o Controlada</title>
      <p>A HM se caracteriza por valores normais de PA no consult&#243;rio (&lt; 140/90 mmHg) e anormais de PA pela MAPA durante o per&#237;odo de 24 horas (&#8805; 130/80 mmHg), ou pela MRPA (&#8805; 130/80 mmHg). Quando esse comportamento ocorre em pacientes sob tratamento anti-hipertensivo, denomina-se HMNC. &#201; importante enfatizar que, na HM, ocorre mudan&#231;a de diagn&#243;stico de normotens&#227;o no consult&#243;rio para HA fora dele.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>2.4.1. Efeito de Mascaramento</title>
        <p>O efeito do mascaramento significativo, ou rea&#231;&#227;o de mascaramento, &#233; definido pela diferen&#231;a &#8804; -1 mmHg entre a m&#233;dia da PA sist&#243;lica e/ou PA diast&#243;lica obtida na cl&#237;nica e a m&#233;dia da MRPA. Contudo, a presen&#231;a desse efeito n&#227;o muda o diagn&#243;stico do comportamento de HA do paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2.4.2. Investiga&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas que podem sugerir o diagn&#243;stico de HM e que merecem investiga&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o: relatos de medidas de PA elevadas fora do consult&#243;rio, indiv&#237;duos com pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o no consult&#243;rio, com les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo (hipertrofia de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, retinopatia hipertensiva, microalbumin&#250;ria, altera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal), ou com risco cardiovascular elevado (incluindo diab&#233;ticos, e com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup> Indiv&#237;duos com pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o t&#234;m tr&#234;s vezes mais risco de terem HM em compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos sem pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref></sup> Contudo, a estrat&#233;gia de se selecionar pacientes com pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o no consult&#243;rio tem acur&#225;cia apenas modesta para prever a presen&#231;a de HM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2.4.3. Progn&#243;stico</title>
        <p>Quando comparados aos normotensos, indiv&#237;duos com HM t&#234;m pior progn&#243;stico, sendo este similar &#224; HS. De maneira an&#225;loga, a HMNC apresenta pior progn&#243;stico quando comparada &#224; HC, tendendo a ser similar &#224; HSNC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2.4.4. Tratamento</title>
        <p>Em um primeiro momento, pode-se supor que o pior progn&#243;stico associado &#224; HM possa justificar o seu tratamento, tal como na HS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref></sup> No entanto, at&#233; o momento, n&#227;o h&#225; resultados de ensaios cl&#237;nicos prospectivos analisando o efeito do tratamento da HM sobre o risco de eventos cardiovasculares e mortalidade.</p>
        <p>Dada a presen&#231;a de risco cardiovascular semelhante &#224; HS, a orienta&#231;&#227;o de mudan&#231;a de estilo de vida pode ser apropriada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Mesmo sem evid&#234;ncias conclusivas para tal, caso o tratamento medicamentoso seja institu&#237;do, sobretudo em pacientes com les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo estabelecida, faz-se necess&#225;rio avaliar a resposta com base na medida da PA fora do consult&#243;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Um fluxograma adaptado de Huang et al. &#233; sugerido nesta diretriz na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> , para avalia&#231;&#227;o, diagn&#243;stico e condutas na HM e HAB, caso a MAPA ou MRPA estejam dispon&#237;veis.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma para avalia&#231;&#227;o, diagn&#243;stico e condutas na hipertens&#227;o mascarada e hipertens&#227;o do avental branco. Adaptado de Huang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63"><sup>63</sup></xref> </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20240113-40113-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>2.5. Hipertens&#227;o Resistente</title>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial resistente (HAR) &#233; definida quando a PA permanece acima das metas recomendadas com o uso de tr&#234;s anti-hipertensivos de diferentes classes, incluindo um bloqueador do sistema renina-angiotensina (inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina ou bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina), um bloqueador dos canais de c&#225;lcio de a&#231;&#227;o prolongada, em doses m&#225;ximas preconizadas e toleradas; e um diur&#233;tico (preferencialmente, um tiaz&#237;dico de longa a&#231;&#227;o).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref></sup> A HAR &#233; uma indica&#231;&#227;o bem-definida para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da medida da PA fora do consult&#243;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A MRPA e a MAPA s&#227;o mandat&#243;rias no diagn&#243;stico e no acompanhamento da HA resistente e refrat&#225;ria devido &#224; grande magnitude do efeito do avental branco encontrada nessas condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, sendo fundamental para afastar a pseudorresist&#234;ncia e, portanto, definir os quatro comportamentos da HAR: HAR verdadeira, HAR do avental branco, HAR mascarada e HAR controlada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref></sup> Embora a grande maioria dos estudos seja baseada na MAPA, a MRPA tem uma boa concord&#226;ncia com a MAPA nesses pacientes, sendo o m&#233;todo preferencial para o acompanhamento de hipertensos resistentes, principalmente nos hipertensos com valores mais elevados da PA em consult&#243;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>3. Indica&#231;&#245;es, Vantagens E Desvantagens da MAPA e MRPA</title>
      <p>As indica&#231;&#245;es para uso da MAPA e MRPA est&#227;o apresentadas no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t49">Quadro 11</xref> , enquanto as vantagens e desvantagens destes m&#233;todos est&#227;o apresentadas no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t50">Quadro 12</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t49">
          <label>Quadro 11</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Indica&#231;&#245;es da MAPA e da MRPA (GR: I &#8211; NE: C)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Indica&#231;&#245;es</th>
                <th>MAPA</th>
                <th>MRPA</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Suspeita de HAB &#8211; efeito avental branco</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HA est&#225;gio 1 (140-159 e/ou 90-99 mmHg) no consult&#243;rio</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PA &gt; 140/90 mmHg no consult&#243;rio sem LOA e baixo RCV</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o sist&#243;lica isolada ou diast&#243;lica isolada no consult&#243;rio</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Suspeita de HM &#8211; efeito de mascaramento</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PA faixa de pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o (130-139 e/ou 85-89 mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PA &lt; 140/90 mmHg no consult&#243;rio com LOA e alto RCV</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Suspeita de efeito do avental branco</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PA elevada no consult&#243;rio ou suspeita de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia em gestantes</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Identificar HTNC, HAR e redu&#231;&#227;o excessiva da PA</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ajustar a medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Assegurar controle adequado da PA</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Avaliar o controle da PA nas 24 horas, durante o sono e atividades di&#225;rias</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Identificar hipotens&#227;o postural, p&#243;s-prandial e na sesta</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Avaliar as varia&#231;&#245;es da PA na disautonomia</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de sintomas, principalmente de hipotens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Monitorar a efic&#225;cia do tratamento a longo prazo e melhorar a ades&#227;o</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN20">
              <p>GR: grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o; NE: n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia; PA: press&#227;o arterial; MAPA: monitora&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial; MRPA: monitora&#231;&#227;o residencial da press&#227;o arterial; AMPA: automedida da press&#227;o arterial; HA: hipertens&#227;o arterial; HAB: HA do avental branco; LOA: les&#245;es de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo; HAR: HA resistente.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t50">
          <label>Quadro 12</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Limita&#231;&#245;es e vantagens da MAPA e da MRPA</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Limita&#231;&#245;es</th>
                <th>MAPA</th>
                <th>MRPA</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Bra&#231;os com dificuldade do ajuste adequado do manguito</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas associadas a dist&#250;rbios do movimento, como Parkinson</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Arritmias card&#237;acas como fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, <italic>flutter</italic> atrial e extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares frequentes</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Valores muito elevados da PAS</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dificuldade do paciente e/ou do cuidador de executar as medidas</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Vantagens</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>MAPA</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>MRPA</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Medida da PA fora do consult&#243;rio e sem a presen&#231;a do m&#233;dico</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>X</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>X</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Correla&#231;&#227;o com progn&#243;stico melhor que a PA no consult&#243;rio</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>X</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pode reduzir gastos com sa&#250;de</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>X</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>X</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#201; considerado padr&#227;o-ouro na avalia&#231;&#227;o da PA</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>X</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Avalia o controle da PA nas 24 horas; durante o sono e atividades di&#225;rias</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>X</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Avalia a eleva&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida da PA matinal</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Melhor m&#233;todo para monitoramento de longo prazo</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Favorece o controle da PA e ades&#227;o ao tratamento</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Custo menor que o da MAPA</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>X</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Desvantagens</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>MAPA</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>MRPA</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Disponibilidade por vezes limitada</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>X</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>X</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Relut&#226;ncia de alguns pacientes em usar e repetir o exame</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>X</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pode ser desconfort&#225;vel, principalmente durante o sono</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Frequentemente, a PA durante o sono n&#227;o &#233; calculada de acordo com os hor&#225;rios de sono do indiv&#237;duo</td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Medida da PA somente em repouso na vig&#237;lia</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Requer orienta&#231;&#227;o e treinamento; potencial para erro de medida: medida em momentos inadequados, n&#250;mero excessivo de medidas, indu&#231;&#227;o de ansiedade, mudan&#231;a da medica&#231;&#227;o pelo paciente, paciente relata os valores mais baixos</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">X</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN21">
              <p>PA: press&#227;o arterial; PAS: pess&#227;oa rterial sist&#243;lica; MAPA: monitora&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial; MRPA: monitora&#231;&#227;o residencial da press&#227;o arterial.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Atualmente, o diagn&#243;stico e o tratamento da HA t&#234;m como base as medidas de PA no consult&#243;rio e fora dele. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref> apresenta um algoritmo que norteia como interpretar o comportamento da PA neste cen&#225;rio.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Interpreta&#231;&#227;o do comportamento da press&#227;o arterial no consult&#243;rio e fora dele (GR: IIa &#8211; NE: C). GR: grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o; NE: n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia; PA: press&#227;o arterial; MAPA: monitora&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial; MRPA: monitora&#231;&#227;o residencial da press&#227;o arterial.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20240113-40113-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Parte 3 &#8211; Monitora&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial (MAPA)</title>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>1. Defini&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Monitora&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial de 24 horas (MAPA) &#233; o m&#233;todo que permite o registro indireto e intermitente da PA durante 24 horas ou mais, enquanto o paciente realiza as suas atividades usuais na vig&#237;lia e durante o sono.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A MAPA foi descrita h&#225; mais de 50 anos e, atualmente, &#233; realizada com o emprego de monitores totalmente automatizados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>2. Protocolos para Realiza&#231;&#227;o da MAPA</title>
      <p>Recomenda-se que o monitor seja programado para medir a PA entre 15 e 20 minutos durante a vig&#237;lia e entre 20 e 30 minutos no per&#237;odo do sono.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref></sup> O per&#237;odo do sono pode ser programado previamente conforme o hor&#225;rio habitual de sono informado pelo paciente e definido posteriormente conforme o registrado no di&#225;rio. Deve ser sempre colocado um manguito de tamanho adequado no bra&#231;o n&#227;o dominante, a n&#227;o ser em condi&#231;&#245;es especiais ou caso haja uma diferen&#231;a da PA entre os bra&#231;os acentuada (&gt; 10 mmHg).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>2.1. Reprodutibilidade da MAPA</title>
        <p>A MAPA &#233; um exame que apresenta boa reprodutibilidade desde que realizada em curto intervalo de tempo com as mesmas condi&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas e cl&#237;nicas. Os valores das m&#233;dias de PA sist&#243;lica e PA diast&#243;lica obtida em 24 horas, vig&#237;lia e sono, apresentam resultados semelhantes em exames consecutivos, realizados em curto intervalo de tempo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao descenso do sono, tamb&#233;m costuma haver boa reprodutibilidade, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a significativa entre o primeiro e o segundo exame. A reprodutibilidade do comportamento da PA entre os per&#237;odos de vig&#237;lia e sono &#233; questionada na literatura por causa da probabilidade de 30 a 50% dos indiv&#237;duos mudarem de estado em exames subsequentes, especialmente quando existem vari&#225;veis que possam interferir, tais como estresse ao exame, mudan&#231;as farmacol&#243;gicas e qualidade do sono.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>3. Orienta&#231;&#245;es aos Pacientes e Profissionais de Sa&#250;de</title>
      <sec>
        <title>3.1. Di&#225;rio de Atividades Durante o Exame</title>
        <p>O paciente deve ser orientado a fazer anota&#231;&#245;es simplificadas no di&#225;rio de atividades para que seja poss&#237;vel correlacionar as atividades, os sintomas e o uso de medicamentos durante o per&#237;odo de exame. Para assegurar o preenchimento correto, &#233; recomendada a verifica&#231;&#227;o dos registros feitos no momento da retirada do equipamento. Um modelo de Di&#225;rio de Atividades &#233; sugerido na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5</xref> , e as orienta&#231;&#245;es para o seu preenchimento est&#227;o no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t51">Quadro 13</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Modelo de di&#225;rio para registro das atividades durante o exame.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20240113-40113-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t51">
            <label>Quadro 13</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Orienta&#231;&#245;es para o preenchimento do di&#225;rio de atividades</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Orienta&#231;&#245;es gerais</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>1.</italic></bold> Todos os relatos anotados no di&#225;rio devem ser sincronizados com o hor&#225;rio mostrado pelo monitor.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>2.</italic></bold> Especificar hor&#225;rios e atividades realizadas nas 24 horas: profissionais, dom&#233;sticas, escolares, f&#237;sicas e de repouso.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>3.</italic></bold> Orienta&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Anotar:</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>a)</italic></bold> Nome, dose e hor&#225;rio dos medicamentos utilizados durante o exame.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>b)</italic></bold> Hor&#225;rio das refei&#231;&#245;es, incluindo o consumo de caf&#233;.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>c)</italic></bold> Na ocorr&#234;ncia do consumo de &#225;lcool, cigarro e outras drogas; informar hor&#225;rio e quantidade.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>d)</italic></bold> Hor&#225;rios em tr&#226;nsito e meios de locomo&#231;&#227;o.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>e)</italic></bold> Ocorr&#234;ncia e hor&#225;rios de eventos estressantes.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>f)</italic></bold> Presen&#231;a de sintomas, preferencialmente, com hor&#225;rios de in&#237;cio e t&#233;rmino, intensidade (forte, m&#233;dio ou fraco), tipo (tontura, dor, falta de ar etc.) e medida tomada para sua resolu&#231;&#227;o.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>g)</italic></bold> Hor&#225;rios em que dormiu e acordou, inclusive durante o dia (sesta) e qualidade do sono, identificando-o como bom, regular e ruim, segundo sua percep&#231;&#227;o, comparando com a qualidade do sono do dia do exame com a que tem habitualmente.</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3.2. Orienta&#231;&#245;es Gerais</title>
        <p>Para que o exame tenha a colabora&#231;&#227;o necess&#225;ria do examinando, algumas orienta&#231;&#245;es indispens&#225;veis dever&#227;o ser dadas a ele no agendamento ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t52">Quadro 14</xref> ) e na instala&#231;&#227;o do equipamento ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t53">Quadro 15</xref> ). As atividades do profissional de sa&#250;de que realiza a instala&#231;&#227;o e retirada do aparelho est&#227;o nos Quadros 16 e 17, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t52">
            <label>Quadro 14</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Orienta&#231;&#245;es para o paciente no momento do agendamento do exame de MAPA</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">No dia do agendamento do exame, os pacientes devem receber as orienta&#231;&#245;es descritas a seguir:</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>1.</italic></bold> Realizar a MAPA, preferencialmente, em dia representativo das atividades habituais.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>2.</italic></bold> Vestir camisa de manga larga ou sem manga para n&#227;o limitar o movimento dos bra&#231;os e interferir na instala&#231;&#227;o do manguito; as mulheres devem evitar o uso de vestido.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>3.</italic></bold> Seguir a orienta&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;dico sobre o(s) medicamento(s) de uso cr&#244;nico.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>4.</italic></bold> Levar lista de medicamentos em uso com doses e hor&#225;rios da prescri&#231;&#227;o.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>5.</italic></bold> Tomar banho antes do exame, pois n&#227;o ser&#225; permitido faz&#234;-lo durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>6.</italic></bold> Levar cinto para facilitar a coloca&#231;&#227;o do monitor na cintura.</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN22">
                <p>MAPA: monitora&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t53">
            <label>Quadro 15</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Orienta&#231;&#245;es ao paciente no momento da instala&#231;&#227;o do aparelho de MAPA</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Orientar o paciente quantos aos aspectos descritos a seguir:</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>1.</italic></bold> N&#227;o ser&#225; permitido tomar banho durante o per&#237;odo do exame.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>2.</italic></bold> N&#227;o fazer treinamento f&#237;sico durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>3.</italic></bold> Ensinar como acionar uma medida manual em caso de necessidade ou presen&#231;a de sintomas.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>4.</italic></bold> O bra&#231;o deve ficar im&#243;vel e relaxado ao longo do corpo durante as medidas.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>5.</italic></bold> Eventual reajuste do manguito ao longo do dia e a coloca&#231;&#227;o do monitor sob o travesseiro durante o per&#237;odo de sono.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>6.</italic></bold> Como desligar o monitor caso haja alguma necessidade urgente ou mau funcionamento do equipamento.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>7.</italic></bold> N&#227;o se deitar sobre o bra&#231;o que est&#225; com o manguito.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>8.</italic></bold> Preenchimento correto do di&#225;rio, enfatizando sua import&#226;ncia.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Recomendar:</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>1.</italic></bold> Que o monitor n&#227;o seja desconectado e o manguito n&#227;o seja trocado de bra&#231;o.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>2.</italic></bold> Que o monitor n&#227;o seja exposto a &#225;gua, gelo, excesso de poeira ou calor.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>3.</italic></bold> Que mantenha suas atividades habituais durante o exame.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>4.</italic></bold> Que entre em contato em caso de urg&#234;ncia.</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN23">
                <p>MAPA: monitora&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>4. Interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>4.1. Crit&#233;rios para Interpreta&#231;&#227;o do Exame</title>
        <p>Para um exame ser considerado v&#225;lido para interpreta&#231;&#227;o adequada, dever&#225; apresentar um n&#250;mero m&#237;nimo de 16 medidas v&#225;lidas na vig&#237;lia e 8 durante o per&#237;odo de sono.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Idealmente, o exame n&#227;o deve ter per&#237;odos superiores a 2 horas sem medidas e dura&#231;&#227;o menor que 22 horas. Dependendo do objetivo do exame e em situa&#231;&#245;es especiais, a ju&#237;zo cl&#237;nico, pode ser aceito n&#250;mero menor de medidas que o preconizado ou ser analisado, isoladamente, o per&#237;odo com n&#250;mero de medidas adequados, seja a vig&#237;lia ou o sono.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.2. Valores de Anormalidade</title>
        <p>Apesar da rela&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua entre a PA medida por MAPA e risco cardiovascular, na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, &#233; necess&#225;rio que se estabele&#231;am pontos de corte para anormalidade. Os pontos de corte de hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) para PA medida pela MAPA atualmente s&#227;o definidos por poucos estudos de coorte e por diretrizes internacionais (ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 2</xref> do Cap&#237;tulo 2).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Classifica&#231;&#227;o do comportamento da press&#227;o arterial entre os per&#237;odos de vig&#237;lia e sono (GR: I &#8211; NE: B)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Comportamento da press&#227;o arterial (PA)</th>
                  <th>Descenso PA (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Descenso presente</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 10 &#8804; 20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Descenso ausente ou ascens&#227;o da PA</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8804; 0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Descenso atenuado</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt; 0 &lt; 10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Descenso acentuado</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt;20</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>GR: grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o; NE: n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.3. Comportamento da Press&#227;o Arterial entre os Per&#237;odos de Vig&#237;lia e Sono</title>
        <p>A MAPA tem a caracter&#237;stica &#250;nica, entre os m&#233;todos de medida da PA, de registrar a PA no per&#237;odo de sono. Caracteriza-se o padr&#227;o vig&#237;lia-sono avaliando-se a diferen&#231;a percentual entre as m&#233;dias de PA nesses dois per&#237;odos ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 2</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref></sup> N&#227;o existem evid&#234;ncias que esses padr&#245;es de descenso da PA tenham alguma implica&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica, sendo, portanto, considerados t&#227;o somente marcadores de risco.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes considerados de maior risco s&#227;o aqueles em que a PA m&#233;dia no sono n&#227;o cai entre 10 e 20% em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; vig&#237;lia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.4. Ascens&#227;o Matinal da Press&#227;o Arterial</title>
        <p>A eleva&#231;&#227;o matinal da PA reflete o aumento dessa vari&#225;vel nas primeiras horas da manh&#227; e decorre da atividade simp&#225;tica. V&#225;rios modos de se determinar a eleva&#231;&#227;o matinal da PA t&#234;m sido propostos em diferentes estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref></sup> Contudo, a dificuldade na padroniza&#231;&#227;o do c&#225;lculo desse par&#226;metro e a sua baixa reprodutibilidade indicam que ele n&#227;o deve ser usado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4.5. Cargas de Press&#227;o, &#193;reas sob as Curvas, Variabilidade da Press&#227;o Arterial e Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</title>
        <sec>
          <title>4.5.1. Cargas de Press&#227;o</title>
          <p>Por defini&#231;&#227;o, trata-se do percentual de medidas anormais para o per&#237;odo de registro obtido. Podem ser avaliadas nos per&#237;odos de vig&#237;lia, sono e de 24 horas. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 6</xref> exemplifica o c&#225;lculo da carga press&#243;rica. Por seu c&#225;lculo apontar apenas que houve valores elevados, mas n&#227;o os quantificar, pode haver pacientes com uma mesma carga press&#243;rica e valores m&#233;dios de press&#245;es completamente diferentes. Sua fraca correla&#231;&#227;o com desfechos cl&#237;nicos torna seu uso dispens&#225;vel na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06">
              <label>Figura 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Exemplo de como calcular a carga press&#243;rica da PA. PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20240113-40113-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.5.2. &#193;reas sob as Curvas</title>
          <p>&#201; a &#225;rea definida sob a curva de PA registrada que se localiza acima dos limites de normalidade da PA para o respectivo per&#237;odo analisado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">79</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Podemos considerar que esse par&#226;metro tem import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica maior que as cargas de press&#245;es isoladas, pois leva em considera&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m da quantidade de medidas acima do normal no registro, o n&#237;vel destss valores registrados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">79</xref></sup> Com essa avalia&#231;&#227;o bidimensional, podemos obter uma estimativa mais precisa do impacto da PA de 24 horas. No entanto, esse c&#225;lculo de planimetria n&#227;o est&#225; dispon&#237;vel nos programas de computador para laudos de MAPA utilizados comercialmente. A an&#225;lise das correla&#231;&#245;es entre cargas de press&#245;es, m&#233;dias de 24 horas e subper&#237;odos e &#225;reas sob as curvas de press&#245;es mostrou que h&#225; forte correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores das &#225;reas obtidas com os demais par&#226;metros. Igualmente, as &#225;reas sob as curvas mostraram boa correla&#231;&#227;o com hipertrofia ventricular esquerda. Em contrapartida, por faltarem par&#226;metros de normalidade e evid&#234;ncias de correla&#231;&#227;o dessa medida com desfechos cl&#237;nicos, n&#227;o h&#225; ainda indica&#231;&#227;o para seu uso na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.5.3. Variabilidade da Press&#227;o Arterial</title>
          <p>Trata-se da varia&#231;&#227;o dos valores de PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica obtidos no per&#237;odo de 24 horas do registro. Poder&#225; ser avaliada individualmente no per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia, sono ou nas 24 horas. Nos relat&#243;rios, &#233; expressa pelo desvio padr&#227;o dos valores press&#243;ricos, embora tamb&#233;m possa ser obtida pelo coeficiente de vari&#226;ncia e &#8220;variabilidade real m&#233;dia&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A partir de estudos da medida cont&#237;nua da PA, t&#234;m-se acumulado evid&#234;ncias que correlacionam o aumento da variabilidade a desfechos cardiovasculares, renais e neurol&#243;gicos indesej&#225;veis e a um maior risco de HAB e HM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref></sup> Entretanto, por n&#227;o ter valor de refer&#234;ncia de normalidade e pela falta de dados que apoiem que o tratamento atuando sobre a variabilidade traria alguma vantagem cl&#237;nica, a sua aplicabilidade fica prejudicada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.5.4 Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>&#201; a estimativa do valor da frequ&#234;ncia dos batimentos card&#237;acos obtidos pelo pulso arterial durante o registro dos valores de PA nas 24 horas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">81</xref></sup> &#201; um dado pouco estudado em termos de significado cl&#237;nico a partir do registro da MAPA, visto que os aparelhos convencionais estimam com pouca sensibilidade esse comportamento.</p>
          <p>Por ser um indicador muito suscet&#237;vel a erros e pela falta de par&#226;metros de normalidade, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca obtida pela MAPA n&#227;o tem aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>5. Interpreta&#231;&#227;o da MAPA e Emiss&#227;o de Laudo</title>
      <sec>
        <title>5.1. Emiss&#227;o de Laudo</title>
        <p>O laudo da MAPA deve conter os itens listados no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t56">Quadro 18</xref> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">82</xref></sup> Os diversos tipos de comportamento da PA, tais como normotens&#227;o, HA, HAB ou HM n&#227;o devem ser estabelecidos, pois s&#227;o diagn&#243;sticos cl&#237;nicos.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t56">
            <label>Quadro 18</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Itens que dever&#227;o constar no relat&#243;rio de MAPA (GR: I &#8211; NE: C)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Data e hor&#225;rio de in&#237;cio e t&#233;rmino do exame</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#250;mero e porcentagem das medidas realizadas e das efetivamente v&#225;lidas</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>M&#233;dias de PA sist&#243;lica nas 24 horas, vig&#237;lia e sono</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>M&#233;dias da PA diast&#243;lica nas 24 horas, vig&#237;lia e sono</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Comportamento da PA entre vig&#237;lia e sono</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Epis&#243;dios de hipotens&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Correla&#231;&#227;o entre atividades, sintomas e medicamentos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Conclus&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN26">
                <p>GR: grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o; NE: n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia; PA: press&#227;o arterial; MAPA: monitora&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.2. Comportamento da Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica e Diast&#243;lica nas 24 Horas, Vig&#237;lia e Sono</title>
        <p>O laudo deve especificar as m&#233;dias das press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;licas e diast&#243;licas durante o per&#237;odo de 24 horas, na vig&#237;lia e no sono. Existe correla&#231;&#227;o positiva, tanto em hipertensos tratados quanto em n&#227;o tratados, entre os valores PA sist&#243;lica e/ou PA diast&#243;lica de 24 horas, na vig&#237;lia e/ou no sono com morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular, al&#233;m de les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">83</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">85</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.3. Comportamento da Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica e Diast&#243;lica entre os Per&#237;odos de Vig&#237;lia e Sono</title>
        <p>A classifica&#231;&#227;o do comportamento da PA entre os per&#237;odos de vig&#237;lia e sono est&#225; na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 2</xref> . O laudo deve descrever a classifica&#231;&#227;o do descenso da PA sist&#243;lica e da PA diast&#243;lica, conjuntamente, quando as classifica&#231;&#245;es forem iguais e, separadamente, quando forem diferentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">86</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Para a defini&#231;&#227;o dos per&#237;odos de vig&#237;lia e sono, &#233; fundamental a anota&#231;&#227;o dos hor&#225;rios em que o indiv&#237;duo submetido ao exame dormiu e acordou. Esses dados devem estar claramente anotados no di&#225;rio de atividades. A qualidade do sono referida durante o exame tamb&#233;m deve ser considerada no momento da interpreta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Vale lembrar que a invers&#227;o do comportamento fisiol&#243;gico da PA vig&#237;lia-sono, a aus&#234;ncia de descenso ou a ascens&#227;o da PA podem estar relacionadas a determinadas condi&#231;&#245;es, tais como dist&#250;rbio do sono provocado pelo exame, controle inadequado da PA em pacientes tratados, alguns tipos de HA secund&#225;ria, indiv&#237;duos com apneia do sono, disautonomia e uso de alguns medicamentos como, por exemplo, a ciclosporina.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.4. Pico de Press&#227;o e Hipotens&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os picos de PA s&#227;o eleva&#231;&#245;es de duas ou tr&#234;s medidas de forma progressiva, que est&#227;o muito acima das m&#233;dias de PA observadas, antes e depois do evento. No entanto, deve-se observar que, na maioria das vezes, valores elevados e isolados da PA correspondem a artefatos e n&#227;o devem ser caracterizados como picos de press&#227;o. Como n&#227;o h&#225; estudos prospectivos que avaliaram o progn&#243;stico em decorr&#234;ncia de picos de PA, o seu significado &#233; muito restrito e n&#227;o se recomenda que sejam descritos no laudo.</p>
        <p>A hipotens&#227;o &#233; caracterizada por epis&#243;dios em que a PA apresenta valores bem mais baixos que as m&#233;dias de PA observadas antes e depois do evento, desde que acompanhados de sintomas ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 7</xref> ). As redu&#231;&#245;es da PA n&#227;o acompanhadas de sintomas n&#227;o dever&#227;o ser descritas como hipotens&#227;o.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f07">
            <label>Figura 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Epis&#243;dio de queda de press&#227;o arterial na MAPA.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20240113-40113-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Epis&#243;dios sintom&#225;ticos de diminui&#231;&#227;o da PA podem ocorrer nas seguintes situa&#231;&#245;es: uso de medicamentos, s&#237;ncope, lipotimia, hipotens&#227;o postural e neuropatia auton&#244;mica. Medidas isoladas e n&#227;o acompanhadas de sintomas, ainda que com acentuadas quedas da PA, tamb&#233;m podem ser decorrentes de artefato t&#233;cnico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.5. Correla&#231;&#227;o entre Atividades, Medicamentos Utilizados e Sintomas</title>
        <p>O correto preenchimento do &#8220;Di&#225;rio de Atividades&#8221; pelo paciente &#233; de extrema import&#226;ncia para a correla&#231;&#227;o das modifica&#231;&#245;es da PA com os medicamentos utilizados, atividades e sintomas durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame. Devem estar especificadas as doses dos medicamentos, hor&#225;rios das tomadas, e registro das principais atividades (dormir, acordar, desjejum, almo&#231;o e jantar).</p>
        <p>Os sintomas dever&#227;o ser mencionados com a hora em que ocorreram e a intensidade. No laudo, deve ser mencionado se o sintoma descrito provocou alguma varia&#231;&#227;o da PA, dever&#225; ser registrado no di&#225;rio se a medica&#231;&#227;o foi tomada no dia da realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame e dever&#227;o constar os anti-hipertensivos utilizados, bem como doses e hor&#225;rios das tomadas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5.6. Conclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Na conclus&#227;o, devem constar as seguintes informa&#231;&#245;es (GR: I &#8211; NE: C):</p>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>Quando o paciente refere que a qualidade do sono foi boa ou regular: <list list-type="order"><list-item><p>O comportamento normal ou anormal da PA sist&#243;lica e/ou PA diast&#243;lica durante as 24 horas.</p></list-item><list-item><p>O descenso presente, ausente, acentuado ou atenuado da PA sist&#243;lica e/ou PA diast&#243;lica.</p></list-item><list-item><p>O controle ou n&#227;o da PA sist&#243;lica e/ou PA diast&#243;lica nos per&#237;odos de vig&#237;lia e sono do exame quando o paciente refere uso de anti-hipertensivos.</p></list-item></list> </p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Quando o paciente refere que a qualidade do sono foi ruim n&#227;o deve ser analisado o descenso da PA durante o sono, e o comportamento e o controle da PA devem ser descritos somente para o per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia: <list list-type="order"><list-item><p>O comportamento normal ou anormal da PA sist&#243;lica e/ou PA diast&#243;lica durante a <bold>vig&#237;lia</bold> .</p></list-item><list-item><p>O controle ou n&#227;o da PA sist&#243;lica e/ou PA diast&#243;lica no per&#237;odo de <bold>vig&#237;lia</bold> do exame.</p></list-item></list> </p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Exemplo de conclus&#227;o quando paciente refere que a qualidade do sono &#233; boa ou regular:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Comportamento anormal da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e normal da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica com base nas m&#233;dias de press&#227;o de 24 horas.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Descenso ausente da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e acentuado da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica durante o sono.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A medica&#231;&#227;o referida controlou a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, mas n&#227;o controlou a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica durante os per&#237;odos de vig&#237;lia e sono dessa monitora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Exemplo de conclus&#227;o quando paciente refere que a qualidade do sono &#233; ruim:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Comportamento anormal das press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica com base nas m&#233;dias de press&#227;o de vig&#237;lia.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A medica&#231;&#227;o referida n&#227;o controlou as press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica durante o per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia dessa monitora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Exemplo de descri&#231;&#227;o da varia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o entre a vig&#237;lia e o sono quando o paciente refere qualidade de sono ruim.</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Varia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o entre a vig&#237;lia e o sono.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Paciente refere qualidade de sono ruim. Assim, a an&#225;lise do comportamento da press&#227;o arterial durante o sono n&#227;o pode ser realizada.</p>
        <p>Recomenda-se que, ao final do laudo, seja colocada a seguinte ressalva:</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p>A MAPA, como os demais exames complementares em medicina, deve ser avaliada segundo crit&#233;rios do m&#233;dico assistente.</p>
        </disp-quote>
        <p>Finalmente, &#233; importante salientar que o modelo de laudo aqui sugerido &#233; uma orienta&#231;&#227;o do que pode ser feito. Cada m&#233;dico pode estabelecer seu modelo de laudo desde que contenha as informa&#231;&#245;es essenciais para o m&#233;dico que solicitou o exame.</p>
        <p>Outro aspecto importante &#233; que o laudo deve se ater &#224;s informa&#231;&#245;es oferecidas pelo exame, sem dedu&#231;&#245;es e conclus&#245;es cl&#237;nicas que n&#227;o s&#227;o fornecidas pelo exame.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>6. Aplica&#231;&#245;es Cl&#237;nicas da MAPA</title>
      <sec>
        <title>6.1. Para Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Progn&#243;stico de Pacientes com Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</title>
        <p>Os diferentes componentes da PA obtidos com a MAPA fornecem subs&#237;dios relevantes para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular e do progn&#243;stico em pacientes hipertensos.</p>
        <p>As m&#233;dias de PA de 24 horas, vig&#237;lia e sono correlacionam-se mais fortemente com les&#245;es de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo, morbidade e Mortalidade que as medidas casuais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">87</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O comportamento da PA durante o sono, par&#226;metro somente obtido por meio da MAPA dentre todos os demais m&#233;todos de medida indireta da PA, tamb&#233;m determina risco cardiovascular, com associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre o aumento da PA sist&#243;lica durante esse per&#237;odo e mortalidade por eventos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">88</xref></sup> Pacientes com descenso sist&#243;lico durante o sono atenuado, apresentaram maior incid&#234;ncia de infartos lacunares cerebrais que pacientes com descenso normal da PA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Atenua&#231;&#227;o do descenso da PA durante o sono associa-se a maior risco de eventos cardiovasculares tamb&#233;m em indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, em idosos e em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">91</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Associa&#231;&#227;o independente do padr&#227;o de descenso da PA e eventos cardiovasculares foi igualmente demonstrada em coorte de hipertensos resistentes. Uma redu&#231;&#227;o da PA inferior a 10%, ou sua eleva&#231;&#227;o durante o sono, associou-se com desfecho combinado de eventos cardiovasculares e mortalidade total ap&#243;s seguimento m&#233;dio de 4,8 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">92</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.2. Para Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Efic&#225;cia Terap&#234;utica Anti-hipertensiva</title>
        <p>Diretrizes t&#234;m dado maior &#234;nfase ao papel da MAPA no diagn&#243;stico e no seu maior poder de estabelecer o progn&#243;stico do que na avalia&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia da terap&#234;utica. Alguns estudos t&#234;m demonstrado resposta discrepante da efic&#225;cia do tratamento quando se comparam a MAPA e a PA de consult&#243;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">93</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">94</xref></sup> Foi demonstrado controle em apenas 12% dos casos pela avalia&#231;&#227;o da PA de consult&#243;rio, enquanto na MAPA houve controle em 33% dos casos. Al&#233;m disso, 38% dos pacientes tiveram sua prescri&#231;&#227;o modificada pela MAPA, 32% tiveram que adicionar outra medica&#231;&#227;o e 14% dos pacientes novos diagnosticados no consult&#243;rio foram mantidos sem medica&#231;&#227;o depois de realizarem a MAPA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">93</xref></sup> Estudos longitudinais utilizando MAPA, desenhados especificamente para avalia&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia terap&#234;utica, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios antes de se generalizar as indica&#231;&#245;es do m&#233;todo a todos os hipertensos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>7. MAPA em Situa&#231;&#245;es Especiais</title>
      <sec>
        <title>7.1. Crian&#231;as e Adolescentes</title>
        <p>Dados substanciais relacionam n&#237;veis elevados de PA medidos na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia e danos atuais e futuros em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">95</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As defini&#231;&#245;es ambulatoriais normativas para os valores da MAPA na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica s&#227;o derivadas de estudos na popula&#231;&#227;o normal, e as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para utiliza&#231;&#227;o de MAPA nessa popula&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o baseadas em opini&#245;es de especialistas, e n&#227;o em evid&#234;ncias decorrentes de estudos bem delineados para esse fim.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96">96</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A MAPA &#233; considerada procedimento obrigat&#243;rio para confirma&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico de HA em crian&#231;as e adolescentes, com medidas de consult&#243;rio em n&#237;vel de PA elevada por 1 ano ou mais, ou, em n&#237;vel de HA est&#225;gio 1 em 3 visitas cl&#237;nicas consecutivas, assim como para avalia&#231;&#227;o da HA e a ocorr&#234;ncia de padr&#245;es circadianos anormais de PA em crian&#231;as e adolescentes com condi&#231;&#245;es de alto risco, tais como doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, diabetes melito tipos 1 e 2, pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de coarcta&#231;&#227;o de aorta, transplante de &#243;rg&#227;os s&#243;lidos, s&#237;ndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono, obesidade, suspeita de HM ou HAB e s&#237;ndromes gen&#233;ticas associadas &#224; HA como s&#237;ndrome de Williams, s&#237;ndrome de Turner e neurofibromatose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">97</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A nova normativa para MAPA pedi&#225;trica recentemente publicada apresenta um novo esquema para classifica&#231;&#227;o da medida de PA pela MAPA, que, al&#233;m de favorecer a transi&#231;&#227;o de cuidado do paciente adolescente para o adulto jovem, elimina o uso da carga press&#243;rica ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 3</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">98</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Classifica&#231;&#227;o para PA de consult&#243;rio pela MAPA em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos (GR: IIa &#8211; NE: B)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">PAS/PAD consult&#243;rio</th>
                  <th colspan="2">PAS/PAD MAPA</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>&lt; 13 anos</th>
                  <th>&#8805; 13 anos</th>
                  <th>&lt; 13 anos</th>
                  <th>&#8805; 13 anos</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>PA normal</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; p95</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 130/80</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; Percentil 95 OU valores de corte para adolescentes*</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 125/75 mmHg 24 horas E &lt; 130/80 mmHg vig&#237;lia E &lt; 110/65 mmHg sono</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HAB</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; p95</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 130/80</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HM</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; p95</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 130/80</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">&#8805; Percentil 95 OU valores de corte para adolescentes*</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">&#8805; 125/75 mmHg 24 horas OU &#8805; 130/80 mmHg vig&#237;lia OU &#8805; 110/65 mmHg sono</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HA ambulatorial</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; p95</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805;130/80</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>GR: grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o; NE: n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia; HA: hipertens&#227;o arterial; PA: press&#227;o arterial; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; HAB: hipertens&#227;o do avental branco; HM: hipertens&#227;o mascarada.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Em crian&#231;as &lt; 13 anos, selecionar o valor mais baixo entre o percentil 95 para 24 horas e o respectivo ponto de corte adulto que consta da coluna &#8805; 13 anos de idade.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.2. Gestantes</title>
        <p>O papel da MAPA na gesta&#231;&#227;o ainda n&#227;o est&#225; claramente definido. O seu uso &#233; &#250;til particularmente na primeira metade da gesta&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">99</xref></sup> A HAB, assim como a HM, pode ocorrer em at&#233; um ter&#231;o das gestantes. Sua identifica&#231;&#227;o &#233; fundamental para evitar o tratamento desnecess&#225;rio e potencialmente lesivo ao feto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">99</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A HAB tem progn&#243;stico mais favor&#225;vel que a hipertens&#227;o gestacional, persistindo em 50% dos casos ao longo da gesta&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o se associando a complica&#231;&#245;es. Entretanto, 40% das gestantes desenvolvem hipertens&#227;o gestacional, e 8% das gesta&#231;&#245;es cursam com pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">100</xref></sup> Por outro lado, 22% de 158 gestantes cuja HA foi confirmada pela MAPA desenvolveram pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">100</xref></sup> Nesse estudo, a HA durante o sono ocorreu em 60% dos casos, sendo mais associada com risco de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia e de complica&#231;&#245;es fetais. A suspeita diagn&#243;stica de HM &#233; mais dif&#237;cil, devendo ser pesquisada na presen&#231;a de les&#227;o em &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo na gestante.</p>
        <p>Esta diretriz sugere que:</p>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>MAPA est&#225; indicada para avaliar a suspeita de HAB e de HM na gesta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Os valores de refer&#234;ncia para o diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o na gesta&#231;&#227;o devem ser id&#234;nticos aos usados para a popula&#231;&#227;o em geral (MAPA &#8805; 130/80 mmHg).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101">101</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.3. Idosos</title>
        <p>A MAPA pode dar informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas valiosas em pacientes idosos, como nos casos de suspeita de hipotens&#227;o arterial postural, p&#243;s-prandial, medicamentosa e situacional, bem como na avalia&#231;&#227;o de disautonomias e s&#237;ncopes. Nos idosos, algumas limita&#231;&#245;es devem ser salientadas: a) aceitam-se para os idosos os mesmos valores de normalidade da MAPA adotados para os adultos n&#227;o idosos, e b) a redu&#231;&#227;o do descenso da PA durante o sono, a press&#227;o de pulso aumentada e a eleva&#231;&#227;o matinal precoce da PA, comuns nos idosos, relacionam-se a aumento do risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">84</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102">102</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B103">103</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Pacientes com descenso acentuado, com queda &gt; 20% da PA sist&#243;lica, tiveram maior incid&#234;ncia de acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico, enquanto o aumento da PA sist&#243;lica durante o sono associou-se ao maior risco de acidente vascular cerebral hemorr&#225;gico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B104">104</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.4. Diabetes Melito</title>
        <p>A aus&#234;ncia de descenso da PA durante o sono, a eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA durante o sono em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; de vig&#237;lia, a HA durante o sono, a HM e a variabilidade press&#243;rica s&#227;o altamente prevalentes em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2, com ou sem hist&#243;ria conhecida de HA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105">105</xref></sup> Em pacientes com diabetes melito, a MAPA pode contribuir para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de hipotens&#227;o secund&#225;ria &#224; neuropatia auton&#244;mica cardiovascular, muitas vezes relacionada a sintomas como s&#237;ncopes, tonturas e sudorese, auxiliando no diagn&#243;stico diferencial com hipoglicemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106">106</xref></sup> A HA sist&#243;lica durante o sono destaca-se como um preditor de danos aos &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105">105</xref></sup> Por outro lado, a aus&#234;ncia de descenso da PA durante o sono foi associada &#224; doen&#231;a cardiovascular, neuropatia e retinopatia, enquanto a eleva&#231;&#227;o matinal da PA foi associada &#224; neuropatia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">107</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.5. Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica</title>
        <p>Em qualquer est&#225;gio da doen&#231;a renal, a MAPA pode identificar as altera&#231;&#245;es do padr&#227;o vig&#237;lia/sono, detectar epis&#243;dios de hipotens&#227;o arterial, HM e HAB.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, nos indiv&#237;duos com DRC, os valores de PA obtidos com a MAPA est&#227;o correlacionados de forma independente com massa ventricular esquerda, ritmo de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular, protein&#250;ria e outras les&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B108">108</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref></sup> Nos pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise, a MAPA de 24 horas pode n&#227;o contemplar a avalia&#231;&#227;o da PA ao longo do ciclo dial&#237;tico. Assim, a realiza&#231;&#227;o de MAPA de 44 horas, instalada ap&#243;s a sess&#227;o de di&#225;lise do meio da semana (entre a segunda e terceira sess&#227;o da semana) e retirada imediatamente antes da sess&#227;o seguinte, permite avalia&#231;&#227;o mais adequada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90">90</xref></sup> Em termos pr&#225;ticos, se o <italic>software</italic> utilizado n&#227;o contempla o protocolo de 44 horas, sugerimos a realiza&#231;&#227;o de dois exames de 22 horas em dias consecutivos. Essa diretriz n&#227;o recomenda o uso da MAPA de 24 horas em pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise. Nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, o manguito n&#227;o pode ser instalado no bra&#231;o dos pacientes com f&#237;stula arteriovenosa. Pacientes submetidos &#224; di&#225;lise peritoneal ambulatorial cont&#237;nua ou autom&#225;tica tamb&#233;m mostram altera&#231;&#245;es do padr&#227;o de comportamento de PA durante o sono.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.6 S&#237;ndrome da Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono</title>
        <p>Na fisiopatologia da s&#237;ndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS), os epis&#243;dios de microdespertares e hip&#243;xia intermitente deflagram, entre outros eventos, a ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico, levando a consequente eleva&#231;&#227;o da PA, principalmente no per&#237;odo de sono.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111">111</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Essas altera&#231;&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas determinam altera&#231;&#245;es significativas no comportamento da PA pela MAPA, aumentando de forma expressiva o percentual de pacientes com descenso atenuado ou ausente da PA durante o sono.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">112</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Uma metan&#225;lise mostrou que a preval&#234;ncia do descenso atenuado na PA pela MAPA em pacientes com SAOS foi de 59%, e a presen&#231;a da SAOS pelo menos moderada, &#237;ndice apneia-hipopneia &gt; 15 eventos/hora, aumentou o risco de o paciente apresentar descenso atenuado da PA em pelo menos 1,67 vez. Tal observa&#231;&#227;o pode explicar, pelo menos em parte, o maior risco cardiovascular apresentado por pacientes com SAOS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113">113</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Estudo transversal incluindo 153 pacientes mostrou que pacientes com descenso ausente da PAS na MAPA tinham chance 3,5 vezes maior de apresentarem SAOS moderada quando realizavam a polissonografia, mostrando assim que dados advindos da MAPA podem triar pacientes com maior chance de terem o diagn&#243;stico de SAOS quando da realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame de polissonografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B114">114</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.7. Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>A MAPA pode ser indicada para aperfei&#231;oar o tratamento de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) cujos sintomas estejam relacionados a altera&#231;&#245;es da PA, como, por exemplo, em casos de dispneia parox&#237;stica noturna ou IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada. Igualmente, a MAPA pode ser &#250;til para orientar a terap&#234;utica de pacientes com sintomas causados por hipotens&#227;o, visto que muitos daqueles com IC avan&#231;ada apresentam fadiga, sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia coronariana ou manifesta&#231;&#245;es encef&#225;licas. A MAPA tamb&#233;m pode ser utilizada na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com IC que ser&#227;o submetidos a programas de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B115">115</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Pacientes com IC apresentam mais frequentemente aus&#234;ncia de descenso noturno.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B116">116</xref></sup> Altera&#231;&#245;es do padr&#227;o vig&#237;lia-sono t&#234;m sido associadas &#224; gravidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B117">117</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Mais recentemente, a mortalidade total e cardiovascular foi avaliada em pacientes com IC com FE reduzida, IC com FE levemente reduzida e IC com FE preservada. A PA sist&#243;lica elevada estava associada a aumento de risco entre os pacientes com IC com FE preservada, mas n&#227;o em pacientes com IC com FE reduzida ou IC com FE levemente reduzida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B118">118</xref></sup> Nos pacientes com IC com FE reduzida, a PA sist&#243;lica/diast&#243;lica baixa e a presen&#231;a de descenso durante o sono foram preditores de alta mortalidade quando comparados &#224;queles com PA sist&#243;lica/diast&#243;lica alta e sem descenso durante o sono.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B119">119</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.8. Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico</title>
        <p>A pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o da MAPA pode produzir medidas incorretas ou perda de medidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B120">120</xref></sup> Ap&#243;s a execu&#231;&#227;o de uma sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, a PA diminui por v&#225;rias horas, o que &#233; mais evidente em hipertensos e pode modificar os valores m&#233;dios da PA ambulatorial habitual do paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B121">121</xref></sup> Assim, a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico deve ser evitada durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o da MAPA, e, tamb&#233;m no dia que antecede o exame em pacientes que n&#227;o praticam regularmente.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>8. Custo-efetividade</title>
      <p>A MAPA &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia de escolha para o diagn&#243;stico e in&#237;cio de tratamento para a maioria dos adultos na aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria. Diagnosticando corretamente a HAB e a HM, o custo total do tratamento da HA e de futuros eventos cardiovasculares e cerebrovasculares &#233; reduzido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref></sup> O National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) realizou uma rigorosa an&#225;lise de custo-efetividade que demonstrou que a MAPA seria n&#227;o apenas o meio mais efetivo de fazer o diagn&#243;stico de HA, mas tamb&#233;m proporcionaria uma abordagem mais custo-efetiva que a medida de consult&#243;rio ou a MRPA em todos os subgrupos de idade e sexo, conduzindo a uma melhora nos resultados da qualidade da assist&#234;ncia e na redu&#231;&#227;o de gastos quando os custos de longo prazo foram levados em conta. O principal fator de economia de gastos nessa an&#225;lise foi o fato de que as despesas com o tratamento da HA seriam evitadas devido &#224; melhora de especificidade na realiza&#231;&#227;o de diagn&#243;stico com a MAPA. O modelo sugeriu que a terapia anti-hipertensiva seria necess&#225;ria em cerca de 25% menos pacientes do que se o diagn&#243;stico fosse feito com base apenas na PA de consult&#243;rio. A economia de custos com medicamentos superou os aumentos de custos associados &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o da MAPA. As an&#225;lises foram baseadas no modelo de presta&#231;&#227;o de cuidados de sa&#250;de do Reino Unido e podem n&#227;o ser consideradas v&#225;lidas para uso em outros pa&#237;ses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B122">122</xref></sup> O uso da MAPA diminui gastos com medicamentos e com consultas m&#233;dicas, quando comparado com uso de medidas de consult&#243;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B123">123</xref></sup> Os benef&#237;cios da MAPA s&#227;o inquestion&#225;veis, principalmente na aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria a sa&#250;de e v&#234;m sendo incorporados pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS), tendo sido incorporada integralmente no sistema de sa&#250;de suplementar. Na Am&#233;rica Latina, muitas Sociedades Cient&#237;ficas de HA e/ou Cardiologia t&#234;m dedicado especial aten&#231;&#227;o em suas diretrizes quanto ao uso da MAPA para o diagn&#243;stico e controle da HA, de modo a estimular as autoridades de sa&#250;de a regulamentar o acesso e permitir que mais pacientes possam ter acesso aos benef&#237;cios desse exame.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>9. Perspectivas</title>
      <p>Desde o in&#237;cio da MAPA em 24 horas, em 1964, houve grande progresso com os equipamentos empregados para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame. Consequ&#234;ncia dessa evolu&#231;&#227;o tecnol&#243;gica, houve maior conforto para os pacientes com o emprego desses monitores e menor custo para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame.</p>
      <p>Em futuro pr&#243;ximo, esperam-se progressos igualmente nesse sentido e a produ&#231;&#227;o de aparelhos capazes de registrar a PA perifericamente, batimento a batimento, por meio de <italic>chips</italic> que detectem fen&#244;menos mec&#226;nicos decorrentes da din&#226;mica circulat&#243;ria e transform&#225;-los em valores de PA sist&#243;lica e PA diast&#243;lica.</p>
      <p>Igualmente, j&#225; &#233; realidade o registro em 24 horas de par&#226;metros da hemodin&#226;mica central, incluindo PA a&#243;rtica, velocidade de onda de pulso e <italic>augmentation index.</italic></p>
      <p>Com o tempo, poderemos conhecer as mais amplas aplicabilidades desses par&#226;metros obtidos e, certamente, nesse momento, a execu&#231;&#227;o desse tipo de exame dever&#225; ser amplamente acess&#237;vel na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria.</p>
      <p>As futuras aplica&#231;&#245;es e possibilidades de uso da MAPA envolvem:</p>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p>Monitores de MAPA com act&#237;grafo acoplado.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Manguitos ajust&#225;veis.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de outros par&#226;metros, al&#233;m de PA sist&#243;lica e PA diast&#243;lica, tais como frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, press&#227;o de pulso, velocidade e forma de onda de pulso, variabilidade da PA nas 24 horas ou em subper&#237;odos e eleva&#231;&#227;o matinal da PA.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Valores referenciais para MAPA de 24 horas resultantes de estudos com diversas popula&#231;&#245;es em todo o mundo.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Estudos prospectivos para avalia&#231;&#227;o de progn&#243;stico e de efic&#225;cia do tratamento anti-hipertensivo em popula&#231;&#245;es seguidas pela MAPA.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Desenvolvimento de equipamentos de baixo custo para registro n&#227;o invasivo da PA batimento a batimento.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Parte 4 &#8211; Monitora&#231;&#227;o Residencial da Press&#227;o Arterial</title>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>1. Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A MRPA &#233; um m&#233;todo que auxilia no diagn&#243;stico de HA e acompanhamento de pacientes hipertensos por meio dos registros da PA por dias, fora do ambiente do consult&#243;rio, no domic&#237;lio. Deve ser feita por indiv&#237;duo treinado na medida da PA pelo m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico, preferencialmente o paciente, ou outra pessoa desde que devidamente treinada, na impossibilidade de o paciente realizar a sua pr&#243;pria medida da PA. Sua caracter&#237;stica fundamental &#233; obedecer a protocolo previamente validado, estabelecido e normatizado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>2. Orienta&#231;&#245;es ao Paciente</title>
      <p>A realiza&#231;&#227;o da MRPA com boa qualidade depende fundamentalmente das orienta&#231;&#245;es fornecidas ao paciente. Essas devem abordar fatores que podem modificar a PA ou criar artefatos em sua medida, como os cuidados com o ambiente, o posicionamento e o preparo do paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Medidas domiciliares devem seguir a mesma sistem&#225;tica da medida de PA no consult&#243;rio e tamb&#233;m est&#227;o sujeitas a varia&#231;&#245;es transit&#243;rias ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t57">Quadro 19</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t57">
          <label>Quadro 19</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Instru&#231;&#245;es gerais a serem fornecidas ao paciente para realizar MRPA</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="100%">
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Condi&#231;&#245;es</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Ambiente silencioso com temperatura agrad&#225;vel</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>H&#225; pelo menos 30 minutos sem fumar, utilizar cafe&#237;na, ter se alimentado ou praticado exerc&#237;cios antes da medi&#231;&#227;o da PA</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Sentado e relaxado por pelo menos 3 minutos, idealmente 5 minutos, com bexiga vazia</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>N&#227;o falar durante e entre as medi&#231;&#245;es</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Postura</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Sentado com as costas apoiadas na cadeira</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Pernas descruzadas, p&#233;s apoiados no ch&#227;o</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="bullet">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Bra&#231;o nu apoiado na mesa; palma da m&#227;o voltada para cima, meio do bra&#231;o ao n&#237;vel do cora&#231;&#227;o</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Enrole o manguito ao redor do bra&#231;o de acordo com as instru&#231;&#245;es do equipamento</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Utilize sempre o mesmo bra&#231;o para realizar as medidas durante todo o exame. O bra&#231;o escolhido ser&#225; o de maior PA no consult&#243;rio (idealmente, medida realizada de maneira simult&#226;nea)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Informar ao paciente sobre a varia&#231;&#227;o da PA: &#8220;A press&#227;o varia a cada batimento card&#237;aco&#8221;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Salientar que, na maioria das pessoas, a PA fora do consult&#243;rio &#233; mais baixa; em outras pessoas, a PA &#233; mais alta em casa</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Orientar para a realiza&#231;&#227;o das medidas nos dias e hor&#225;rios recomendados pelo protocolo, sem alterar a rotina de vida</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Refor&#231;ar que &#233; proibido medir a PA de outras pessoas durante a MRPA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Orientar o paciente a n&#227;o modificar o esquema terap&#234;utico em decorr&#234;ncia das medidas observadas ao longo do exame, que medidas eventualmente altas ou baixas n&#227;o devem ser motivo de preocupa&#231;&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN27">
              <p>PA: press&#227;o arterial; MRPA: monitora&#231;&#227;o residencial da press&#227;o arterial.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>3. Protocolo para Realiza&#231;&#227;o do Exame</title>
      <p>O protocolo de MRPA tem por objetivo representar a PA usual e ter, no seu resultado, aplica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, auxiliando o m&#233;dico na tomada de decis&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B124">124</xref></sup> A reprodutibilidade da MRPA est&#225; diretamente relacionada ao n&#250;mero de medidas realizadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B125">125</xref></sup> Com base em diversos estudos e evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis na literatura, s&#227;o apresentadas, a seguir, as recomenda&#231;&#245;es desta diretriz (GR: I &#8211; NE: C):<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p><bold>N&#250;mero de medidas:</bold> devem ser obtidas idealmente de 24 a 36 medidas v&#225;lidas.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p><bold>Per&#237;odo de verifica&#231;&#227;o:</bold> o per&#237;odo sugerido &#233; de 4 a 6 dias.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p><bold>Dia 0 ou dia de instala&#231;&#227;o:</bold> s&#227;o realizadas medidas no consult&#243;rio (idealmente tr&#234;s medidas, utilizando-se a m&#233;dia das duas &#250;ltimas para o c&#225;lculo de rea&#231;&#227;o de alarme/mascaramento) e medidas &#224; noite em domic&#237;lio, para diminuir um poss&#237;vel efeito do avental branco. As medidas realizadas no consult&#243;rio ou no domic&#237;lio no dia de instala&#231;&#227;o devem ser exclu&#237;das do c&#225;lculo da m&#233;dia da MRPA (utilizar para a m&#233;dia as medidas a partir do dia seguinte &#224; instala&#231;&#227;o).</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p><bold>Dias 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 e 6 da MRPA:</bold> no domic&#237;lio, s&#227;o realizadas medidas de PA por mais 4, 5 ou 6 dias. O paciente dever&#225; fazer 3 medidas pela manh&#227; e 3 medidas ao entardecer ou &#224; noite. Sempre ap&#243;s 5 minutos de repouso, antes das refei&#231;&#245;es, de bexiga vazia e antes do uso das medica&#231;&#245;es anti-hipertensivas (se for o caso). Se o paciente tiver se alimentado, aguardar 2 horas para realizar as medidas.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p><bold>Exclus&#227;o de medidas:</bold> devem ser exclu&#237;das medidas discrepantes, tais como PA diast&#243;lica &gt; 140 mmHg ou &lt; 40 mmHg, PA sist&#243;lica &lt; 70 mmHg ou &gt; 250 mmHg, PA sist&#243;lica &lt; PA diast&#243;lica anterior ou seguinte, PA diast&#243;lica &gt; PA sist&#243;lica anterior ou seguinte, press&#227;o de pulso &lt; 20 mmHg ou &gt; 100 mmHg, desde que n&#227;o exista justificativa cl&#237;nica para preserv&#225;-las no conjunto de medidas obtidas.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>A elabora&#231;&#227;o de um di&#225;rio do exame &#233; de grande valor. Nele, devem estar contidas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o uso de medicamentos, e o paciente deve anotar as medidas realizadas. Isso &#233; importante para que o protocolo do exame seja realizado adequadamente e facilite a transcri&#231;&#227;o dos valores de PA (no caso de equipamento sem transmiss&#227;o dos dados) para confec&#231;&#227;o do laudo. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 8</xref> mostra sugest&#227;o de um di&#225;rio de exames para laudos digitados.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f08">
          <label>Figura 8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Di&#225;rio de monitora&#231;&#227;o residencial da press&#227;o arterial (MRPA) para laudos digitados.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20240113-40113-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>4. Valores Referenciais de Anormalidade</title>
      <p>Considera-se anormal a m&#233;dia das medidas da MRPA &#8805; 130 mmHg para a PA sist&#243;lica e/ou &#8805; 80 mmHg para a PA diast&#243;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B126">126</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B129">129</xref></sup> Esses valores foram recomendados pela Diretriz Brasileira de HA 2020<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> e diferem dos valores de normalidade anteriormente sugeridos pela 7&#170; Diretriz Brasileira de HA (publicada em 2016)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B130">130</xref></sup> e pela 4&#170; Diretriz de MRPA (publicada em 2018),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> as quais consideravam como anormal a m&#233;dia da MRPA &#8805; 135 mmHg para a PA sist&#243;lica e/ou &#8805; 85 mmHg para a PA diast&#243;lica. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 4</xref> apresenta a estimativa da preval&#234;ncia da HA na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira baseada nesses dois diferentes alvos, enquanto a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 5</xref> estima a correspond&#234;ncia da PA da MRPA de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o da PA de consult&#243;rio.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o e de seus fen&#243;tipos com base nos 2 limites da MRPA de acordo com 4&#170; Diretriz de MRPA e da Diretriz Brasileira de HA 2020 <bold>1,18</bold></title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</th>
                <th>MRPA &#8805; 135/85 mmHg*</th>
                <th>MRPA &#8805; 130/80 mmHg**</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Diagn&#243;stico</td>
                <td align="center">37%</td>
                <td align="center">57%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Normotens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">47%</td>
                <td align="center">36%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HAB</td>
                <td align="center">16%</td>
                <td align="center">7%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HM</td>
                <td align="center">10%</td>
                <td align="center">22%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HS</td>
                <td align="center">27%</td>
                <td align="center">35%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Controle</td>
                <td align="center">40%</td>
                <td align="center">58%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o controlada</td>
                <td align="center">45%</td>
                <td align="center">34%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HAB n&#227;o controlada</td>
                <td align="center">15%</td>
                <td align="center">8%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HM n&#227;o controlada</td>
                <td align="center">11%</td>
                <td align="center">22%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HS n&#227;o controlada</td>
                <td align="center">29%</td>
                <td align="center">36%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>MAPA: monitora&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial; MRPA: monitora&#231;&#227;o residencial da press&#227;o arterial; HAB: hipertens&#227;o do avental branco; HM: hipertens&#227;o mascarada; HS: hipertens&#227;o sist&#243;lica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Correspond&#234;ncias estimadas da PA de acordo com medidas obtidas no consult&#243;rio e na MRPA (GR: IIa &#8211; NE: B) <bold>128</bold></title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>Consult&#243;rio PAS/PAD (mmHg)</th>
                <th>MRPA PAS/PAD (mmHg)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&lt; 120/&lt; 80</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 120/&lt; 75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">120-129/80-84</td>
                <td align="center">120-124/&lt; 75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">130-139/85-89</td>
                <td align="center">125-129/75-79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">140-159/90-99</td>
                <td align="center">130-139/80-89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">160-179/100-109</td>
                <td align="center">140-149/90-95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 180/&#8805; 110</td>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 150/&#8805; 95</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>GR: grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o; NE: n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia; MRPA: monitora&#231;&#227;o residencial da press&#227;o arterial; HA: hipertens&#227;o arterial; PA: press&#227;o arterial; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica. *A classifica&#231;&#227;o &#233; definida de acordo com a PA no consult&#243;rio ou da MRPA e pelo n&#237;vel mais elevado de PA, sist&#243;lica ou diast&#243;lica, de acordo com a t&#233;cnica escolhida.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A m&#233;dia da PA a ser considerada para defini&#231;&#227;o de normalidade &#233; a do per&#237;odo total da MRPA; entretanto, a an&#225;lise das m&#233;dias nos per&#237;odos da manh&#227; e da tarde/noite pode ser &#250;til para a defini&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias mais individualizadas para o tratamento medicamentoso.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>5. Emiss&#227;o de Laudo e Interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos Resultados</title>
      <p>O laudo de MRPA deve conter os seguintes aspectos (GR: I &#8211; NE: C):</p>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p>Motivo da solicita&#231;&#227;o do exame: citar qual a indica&#231;&#227;o do exame.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Descri&#231;&#227;o do protocolo utilizado: citar o n&#250;mero de dias de medidas efetivas, hor&#225;rio e n&#250;mero das medidas de cada dia:</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Qualidade do procedimento: o registro dever&#225; ser aceito para interpreta&#231;&#227;o quando atingir, pelo menos, 14 medidas no protocolo de 4 dias, 15 medidas ou mais no protocolo de 5 dias e, pelo menos, 18 medidas v&#225;lidas no protocolo de 6 dias, com medidas em todos os dias, representativas dos per&#237;odos da manh&#227; e da noite.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>M&#233;dias de PA: no relat&#243;rio, devem ser citadas as m&#233;dias total, di&#225;rias e as dos per&#237;odos da manh&#227; e do final de tarde/noite, principalmente em pacientes sob terap&#234;utica medicamentosa. As m&#233;dias s&#227;o obtidas a partir de registros efetivos de, no m&#237;nimo, 4 dias, e idealmente 6 dias de MRPA, sendo que o dia 0 n&#227;o conta para c&#225;lculo da m&#233;dia, pois as medidas foram feitas no consult&#243;rio e o aparelho foi entregue ao paciente.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Os efeitos do avental branco e do mascaramento: informar os valores obtidos pelo c&#225;lculo da PA na cl&#237;nica &#8211; MRPA.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Valores de anormalidade: &#233; recomendado considerar exame anormal quando as m&#233;dias forem &#8805; 130 mmHg e/ou &#8805; 80 mmHg.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Conclus&#227;o:</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <list list-type="roman-upper">
        <list-item>
          <p>Comportamento da PA durante a MRPA foi normal ou anormal (de acordo com a m&#233;dia global da MRPA).</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>De acordo com a diferen&#231;a da PA entre a cl&#237;nica e a MRPA, foi observada rea&#231;&#227;o de alarme e/ou de mascaramento (an&#225;lise separadas da PA sist&#243;lica e PA diast&#243;lica).</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Informado (ou n&#227;o informado) uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>Recomenda-se que, ao final do laudo, seja colocada a seguinte ressalva:</p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p>A MRPA, como os demais exames complementares em medicina, deve ser avaliada segundo crit&#233;rios do m&#233;dico assistente.</p>
      </disp-quote>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>6. Aplica&#231;&#245;es da Monitora&#231;&#227;o Residencial da Press&#227;o Arterial</title>
      <sec>
        <title>6.1. Para o Estabelecimento do Comportamento da Press&#227;o Arterial no Consult&#243;rio e Fora dele</title>
        <p>A PA oscila continuamente como resposta a est&#237;mulos internos e externos, podendo levar a diagn&#243;sticos err&#244;neos de HA, resist&#234;ncia ao tratamento ou normotens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B131">131</xref></sup> A MRPA &#233; superior &#224; medida casual do consult&#243;rio para avaliar o comportamento da PA, especialmente por permitir o diagn&#243;stico de HAB e HM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B132">132</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B134">134</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a MRPA pode avaliar varia&#231;&#245;es dia a dia da e varia&#231;&#245;es sazonais da PA, al&#233;m de estabelecer separadamente o comportamento da PA no per&#237;odo matinal e no per&#237;odo do entardecer/anoitecer, muito embora o valor incremental dessas medidas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao valor de PA m&#233;dio obtido pela MRPA na predi&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular e renal ainda permane&#231;a incerto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B135">135</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B137">137</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.2. Para a Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Progn&#243;stico</title>
        <p>Diversos estudos demonstraram de forma consistente que a MRPA apresenta maior associa&#231;&#227;o com les&#245;es de &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo, particularmente com a hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, e maior capacidade de predizer eventos cardiovasculares e renais do que a PA obtida no consult&#243;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B138">138</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B140">140</xref></sup> Por exemplo, resultados de uma metan&#225;lise incluindo aproximadamente 18.000 indiv&#237;duos mostraram que a PA na MRPA foi superior &#224; PA obtida no consult&#243;rio na predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade cardiovascular (risco relativo [intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%] = 1,29 [1,02-1,64] para cada aumento de 10 mmHg na PA sist&#243;lica na MRPA; e risco relativo [intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%] = 1,15 (0,91-1,46) para cada aumento de 10 mmHg na PA sist&#243;lica obtida no consult&#243;rio).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B138">138</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Evid&#234;ncias tamb&#233;m mostraram que MRPA se associa a les&#245;es de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo com confiabilidade semelhante a MAPA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B139">139</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disSo, uma metan&#225;lise de estudos que realizaram exclusivamente MRPA ou MAPA mostrou que a HM e a HMNC diagnosticadas por ambos os m&#233;todos apresentavam valor similar na predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B141">141</xref></sup> Em conjunto, esses dados sugerem que a MAPA e a MRPA possam ter valor equivalente na predi&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular. Contudo, h&#225; poucas evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis comparando diretamente a <italic>performance</italic> da MRPA com a MAPA na predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares em uma mesma popula&#231;&#227;o, o que limita conclus&#245;es mais robustas sobre esse tema.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B142">142</xref></sup> Uma an&#225;lise recente do estudo PAMELA mostrou que a MRPA e a MAPA foram superiores &#224; PA obtida no consult&#243;rio na predi&#231;&#227;o de risco e ainda sugeriu que a MRPA poderia ter uma acur&#225;cia melhor que a MAPA na predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade cardiovascular e total.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B143">143</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; ainda demonstra&#231;&#245;es de que a variabilidade dia a dia da PA detectada pela MRPA tenha valor preditivo de risco de doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares, renais e cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B140">140</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.3. Para Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Terap&#234;utica Anti-hipertensiva</title>
        <p>A principal contribui&#231;&#227;o da MRPA para o tratamento da HA &#233; a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dos fen&#243;tipos da HA, em especial a hipertens&#227;o do avental branco n&#227;o controlada e a hipertens&#227;o mascarada n&#227;o controlada, mas tamb&#233;m a confirma&#231;&#227;o da HA controlada, HA n&#227;o controlada e HA resistente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B144">144</xref></sup> A identifica&#231;&#227;o desses fen&#243;tipos permite uma abordagem mais personalizada de cada caso, com ajustes terap&#234;uticos individualizados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B144">144</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A MRPA &#233; de amplo acesso, baixo custo e de f&#225;cil aceita&#231;&#227;o, tornando a sua realiza&#231;&#227;o e repeti&#231;&#227;o bem aceitas pelo paciente e pelo m&#233;dico. Assim, &#233; o m&#233;todo de medida da PA preferencial para o acompanhamento de pacientes hipertensos em tratamento, permitindo a titula&#231;&#227;o de f&#225;rmacos para a obten&#231;&#227;o do controle da PA e seu monitoramento a longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B144">144</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B146">146</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s metas press&#243;ricas a serem alcan&#231;adas na MRPA com o tratamento, considera-se recomend&#225;vel atingir valores de PA sist&#243;lica &lt; 130 mmHg e de PA diast&#243;lica &lt; 80 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B145">145</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B147">147</xref></sup> Estudos demonstraram que o uso da MRPA pode aumentar o engajamento do paciente e a sua ades&#227;o e persist&#234;ncia ao tratamento a longo prazo, e pode ser usada para telemonitoramento da PA. Todos esses aspectos podem contribuir para o melhor controle da PA, especialmente se combinados com medidas educativas e de aconselhamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B148">148</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B150">150</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6.4. Em Situa&#231;&#245;es e Popula&#231;&#245;es Especiais</title>
        <sec>
          <title>6.4.1. Crian&#231;as e Adolescentes</title>
          <p>Crian&#231;as e adolescentes tamb&#233;m podem apresentar HA do avental branco e HA mascarada. Por este motivo, a realiza&#231;&#227;o de medidas de PA fora do consult&#243;rio tamb&#233;m tem sido encorajada. Deve-se tomar o cuidado de utilizar equipamentos validados para essa popula&#231;&#227;o e manguitos adequados. Existem poucos estudos que avaliaram valores de normalidade de MRPA em crian&#231;as e adolescentes. Em adolescentes, essa diretriz sugere que os valores maiores ou iguais aos percentis 95 de tabelas de normalidade obtidas de uma popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira possam ser utilizados para diagnosticar HA na MRPA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B151">151</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B152">152</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.4.2. Gestantes</title>
          <p>Recomenda-se que a PA seja medida nas mulheres gr&#225;vidas em cada visita pr&#233;-natal. Sabemos, por&#233;m, que mesmo com visitas pr&#233;-natais regulares, isso pode n&#227;o ser suficiente para identificar a pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia ou a HAB, que &#233; de ocorr&#234;ncia comum no final da gesta&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B144">144</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B153">153</xref></sup> Dentre as vantagens do uso da MRPA no per&#237;odo gestacional, est&#227;o a boa aceita&#231;&#227;o pelas mulheres, al&#233;m de melhorar a supervis&#227;o do tratamento, reduzindo o n&#250;mero de visitas m&#233;dicas. A posi&#231;&#227;o sentada parece ser apropriada para a MRPA durante a gravidez.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B144">144</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B153">153</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B154">154</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, &#233; importante que sejam utilizados equipamentos com valida&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica para essa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Durante a gravidez, recomendamos o uso da MAPA e da MRPA para avalia&#231;&#227;o de HAB e HM, a fim de evitar o tratamento desnecess&#225;rio e potencialmente lesivo ao feto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B155">155</xref></sup> Recomenda-se o uso da MAPA na avalia&#231;&#227;o da PA antes das 20 semanas e MRPA ap&#243;s a vig&#233;sima semana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B153">153</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.4.3. Idosos</title>
          <p>A MRPA &#233; um recurso de extrema import&#226;ncia na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial e no controle terap&#234;utico peri&#243;dico de pacientes idosos, colaborando para um melhor progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B156">156</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B157">157</xref></sup> Essa popula&#231;&#227;o habitualmente possui alto risco CV, maior variabilidade da PA e menor tolerabilidade ao tratamento inadequado, como, por exemplo, o uso de anti-hipertensivos em indiv&#237;duos com HAB.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B158">158</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Existem diverg&#234;ncias sobre se a idade &#233; um fator de risco para maior preval&#234;ncia de HAB e HM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B159">159</xref></sup> O m&#233;todo &#233; fact&#237;vel com m&#237;nimo treinamento em gerontes, devendo-se ter cuidado maior para o treinamento inicial em alguns perfis: aqueles com mais de 80 anos, pouca escolaridade, indiv&#237;duos com decl&#237;nio cognitivo ou restri&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas que demandem ajuda de outras pessoas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B160">160</xref></sup> Uma alternativa, para melhor controle da PA, seria o uso do telemonitoramento em hipertensos idosos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B161">161</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.4.4 Diabetes Melito</title>
          <p>O diabetes melito (DM) &#233; uma doen&#231;a com diversos agrupamentos fisiopatog&#234;nicos, mas que, em geral, aumenta em cerca de duas vezes o risco de desfechos cardiovasculares e renais como acidente vascular cerebral, DAC, DRC e morte cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B162">162</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B163">163</xref></sup> Os pacientes com DM, particularmente aqueles do agrupamento fisiopatog&#234;nico centrado na obesidade visceral e resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, t&#234;m mais frequentemente HM que a popula&#231;&#227;o sem a doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Em um pequeno estudo observacional com 170 pacientes com DM tipo 2, observou-se melhor grau de identifica&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es microvasculares quando utilizamos a MRPA no controle da PA, comparativamente &#224; PA de consult&#243;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B164">164</xref></sup> Esse achado sugere o grande potencial dessa medida para o manejo cl&#237;nico e a necessidade de ensaios cl&#237;nicos que definam a relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.4.5. Doen&#231;a Renal Cr&#244;nica</title>
          <p>Fen&#243;tipos como HA do avental branco e HA mascarada s&#227;o muito frequentes em pacientes com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B165">165</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B166">166</xref></sup> A utilidade da MRPA &#233; indiscut&#237;vel nos pacientes com DRC em tratamento conservador, di&#225;lise peritoneal (DP) e hemodi&#225;lise (HD), inclusive em transplantados renais, por predizer a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a renal e o risco de eventos cardiovasculares e morte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B167">167</xref></sup> No entanto, sua principal limita&#231;&#227;o decorre das altera&#231;&#245;es do padr&#227;o noturno da PA, que s&#227;o comuns, e que n&#227;o podem ser acessados pela MRPA. Possivelmente, o telemonitoramento domiciliar noturno possa ser uma alternativa, o que est&#225; por ser determinado na DRC e no transplante renal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B168">168</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Nos pacientes em tratamento conservador e nos transplantados renais, a MRPA segue as recomenda&#231;&#245;es habituais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B169">169</xref></sup> Em pacientes dial&#237;ticos, recomendamos o seguinte protocolo:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>N&#250;mero de medidas:</bold> devem ser obtidas idealmente 36 medidas.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Per&#237;odo de verifica&#231;&#227;o:</bold> o per&#237;odo sugerido &#233; de 6 dias.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Dia 0 ou dia de instala&#231;&#227;o:</bold> s&#227;o realizadas medidas no consult&#243;rio ou cl&#237;nica de hemodi&#225;lise, nunca no bra&#231;o da f&#237;stula arteriovenosa, idealmente tr&#234;s medidas (utilizando-se a m&#233;dia das duas &#250;ltimas para o c&#225;lculo de rea&#231;&#227;o de alarme/mascaramento) e medidas &#224; noite em domic&#237;lio, para diminuir um poss&#237;vel efeito do avental branco. As medidas realizadas no consult&#243;rio ou no domic&#237;lio no dia de instala&#231;&#227;o devem ser exclu&#237;das do c&#225;lculo da m&#233;dia da MRPA.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Dias da MRPA:</bold> No domic&#237;lio, s&#227;o realizadas medidas de PA por mais 6 dias. O paciente dever&#225; fazer 3 medidas pela manh&#227; e 3 medidas ao entardecer ou &#224; noite. Sempre ap&#243;s 5 minutos de repouso, antes das refei&#231;&#245;es, de bexiga vazia e antes do uso das medica&#231;&#245;es anti-hipertensivas (se for o caso). Se o paciente tiver se alimentado, aguardar 2 horas para realizar as medidas. Nos pacientes que realizam hemodi&#225;lise cl&#225;ssica (duas a tr&#234;s vezes semanais), as medidas realizadas nos dias de di&#225;lise devem ser exclu&#237;das do c&#225;lculo da m&#233;dia da MRPA. Nos casos de hemodi&#225;lise di&#225;ria e di&#225;lise peritoneal, todas as medidas ser&#227;o consideradas para o c&#225;lculo da m&#233;dia.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.4.6. Obesidade</title>
          <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da PA nos indiv&#237;duos obesos imp&#245;e desafios na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, a variabilidade press&#243;rica e a preval&#234;ncia de HAB e HM &#233; maior do que nos n&#227;o obesos. Dessa forma, a MRPA &#233; uma ferramenta fundamental para defini&#231;&#227;o do fen&#243;tipo cl&#237;nico desses pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B170">170</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B171">171</xref></sup> Contudo, a correta medida da PA &#233;, muitas vezes, limitada pela grande circunfer&#234;ncia e/ou forma c&#244;nica do bra&#231;o desses indiv&#237;duos, al&#233;m da baixa disponibilidade de manguitos apropriados. Neste contexto, o uso de manguitos inadequados pode superestimar a press&#227;o arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B172">172</xref></sup> Na aus&#234;ncia de manguitos com comprimento e/ou forma compat&#237;veis para a medi&#231;&#227;o da PA no indiv&#237;duo obeso, o uso de aparelhos de punho validados e calibrados pode ser uma alternativa para realiza&#231;&#227;o da MRPA nesses indiv&#237;duos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B144">144</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.4.7. Arritmias</title>
          <p>Os aparelhos de MRPA, especialmente os comercializados atualmente, s&#227;o validados para medida da PA em pacientes com arritmias card&#237;acas, especialmente fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B173">173</xref></sup> Alguns aparelhos autom&#225;ticos oscilom&#233;tricos s&#227;o equipados com algoritmo espec&#237;fico que podem sugerir a presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, podendo auxiliar no diagn&#243;stico dessas condi&#231;&#245;es, principalmente na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B168">168</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B174">174</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B175">175</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>7. Custo-efetividade</title>
      <p>Os custos em sa&#250;de s&#227;o uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o mundial, e as exig&#234;ncias para sua conten&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o adotadas universalmente. An&#225;lise de custo-efetividade permite avaliar custo (valor monet&#225;rio) com resultados (efetividade [p. ex., vidas salvas]) aplicando diferentes m&#233;todos de interven&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B176">176</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B177">177</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Recente an&#225;lise de custo-efetividade concluiu que MRPA &#233; mais eficaz que a avalia&#231;&#227;o convencional da PA em consult&#243;rio e requer menor investimento financeiro e humano do que a MAPA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B123">123</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B178">178</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>8. Perspectivas</title>
      <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, in&#250;meros equipamentos sem manguito t&#234;m sido disponibilizados para uso, com a alega&#231;&#227;o de que medem com precis&#227;o a PA. Em geral, esses aparelhos disp&#245;em de um sensor que avalia a pulsa&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias e estima a PA, baseando-se especialmente na an&#225;lise da onda de pulso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Acredita-se que esse novo m&#233;todo tenha grande potencial, por permitir a obten&#231;&#227;o de in&#250;meras medidas ou mesmo medidas cont&#237;nuas da PA durante dias ou semanas sem o desconforto da compress&#227;o induzida pela insufla&#231;&#227;o. Contudo, a precis&#227;o e a utilidade dos dispositivos sem insufla&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o incertas e devem ser validadas em grandes estudos randomizados e controlados em diferentes condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, comparando-se com o padr&#227;o-ouro de medida (MAPA ou medida invasiva). Por conseguinte, n&#227;o devem ser utilizados para decis&#245;es de diagn&#243;stico ou tratamento aqui no Brasil, por enquanto.</p>
      <p>A MRPA com medidas realizadas durante o sono j&#225; &#233; uma realidade em alguns pa&#237;ses do mundo. Trata-se de um m&#233;todo que permite avaliar a PA durante o sono e analisar o descenso noturno por dias ou semanas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B180">180</xref></sup> No Brasil, entretanto, ainda n&#227;o dispomos de equipamentos validados pela ANVISA que realizam essa medida.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Parte 5 &#8211; Press&#227;o Central, Velocidade da Onda de Pulso E <italic>Augmentation Index</italic></title>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>1. Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os valores de PA diferem significativamente entre as regi&#245;es central e perif&#233;rica da &#225;rvore arterial; a PA sist&#243;lica (PAS) &#233; mais elevada nas art&#233;rias perif&#233;ricas do que nas centrais, enquanto a PA diast&#243;lica (PAD) e a m&#233;dia (PAM) diferem apenas ligeiramente. Idade e gen&#233;tica influenciam muito a diferen&#231;a entre as curvas de press&#227;o perif&#233;rica e central, e essa diferen&#231;a pode chegar a 20 mmHg para a PAS em indiv&#237;duos jovens. Esse efeito &#233; conhecido como amplifica&#231;&#227;o da PAS ou press&#227;o de pulso amplificada. Em idosos, a press&#227;o de pulso amplificada &#233; menor devido ao aumento da rigidez arterial (RA) e ao retorno precoce das ondas refletidas, de modo que a PAS central pode ser pr&#243;xima &#224; perif&#233;rica. Assim, o intervalo de tempo relativo &#224;s ondas de press&#227;o que s&#227;o transmitidas para a frente e para tr&#225;s na aorta &#233; considerado um par&#226;metro importante para definir a PAC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B181">181</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B182">182</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>2. Defini&#231;&#245;es</title>
      <p>O aumento da PA est&#225; diretamente relacionado ao aumento do risco cardiovascular (CV) por disfun&#231;&#227;o e dano endotelial e por aumento da RA resultante da agress&#227;o na camada m&#233;dia vascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B183">183</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B187">187</xref></sup> A RA &#233; definida como um conjunto de propriedades dos vasos que determinam suas caracter&#237;sticas biof&#237;sicas. Dentre elas, a distensibilidade, a elasticidade e a complac&#234;ncia interferem na din&#226;mica do fluxo sangu&#237;neo a cada ciclo card&#237;aco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B183">183</xref></sup> Altera&#231;&#245;es na microvasculatura, arteriosclerose, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e aumento da RA configuram danos resultantes da hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) e de outras doen&#231;as como o <italic>diabetes melito</italic> (DM), obesidade e dislipidemia, recebendo tamb&#233;m influ&#234;ncia do componente gen&#233;tico e da idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B184">184</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B185">185</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B188">188</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B192">192</xref></sup> O aumento da RA &#233; a principal causa do aumento da PAS que se observa no processo de envelhecimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B193">193</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>2.1. Velocidade de Onda de Pulso</title>
        <p>Definida como a dist&#226;ncia percorrida entre dois pontos do sistema arterial pela onda de press&#227;o gerada ap&#243;s eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular na unidade de tempo, a VOP &#233; medida em metros por segundo (m/s).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B184">184</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B194">194</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B195">195</xref></sup> A VOP &#233; o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o-ouro para quantificar a RA, e quanto mais intensa for a RA, maior ser&#225; a VOP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B196">196</xref></sup> A determina&#231;&#227;o da VOP pode ser realizada de forma simples, em ambiente ambulatorial e com m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B183">183</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B197">197</xref></sup> O m&#233;todo de refer&#234;ncia atual na pesquisa cl&#237;nica &#233; a VOP car&#243;tida-femoral (VOPcf).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2.2. Augmentation Index</title>
        <p>O AIx &#233; definido como a raz&#227;o entre a press&#227;o determinada pela onda refletida e a onda de eje&#231;&#227;o. Essa medida tem rela&#231;&#227;o direta com a VOP, e inversa com a FC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B192">192</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B198">198</xref></sup> e tem a vantagem de levar em considera&#231;&#227;o o tempo das ondas para a frente e para tr&#225;s que s&#227;o os principais determinantes da PAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B199">199</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B200">200</xref></sup> O AIx descreve a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a PAC e a onda de pulso refletida, incorporando a magnitude e a velocidade das ondas refletidas. Consequentemente, esse &#237;ndice pode ser definido como medida de intensidade de reflex&#227;o das ondas de pulso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B201">201</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B202">202</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A FC deve ser levada em considera&#231;&#227;o para a corre&#231;&#227;o da AIx, assim o AIx@75 &#233; o AIx corrigido para FC de 75 batimentos por minuto (bpm). Esse &#237;ndice &#233; informado pelos equipamentos de medida de RA, em resultado da aplica&#231;&#227;o da f&#243;rmula: <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mtext> Alx@75 = Aix - 0,39&#215; (75 - FC). </mml:mtext><mml:msup><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>203</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:math></inline-formula> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B203">203</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2.3. Press&#227;o Central</title>
        <p>A PAC &#233; a press&#227;o exercida pela coluna sangu&#237;nea, em cada momento, nas art&#233;rias aorta e car&#243;tida, sendo uma aproxima&#231;&#227;o &#224; PA exercida no cora&#231;&#227;o e no c&#233;rebro. Por esse motivo, costuma ser um marcador mais relacionado &#224; morbimortalidade CV do que a PA perif&#233;rica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B204">204</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B205">205</xref></sup> Essa medida j&#225; pode ser realizada de forma n&#227;o invasiva por diversas metodologias e aparelhos validados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B206">206</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>3. Indica&#231;&#245;es</title>
      <p>As poss&#237;veis indica&#231;&#245;es de PAC, VOP e AIx est&#227;o apresentadas de forma sum&#225;ria na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 6</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Poss&#237;veis indica&#231;&#245;es da medida da press&#227;o central, augmentation index e velocidade da onda de pulso (GR: IIa &#8211; NE: C)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Par&#226;metro</th>
                <th align="left">Poss&#237;veis indica&#231;&#245;es</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica central (PSC)</td>
                <td>Avaliar hipertens&#227;o esp&#250;ria na hipertens&#227;o sist&#243;lica isolada do jovem</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Velocidade da onda de pulso (VOP)</td>
                <td>Reestratifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes pr&#233;-hipertensos e hipertensos de risco baixo ou intermedi&#225;rio Pacientes avaliados pelo escore SAGE &#8805; 8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><italic>Augmentation index</italic> (AIx)</td>
                <td>Reservado apenas para ambiente de pesquisa cl&#237;nica</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>GR: grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o; NE: n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>4. Vantagens da Medida da Press&#227;o Central, <italic>Augmentation Index</italic> e Velocidade da Onda de Pulso</title>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p>Identifica&#231;&#227;o de les&#227;o subcl&#237;nica em &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo: VOP &#8805; 10 m/s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B207">207</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B208">208</xref></sup></p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p><bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica:</bold> aumento de 1 m/s na VOP se associa com aumento de 14% na ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos CV e de 15% na mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B205">205</xref></sup></p>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p>AIx &#233; um preditor de desfechos e de les&#245;es de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo (LOA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B209">209</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B210">210</xref></sup></p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Essas medidas podem fornecer maior precis&#227;o para o diagn&#243;stico da HA, maior seguran&#231;a na decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica e melhor defini&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B211">211</xref></sup></p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>5. Limita&#231;&#245;es da Medida da Press&#227;o Central, <italic>Augmentation Index</italic> e Velocidade da Onda de Pulso</title>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p>Pouca disponibilidade de servi&#231;os.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Alto custo dos equipamentos.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Medidas obtidas pelo m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico ainda necessitam de mais estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos, especialmente quanto ao valor progn&#243;stico.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>6. T&#233;cnicas Dispon&#237;veis para Verifica&#231;&#227;o dos Par&#226;metros Centrais e de Rigidez Arterial</title>
      <p>A tonometria de aplana&#231;&#227;o, assim como os mecanorreceptores piezel&#233;tricos, sens&#237;veis &#224; press&#227;o intravascular, pode ser utilizada como substituta da PAC, devido &#224; proximidade anat&#244;mica com a aorta ascendente. A tonometria de aplana&#231;&#227;o, na radial, obt&#233;m a medida da PAC a partir de uma fun&#231;&#227;o matem&#225;tica de transfer&#234;ncia generalizada, tendo com uma das limita&#231;&#245;es desse m&#233;todo a varia&#231;&#227;o dependente do operador. A t&#233;cnica oscilom&#233;trica braquial tem como vantagem a praticidade para uso no consult&#243;rio, al&#233;m de n&#227;o sofrer com varia&#231;&#227;o operador dependente. No entanto, sofre grande cr&#237;tica pela forma como esses dispositivos s&#227;o calibrados, visto que tendem a subestimar a verdadeira press&#227;o intra-arterial braquial e, consequentemente, a PAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B212">212</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B219">219</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>6.1. M&#233;todos para Medida Indireta da Press&#227;o Arterial Central</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Tonometria arterial direta</bold>:  &#233; o m&#233;todo utilizado no Complior Analyse&#174;; neste caso, a forma da onda de press&#227;o &#233; obtida diretamente por aplana&#231;&#227;o na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum e apresenta correspond&#234;ncia com a forma de onda de press&#227;o da aorta ascendente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B212">212</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B213">213</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Tonometria arterial indireta</bold>:  &#233; o m&#233;todo utilizado no SphygmoCor&#174; a partir da medida da PA na art&#233;ria braquial e da aplana&#231;&#227;o da arterial radial; neste caso, a forma da onda de press&#227;o &#233; reconstitu&#237;da indiretamente a partir de um algoritmo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B212">212</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B213">213</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>M&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico braquial</bold>:  &#233; o m&#233;todo utilizado no Mobil-O-Graph&#174;, Dyna-MAPA AOP&#174; e Arteris&#174; a partir da medida da PA na art&#233;ria braquial, utilizando-se algoritmo e fun&#231;&#227;o de transfer&#234;ncia; neste caso, a forma da onda de press&#227;o &#233; reconstitu&#237;da indiretamente.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Apesar de a tonometria arterial indireta ser considerada padr&#227;o-ouro na avalia&#231;&#227;o da rigidez arterial pela obten&#231;&#227;o da VOPcf, a mensura&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico permite uma execu&#231;&#227;o de forma mais simplificada, reprodut&#237;vel e com resultados confi&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B214">214</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B215">215</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B220">220</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B221">221</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>7. Protocolos para Medidas de PAC, VOP E AIx</title>
      <sec>
        <title>7.1. Protocolo para Realiza&#231;&#227;o das Medidas de Par&#226;metros Centrais pelo M&#233;todo Tonom&#233;trico</title>
        <p>Pelo m&#233;todo direto, os sensores piezoel&#233;tricos s&#227;o colocados nas art&#233;rias car&#243;tida e femoral e capazes de registrar as curvas de varia&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro arterial secund&#225;rias a altera&#231;&#245;es na press&#227;o intra-arterial com grava&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea do sinal central e perif&#233;rico. A press&#227;o arterial central &#233; obtida diretamente da onda da press&#227;o carot&#237;dea. Tamb&#233;m &#233; poss&#237;vel avaliar a VOP em tr&#234;s segmentos arteriais diferentes em uma &#250;nica aquisi&#231;&#227;o, para o estudo de art&#233;rias perif&#233;ricas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B183">183</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B219">219</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Pelo m&#233;todo indireto, o sistema &#233; composto por um ton&#244;metro de aplana&#231;&#227;o e um eletrocardiograma, a VOP &#233; medida em dois pontos e alinhada com a onda R do complexo QRS como ponto de refer&#234;ncia. A forma de onda da press&#227;o central e os valores ascendentes da press&#227;o da aorta s&#227;o definidos por meio de uma fun&#231;&#227;o de transfer&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B183">183</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B219">219</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.2. Protocolo para Realiza&#231;&#227;o do Triplo Tiro (Medida do Consult&#243;rio) pelo M&#233;todo Oscilom&#233;trico</title>
        <p>Dependendo do equipamento utilizado, as medidas centrais da PA (PAC, VOP E AIx) obtidas pelo m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico podem ser realizadas em intervalos de tempo preestabelecidos. Deve-se utilizar a metodologia de preparo para medida da PA de consult&#243;rio, incluindo a escolha adequada do manguito e do bra&#231;o, conforme preconizado pelas Diretrizes Brasileiras de HA de 2020.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a escolha do bra&#231;o, aplicar o manguito conectado ao equipamento programado para realizar 15 minutos de monitora&#231;&#227;o, com disparos que avaliaram a press&#227;o braquial e par&#226;metros centrais a cada 3 minutos, sendo consideradas as &#250;ltimas tr&#234;s medidas ou as tr&#234;s medidas v&#225;lidas (protocolo conhecido como Triplo PWA). Alguns equipamentos j&#225; possuem a fun&#231;&#227;o Triplo PWA estabelecida, n&#227;o sendo necess&#225;ria nenhuma programa&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7.3. Protocolo para Realiza&#231;&#227;o das Medidas de Par&#226;metros Centrais da PA de 24 Horas pelo M&#233;todo Oscilom&#233;trico</title>
        <p>O mesmo protocolo de preparo, orienta&#231;&#245;es ao paciente, escolha do bra&#231;o/manguito propostos para realiza&#231;&#227;o daMAPA de 24 horas deve ser seguido para realiza&#231;&#227;o da monitora&#231;&#227;o de 24 horas de medidas de par&#226;metros centrais da PA. Sugerimos, para maior conforto durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame, que o equipamento seja programado para realizar medidas com intervalos de 30 minutos (vig&#237;lia e sono). Devem ser consideradas pelo menos 16 e 8 leituras diurnas e noturnas v&#225;lidas, respectivamente. Al&#233;m disso, o paciente deve ser alertado sobre a dupla insufla&#231;&#227;o durante as medidas, evitando assim que o paciente desconfie de erro na aquisi&#231;&#227;o das medidas.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>8. Valores de Refer&#234;ncia <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B216">216</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B218">218</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B222">222</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B225">225</xref> </title>
      <sec>
        <title>8.1. Valores de Refer&#234;ncia para Velocidade de Onda de Pulso (VOP)</title>
        <p>Como a idade e a PA t&#234;m uma grande influ&#234;ncia na RA, os valores de refer&#234;ncia para VOP costumam ser apresentados em categorias derivadas dessas vari&#225;veis. Nas Tabelas 7 e 8, s&#227;o sugeridos valores de refer&#234;ncias para VOP, cujas medidas foram obtidas principalmente por equipamentos tonom&#233;tricos ou piezoel&#233;tricos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B226">226</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.2. Valores de Refer&#234;ncia para a Press&#227;o Sist&#243;lica Central (PSc)</title>
        <p>Os valores de refer&#234;ncia para PSC utilizando os equipamentos Sphygmocor, Omron HEM-9000AI, PulsePen e tonometria carot&#237;dea direta e de acordo com categorias de idade, g&#234;nero e fatores de risco e de PA perif&#233;rica est&#227;o mostrados nas Tabelas 9 e 10.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B227">227</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8.3. Valores de Refer&#234;ncia para VOP, PAC e AIx Utilizando o M&#233;todo Oscilom&#233;trico na Popula&#231;&#227;o Brasileira</title>
        <p>Um estudo multic&#234;ntrico brasileiro, incluindo 6.499 indiv&#237;duos de 4 centros, descreveu os valores de refer&#234;ncia para VOP, PSc e AIx na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, cujas medidas foram obtidas por meio do m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B212">212</xref></sup> Nas Tabelas 11 e 12, s&#227;o mostrados os valores de refer&#234;ncia dessas medidas conforme a faixa et&#225;ria, o g&#234;nero e os fatores de risco CV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B214">214</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Diante do exposto, podemos concluir que, nos dias de hoje, j&#225; existem valores de refer&#234;ncia para os diversos dispositivos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da RA e PAC, inclusive para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. Contudo, pouco ainda se sabe sobre os valores de anormalidade para as medidas de par&#226;metros centrais da PA capazes de predizer eventos cardiovasculares, especialmente quando obtidas pelo m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico. Os valores de anormalidade sugeridos para as medidas de par&#226;metros centrais da PA est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t38">Tabela 13</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t38">
            <label>Tabela 13</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Valores de anormalidade para PAC, VOP e AIx (GR: IIa &#8211; NE: C). <bold>216,218,222-225</bold></title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Par&#226;metros</th>
                  <th>Medida no consult&#243;rio</th>
                  <th>MAPA 24 horas</th>
                  <th>MAPA vig&#237;lia</th>
                  <th>MAPA sono</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS central</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 130 mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 120 mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 125 mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 110 mmHg</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD central</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 90 mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 80 mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 85 mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 70 mmHg</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VOP</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 10 m/s</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 10 m/s</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 10 m/s</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 10 m/s</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AIx</td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="4">N&#227;o dispon&#237;vel</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN13">
                <p>GR: grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o; NE: n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia; PAC: press&#227;o arterial central; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; MAPA: monitora&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial; MRPA: monitora&#231;&#227;o residencial da press&#227;o arterial; VOP: velocidade de onda de pulso; AIx: Augmentation Index</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>9. Valor Progn&#243;stico das Medidas Derivadas dos Par&#226;metros Centrais</title>
      <p>Evid&#234;ncias indicam que a PAC est&#225; mais associada aos riscos CV tradicionais e &#224;s les&#245;es de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo. A RA &#233; um dos principais determinantes da PAC e tem sido considerada de alto valor preditivo para eventos CV. Da mesma maneira, como descrito a seguir, estudos prospectivos observacionais t&#234;m demonstrado o valor preditivo de par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos centrais para eventos CV na popula&#231;&#227;o geral, nos idosos e nos pacientes com doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria e com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B228">228</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No Strong Heart Study, a PPc foi superior &#224; perif&#233;rica como preditor de eventos CV fatais e n&#227;o fatais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B229">229</xref></sup> Outros estudos encontraram igual superioridade em idosos normotensos ou hipertensos e em indiv&#237;duos de origem asi&#225;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B227">227</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B228">228</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No estudo MESA (Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis), par&#226;metros de reflex&#227;o da onda de pulso foram associados com novos eventos CV e incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) em indiv&#237;duos sem evid&#234;ncias DCV pr&#233;via.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B229">229</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B230">230</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em metan&#225;lise envolvendo mais de 5 mil indiv&#237;duos normotensos e hipertensos, alguns com doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria ou DRC, para cada aumento de 10 mmHg na PPc e PSc, havia um aumento de 14% no risco CV e 9% no risco de DCV, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B231">231</xref></sup> M&#233;dias da PAC ambulatorial de 24 horas tamb&#233;m j&#225; foram consideradas melhores preditores de risco CV em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s medidas de PA perif&#233;rica em normotensos e hipertensos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B232">232</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em pacientes com DRC em fases mais iniciais, a PPc foi capaz de predizer a progress&#227;o para DR terminal e, nos est&#225;gios 2 a 4, foi demonstrada rela&#231;&#227;o independente entre PSC e mortalidade geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B233">233</xref></sup> O efeito adverso do aumento da reflex&#227;o da onda de pulso arterial sobre o sistema CV de pacientes com DRC terminal tamb&#233;m j&#225; foi demonstrado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B234">234</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O valor cl&#237;nico da medida da PAC foi inicialmente demonstrado no estudo ASCOT-CAFE (Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial &#8211; Conduit Artery Function Evaluation). O estudo principal ASCOT j&#225; havia relatado um resultado CV mais favor&#225;vel nos pacientes hipertensos tratados com um regime terap&#234;utico com um inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA) associado a um bloqueador de canal de c&#225;lcio (BCC) em rela&#231;&#227;o a outro esquema baseado em betabloqueador (BB) e diur&#233;tico (DIU).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B235">235</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B236">236</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No subestudo CAFE, embora sem diferen&#231;a nos n&#237;veis de PA perif&#233;rica entre os dois grupos, o tratamento com IECA + BCC promoveu maior redu&#231;&#227;o da PAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O estudo REASON foi capaz de demonstrar que um efeito favor&#225;vel da associa&#231;&#227;o IECA + DIU sobre o coeficiente de reflex&#227;o permaneceu presente mesmo ap&#243;s 9 meses de tratamento, embora sem efeito adicional sobre a PA perif&#233;rica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B237">237</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares (ECV) e mortalidade por todas as causas atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise da hemodin&#226;mica central n&#227;o invasiva permitiu calcular o valor preditivo das press&#245;es centrais e &#237;ndices hemodin&#226;micos centrais para ECV e mortalidade por todas as causas atrav&#233;s das medidas da VOP, PSc, PPc, AIx, podendo-se afirmar: um aumento da VOP a&#243;rtica em 1 m/s correspondeu a um aumento de risco de 14%, 15% e 15% no total de ECV, mortalidade CV e mortalidade por todas as causas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B205">205</xref></sup> Aumento de 10 mmHg na PSc determina RR para ECV de 8,8%. Aumento de 10 mmHg na PPc determina RR para ECV de 12,9%. Aumento de 10% no AIx determina RR para ECV totais de 29,4% e mortalidade por todas as causas da ordem de 38,4%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B205">205</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A VOP tem valor preditivo na morbidade e mortalidade CV e &#233; atualmente considerada o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o-ouro na avalia&#231;&#227;o da RA e do envelhecimento arterial com boa correla&#231;&#227;o com risco de morte CV, ECV e mortalidade por outras causas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B197">197</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B205">205</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Com o objetivo de permitir uma identifica&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica dos indiv&#237;duos com maior risco de apresentar a VOP aumentada, foi desenvolvido e validado um escore cl&#237;nico que avalia vari&#225;veis facilmente dispon&#237;veis e foi denominado SAGE: (S) <italic>systolic blood pressure</italic> (PAS), (A) <italic>age</italic> (idade), (G) <italic>fasting plasma glucose</italic> (glicemia de jejum) e (E) <italic>estimated glomerular filtration rate</italic> (filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada pela CKD-EPI), resumidos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figura 9</xref> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B242">242</xref></sup> Esse escore tamb&#233;m foi aplicado em hipertensos brasileiros avaliados pelo m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico e quando &#8805; 8 foi eficaz na identifica&#231;&#227;o de um alto risco de VOP &#8805; 10 m/s, apresentando sensibilidade de 67,19% (IC 95%: 60,1-73,8) e especificidade de 93,95% (IC 95%: 91,8-95,7).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B239">239</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f09">
          <label>Figura 9</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Tabela de pontua&#231;&#227;o escore SAGE. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B238">238</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B239">239</xref> Em laranja (SAGE &#8805; 8): alta probabilidade de RA elevada (VOP &#8805;10 m/s) e, em verde, (SAGE &lt;8): baixa probabilidade de RA elevada. VOP: velocidade de onda de pulso; RA: rigidez arterial.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20240113-40113-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>10. Par&#226;metros Centrais de 24 Horas</title>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da PAC e dos indicadores de RA ao longo das 24 horas ainda &#233; pouco utilizada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, mesmo com evid&#234;ncias crescentes em todo o mundo de sua validade preditiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B217">217</xref></sup> H&#225; necessidade de ampliar os conhecimentos cient&#237;ficos acerca do acompanhamento durante as 24 horas. Entretanto, ind&#237;cios apontam que monitorar esses par&#226;metros nas condi&#231;&#245;es da vida di&#225;ria pode favorecer a avalia&#231;&#227;o e o progn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de doen&#231;as CV, a possibilidade de categoriza&#231;&#227;o dos fen&#243;tipos da HA, especialmente a hipertens&#227;o do avental branco (HAB) e a hipertens&#227;o mascarada (HM), bem como a investiga&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica da PA na vig&#237;lia e no sono.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B214">214</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B217">217</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Um cons&#243;rcio de pesquisa internacional (20 centros, 14 pa&#237;ses e 5 continentes) de par&#226;metros centrais de 24 horas obtidos atrav&#233;s do Mobil-O-Graph<sup>&#174;</sup> analisou uma parte do seu banco de dados (2.092 adultos) e evidenciou que a PSc de 24 horas estava mais associada a danos card&#237;acos hipertensivos (massa e hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo), do que a press&#227;o braquial de 24 horas. Esse mesmo grupo, em publica&#231;&#227;o recente, usando 130.804 medi&#231;&#245;es de PSc v&#225;lidas de 2.423 adultos n&#227;o tratados, prop&#244;s pragmaticamente como limite superior normal para PSc de 24 horas 120 mmHg (calibra&#231;&#227;o C1 = sist&#243;lica/diast&#243;lica).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B222">222</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B240">240</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Metan&#225;lise recente revisou as atuais tecnologias n&#227;o invasivas de 24 horas para obten&#231;&#227;o da PSc, VOP, AIx e as evid&#234;ncias que apoiam seu uso no tratamento cl&#237;nico de pacientes com HA ou em risco de complica&#231;&#245;es CV, e concluiu que os estudos realizados at&#233; o presente momento sugerem que os par&#226;metros centrais de 24 horas podem representar uma ferramenta promissora para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o vascular, estrutura e danos nas condi&#231;&#245;es da vida di&#225;ria e promover o rastreio precoce em indiv&#237;duos com maior risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B217">217</xref></sup> Ainda existe uma escassez de estudos avaliando o valor preditivo de VOP de 24 horas. Al&#233;m disso, a precis&#227;o das medidas pode variar entre os diferentes dispositivos, afetando a generaliza&#231;&#227;o de resultados dos estudos. S&#227;o ainda necess&#225;rios estudos longitudinais que validem o valor preditivo dos par&#226;metros centrais de 24 horas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>11. Perpectivas</title>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da RA no panorama das recomenda&#231;&#245;es para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco CV como maneira de identificar a presen&#231;a de LOA ainda subcl&#237;nicos j&#225; foi incorporada pelas principais diretrizes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B216">216</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B217">217</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, a an&#225;lise da RA pela VOP e os &#237;ndices de hemodin&#226;mica central (PAS, PPC e AIx) s&#227;o &#250;teis para acompanhamento cl&#237;nico de pacientes com HA e risco CV baixo ou intermedi&#225;rio; hipertensos jovens; pr&#233;-hipertensos; diab&#233;ticos; DRC; hist&#243;ria familiar de DCV precoce e outros fatores de risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B205">205</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B207">207</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B241">241</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B245">245</xref></sup> Embora a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da VOP com a finalidade de identificar LOA esteja estabelecida na literatura, assim como seu ponto de corte &gt; 10m/s, valores que definem a normalidade para a VOP, corrigidos para sexo e idade, ainda podem ser melhor explorados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B216">216</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B218">218</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B223">223</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B225">225</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Por meio das intera&#231;&#245;es da gen&#233;tica com a epigen&#233;tica, e a capacidade do sistema biol&#243;gico em lidar com o resultado dessas combina&#231;&#245;es, pode haver uma diferen&#231;a entre a idade cronol&#243;gica e biol&#243;gica. Esta &#233; a base para os novos conceitos em envelhecimento vascular. O envelhecimento vascular acelerado ocorre em indiv&#237;duos em que a idade biol&#243;gica vascular &#233; superior &#224; idade cronol&#243;gica, e estes apresentar&#227;o manifesta&#231;&#245;es mais precoces de doen&#231;as. O termo SUPERNOVA &#233; reservado aos indiv&#237;duos que apresentam um envelhecimento vascular em que a les&#227;o/rigidez arterial &#233; significativamente inferior ao esperado para um indiv&#237;duo saud&#225;vel da mesma idade. Entretanto, mesmo que essa habilidade de envelhecer lentamente seja predeterminada pelos genes, o estilo de vida e as interven&#231;&#245;es farmac&#234;uticas podem desacelerar a senesc&#234;ncia vascular e melhorar o progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B206">206</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B219">219</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B246">246</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os estudos que direcionam o tratamento medicamentoso utilizando a PSc, at&#233; o momento, demonstraram apenas redu&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de f&#225;rmacos anti-hipertensivos, sem resposta na fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B247">247</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B249">249</xref></sup> Em outro estudo que avaliou a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de combina&#231;&#227;o livre ou combina&#231;&#227;o fixa de f&#225;rmacos visando a metas de PA sist&#243;lica central e braquial, a classe dos IECA em combina&#231;&#227;o fixa permitiu uma maior efici&#234;ncia em atingir metas press&#243;ricas. Partindo da repercuss&#227;o do estudo CAFE, tornou-se evidente que os f&#225;rmacos apresentam efeitos distintos sobre os valores press&#243;ricos (central e perif&#233;rico), que resultam em desfechos cl&#237;nicos distintos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B250">250</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B251">251</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Todos esses aspectos nos permitem concluir pelo enorme potencial de uma verdadeira evolu&#231;&#227;o para a medicina de precis&#227;o em seu conceito mais puro, identificando precocemente o dano ou at&#233; prevenindo que o mesmo aconte&#231;a, tratando cada indiv&#237;duo com a estrat&#233;gia mais adequada para as suas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e, dessa forma, reduzindo ainda mais os desfechos CV.</p>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, esta diretriz n&#227;o recomenda o uso rotineiro da avalia&#231;&#227;o da PSc, VOP e AIx. Para isSo, estudos com desfechos cl&#237;nicos robustos necessitam ser realizados para defini&#231;&#227;o dos valores de normalidade e progn&#243;stico dessas medidas.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Comportamento da PA e suas preval&#234;ncias em indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o tratados com medica&#231;&#245;es anti-hipertensivas. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> MAPA: monitora&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial; MRPA: monitora&#231;&#227;o residencial da press&#227;o arterial; PA: press&#227;o arterial.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20240113-40113-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Comportamento da PA e suas preval&#234;ncias em hipertensos tratados. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> MAPA: monitora&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial; MRPA: monitora&#231;&#227;o residencial da press&#227;o arterial; PA: press&#227;o arterial.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20240113-40113-gf09.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Valores de refer&#234;ncia da VOP categorizados por idade na popula&#231;&#227;o normal <bold>226</bold></title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Idade (anos)</th>
                <th>M&#233;dia (+2 SD)</th>
                <th>Mediana (10-90 pc)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>30</td>
                <td align="center">6,2 (4,7-7,6)</td>
                <td align="center">6,1 (5,3-7,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>30-39</td>
                <td align="center">6,5 (3,8-9,2)</td>
                <td align="center">6,4 (5,2-8,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>40-49</td>
                <td align="center">7,2 (4,6-9,8)</td>
                <td align="center">6,9 (5,9-8,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>50-59</td>
                <td align="center">8,3 (4,5-12,1)</td>
                <td align="center">8,1 (6,3-10,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>60-69</td>
                <td align="center">10,3 (5,5-15,0)</td>
                <td align="center">9,7 (7,9-13,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805;70</td>
                <td align="center">10,9 (5,5-16,3)</td>
                <td align="center">10,6 (8,0-14,6)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>VOP: velocidade de onda de pulso; SD: desvio padr&#227;o; 10 pc: limite superior do 10&#186; percentil; 90 pc limite inferior do 90&#186; percentil.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Valores de refer&#234;ncia da VOP categorizada por idade e press&#227;o arterial <bold>226</bold></title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Idade (anos)</th>
                <th>PA &#243;tima</th>
                <th>PA normal</th>
                <th>PA normal alta</th>
                <th>Est&#225;gio 1 HA</th>
                <th>Est&#225;gio 2/3 HA</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="6">
                  <bold>VOP m&#233;dia (+2 SD)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 30</td>
                <td align="center">6,1 (4,6-7,5)</td>
                <td align="center">6,6 (4,9-8,2)</td>
                <td align="center">6,8 (5,1-8,5)</td>
                <td align="center">7,4 (4,6-10,1)</td>
                <td align="center">7,7 (4,4-11,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>30-39</td>
                <td align="center">6,6 (4,4-8,9)</td>
                <td align="center">6,8 (4,2-9,4)</td>
                <td align="center">7,1 (4,5-9,7)</td>
                <td align="center">7,3 (4,0-10,7)</td>
                <td align="center">8,2 (3,3-13,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>40-49</td>
                <td align="center">7,0 (4,5-9,6)</td>
                <td align="center">7,5 (5,1-10,0)</td>
                <td align="center">7,9 (5,2-10,7)</td>
                <td align="center">8,6 (5,1-12,0)</td>
                <td align="center">9,8 (3,8-15,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>50-59</td>
                <td align="center">7,6 (4,8-10,5)</td>
                <td align="center">8,4 (5,1-11,7)</td>
                <td align="center">8,8 (4,8-12,8)</td>
                <td align="center">9,6 (4,9-14,3)</td>
                <td align="center">10,5 (4,1-16,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>60-69</td>
                <td align="center">9,1 (5,2-12,9)</td>
                <td align="center">9,7 (5,7-13,6)</td>
                <td align="center">10,3 (5,5-15,1)</td>
                <td align="center">11,1 (6,1-16,2)</td>
                <td align="center">12,2 (5,7-18,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 70</td>
                <td align="center">10,4 (5,2-15,6)</td>
                <td align="center">11,7 (6,0-17,5)</td>
                <td align="center">11,8 (5,7-17,9)</td>
                <td align="center">12,9 (6,9-18,9)</td>
                <td align="center">14,0 (7,4-20,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="6">
                  <bold>VOP mediana (10-90 pc)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 30</td>
                <td align="center">6,0 (5,2-7,0)</td>
                <td align="center">6,4 (5,7-7,5)</td>
                <td align="center">6,7 (5,8-7,9)</td>
                <td align="center">7,2 (5,7-9,3)</td>
                <td align="center">7,6 (5,9-9,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>30-39</td>
                <td align="center">6,5 (5,4-7,9)</td>
                <td align="center">6,7 (5,3-8,2)</td>
                <td align="center">7,0 (5,5-8,8)</td>
                <td align="center">7,2 (5,5-9,3)</td>
                <td align="center">7,6 (5,8-11,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>40-49</td>
                <td align="center">6,8 (5,8-8,5)</td>
                <td align="center">7,4 (6,2-9,0)</td>
                <td align="center">7,7 (6,5-9,5)</td>
                <td align="center">8,1 (6,8-10,8)</td>
                <td align="center">9,2 (7,1-13,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>50-59</td>
                <td align="center">7,5 (6,2-9,2)</td>
                <td align="center">8,1 (6,7-10,4)</td>
                <td align="center">8,4 (7,0-11,3)</td>
                <td align="center">9,2 (7,2-12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">9,7 (7,4-14,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>60-69</td>
                <td align="center">8,7 (7,0-11,4)</td>
                <td align="center">9,3 (7,6-12,2)</td>
                <td align="center">9,8 (7,9-13,2)</td>
                <td align="center">10,7 (8,4-14,1)</td>
                <td align="center">12,0 (8,5-16,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 70</td>
                <td align="center">10,1 (7,6-13,8)</td>
                <td align="center">11,1 (8,6-15,5)</td>
                <td align="center">11,2 (8,6-15,8)</td>
                <td align="center">12,7 (9,3-16,7)</td>
                <td align="center">13,5 (10,3-18,2)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>PA: press&#227;o arterial; VOP: velocidade de onda de pulso; SD: desvio padr&#227;o; 10 pc: limite superior do 10&#186; percentil; 90 pc: limite inferior do 90&#186; percentil.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t34">
          <label>Tabela 9</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Valores de refer&#234;ncia da PAC categorizada por idade, sexo e fatores de risco <bold>227</bold></title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Idade (anos)</th>
                <th colspan="2">Popula&#231;&#227;o normal</th>
                <th colspan="2">Popula&#231;&#227;o com fatores de risco cardiovascular</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Feminino</th>
                <th>Masculino</th>
                <th>Feminino</th>
                <th>Masculino</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 20 (n = 1.104)</td>
                <td align="center">97 (86, 91, 102, 109) n = 350</td>
                <td align="center">105 (95, 99, 109, 113) n = 290</td>
                <td align="center">99 (88, 93, 105, 120) n = 182</td>
                <td align="center">109 (96, 102, 117, 127) n = 282</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>20-29 (n = 4.157)</td>
                <td align="center">95 (80, 88, 102, 110) n = 1.411</td>
                <td align="center">103 (92, 97, 109, 115) n = 880</td>
                <td align="center">101 (88, 91, 110, 124) n = 888</td>
                <td align="center">110 (95, 102, 120, 130) n = 974</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>30-39 (n = 6.386</td>
                <td align="center">98 (84, 90, 108, 119) n = 1.860</td>
                <td align="center">103 (88, 95, 112, 120) n = 1.259</td>
                <td align="center">111 (92, 100, 127, 141) n = 1.373</td>
                <td align="center">114 (95, 103, 129, 144) n = 1.889</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>40-49 (n = 9.595)</td>
                <td align="center">102 (87, 93, 113, 123) n = 2.318</td>
                <td align="center">106 (90, 97, 114, 123) n = 2.068</td>
                <td align="center">116 (95, 104, 133, 146) n = 2.196</td>
                <td align="center">118 (97, 106, 132, 144) n = 2.995</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>50-59 (n = 11.950)</td>
                <td align="center">110 (93, 100, 119, 127) n = 2.002</td>
                <td align="center">110 (96, 102, 118, 126) n = 1.997</td>
                <td align="center">120 (100, 109, 134, 148) n = 4.251</td>
                <td align="center">123 (102, 111, 137, 150) n = 3.646</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>60-69 (n = 7.779)</td>
                <td align="center">114 (97, 105, 122, 129) n = 1.057</td>
                <td align="center">114 (97, 105, 122, 128) n = 1.410</td>
                <td align="center">128 (105, 115, 141, 154) n = 2.656</td>
                <td align="center">128 (105, 115, 142, 155) n = 2.629</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&gt; 70 (n = 4.445)</td>
                <td align="center">118 (100, 109, 126, 131) n = 530</td>
                <td align="center">116 (99, 107, 124, 130) n = 747</td>
                <td align="center">138 (113, 126, 152, 164) n = 1.567</td>
                <td align="center">135 (113, 124, 147, 160) n = 1.592</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>PAC: press&#227;o arterial central. Valores descritos nos percentis 50 (10, 25, 75 e 90).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t35">
          <label>Tabela 10</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Valores de refer&#234;ncia da PA de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial e fatores de risco cardiovascular <bold>227</bold></title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Categoria da press&#227;o arterial</th>
                <th colspan="2">Popula&#231;&#227;o normal</th>
                <th colspan="2">Popula&#231;&#227;o com fatores de risco cardiovascular</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Feminino</th>
                <th>Masculino</th>
                <th>Feminino</th>
                <th>Masculino</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&#211;tima (n = 17.678) 108 (96, 102, 114, 117)</td>
                <td align="center">97 (84, 90, 104, 110) n = 6.415</td>
                <td align="center">100 (88, 94, 106, 111) n = 4.035</td>
                <td align="center">102 (89, 95, 108, 112) n = 4.082</td>
                <td align="center">101 (90, 96, 107, 112) n = 3.146</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Normal (n = 9.313) 123 (120, 121, 126, 128)</td>
                <td align="center">116 (104, 110, 121, 125) n = 1.902</td>
                <td align="center">112 (102, 106, 117, 122) n = 2.669</td>
                <td align="center">116 (107, 111, 120, 123) n = 2.281</td>
                <td align="center">113 (103, 108, 118, 122) n = 2.461</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Normal alta (n = 7.148) 133 (128, 130, 136, 138)</td>
                <td align="center">126 (115, 120, 131, 135) n = 1.212</td>
                <td align="center">122 (110, 115, 128, 132) n = 1.947</td>
                <td align="center">125 (116, 120, 130, 133) n = 1.861</td>
                <td align="center">123 (111, 116, 128,132) n = 2.128</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Est&#225;gio 1 (n = 3.288) 143 (130, 137, 150, 155)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">137 (122, 129, 144, 150) n = 1.276</td>
                <td align="center">133 (119, 126, 142, 148) n = 2.012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Est&#225;gio 2 (n = 1.930) 161 (146, 154, 168, 174)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">154 (128, 142, 161, 168) n = 798</td>
                <td align="center">148 (128, 138, 158, 165) n = 1.132</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Est&#225;gio 3 (n = 701) 183 (162, 178, 193, 206)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">173 (153, 164, 183, 194) n = 312</td>
                <td align="center">171 (143, 158, 183, 192) n = 389</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ISH (n = 5.255) 147 (141, 143, 155, 163)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">140 (128, 134, 148, 156) n = 2.507</td>
                <td align="center">137 (122, 129, 144, 152) n = 2.748</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>PA: press&#227;o arterial. Valores descritos nos percentis 50 (10, 25, 75 e 90). As categorias de press&#227;o arterial s&#227;o referentes &#224; press&#227;o arterial braquial.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t36">
          <label>Tabela 11</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Valores de refer&#234;ncia para PAC de acordo com sexo e idade na popula&#231;&#227;o normal e com fatores de risco cardiovascular <bold>214</bold></title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Idade (anos)</th>
                <th colspan="2">Popula&#231;&#227;o normal</th>
                <th colspan="2">Popula&#231;&#227;o com fatores de risco cardiovascular</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Feminino</th>
                <th>Masculino</th>
                <th>Feminino</th>
                <th>Masculino</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel: Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica central</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 30</td>
                <td align="center">101 (90, 93, 113, 119)</td>
                <td align="center">113 (104, 109, 120, 123)</td>
                <td align="center">118 (102, 109, 127, 131)</td>
                <td align="center">123 (107, 114, 132, 144)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>30-39</td>
                <td align="center">109 (96, 102, 117, 123)</td>
                <td align="center">114 (102,110,121, 127)</td>
                <td align="center">120 (102, 110, 130, 143)</td>
                <td align="center">125 (108, 116, 133, 141)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>40-49</td>
                <td align="center">110 (99, 103, 117, 122)</td>
                <td align="center">116 (102,109, 122, 126)</td>
                <td align="center">121 (104, 112, 134, 146)</td>
                <td align="center">123 (108, 115, 131, 141)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>50-59</td>
                <td align="center">110 (97, 104, 120, 124)</td>
                <td align="center">112 (100, 106, 118, 124)</td>
                <td align="center">124 (106, 114, 135, 146)</td>
                <td align="center">124 (105, 114, 134, 144)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>60-69</td>
                <td align="center">114 (100, 105, 120, 125)</td>
                <td align="center">112 (96, 101, 120, 127)</td>
                <td align="center">127 (105, 115, 141, 154)</td>
                <td align="center">123 (103, 112, 136, 149)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 70</td>
                <td align="center">113 (100, 103, 121, 126)</td>
                <td align="center">116 (94, 104, 125, 129)</td>
                <td align="center">131 (108, 118, 146, 165)</td>
                <td align="center">125 (102, 111, 140, 156)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel: Press&#227;o diast&#243;lica central</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 30</td>
                <td align="center">73 (60, 66, 77, 85)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (66, 71, 82, 87)</td>
                <td align="center">82 (68, 73, 90, 97)</td>
                <td align="center">83 (72, 77, 93, 100)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>30-39</td>
                <td align="center">77 (67, 71, 83, 88)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (71, 75, 85, 88)</td>
                <td align="center">86 (71, 77, 95, 105)</td>
                <td align="center">88 (75, 80, 96, 103)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>40-49</td>
                <td align="center">79 (67, 73, 84, 88)</td>
                <td align="center">81 (74, 77, 86, 89)</td>
                <td align="center">86 (71, 78, 94, 103)</td>
                <td align="center">90 (75, 82, 97, 104)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>50-59</td>
                <td align="center">76 (64, 70, 82, 85)</td>
                <td align="center">82 (70, 77, 86, 88)</td>
                <td align="center">84 (71, 77, 92, 100)</td>
                <td align="center">88 (75, 80, 97, 103)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>60-69</td>
                <td align="center">76 (66, 71, 81, 87)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (68, 72, 83, 87)</td>
                <td align="center">81 (67, 74, 90, 98)</td>
                <td align="center">85 (71, 77, 93, 101)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 70</td>
                <td align="center">76 (60, 70, 79, 83)</td>
                <td align="center">79 (60, 70, 84, 90)</td>
                <td align="center">81 (66, 72, 89, 97)</td>
                <td align="center">82 (68, 74, 91, 98)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel: Press&#227;o de pulso central</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 30</td>
                <td align="center">29 (23, 27, 37, 43)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (26, 32, 43, 53)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (24, 28, 41, 48)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (26, 31, 46, 52)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>30-39</td>
                <td align="center">30 (22, 26, 37, 44)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (25, 29, 42, 50)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (24, 28, 38, 46)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (25, 31, 41, 48)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>40-49</td>
                <td align="center">31 (22, 27, 36, 42)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (25, 28, 38, 45)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (25, 29, 43, 53)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (23, 28, 37, 46)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>50-59</td>
                <td align="center">34 (25, 28, 42, 49)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (25, 27, 35, 42)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (28, 32, 47, 58)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (25, 28, 41, 49)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>60-69</td>
                <td align="center">35 (28, 31, 43, 52)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (24, 28, 36, 49)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (30, 36, 55, 66)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (25, 31, 46, 58)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 70</td>
                <td align="center">39 (28, 34, 45, 52)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (19, 27, 41, 51)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (33, 41, 63, 77)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (28, 34, 52, 66)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <p>PAC: press&#227;o arterial central. Valores descritos nos percentis 50 (10, 25, 75 e 90).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t37">
          <label>Tabela 12</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Valores de refer&#234;ncia para VOP e AIx de acordo com sexo e idade na popula&#231;&#227;o normal e com fatores de risco cardiovascular <bold>214</bold></title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Idade (anos)</th>
                <th colspan="2">Popula&#231;&#227;o normal</th>
                <th colspan="2">Popula&#231;&#227;o com fatores de risco cardiovascular</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Feminino</th>
                <th>Masculino</th>
                <th>Feminino</th>
                <th>Masculino</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel: VOP</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 30</td>
                <td align="center">4,9 (4,4, 4,5, 5,0, 5,3)</td>
                <td align="center">5,2 (4,9, 5,1, 5,4, 5,7)</td>
                <td align="center">5,3 (4,7, 5,0, 5,6, 6,0)</td>
                <td align="center">5,5 (5,0, 5,3, 5,8, 6,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>30-39</td>
                <td align="center">5,4 (5,0, 5,2, 5,8, 6,1)</td>
                <td align="center">5,7 (5,3, 5,5, 5,9, 6,1)</td>
                <td align="center">5,8 (5,3, 5,5, 6,2, 6,7)</td>
                <td align="center">6,1 (5,5, 5,8, 6,4, 6,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>40-49</td>
                <td align="center">6,4 (5,7, 6,0, 6,7, 6,9)</td>
                <td align="center">6,5 (5,9, 6,2, 6,8, 7,0)</td>
                <td align="center">6,8 (6,0, 6,4, 7,2, 7,7)</td>
                <td align="center">6,8 (6,2, 6,4, 7,1, 7,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>50-59</td>
                <td align="center">7,5 (6,7, 7,0, 7,8, 8,2)</td>
                <td align="center">7,4 (6,9, 7,2, 7,9, 8,0)</td>
                <td align="center">7,9 (7,1, 7,5, 8,3, 8,8)</td>
                <td align="center">7,9 (7,1, 7,5, 8,3, 8,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>60-69</td>
                <td align="center">8,9 (8,1, 8,5, 9,2, 9,4)</td>
                <td align="center">8,9 (8,2, 8,6, 9,1, 9,6)</td>
                <td align="center">9,3 (8,4, 8,8, 9,8, 10,4)</td>
                <td align="center">9,2 (8,4, 8,7, 9,7, 10,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 70</td>
                <td align="center">11,3 (10,2, 10,4, 12,5, 13,2)</td>
                <td align="center">11,0 (10,1, 10,6, 11,6, 12,3)</td>
                <td align="center">11,8 (10,2, 10,8, 12,9, 14,0)</td>
                <td align="center">11,2 (9,9, 10,4, 12,1, 13,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Vari&#225;vel: AIx</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 30</td>
                <td align="center">20 (11, 13, 27, 33)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (04, 10, 23, 27)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (11, 20, 34, 38)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (02, 08, 23, 30)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>30-39</td>
                <td align="center">22 (12, 16, 28, 34)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (01, 07, 18, 24)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (11, 18, 32, 37)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (03, 09, 21, 27)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>40-49</td>
                <td align="center">23 (09, 15, 29, 35)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (00, 06, 21, 25)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (10, 17, 34, 38)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (02, 08, 23, 30)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>50-59</td>
                <td align="center">22 (07, 12, 33, 39)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (02, 04, 19, 22)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (08, 14, 33, 39)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (03, 07, 24, 32)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>60-69</td>
                <td align="center">23 (09, 14, 34, 42)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (01, 05, 27, 43)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (11, 18, 37, 44)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (03, 09, 26, 34)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 70</td>
                <td align="center">28 (11, 20, 39, 42)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (05, 10, 33, 41)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (17, 25, 42, 48)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (04, 12, 31, 41)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <p>VOP: velocidade de onda de pulso; AIx: Augmentation Index. Valores descritos nos percentis 50 (10, 25, 75 e 90).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t39">
          <label>Quadro 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Sons de Korotkoff</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">FASES</th>
                <th align="left">SONS</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Fase I</td>
                <td>Aparecimento do primeiro som, que &#233; fraco, seguido por batidas regulares, que corresponde &#224; PA sist&#243;lica</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fase II</td>
                <td>Sons suaves e longos como um murm&#250;rio intermitente</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fase III</td>
                <td>Sons tornam-se mais crispados</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fase IV</td>
                <td>Sons diminuem de intensidade (abafamento)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fase V</td>
                <td>Desaparecimento dos sons que correspondem &#224; PA diast&#243;lica</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t40">
          <label>Quadro 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Desvantagens da t&#233;cnica auscultat&#243;ria em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; t&#233;cnica oscilom&#233;trica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="100%">
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">&#8226; Arredondamento dos valores de PA para d&#237;gitos terminados em 0 ou 5</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Posicionamento incorreto dos olhos sobre o mostrador do man&#244;metro aneroide</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Press&#227;o excessiva do estetosc&#243;pio deformando a art&#233;ria</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Infla&#231;&#227;o excessiva do manguito causando dor</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Defla&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida do manguito com subestima&#231;&#227;o da PA sist&#243;lica e/ou superestima&#231;&#227;o da diast&#243;lica</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Identifica&#231;&#227;o incorreta dos sons da PA sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; O man&#244;metro aneroide pode estar descalibrado, mesmo quando o ponteiro est&#225; no &#8220;zero&#8221;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; N&#227;o permite a medida desacompanhada da PA no consult&#243;rio</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <p>PA: press&#227;o arterial.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t41">
          <label>Quadro 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Medida da press&#227;o arterial (PA) desacompanhada no consult&#243;rio</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="100%">
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Orienta&#231;&#245;es</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Realizar em ambiente calmo, preferencialmente em uma sala isolada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Orientar o paciente sobre a import&#226;ncia do procedimento</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Seguir os passos de preparo do paciente para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da medida com aparelhos autom&#225;ticos (Quadro 4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Afastar todas as pessoas da sala</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Orientar para apertar o bot&#227;o do aparelho que inicia as medidas quando estiver sozinho na sala</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Aguardar cerca de 1 minuto entre a realiza&#231;&#227;o das medidas</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Realizar tr&#234;s medidas consecutivas.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8226; Manter um folheto ilustrativo com orienta&#231;&#245;es sobre o procedimento, em local vis&#237;vel</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t43">
          <label>Quadro 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Como estimar o n&#237;vel da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="100%">
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Estimativa da PA sist&#243;lica</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Posicionar o manguito ideal (Quadro 6) 2 a 3 cm acima da fossa cubital com o meio da bolsa infl&#225;vel sobre a art&#233;ria braquial</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Palpar a art&#233;ria radial</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fechar a v&#225;lvula da pera e inflar at&#233; identificar o desaparecimento do pulso</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Abrir a v&#225;lvula lentamente, para desinflar o manguito</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Identificar pelo m&#233;todo palpat&#243;rio a PA sist&#243;lica (reaparecimento do pulso)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <p>PA: press&#227;o arterial.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t44">
          <label>Quadro 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Como medir a circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="100%">
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Medida da circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Posicionar o bra&#231;o dobrado na altura da cintura</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Medir a dist&#226;ncia entre as duas proemin&#234;ncias &#243;sseas do ombro (acr&#244;mio) e o cotovelo (ol&#233;crano) para determinar a por&#231;&#227;o mediana.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estender o bra&#231;o ao longo do corpo e medir a circunfer&#234;ncia na regi&#227;o identificada como mediana</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Selecionar o manguito ideal de acordo com o tamanho do bra&#231;o. A largura da bolsa infl&#225;vel deve corresponder a 37-50% da circunfer&#234;ncia braquial, e seu comprimento envolver pelo menos 75-100% do bra&#231;o (Quadro 7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o coloque o manguito sobre roupas</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t45">
          <label>Quadro 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Dimens&#245;es do manguito de acordo com a circunfer&#234;ncia do membro</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Circunfer&#234;ncia</th>
                <th>Denomina&#231;&#227;o do manguito</th>
                <th>Largura da bolsa infl&#225;vel do manguito</th>
                <th>Comprimento da bolsa infl&#225;vel do manguito</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8804; 6 cm</td>
                <td align="center">Rec&#233;m-nascido</td>
                <td align="center">3 cm</td>
                <td align="center">6 cm</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>6-15 cm</td>
                <td align="center">Crian&#231;a</td>
                <td align="center">5 cm</td>
                <td align="center">15 cm</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>16-21 cm</td>
                <td align="center">Infantil</td>
                <td align="center">8 cm</td>
                <td align="center">21 cm</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>22-26 cm</td>
                <td align="center">Adulto pequeno</td>
                <td align="center">10 cm</td>
                <td align="center">24 cm</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>27-34 cm</td>
                <td align="center">Adulto</td>
                <td align="center">13 cm</td>
                <td align="center">30 cm</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>35-44 cm</td>
                <td align="center">Adulto grande</td>
                <td align="center">16 cm</td>
                <td align="center">38 cm</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>45-52 cm</td>
                <td align="center">Coxa</td>
                <td align="center">20 cm</td>
                <td align="center">42 cm</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t54">
          <label>Quadro 16</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Atividades do profissional da sa&#250;de no momento da instala&#231;&#227;o do aparelho de MAPA</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="100%">
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">No dia da realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame, o profissional respons&#225;vel pela instala&#231;&#227;o do monitor deve seguir as recomenda&#231;&#245;es descritas a seguir:</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td><bold><italic>1.</italic></bold> Explicar detalhadamente como ser&#225; o exame e recomendar a manuten&#231;&#227;o das atividades habituais durante o per&#237;odo em que ele ser&#225; realizado.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold><italic>2.</italic></bold> Recomendar o seguimento da orienta&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica quanto ao uso dos medicamentos.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold><italic>3.</italic></bold> Orientar o paciente que n&#227;o pratique exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos durante o per&#237;odo de realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold><italic>4.</italic></bold> Medir o peso e a estatura.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold><italic>5.</italic></bold> Medir a circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o e selecionar o manguito com largura e comprimento adequados.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold><italic>6.</italic></bold> Medir a PA na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, ap&#243;s 5 minutos de repouso, em ambos os bra&#231;os, antes da instala&#231;&#227;o do aparelho pelo m&#233;todo auscultat&#243;rio ou oscilom&#233;trico, preferencialmente de forma simult&#226;nea.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold><italic>7.</italic></bold> Instalar o manguito no bra&#231;o n&#227;o dominante, se a diferen&#231;a da PA sist&#243;lica for &lt; 10 mmHg. Quando &#8805; 10 mmHg, usar o manguito no bra&#231;o com maior valor de PA.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold><italic>8.</italic></bold> Posicionar o manguito de 2 a 3 cm acima da fossa cubital, seguindo a orienta&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica do equipamento em uso.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold><italic>9.</italic></bold> Programar o monitor seguindo as informa&#231;&#245;es do paciente para a defini&#231;&#227;o dos per&#237;odos de vig&#237;lia e sono. Seguir as orienta&#231;&#245;es estabelecidas no item &#8220;Protocolo para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame&#8221;.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold><italic>10.</italic></bold> Ap&#243;s a coloca&#231;&#227;o do equipamento, comparar a medida obtida pelo monitor de MAPA com a medida obtida pelo m&#233;todo auscultat&#243;rio ou oscilom&#233;trico, certificando-se de que as diferen&#231;as n&#227;o sejam superiores a 5 mmHg.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold><italic>11.</italic></bold> Certificar-se de que o paciente compreendeu claramente todas as orienta&#231;&#245;es e que est&#225; seguro para contribuir adequadamente para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold><italic>12.</italic></bold> Fazer, pelo menos, duas medidas de teste antes de liberar o paciente.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN24">
              <p>PA: press&#227;o arterial; MAPA: monitora&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t55">
          <label>Quadro 17</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Atividades do profissional da sa&#250;de no momento da retirada do aparelho de MAPA</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="100%">
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" scope="col" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><bold><italic>1.</italic></bold> Conferir o preenchimento do di&#225;rio com o paciente, especialmente no que se refere a hor&#225;rios de tomada dos medicamentos, dura&#231;&#227;o e qualidade do sono e relato dos &#8220;acontecimentos ocasionais&#8221;.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold><italic>2.</italic></bold> Fazer, pelo menos, duas medidas de teste.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold><italic>3.</italic></bold> Fazer a an&#225;lise subjetiva da qualidade das atividades exercidas no per&#237;odo de monitora&#231;&#227;o como, por exemplo: se manteve atividades regulares, se sentiu limita&#231;&#227;o de suas atividades por inc&#244;modo com as insufla&#231;&#245;es, entre outros. Esses fatos devem ser considerados na interpreta&#231;&#227;o e emiss&#227;o do laudo.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold><italic>4.</italic></bold> Verificar o n&#250;mero de leituras v&#225;lidas durante a vig&#237;lia e o sono e informar o paciente sobre a necessidade de repetir o exame.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><bold><italic>5.</italic></bold> Transferir os dados do monitor para o computador e colocar informa&#231;&#245;es como: peso, altura, medica&#231;&#245;es com dose e n&#250;mero de tomadas, hor&#225;rios das principais atividades (dormir, acordar, desjejum, almo&#231;o, jantar).</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN25">
              <p>MAPA: monitora&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lacy</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thom</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cruickshank</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stanton</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Collier</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Differential Impact of Blood Pressure-Lowering Drugs on Central Aortic Pressure and Clinical Outcomes: Principal Results of the Conduit Artery Function Evaluation (CAFE) Study</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>113</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1213</fpage>
          <lpage>1225</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.595496</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p><bold>Realiza&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, Sociedade Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o, Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia</p>
        <p><bold>Conselho de Normatiza&#231;&#245;es e Diretrizes respons&#225;vel:</bold> Carisi Anne Polanczyk (Coordenadora), Humberto Graner Moreira, M&#225;rio de Seixas Rocha, Jose Airton de Arruda, Pedro Gabriel Melo de Barros e Silva &#8211; Gest&#227;o 2022-2023</p>
        <p><bold>Nota:</bold> Estas Diretrizes se prestam a informar e n&#227;o a substituir o julgamento cl&#237;nico do m&#233;dico que, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, deve determinar o tratamento apropriado para seus pacientes.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240113i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Guidelines</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Brazilian Guidelines for In-office and Out-of-office Blood Pressure Measurement &#8211; 2023</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9983-4720</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>Audes Diogenes de Magalh&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1265-1930</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1564-121X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mion</surname>
            <given-names>Decio</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2311-4222</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nobre</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6652-1533</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mota-Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8001">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9001">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5333-013X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Cesar Brand&#227;o Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8523-760X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Amodeo</surname>
            <given-names>Celso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10001">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0504-4518</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Camargo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11001">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3762-1372</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alessi</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12001">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7566-3541</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13001">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7040-396X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Araujo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14001">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5118-7990</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pio-Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7127-2052</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sposito</surname>
            <given-names>Andrei C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15001">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3274-7729</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pierin</surname>
            <given-names>Angela Maria Geraldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16001">
            <sup>16</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3071-6758</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Annelise Machado Gomes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8001">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9594-0841</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Spinelli</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17001">
            <sup>17</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2050-273X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18001">
            <sup>18</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7333-8884</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Poli-de-Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19001">
            <sup>19</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9490-7997</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Cibele Isaac Saad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20001">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7584-4265</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Forjaz</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia Lucia de Moraes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21001">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8181-4986</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Diogo Pereira Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22001">
            <sup>22</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4361-936X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Costa Duarte</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23001">
            <sup>23</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4956-5267</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Elizabete Viana de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24001">
            <sup>24</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8621-0305</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cestario</surname>
            <given-names>Elizabeth do Espirito Santo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25001">
            <sup>25</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3853-7842</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Muxfeldt</surname>
            <given-names>Elizabeth Silaid</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff26001">
            <sup>26</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff27001">
            <sup>27</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6887-9387</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Emilton</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28001">
            <sup>28</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6352-3330</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Campana</surname>
            <given-names>Erika Maria Gon&#231;alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14001">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6915-8127</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Feitosa</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana Gomes Arag&#227;o Magalh&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff29001">
            <sup>29</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3220-019X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Consolim-Colombo</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Marciano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff30001">
            <sup>30</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9404-9707</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Ant&#244;nio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20001">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3370-9326</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Giovanio Vieira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6330-697X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moreno</surname>
            <given-names>Heitor</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15001">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4195-5463</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Finimundi</surname>
            <given-names>Helius Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31001">
            <sup>31</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3367-5779</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Isabel Cristina Britto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32001">
            <sup>32</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4507-253X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gemelli</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff33001">
            <sup>33</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3552-6160</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Augusto Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff34001">
            <sup>34</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6960-2825</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vilela-Martin</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff35001">
            <sup>35</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4430-7760</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Marcio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff36001">
            <sup>36</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff37001">
            <sup>37</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6583-6536</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yugar-Toledo</surname>
            <given-names>Juan Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff35001">
            <sup>35</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2881-7402</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Luc&#233;lia Batista Neves Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff38001">
            <sup>38</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2081-6846</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Drager</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4865-6442</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bortolotto</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Aparecido</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff30001">
            <sup>30</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-2988-006X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Antonio de Melo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff39001">
            <sup>39</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8171-3920</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Malachias</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vin&#237;cius Bol&#237;var</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff36001">
            <sup>36</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff40001">
            <sup>40</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0797-572X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Neves</surname>
            <given-names>Mario Fritsch Toros</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14001">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3192-7186</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Mayara Cedrim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6031-048X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dinamarco</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff41001">
            <sup>41</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8640-0811</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Osni</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff42001">
            <sup>42</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4032-2894</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Passarelli</surname>
            <given-names>Oswaldo</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff43001">
            <sup>43</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5487-4649</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vitorino</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila Valverde de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff44001">
            <sup>44</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1582-7268</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Dischinger</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff45001">
            <sup>45</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9719-3176</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bezerra</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff46001">
            <sup>46</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9078-3296</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Pinto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7778-2907</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Paula</surname>
            <given-names>Rogerio Baumgratz de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff47001">
            <sup>47</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7116-274X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Okawa</surname>
            <given-names>Rog&#233;rio Toshiro Passos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff48001">
            <sup>48</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4295-9151</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>P&#243;voa</surname>
            <given-names>Rui Manuel dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff45001">
            <sup>45</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6351-9588</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fuchs</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff49001">
            <sup>49</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1088-2126</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Sandro Gon&#231;alves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5784-9991</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Inuzuka</surname>
            <given-names>Sayuri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff50001">
            <sup>50</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4176-9572</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Sebasti&#227;o Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff51001">
            <sup>51</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2331-2432</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fillho</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio Hock de Paffer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff52001">
            <sup>52</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7750-2792</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago de Souza Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff53001">
            <sup>53</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1441-8323</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Vanildo da Silva</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff54001">
            <sup>54</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7478-3931</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Koch</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Hermina Kalika</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff55001">
            <sup>55</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4549-1363</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gusm&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Wal&#233;ria Dantas Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff56001">
            <sup>56</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4976-7889</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oigman</surname>
            <given-names>Wille</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14001">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0003-5102</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nadruz</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15001">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco (PROCAPE), Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Assist&#234;ncia, Pesquisa e Ensino em Sa&#250;de (IAPES), Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s (UFG), Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio CESMAC, Macei&#243;, AL &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8001">
        <label>8</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Alagoas, Macei&#243;, AL &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9001">
        <label>9</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisas Cl&#237;nicas Dr. Marco Mota, Macei&#243;, AL &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10001">
        <label>10</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hcor, Associa&#231;&#227;o Beneficente S&#237;ria, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11001">
        <label>11</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s (UFG), Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12001">
        <label>12</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; (UFPR), Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13001">
        <label>13</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s (UFG), Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14001">
        <label>14</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff15001">
        <label>15</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff16001">
        <label>16</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff17001">
        <label>17</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiocentro, Natal, RN &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff18001">
        <label>18</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de de Campos do Jord&#227;o, Campos do Jord&#227;o, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff19001">
        <label>19</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff20001">
        <label>20</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de S&#227;o Paulo, Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas e da Sa&#250;de, Sorocaba, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff21001">
        <label>21</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola de Educa&#231;&#227;o F&#237;sica e Esporte da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff22001">
        <label>22</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff23001">
        <label>23</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade FEEVALE, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff24001">
        <label>24</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff25001">
        <label>25</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio de Votuporanga (UNIFEV), Votuporanga, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff26001">
        <label>26</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho &#8211; Programa de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Resistente (ProHArt), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff27001">
        <label>27</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Educa&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica (IDOMED) - Universidade Est&#225;cio de S&#225;, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff28001">
        <label>28</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff29001">
        <label>29</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP), Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff30001">
        <label>30</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (Incor/FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff31001">
        <label>31</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff32001">
        <label>32</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff33001">
        <label>33</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Governo do Estado de Rond&#244;nia, Porto Velho, RO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff34001">
        <label>34</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff35001">
        <label>35</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto (FAMERP), S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff36001">
        <label>36</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff37001">
        <label>37</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Fel&#237;cio Rocho, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff38001">
        <label>38</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Zarns, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff39001">
        <label>39</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Esperan&#231;a Recife, Ilha do Leite, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff40001">
        <label>40</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Educacional Lucas Machado (FELUMA), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff41001">
        <label>41</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Colegiado de Medicina &#8211; Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilh&#233;us, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff42001">
        <label>42</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cl&#237;nica Gapski Moreira, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff43001">
        <label>43</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff44001">
        <label>44</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff45001">
        <label>45</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff46001">
        <label>46</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff47001">
        <label>47</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff48001">
        <label>48</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Maring&#225;, Maring&#225;, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff49001">
        <label>49</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff50001">
        <label>50</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial &#8211; NIPEE &#8211; LHA/UFG, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff51001">
        <label>51</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Nefroclinica de Uberl&#226;ndia, Uberl&#226;ndia, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff52001">
        <label>52</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Olinda, Olinda, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff53001">
        <label>53</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff54001">
        <label>54</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Diagn&#243;stico Card&#237;aco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff55001">
        <label>55</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto da Crian&#231;a e do adolescente do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff56001">
        <label>56</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Alagoas (UNCISAL), Macei&#243;, AL &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Correspondence: Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Marechal C&#226;mara, 360/330 &#8211; Centro &#8211; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil &#8211; Postal Code 20020-907. E-mail: diretrizes@cardiol.br</corresp>
        <fn id="fn1001">
          <p>General coordinator: Audes Diogenes de Magalh&#227;es Feitosa</p>
          <p>Coordinators: Audes Diogenes de Magalh&#227;es Feitosa, Celso Amodeo, Decio Mion Junior, Fernando Nobre, Marco Antonio Mota-Gomes, Paulo Cesar Brand&#227;o Veiga Jardim, Weimar Kunz Sebba Barroso, Wilson Nadruz Junior</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1001">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">Brazilian Guidelines for In-office and Out-of-office Blood Pressure Measurement &#8211; 2023</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">The report below lists declarations of interest as reported to the SBC by the experts during the period of the development of these statement, 2021-2023.</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Expert</th>
                <th align="left">Type of relationship with industry</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Adriana Camargo Oliveira</td>
                <td>Financial declaration A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: - Brace Pharma; EMS; Servier; Biolab. Other relationships Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: - Biolab: Bivolet; EMS: Xakilis.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alexandre Alessi</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ana Luiza Lima Sousa</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Andr&#233;a Araujo Brand&#227;o</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Andrea Pio-Abreu</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Andrei C. Sposito</td>
                <td>Other relationships Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: - Novo Nordisk; Novartis.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Angela Maria Geraldo Pierin</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Annelise Machado Gomes de Paiva</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Antonio Carlos de Souza Spinelli</td>
                <td>Financial declaration A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: - Novonordisk: Ozempic; Daiichi Sankyo: Benicar Triplo; Torrent: Rosucor; Boehringer: Jardiance. Other relationships Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: - Novonordisk: Ozempic; Daiichi Sankyo: Benicar Triplo; Torrent: Rosucor; Boehringer: Jardiance.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Audes Diogenes de Magalh&#227;es Feitosa</td>
                <td>Financial declaration A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: - Omron Consultant; classes for Omron, Micromed and Cardios. Other relationships Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: - Omron.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Carlos Alberto Machado</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Carlos Eduardo Poli-de-Figueiredo</td>
                <td>Financial declaration A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: - AstraZeneca/Alexion: HUS and Chronic kidney disease; Bayer: Chronic kidney disease; Fresenius, Life and Baxter: Dialysis. Organization of the MAYOPUCRS 2023 event and other congresses of Medical Societies with support from companies. No conflicts in the area of hypertension. B - Research funding under your direct/personal responsibility (directed to the department or institution) from the Brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: - Researcher at the PUCRS Clinical Research Center. No studies at the moment. Outros relacionamentos Any economically relevant equity interest in companies in the healthcare or education industry or in any companies competing with or supplying to SBC: - Doctor's office (Nefromonitoriza). Participation in procurement committees for supplies or drugs in health institutions or any similar roles taken: - Head of Nephrology Service at HSL/PUCRS until 2023. Participation in government-related regulatory authorities or advocacy authorities in cardiology: - Participation in studies funded by the Ministry of Health, CNPq and CAPES.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Celso Amodeo</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cibele Isaac Saad Rodrigues</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Claudia Lucia de Moraes Forjaz</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>D&#233;cio Mion Junior</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diogo Pereira Santos Sampaio</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Eduardo Costa Duarte Barbosa</td>
                <td>Financial declaration A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: - Cardios: Arteris; Brace Pharma: Olmy Anlo; Servier: Triplixam; EMS: Bramicar. Other relationships Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: - Servier: Triplixam.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Elizabete Viana de Freitas</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Elizabeth do Esp&#237;rito Santo Cestario</td>
                <td>Financial declaration A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: - Servier: Triplixam; Torrent: Rosucor. B - Research funding under your direct/personal responsibility (directed to the department or institution) from the Brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: - Servier: Vastarel; Libbs: Hipertens&#227;o. Other relationships Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: - Servier; Torrent.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Elizabeth Silaid Muxfeldt</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Emilton Lima J&#250;nior</td>
                <td>Financial declaration A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: - Servier: Hypertension; Novo Nordisk: Diabetes/Obesity; Daiichi Sankyo: Liliana; Chiesi: COPD; Novartis: Dyslipidemia. Other relationships Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: - Servier: Hypertension; Novo Nordisk: Diabetes/Obesity; Daiichi Sankyo: Liliana; Chiesi: COPD; Novartis: Dyslipidemia.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Erika Maria Gon&#231;alves Campana</td>
                <td>Financial declaration A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: - Servier: Perindopril/Hypertension; Biolab: Pressplus/Hypertension. Other relationships Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: - Servier: Perindopril/Hypertension.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fabiana Gomes Arag&#227;o Magalh&#227;es Feitosa</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fernanda M. Consolim-Colombo</td>
                <td>Financial declaration A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: - Daiichi Sankyo; Merck; Servier; AstraZeneca. Other relationships Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: - Daiichi Sankyo; Servier.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fernando Ant&#244;nio de Almeida</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fernando Nobre</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Giovanio Vieira da Silva</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Heitor Moreno J&#250;nior</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Helius Carlos Finimundi</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Isabel Cristina Britto Guimar&#227;es</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Jo&#227;o Roberto Gemelli</td>
                <td>Financial declaration A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: - Servier; Boerinhger; AstraZeneca; Libbs.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Jos&#233; Augusto Soares Barreto Filho</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Jos&#233; Fernando Vilela-Martin</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Jos&#233; Marcio Ribeiro</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Juan Carlos Yugar-Toledo</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Luc&#233;lia Batista Neves Cunha Magalh&#227;es</td>
                <td>Other relationships Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: - AstraZeneca: Selozok; Farmoqu&#237;mica: Exforge.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Luciano Ferreira Drager</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Luiz Aparecido Bortolotto</td>
                <td>Financial declaration A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: - GSK: Shingrix; Servier: Triplicam.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Marco Antonio de Melo Alves</td>
                <td>Other relationships Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: - Torrent: Dyslipidemia/Hypertension.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Marco Antonio Mota-Gomes</td>
                <td>Financial declaration A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: - Omron: Equipment; Biolab: Press Plus; Daiichi Sankyo: Benicar Triplo; AstraZeneca: Forxiga; Ache: Edistride. B - Research funding under your direct/personal responsibility (directed to the department or institution) from the Brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: - Novartis: Inclisiran; Libbs: Associa&#231;&#227;o Tripla; Servier: Associa&#231;&#227;o Qu&#225;drupla.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Marcus Vin&#237;cius Bol&#237;var Malachias</td>
                <td>Financial declaration A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: - Boehringer Ingelheim/Lilly: diabetes; Daiichi Sankyo: Hypertension; Libbs: Hypertension, Roche: Biomarkers; Novo Nordisk: Diabetes; Bayer: Diabetes; Novartis: Heart Failure; Viatris: Heart Failure; Servier: Heart Failure. Other relationships Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: - Boehringer Ingelheim/Lilly: Diabetes; Daiichi Sankyo: Hypertension; Libbs: Hypertension, Novo Nordisk: Diabetes; Bayer: Diabetes. Any economically relevant equity interest in companies in the healthcare or education industry or in any companies competing with or supplying to SBC: - Institute of Arterial Hypertension of Minas Gerais: health services; Cardio Check Up: services in the health sector.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mario Fritsch Toros Neves</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mayara Cedrim Santos</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nelson Dinamarco</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Osni Moreira Filho</td>
                <td>Financial declaration A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: - Daiichi Sankyo: Benicar Triplo; Servier: Triplixam. Other relationships Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: - Torrent: Arterial Hypertension; Servier: Arterial Hypertension.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Oswaldo Passarelli J&#250;nior</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Paulo Cesar Brand&#227;o Veiga Jardim</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Priscila Valverde de Oliveira Vitorino</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Roberto Dischinger Miranda</td>
                <td>Other relationships Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: - Novo Nordisk: Ozempic; EMS: Arterial Hypertension and Atrial Fibrillation.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rodrigo Bezerra</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rodrigo Pinto Pedrosa</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rog&#233;rio Baumgratz de Paula</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rog&#233;rio Toshiro Passos Okawa</td>
                <td>Financial declaration A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: - EMS: Hypertension. Other relationships Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: - Novo Nordisk: Obesity.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rui Manuel dos Santos Povoa</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sandra C. Fuchs</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sandro Gon&#231;alves de Lima</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sayuri Inuzuka</td>
                <td>Other relationships Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: - Servier; EMS; Daichi Sankyo.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sebasti&#227;o Rodrigues Ferreira-Filho</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Silvio Hock de Paffer Fillho</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Thiago de Souza Veiga Jardim</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Vanildo da Silva Guimar&#227;es Neto</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Vera Hermina Kalika Koch</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Wal&#233;ria Dantas Pereira Gusm&#227;o</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Weimar Kunz Sebba Barroso</td>
                <td>Financial declaration A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: - EMS; Brace Pharma; Servier; Biolab; Omron; Cardios. B - Research funding under your direct/personal responsibility (directed to the department or institution) from the Brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: - Ministry of Health; PROADI SUS; Novartis: Entresto. C - Personal research funding paid by the Brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: - EMS: RITMO Study; Brace Pharma: BRACE 23 Study. Other relationships Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: - Servier; European Hypertension Meeting.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Wille Oigman</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Wilson Nadruz Junior</td>
                <td>Nothing to be declared</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Table of contents</title>
        <p>Updates and modifications to the Brazilian Guidelines for In-Office and Out-of-Office Blood Pressure Measurement 10</p>
        <p>Part 1 &#8211; Blood pressure measurement 10</p>
        <p>1. Introduction 10</p>
        <p>2. In-office BP measurement 11</p>
        <p>2.1. Auscultatory BP measurement 11</p>
        <p>2.2. Oscillometric BP measurement with automated and semiautomated devices 11</p>
        <p>2.3. Steps for in-office BP measurement 11</p>
        <p>2.4. Wrist and finger BP measurement 12</p>
        <p>2.5. BP measurement in older patients 13</p>
        <p>2.6. BP classification according to in-office measurements 13</p>
        <p>3. Out-of-office BP measurement 13</p>
        <p>3.1. Self-measured blood pressure (SMBP) 13</p>
        <p>3.2. BP measurement in pharmacies 14</p>
        <p>3.3. BP measurement in public spaces 14</p>
        <p>3.4 Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) 14</p>
        <p>3.5. Home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) 14</p>
        <p>4. Central BP measurement and derived parameters 14</p>
        <p>5. BP measurement during exercise 14</p>
        <p>Part 2 &#8211; Aspects and concepts common to ABPM and HBPM 15</p>
        <p>1. Essential aspects for establishing an ABPM and HBPM service 15</p>
        <p>2. Abnormality thresholds for in-office and out-of-office BP measurements 15</p>
        <p>2.1. Normotension and controlled hypertension 15</p>
        <p>2.2. Sustained hypertension and sustained uncontrolled hypertension 16</p>
        <p>2.3. White-coat hypertension and white-coat uncontrolled hypertension 16</p>
        <p><bold>2.3.1. White-coat effect</bold> 16</p>
        <p><bold>2.3.2. Investigation</bold> 16</p>
        <p><bold>2.3.3. Prognosis</bold> 16</p>
        <p><bold>2.3.4. Follow-up and treatment</bold> 16</p>
        <p>2.4. Masked hypertension and masked uncontrolled hypertension 17</p>
        <p><bold>2.4.1. Masking effect</bold> 17</p>
        <p><bold>2.4.2. Investigation</bold> 17</p>
        <p><bold>2.4.3. Prognosis</bold> 17</p>
        <p><bold>2.4.4. Treatment</bold> 17</p>
        <p>2.5 Resistant hypertension 17</p>
        <p>3. Indications, advantages, and disadvantages of ABPM and HBPM 18</p>
        <p>Part 3 &#8211; Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) 18</p>
        <p>1. Definition 18</p>
        <p>2. ABPM protocols 18</p>
        <p>2.1. ABPM reproducibility 18</p>
        <p>3. Guidance for patients and health professionals 18</p>
        <p>3.1. Activity diary during BP measurements 18</p>
        <p>3.2. General instructions 18</p>
        <p>4. Interpretation of results 19</p>
        <p>4.1. Criteria for interpreting BP measurements 19</p>
        <p>4.2. Abnormality thresholds 19</p>
        <p>4.3. BP patterns in transition periods between daytime and nighttime 19</p>
        <p>4.4. Morning BP surge 22</p>
        <p>4.5. BP load, areas under the curves, BP variability, and heart rate 22</p>
        <p><bold>4.5.1. BP load</bold> 22</p>
        <p><bold>4.5.2. Areas under the curves</bold> 22</p>
        <p><bold>4.5.3. BP variability</bold> 23</p>
        <p><bold>4.5.4. Heart rate</bold> 23</p>
        <p>5. Interpretation of ABPM and technical report 23</p>
        <p>5.1. Technical report 23</p>
        <p>5.2. Systolic and diastolic BP patterns over 24 hours, daytime, and nighttime 23</p>
        <p>5.3. Systolic and diastolic BP patterns in transition periods between daytime and nighttime 23</p>
        <p>5.4. BP spikes and hypotension 23</p>
        <p>5.5. Correlation between activities, medication use, and symptoms 23</p>
        <p>5.6. Conclusion 24</p>
        <p>6. Clinical applications of ABPM 25</p>
        <p>6.1. Assessment of prognosis in patients with hypertension 25</p>
        <p>6.2. Assessment of antihypertensive treatment efficacy 25</p>
        <p>7. ABPM in special situations 25</p>
        <p>7.1. Children and adolescents 25</p>
        <p>7.2. Pregnant women 25</p>
        <p>7.3. Older people 26</p>
        <p>7.4. Diabetes 26</p>
        <p>7.5. Chronic kidney disease 26</p>
        <p>7.6. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome 26</p>
        <p>7.7 Heart failure 26</p>
        <p>7.8. Physical activity 27</p>
        <p>8. Cost-effectiveness 27</p>
        <p>9. Perspectives 27</p>
        <p>Part 4 &#8211; Home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) 27</p>
        <p>1. Introduction 27</p>
        <p>2. Instructions for patients 27</p>
        <p>3. HBPM protocol 28</p>
        <p>4. Abnormality thresholds 28</p>
        <p>5. Technical report and interpretation of results 28</p>
        <p>6. Applications of HBPM 30</p>
        <p>6.1. Determination of in-office and out-of-office BP behavior 30</p>
        <p>6.2. Assessment of prognosis 30</p>
        <p>6.3. Assessment of antihypertensive treatment 30</p>
        <p>6.4. In special populations and situations 31</p>
        <p><bold>6.4.1. Children and adolescents</bold> 31</p>
        <p><bold>6.4.2. Pregnant women</bold> 31</p>
        <p><bold>6.4.3. Older patients</bold> 31</p>
        <p><bold>6.4.4. Diabetes</bold> 31</p>
        <p><bold>6.4.5. Chronic kidney disease</bold> 31</p>
        <p><bold>6.4.6. Obesity</bold> 32</p>
        <p><bold>6.4.7. Arrhythmias</bold> 32</p>
        <p>7. Cost-effectiveness 32</p>
        <p>8. Perspectives 32</p>
        <p>Part 5 &#8211; Central blood pressure, pulse wave velocity, and augmentation index 32</p>
        <p>1. Introduction 32</p>
        <p>2. Definitions 32</p>
        <p>2.1. Pulse wave velocity 32</p>
        <p>2.2. Augmentation index 33</p>
        <p>2.3. Central blood pressure 33</p>
        <p>3. Indications 33</p>
        <p>4. Advantages of measuring CBP, AIx, and PWV 33</p>
        <p>5. Limitations of measuring CBP, AIx, and PWV 33</p>
        <p>6. Techniques available for checking central and</p>
        <p>arterial stiffness parameters 33</p>
        <p>6.1. Methods for indirect measurement of CBP 33</p>
        <p>7. Protocols for CBP, PWV, and AIx measurements 33</p>
        <p>7.1. Protocol for measuring central parameters using tonometry 33</p>
        <p>7.2. Protocol for the triple-trigger procedure (in-office measurement) using the oscillometric method 33</p>
        <p>7.3. Protocol for 24-hour central BP parameter measurements using the oscillometric method 34</p>
        <p>8. Reference values 34</p>
        <p>8.1 Reference values for PWV 34</p>
        <p>8.2. Reference values for cSBP 34</p>
        <p>8.3. Reference values for PWV, CBP, and AIx using the oscillometric method in the Brazilian population 34</p>
        <p>9. Prognostic value of BP measurements derived from central parameters 34</p>
        <p>10. Measurement of central parameters over 24 hours 37</p>
        <p>11. Perspectives 38</p>
        <p>References 39</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Updates and modifications to the Brazilian Guidelines for In-Office and Out-of-Office Blood Pressure Measurement</title>
        <p>These Guidelines revise and update the previous Guidelines for Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM) and Home Blood Pressure Monitoring (HBPM). Several relevant modifications have been made, focusing on fundamental aspects of in-office and out-of-office blood pressure (BP) measurement and monitoring, including ABPM, HBPM, self-measured blood pressure, and central blood pressure (CBP) measurement. Some of the main modifications are described below:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>The update of the 6th Brazilian ABPM Guidelines and the 4th Brazilian HBPM Guidelines, published in 2018, is now called &#8220;Brazilian Guidelines for In-Office and Out-of-Office Blood Pressure Measurement&#8221;. This updated nomenclature reflects the current scope and relevance of these Guidelines, highlighting their substantial contribution to clinical practice.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Emphasis is placed on the accuracy and quality of in-office BP measurement.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>New recommendations are provided on unattended automated in-office BP measurement.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A rigorous assessment of postural hypotension is described.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>The use of BP measurements in pharmacies and public spaces to screen for hypertension is expanded.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>The clinical indications for in-office and out-of-office BP measurements are updated.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>The importance of BP measurements during physical exercise is acknowledged.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Mandatory certification and validation procedures are stipulated for monitors, according to www.stridebp.org and INMETRO.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Normality threshold values for HBPM are updated.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>New behaviors identified in patients receiving antihypertensive treatment are described.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>The flowchart for the assessment and management of masked and white-coat hypertension is revised.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>The indications, limitations, advantages, and disadvantages of ABPM and HBPM are updated.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A new classification of normal BP values obtained by ABPM in children and adolescents is introduced.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>The HBPM protocol is updated.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Updated values are introduced for determining white-coat and masking effects on HBPM.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A new HBPM protocol is provided for patients undergoing hemodialysis.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A new chapter on CBP, pulse wave velocity (PWV), and augmentation index (AIx) is introduced, which addresses possible indications, definition of specific protocols, and reference values for PWV, CBP, and AIx measurements.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>These modifications support the commitment to diagnostic accuracy and improvement of BP care, promoting clinical practices that are based on and aligned with the most recent advances in the area.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Part 1 &#8211; Blood pressure measurement</title>
        <sec>
          <title>1. Introduction</title>
          <p>Hypertension is one of the primary modifiable risk factors for morbidity and mortality worldwide. It ranks among the leading risk factors for conditions such as coronary artery disease (CAD), stroke, and renal failure. Moreover, it is highly prevalent, affecting over a third of the world&#8217;s population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Blood pressure (BP) measurement is an ESSENTIAL procedure in any medical setting and can be performed by different health care professionals. However, it is still commonly performed without the necessary technical care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The diagnosis of hypertension relies on accurate BP readings, emphasizing the need for meticulous attention to measurement techniques, methods, and the use of adequate equipment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Following a diagnosis of hypertension, the course of action, including short-, medium-, and long-term treatments, is decided based on the results of BP measurements. Thus, poor technique and/or the use of inadequate equipment can lead to misdiagnosis, with either underestimation or overestimation of BP values, which in turn can lead to ineffective management, potentially causing significant harm to the health and economies of patients and nations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
          <p>As recognition of the importance of adequate treatment increases, characterized by the adoption of more detailed normality thresholds and meticulous treatment objectives aimed at achieving stringent BP goals, the significance of taking accurate BP measurements becomes increasingly evident.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
          <p>BP measurement is commonly performed at the doctor&#8217;s office using the traditional method, and this is referred to as &#8220;in-office BP measurement&#8221;. Over the years, alternative methods have emerged, allowing patients to use semiautomated or automated monitors to measure BP in the waiting room or out of the office, such as in their homes or public spaces. A notable advancement occurred with the introduction of memory-equipped semiautomated monitors that take sequential out-of-office measurements (self-measured blood pressure [SMBP] and home blood pressure monitoring [HBPM]) and automated monitors that take programmed measurements for longer periods of time (ambulatory blood pressure monitoring [ABPM]).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Some factors related to BP measurement can affect the accuracy of results, potentially complicating decision-making regarding the appropriate approach. These include the importance of using average values, BP variability throughout the day, and short-term BP variability. As a result, an increased frequency of measurements at different times of the day has been encouraged, and various guidelines have recommended the use of devices that facilitate this process. The use of HBPM and ABPM monitors is becoming increasingly common. In addition to providing more accurate measurements, they can identify white-coat hypertension (WCH), masked hypertension (MH), variations in BP during sleep, and resistant hypertension (RH), as defined in Chapter 2 of these Guidelines, if used together.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
          <p>However, it should be noted that, despite these advancements, diagnosis, classification, and goal-setting still primarily rely on in-office BP measurements. Therefore, the utmost importance should be given to this procedure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2. In-office BP measurement</title>
        <sec>
          <title>2.1. Auscultatory BP measurement2,12,22-25</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>The mercury sphygmomanometer is still considered the reference standard device for BP measurement, in addition to being useful for validating oscillometric and aneroid devices. However, in Brazil, its use in the health care setting has been banned by the Ministry of Labor (Regulatory Standard 15 125.001-9/I4).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>In many countries, mercury devices have been largely replaced by aneroid manometers. However, they are easily damaged and require frequent recalibration (at least every 12 months) to ensure their accuracy.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Auscultatory BP measurement remains a common practice, with the use of aneroid sphygmomanometers and stethoscopes.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The sphygmomanometer consists of a cuff, an inflatable rubber bladder, a manometer for BP measurement, and a system of valves, tubes, and an inflation bulb.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The cuff is placed over the brachial artery and inflated, interrupting blood flow. The cuff is then gradually deflated and, as cuff pressure is lowered further, pressure generated by left ventricular contraction will pump blood into the artery and characteristic sounds known as Korotkoff sounds (Chart 1) will be heard through the stethoscope.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The auscultatory technique requires a combination of good hearing and the ability to visually track the manometer&#8217;s values to accurately identify sounds corresponding to systolic and diastolic blood pressure.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.2. Oscillometric BP measurement with automated and semiautomated devices4,13,24-27</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Oscillometric BP measurement with automated or semiautomated monitors offers several advantages over the auscultatory method, mainly by eliminating or reducing observer errors and systematic rounding errors, as well as poor technique (Chart 2).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Another advantage of these devices is that patients can take their own BP measurements without the presence of a health care professional; this is referred to as &#8220;unattended automated office BP measurement&#8221; (Chart 3). This approach improves measurement reproducibility and helps minimize the white-coat effect.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Automated and semiautomated monitors should be validated by specific protocols. A list of validated devices can be found at the following websites: British and Irish Hypertension Society (www.bihsoc.org/bp-monitors); European Society of Hypertension &#8211; International Society of Hypertension &#8211; World Hypertension League (www.stridebp.org); and Hypertension Canada (www.hypertension.ca/bpdevices). Most devices available on the market have not been validated.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>All devices, including those validated for use in adults, should be validated for use in special populations, including children, pregnant women, older adults, patients with an arm circumference greater than 42 cm, and patients with arrhythmias.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Automated and semiautomated monitors should be calibrated every 12 months.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Cuffs of different dimensions should be from the same manufacturer and model as the device.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.3. Steps for in-office BP measurement <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> </title>
          <p>Special care should be taken to correctly prepare the patient and execute the procedure when taking BP measurements using either the auscultatory or oscillometric method, as detailed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t42001">Chart 4</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t42001">
              <label>Chart 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Steps for office BP measurement</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="100%">
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Patient preparation</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Have the patient rest for 5 minutes in a calm and comfortable environment and advise him/her not to talk or move during measurements</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Make sure the patient has: &#8226; Emptied his/her bladder &#8226; Not practiced physical activity in the past 90 minutes &#8226; Not smoked or consumed alcohol, coffee, or food in the past 30 minutes</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Have the patient sit with the feet flat on the floor and legs uncrossed, back relaxed and supported by chair</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Position the patient&#8217;s arm at the heart level, supported, with the palm facing up and remove any restrictive clothing around the patient&#8217;s arm</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>If this is the patient&#8217;s first visit, record BP in both arms (preferably simultaneously), then use the arm with the higher reading for all measurements. Record which arm should be used for BP measurement</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Measurement steps</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Wrap the cuff snugly around the arm, 2 to 3 cm above the antecubital fossa, positioning the center of the cuff bladder directly over the brachial artery</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Estimate systolic BP level* (Chart 5)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Palpate the brachial artery on the antecubital fossa and place the stethoscope&#8217;s bell or diaphragm over it without applying too much pressure.* Do not place the stethoscope over the cuff</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Rapidly inflate the cuff to 20-30 mm Hg greater than the estimated systolic value*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Slowly deflate the cuff (approximately 2 mm Hg/s)*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Determine systolic BP upon hearing the first sound (Korotkoff phase I)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Determine diastolic BP upon disappearance of sounds (Korotkoff phase V)*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Continue to auscultate as you deflate the cuff for another 20-30 mm Hg below the last sound to confirm it has disappeared, then proceed to complete and rapid deflation. If the tapping sound persists after the pointer has reached the zero mark, determine diastolic BP upon muffling of sounds (Korotkoff phase IV) and record zero/diastolic/systolic BP values*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Take 3 measurements, 1 minute apart, and use the average of the last 2 measurements. If there is a difference of &gt; 10 mm Hg, take more measurements.</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN16001">
                  <p>BP: blood pressure. *Applied to the auscultatory technique</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Assessing postural hypotension is an important part of patient evaluation, particularly for older adults, those with dysautonomia, and patients taking antihypertensive medication. In this case, BP should be measured after the patient has been in the supine position for 5 minutes, and then after the patient has been in the standing position for 1 minute and again after 3 minutes. When measuring standing BP, the patient&#8217;s arm should preferably be supported by the examiner at the heart level. Postural hypotension is defined as a drop of at least 20 mm Hg in systolic BP or a drop of at least 10 mm Hg in diastolic BP in the first and/or third minute after standing from a supine position.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.4. Wrist and finger BP measurement</title>
          <p>As previously discussed, the most commonly used and validated devices for BP measurement consist of an inflatable arm cuff used with either the auscultatory or oscillometric method, the latter including semiautomated and automated monitors. However, some devices are designed to wrap the cuff around the wrist, and these may also be used with the oscillometric method (automated devices). Compared with other devices, wrist BP monitors are smaller, easier to carry, and have been increasingly used by patients for out-of-office BP monitoring. These monitors are particularly indicated for patients with severe obesity, as errors in arm BP measurement and difficulty finding appropriately sized cuffs are more common in this population. Nevertheless, wrist monitors may introduce systematic errors, as their reliability is affected by the wrist&#8217;s position (height in relation to the heart) at the time of BP measurement and the frequent occurrence of artifacts. Although these devices have been improved to take measurements only when the position of the wrist is adequate, more consistent validation and correlation studies are still scarce.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Recently, new technologies for measuring BP without the use of a cuff have emerged. These devices, called &#8220;wearables&#8221;, can be attached to bracelets or watches and use different technologies to measure BP, such as photoplethysmography and applanation tonometry. Although there is a lack of studies validating wearables in relation to traditional BP measurement methods, numerous devices are already available on the market. Advantages such as ease of use, nearly continuous BP monitoring, and ease of data sharing and transmission of values (which are obtained almost in real-time), in addition to the fact that some do not require calibration, have attracted a significant number of users. However, current clinical practice lacks specific recommendations for the use of these new technologies and devices in patient monitoring. We will await the conclusion and publication of clinical studies that provide scientific evidence supporting the use of these monitoring devices.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> As for finger monitors, they are inaccurate and should be avoided.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.5. BP measurement in older patients33-35</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>BP measurement in older patients may be affected by changes associated with the aging process, such as pseudohypertension, auscultatory gap, arrhythmia, and postural hypotension.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Pseudohypertension occurs when indirect BP measurement is overestimated compared with direct BP measurement, often due to excessive atheromatosis in association or not with medial hypertrophy. In such cases, calcification causes such pronounced stiffening of the arterial wall that cuff inflation cannot collapse the brachial artery. It should be noted that the diagnosis of pseudohypertension is suspected when systolic BP is very high in the absence of target organ impairment or when the patient presents signs of hypotension. The presence of calcium on radiography can further support this diagnosis.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Osler&#8217;s maneuver may help assess pseudohypertension. It involves inflating the arm cuff until the radial pulse disappears. If the artery remains palpable after the procedure, the patient is considered Osler-positive.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Auscultatory gap refers to the disappearance of Korotkoff sounds between the end of phase I and the beginning of phase II during cuff deflation. This gap may lead to underestimation of systolic BP or overestimation of diastolic BP. To identify and correct for an auscultatory gap, systolic BP must be estimated by the palpatory method.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Postural, or orthostatic, hypotension is common in older adults with symptoms such as dizziness, blurred vision, scotoma, asthenia, or syncope when standing from a supine position. BP measurement in older patients should be performed with the patient in the sitting, lying, and standing position. Atherosclerotic changes in the carotid sinus region can reduce baroreceptor sensitivity, resulting in greater BP variability and impaired postural reflexes, making these patients more prone to postural hypotension. The use of medications such as diuretics, antidepressants, vasodilators, and beta-blockers can also contribute to postural hypotension. Its prevalence in older adults over 75 years of age has been reported as 34%, and the condition becomes clinically significant when it manifests as postural dizziness, particularly in patients taking hypotensive medication.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The presence of arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation and extrasystoles, can pose challenges when measuring BP with oscillometric devices, unless the devices are equipped with mechanisms to detect atrial fibrillation and other arrhythmias.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.6. BP classification according to in-office measurements</title>
          <p>The classification is defined according to in-office BP measurements and the highest systolic or diastolic level. Isolated systolic hypertension is defined as systolic BP &#8805; 140 mm Hg and diastolic BP &lt; 90 mm Hg and is classified into stages 1, 2, and 3 ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t46001">Chart 8</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t46001">
              <label>Chart 8</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Classification of blood pressure (BP) according to in-office measurements in patients aged 18 years and older (GR: I &#8211; LE: C)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Classification</th>
                    <th>Systolic BP (mm Hg)</th>
                    <th>Diastolic BP (mm Hg)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Excellent</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 120 and</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 80</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Normal</td>
                    <td align="center">120-129 and/or</td>
                    <td align="center">80-84</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Prehypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">130-139 and/or</td>
                    <td align="center">85-89</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Stage 1 hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">140-159 and/or</td>
                    <td align="center">90-99</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Stage 2 hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">160-179 and/or</td>
                    <td align="center">100-109</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Stage 3 hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805; 180 and/or</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805; 110</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN18001">
                  <p>GR: grade of recommendation; LE: level of evidence. Adapted from the Brazilian Guidelines for Hypertension (2020). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>It is important to emphasize that the recognition of hypertension&#8212;that is, the final diagnosis&#8212;should not be based on a single BP measurement, as BP levels may vary a lot. Therefore, in-office BP values that do not fall within the stage 3 range should be reassessed in subsequent measurements to confirm the diagnosis and determine the stage of hypertension.</p>
          <p>For a more accurate assessment, it is recommended to perform multiple in-office BP measurements on different days, with an interval of 1 to 2 minutes between each measurement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Nonetheless, in-office (casual) measurements may sometimes be insufficient for characterizing hypertension, as they are subject to numerous biases (systematic errors) and provide fewer measurements. In cases of doubt, alternative measurement methods should be used for diagnosis and follow-up, which were mentioned in this chapter and will be further detailed in the following chapters.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3. Out-of-office BP measurement</title>
        <sec>
          <title>3.1. Self-measured blood pressure (SMBP)</title>
          <p>According to the 6th ABPM Guidelines and the 4th HBPM Guidelines, SMBP refers to BP measurements taken by the patient or a family member at home. This method does not follow any pre-established protocols&#8212;measurements are taken at the patient&#8217;s discretion or at the physician&#8217;s request.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Unlike ABPM and HBPM, which are performed using automated devices belonging to health institutions whose accuracy and reproducibility has been validated, SMBP is performed with the patient&#8217;s own automated device.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The 2020 Brazilian Guidelines for Hypertension made a substantial contribution to the concept of SMBP by recommending a minimum of 7 measurements to be taken over a period of 16-72 hours using quality, validated oscillometric devices. However, studies validating SMBP values in relation to cardiovascular (CV) and renal risk, as well as studies investigating the impact of random BP measurements taken without methodological rigor on medical decision-making, are lacking.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Given the essential role of accurate BP measurements in decision-making, these Guidelines recommend applying the same care and procedures described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t42001">Chart 4</xref> to SMBP. Nevertheless, it is important to acknowledge that there is no conclusive evidence supporting the adoption of specific protocols (regarding number of measurements, monitoring schedules, and days) or the establishment of normality thresholds for this method. Therefore, these Guidelines recommend using SMBP only for screening purposes, and confirmatory tests should be requested (HBPM or ABPM) when necessary ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t47001">Chart 9</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t47001">
              <label>Chart 9</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Clinical indications for in-office and out-of-office BP measurement (GR: I &#8211; LE: C)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Clinical use</th>
                    <th>Office</th>
                    <th>HBPM</th>
                    <th>ABPM</th>
                    <th>SMBP</th>
                    <th>Pharmacy</th>
                    <th>Public spaces</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Screening</td>
                    <td align="center">+++</td>
                    <td align="center">+</td>
                    <td align="center">_</td>
                    <td align="center">++</td>
                    <td align="center">++</td>
                    <td align="center">+</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Initial diagnosis</td>
                    <td align="center">+</td>
                    <td align="center">++</td>
                    <td align="center">+++</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Treatment titration</td>
                    <td align="center">+</td>
                    <td align="center">++</td>
                    <td align="center">++</td>
                    <td align="center">+ (?)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Follow-up</td>
                    <td align="center">++</td>
                    <td align="center">+++</td>
                    <td align="center">+</td>
                    <td align="center">+ (?)</td>
                    <td align="center">+ (?)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Main indication</td>
                    <td align="center">Follow-up of treated patients</td>
                    <td align="center">Follow-up</td>
                    <td align="center">Initial diagnosis</td>
                    <td align="center">Screening</td>
                    <td align="center">Follow-up of treated patients (?)</td>
                    <td align="center">Opportunistic screening</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Values, mm Hg</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805; 140 &#215; 90</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805; 130 &#215; 80</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805; 130 &#215; 80</td>
                    <td align="center">?</td>
                    <td align="center">?</td>
                    <td align="center">?</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN19001">
                  <p>GR: grade of recommendation; LE: level of evidence; HBPM: home blood pressure monitoring; ABPM: ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; SMBP: self-measured blood pressure. Adapted from Stergiou et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2. BP measurement in pharmacies</title>
          <p>BP measurement in pharmacies is a common practice in Brazil and many other countries. This approach, which is inexpensive for patients, may be useful for hypertension screening and treatment follow-up. However, it lacks established measurement protocols that ensure the validation of devices and measurement methods. Additionally, there is a scarcity of validation studies ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t47001">Chart 9</xref> ) and no defined criteria for abnormality thresholds.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.3. BP measurement in public spaces</title>
          <p>Often used in educational campaigns, BP measurement in public spaces has the main advantage of screening for hypertension in the general population for subsequent diagnostic confirmation with in-office BP measurements ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t47001">Chart 9</xref> ). Similar to pharmacy measurements, there are no defined criteria for abnormality thresholds.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Therefore, individuals identified as hypertensive who were unaware of their condition, or those who are hypertensive and have not reached their BP goal, should be referred for medical follow-up.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.4. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM)</title>
          <p>See Chapters 2 and 3.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.5. Home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM)</title>
          <p>See Chapters 2 and 4.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4. Central BP measurement and derived parameters</title>
        <p>See Chapter 5.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5. BP measurement during exercise</title>
        <p>In patients with poorly controlled hypertension (CH) and/or an exaggerated BP response to exercise, it is recommended to monitor BP before and during exercise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Before initiating exercise, BP measurements should be conducted with the patient in either a seated or standing position, depending on the type of exercise that will be performed. These measurements should be performed using either the auscultatory or oscillometric method, following the previously mentioned recommendations regarding body and arm positioning, prior rest time, cuff dimensions, and measurement technique.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Of note, exercise testing should only be conducted if systolic/diastolic BP values are equal to or lower than 160/105 mm Hg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Measuring BP during aerobic exercises may pose challenges in some instances, as accurate readings can only be obtained when the patient can maintain their arm stable at heart level. Ideally, measurements should be taken during metabolic balance, that is, after maintaining intensity for at least 3 minutes. Given the scarcity of automated monitors validated for this purpose, the auscultatory method is recommended.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> If systolic/diastolic BP values during aerobic exercise are greater than 180/ 105 mm Hg, exercise intensity should be reduced.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In exercise testing, due to the progressive increase in intensity at different intervals, BP measurement should be performed as recommended in each protocol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It is not recommended to measure BP during dynamic resistance training, as neither the auscultatory nor oscillometric method has been validated for this purpose, potentially leading to inaccurate measurements.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Part 2 &#8211; Aspects and concepts common to ABPM and HBPM</title>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>1. Essential aspects for establishing an ABPM and HBPM service</title>
        <p>To create or continue an ABPM and HBPM service, regardless of its management or location, some basic principles must be met, as defined in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t48001">Chart 10</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t48001">
            <label>Chart 10</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Essential conditions for creating ABPM and/or HBPM services</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">The BPM-responsible physician is familiar with the method and has technical and scientific knowledge of the examination</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>The team has a technician qualified to install the BP monitor and provide the appropriate and necessary guidance to the patient</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Validated, calibrated automated oscillometric arm BP monitors with memory function; all cuff sizes; charged batteries</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Preparation of standardized reports in spreadsheets, software, or online platforms</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Appropriate place or site</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN20001">
                <p>HBPM: home blood pressure monitoring; ABPM: ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>ABPM and/or HBPM devices must be automated, digital, and use a validated oscillometric method, with data storage that allows issuing a report. These monitors must have a certificate of validation (see www.stridebp.org), corroborated by the Brazilian National Institute of Metrology, Standardization and Industrial Quality (INMETRO, for the acronym in Portuguese).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> For both methods, arm BP monitors are recommended. Exceptionally in HBPM, in patients with an arm circumference greater than 42 cm, the use of a validated wrist BP monitor may be considered, or preference may be given to ABPM using an appropriate cuff size (42 to 50 cm). Furthermore, BP monitors should be checked and calibrated at least every 12 months or whenever decalibration is suspected.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2. Abnormality thresholds for in-office and out-of-office BP measurements</title>
        <p>BP values considered abnormal are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 1</xref> . With the advent of out-of-office BP measurement, 8 patterns of BP behavior were defined: normotension (NT), CH, sustained hypertension (SH), sustained uncontrolled hypertension (SUH), WCH, white-coat uncontrolled hypertension (WCUH), MH, and masked uncontrolled hypertension (MUH) (Figures 1 and 2).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> The use of ABPM added a ninth pattern: nocturnal hypertension.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Abnormality thresholds for in-office (casual) BP measurements, ABPM (24-hour, daytime, and nighttime), and HBPM to define diagnoses (GR: I &#8211; LE: B) <bold>1,18,43</bold></title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>SBP (mm Hg)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>DBP (mm Hg)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Office</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 140</td>
                  <td align="center">and/or</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 90</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>24-hour ABPM</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 130</td>
                  <td align="center">and/or</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 80</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Daytime ABPM</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 135</td>
                  <td align="center">and/or</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 85</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nighttime ABPM</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 120</td>
                  <td align="center">and/or</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HBPM &#8211; 5-day ABPM*</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 130</td>
                  <td align="center">and/or</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 80</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>GR: grade of recommendation; LE: level of evidence; BP: blood pressure; HBPM: home blood pressure monitoring; ABPM: ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure. *On May 8, 2019, HBPM was introduced into the Brazilian Hierarchical Classification of Medical Procedures (CBHPM for short, in Portuguese) and called 5-day ABPM, code: 2.01.02.16-0. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44"><sup>44</sup></xref> </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>2.1. Normotension and controlled hypertension</title>
          <p>NT is defined as in-office BP &lt; 140/90 mm Hg and average 24-hour ABPM or HBPM &lt; 130/80 mm Hg, without antihypertensive medication use. Individuals with antihypertensive medication use are defined as having CH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.2. Sustained hypertension and sustained uncontrolled hypertension</title>
          <p>SH is defined as abnormal in-office BP (&#8805; 140/90 mm Hg) and abnormal average 24-hour ABPM or HBPM (&#8805; 130/80 mm Hg). Individuals with antihypertensive medication use are defined as having SUH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.3. White-coat hypertension and white-coat uncontrolled hypertension</title>
          <p>WCH is characterized by abnormal in-office BP (&#8805; 140/90 mm Hg) and normal 24-hour ABPM (&lt; 130/80 mm Hg) or HBPM (&lt; 130/80 mm Hg) in untreated individuals. When occurring in patients receiving treatment, it is called WCUH.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>2.3.1. White-coat effect</title>
            <p>The white-coat effect is characterized by elevated BP in the presence of a physician, which can occur within the range of NT or hypertension. The presence of this effect does not change the diagnosis of the patient&#8217;s pattern of BP behavior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> In ABPM, a white-coat effect has been empirically considered significant for systolic BP &#8805; 20 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP &#8805; 10 mm Hg. In HBPM, a white-coat effect, also called alarm reaction, is considered significant for systolic BP &#8805; 15 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP &#8805; 9 mm Hg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>2.3.2. Investigation</title>
            <p>In the absence of pathognomonic data, the characteristics that guide the investigation for the diagnosis of WCH are as follows: office isolated systolic or diastolic hypertension, older people, women, pregnant women, non-smokers, individuals without hypertension-mediated organ damage (HMOD), and particularly, patients with a diagnosis of stage 1 hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>2.3.3. Prognosis</title>
            <p>The risk attributable to patients with WCH has long been debated. Some studies indicate that patients with WCH have an intermediate CV risk between NT and SH, but closer to the risk attributable to normotensive patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref></sup> However, patients with WCUH do not appear to have greater CV risk than those with CH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>2.3.4. Follow-up and treatment</title>
            <p>Patients with WCH are at increased risk of developing SH compared with normotensive patients. Therefore, it is recommended that the diagnosis of WCH be confirmed and patients be followed annually, or more frequently in high-risk patients, using ABPM and/or HBPM to detect progression to SH, as they are more likely to become hypertensive.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref></sup> There is no evidence of benefit from drug therapy, and non-drug treatment should be considered for all patients with WCH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2.4. Masked hypertension and masked uncontrolled hypertension</title>
        <p>MH is characterized by normal in-office BP (&lt; 140/90 mm Hg) and abnormal 24-hour ABPM (&#8805; 130/80 mm Hg) or HBPM (&#8805; 130/80 mm Hg). When occurring in patients with antihypertensive medication use, it is called MUH. It is important to emphasize that, in MH, there is a change in diagnosis from NT in the office to hypertension outside the office.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>2.4.1. Masking effect</title>
          <p>A significant masking effect, or masking reaction, is defined as a difference &#8804; &#8722;1 mm Hg between the average systolic BP and/or diastolic BP measured in the clinic and average HBPM. However, the presence of this effect does not change the diagnosis of the patient&#8217;s pattern of BP behavior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.4.2. Investigation</title>
          <p>The characteristics that may suggest the diagnosis of MH and, therefore, deserve investigation are as follows: reports of elevated out-of-office BP measurements and individuals with office prehypertension, HMOD (left ventricular hypertrophy, hypertensive retinopathy, microalbuminuria, altered renal function), or high CV risk, including diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup> Individuals with prehypertension have a 3-fold higher risk of developing MH than those without prehypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref></sup> However, the strategy of selecting patients with prehypertension in the office has only modest accuracy in predicting the presence of MH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">60</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.4.3. Prognosis</title>
          <p>Compared with normotensive individuals, those with MH have a worse prognosis, which is similar to that of SH. Likewise, MUH has a worse prognosis than CH, tending to be similar to SUH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">61</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.4.4. Treatment</title>
          <p>At first, it can be assumed that the worse prognosis associated with MH may support its treatment, such as in SH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">62</xref></sup> However, to date, there are no results from prospective clinical trials demonstrating an effect of MH treatment on the risk of CV events and mortality.</p>
          <p>Given the presence of CV risk similar to that of SH, recommendations on lifestyle changes may be appropriate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Even in the absence of conclusive evidence, if drug treatment is initiated, especially in patients with established HMOD, it is necessary to evaluate the response based on out-of-office BP measurements.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A flowchart adapted from Huang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref></sup> is suggested in these Guidelines in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> for evaluation, diagnosis, and management of MH and WCH if ABPM or HBPM are available.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Flowchart for evaluation, diagnosis, and management of masked hypertension and white-coat hypertension. Adapted from Huang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63"><sup>63</sup></xref> HBPM: home blood pressure monitoring; ABPM: ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20240113-40113-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2.5. Resistant hypertension</title>
        <p>Hypertension is defined as resistant to treatment when BP remains above the recommended targets with the use of 3 antihypertensives from different classes, including a renin-angiotensin system blocker (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker), a long-acting calcium channel blocker (at optimal or best-tolerated doses), and a diuretic (preferably a long-acting thiazide diuretic).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref></sup> Resistant hypertension (RH) is a well-defined indication for out-of-office BP measurement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> HBPM and ABPM are mandatory in the diagnosis and monitoring of RH due to the great magnitude of the white-coat effect found in these clinical conditions, becoming essential to rule out pseudo-RH and, therefore, define the 4 patterns of RH behavior: true RH, white-coat RH, masked RH, and controlled RH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">64</xref></sup> Although most studies are based on ABPM, there is good agreement between HBPM and ABPM in these patients, with HBPM being the preferred method for monitoring patients with RH, especially those with more elevated in-office BP levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">65</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3. Indications, advantages, and disadvantages of ABPM and HBPM</title>
        <p>Indications for ABPM and HBPM are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t49001">Chart 11</xref> , while the advantages and disadvantages of both methods are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t50001">Chart 12</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t49001">
            <label>Chart 11</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Indications for ABPM and HBPM (GR: I &#8211; LE: C)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Indications</th>
                  <th>ABPM</th>
                  <th>HBPM</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Suspected WCH &#8211; white-coat effect</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stage 1 hypertension (140-159 and/or 90-99 mm Hg) in the office</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BP &gt; 140/90 mm Hg in the office without HMOD and low CVR</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Isolated systolic or isolated diastolic hypertension in the office</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Suspected MH &#8211; masking effect</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BP in the prehypertension range (130-139 and/or 85-89 mm Hg)</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BP &lt; 140/90 mm Hg in the office with HMOD and high CVR</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Suspected white-coat effect</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Elevated in-office BP or suspected pre-eclampsia in pregnant women</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Identifying UH, RH, and excessive decline in BP</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Adjusting antihypertensive medication</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ensuring adequate BP control</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Evaluating BP control over 24 hours, during sleep and daily activities</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Identifying postural, postprandial, and siesta hypotension</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Evaluating BP variations in dysautonomia</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Evaluating symptoms, especially hypotension</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Monitoring long-term treatment efficacy and improving adherence</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN21001">
                <p>GR: grade of recommendation; LE: level of evidence; WCH: white-coat hypertension; BP: blood pressure; HMOD: hypertension-mediated organ damage; MH: masked hypertension; UH: uncontrolled hypertension; RH: resistant hypertension.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t50001">
            <label>Chart 12</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Limitations and advantages of ABPM and HBPM</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Limitations</th>
                  <th>ABPM</th>
                  <th>HBPM</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Difficulty fitting the cuff properly to the patient&#8217;s arm</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Clinical conditions associated with movement disorders, such as Parkinson&#8217;s disease</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiac arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and frequent ventricular extrasystoles</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Very high SBP values</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Patient&#8217;s and/or caregiver&#8217;s difficulty performing the measurements</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Advantages</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>ABPM</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>HBPM</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Out-of-office BP measurement without the presence of a physician</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>X</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>X</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Correlation with better prognosis than in-office BP measurement</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>X</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Potential reduction in health care costs</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>X</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>X</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current gold standard for BP assessment</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>X</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Evaluation of BP control over 24 hours, during sleep and daily activities</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>X</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Evaluation of morning BP surge</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Best method for long-term monitoring</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Promotion of BP control and adherence to treatment</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Less expensive than ABPM</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>X</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Disadvantages</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>ABPM</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>HBPM</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Availability is occasionally limited</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>X</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>X</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Some patients are reluctant to use and repeat the measurement</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>X</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>It may be uncomfortable, especially while sleeping</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Often, nighttime BP is not calculated according to the patient&#8217;s sleep schedule</td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BP measurement only at rest during daytime</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Guidance and training are required; potential for measurement error: measurement at inappropriate times, excessive number of measurements, induction of anxiety, change of medication by the patient, patient underreports the BP values</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">X</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN22001">
                <p>HBPM: home blood pressure monitoring; ABPM: ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; SBP: systolic blood pressure; BP: blood pressure.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The diagnosis and treatment of hypertension are currently based on in-office and out-of-office BP measurements. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref> presents an algorithm to guide the interpretation of BP patterns in this scenario.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Interpretation of the patterns of in-office and out-of-office blood pressure behavior (GR: IIa &#8211; LE: C). GR: grade of recommendation; LE: level of evidence; HBPM: home blood pressure monitoring; ABPM: ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20240113-40113-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Part 3 &#8211; Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM)</title>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>1. Definition</title>
        <p>The 24-hour ABPM is a method that allows BP to be measured indirectly and intermittently for 24 hours or more when patients are engaged in their usual activities while awake and during sleep.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>ABPM was described more than 50 years ago and is currently performed using fully automated monitors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">66</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2. ABPM protocols</title>
        <p>It is recommended that the monitor be programmed to record BP at 15- to 20-minute intervals for daytime and 20- to 30-minute intervals for nighttime.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref></sup> The nighttime period can be programmed in advance according to the patient&#8217;s usual sleep schedule or defined later as recorded on the activity diary. An appropriately sized arm cuff should be placed always on the nondominant arm, except in special situations or if there is a marked difference in BP between arms (&gt; 10 mm Hg).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>2.1. ABPM reproducibility</title>
          <p>ABPM has good reproducibility as long as it is performed in short time intervals under the same technical and clinical conditions. Average 24-hour, daytime, and nighttime systolic BP and diastolic BP readings present similar values in consecutive measurements performed in short time intervals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">68</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">69</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Nighttime BP dipping also has good reproducibility, with no significant difference between the first and second measurements. The reproducibility of BP pattern between the daytime and nighttime periods is questioned in the literature because of the probability that 30% to 50% of individuals will change status in subsequent recordings, especially in the presence of variables that may interfere with the measurements, such as stress, pharmacological changes, and sleep quality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3. Instructions for patients and health professionals</title>
        <sec>
          <title>3.1. Activity diary during BP measurements</title>
          <p>Patients should be instructed to write brief notes on the activity diary to allow a correlation between activities, symptoms, and medication use during the monitoring period. To ensure the correct completion of the diary, the instructions should be explained to the patient upon removing the BP monitor. An activity diary template is suggested in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5</xref> , and the instructions for completion are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t51001">Chart 13</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Diary template to record activities during BP measurements.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20240113-40113-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t51001">
              <label>Chart 13</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Instructions for completion of the activity diary</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="100%">
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">General instructions</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold><italic>1.</italic></bold> All entries on the activity diary must be synchronized with the time on the device&#8217;s display.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold><italic>2.</italic></bold> Record the times and activities performed over 24 hours: professional, domestic, school, and physical activities and rest time.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>
                        <italic>3.</italic>
                      </bold>
                      <italic>Specific instructions</italic>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Record:</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold><italic>a)</italic></bold> Name, dose, and time of administration of medications used during the monitoring period.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold><italic>b)</italic></bold> The time of meals, including coffee consumption.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold><italic>c)</italic></bold> If consuming alcohol, cigarettes, and other drugs; record the time and quantity.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold><italic>d)</italic></bold> Time spent in traffic and means of transportation.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold><italic>e)</italic></bold> Occurrence and the time of stressful events.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold><italic>f)</italic></bold> Presence of symptoms, preferably with start and end times, intensity (strong, medium, or weak), type (dizziness, pain, shortness of breath, etc.), and measures taken to resolve them.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold><italic>g)</italic></bold> The time of going to bed and rising, including daytime naps (siesta), and perceived quality of sleep, rating it as good, regular, or poor and comparing the quality of sleep on the recording day with your usual quality of sleep.</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3.2. General instructions</title>
          <p>For successful BP measurements, some essential instructions must be explained to the patient when scheduling ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t53001">Chart 14</xref> ) and fitting the BP monitor ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t52001">Chart 15</xref> ). The activities of the health professional in charge of fitting and removing the monitor are shown in Chartss 16 and 17, respectively.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t53001">
              <label>Chart 14</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Instructions for the patient when scheduling ABPM</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="100%">
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">On the day of ABPM scheduling, patients must receive the instructions described below:</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold><italic>1.</italic></bold> Instruct patients to schedule ABPM preferably on a day representative of their usual activities.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold><italic>2.</italic></bold> Instruct patients to wear a wide-sleeved or sleeveless shirt to avoid limiting arm movement and interfering with cuff fitting; women should avoid wearing dresses.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold><italic>3.</italic></bold> Instruct patients to follow their doctor&#8217;s advice about long-term medications.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold><italic>4.</italic></bold> Instruct patients to bring a list of their regular medications with the prescribed dose and time of administration.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold><italic>5.</italic></bold> Instruct patients to take a shower before coming to the clinic, as they will not be allowed to do so during the monitoring period.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold><italic>6.</italic></bold> Instruct patients to bring a belt to facilitate fitting the monitor around their waist.</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t52001">
              <label>Chart 15</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Instructions for the patient when fitting the ABPM monitor</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="100%">
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Patients must be instructed about the aspects described below:</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold><italic>1.</italic></bold> Instruct patients not to take a shower or bath during the monitoring period.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold><italic>2.</italic></bold> Instruct patients not to engage in physical training during the monitoring period.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold><italic>3.</italic></bold> Instruct patients how to activate the monitor manually if necessary or in the presence of symptoms.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold><italic>4.</italic></bold> Instruct patients to remain still during measurement with the arm hanging relaxed along the body.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold><italic>5.</italic></bold> Instruct patients how to refit the cuff if it becomes loose during the day and to place the monitor beneath the pillow at night.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold><italic>6.</italic></bold> Instruct patients how to switch off the monitor in case of malfunctioning or an urgent need.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold><italic>7.</italic></bold> Warn patients not to lie down on the arm with the cuff.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold><italic>8.</italic></bold> Instruct patients how to correctly complete the diary, highlighting its importance.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Recommendations:</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold><italic>1.</italic></bold> The monitor should not be removed, and the cuff should not be switched between arms.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold><italic>2.</italic></bold> The monitor should not be exposed to water, ice, excessive dust, or heat.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold><italic>3.</italic></bold> Patients should follow their usual daily activities during the monitoring period.</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold><italic>4.</italic></bold> Patients should contact the clinic in case of emergency.</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4. Interpretation of results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>4.1. Criteria for interpreting BP measurements</title>
          <p>A minimum of 16 valid daytime and 8 nighttime BP measurements are required for a valid ABPM session.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Ideally, the monitoring period should not have time intervals between measurements longer than 2 hours or total duration less than 22 hours. Depending on the purpose of ABPM and in special situations, based on clinical judgment, fewer measurements than recommended may be accepted or the period with an appropriate number of measurements may be analyzed separately, whether daytime or nighttime.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.2. Abnormality thresholds</title>
          <p>Despite the continuous relationship between BP measured by ABPM and CV risk, in clinical practice, it is necessary to establish abnormality thresholds. Hypertension diagnostic thresholds for BP measured by ABPM are currently defined by few cohort studies and international guidelines (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 2</xref> in Part 2).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B70">70</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Classification of blood pressure patterns in transition periods between daytime and nighttime (GR: I &#8211; LE: B)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Blood pressure (BP) pattern</th>
                    <th>BP dipping (%)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Present dipping</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805; 10 &#8804; 20</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Absent dipping or BP surge</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8804; 0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Attenuated dipping</td>
                    <td align="center">&gt; 0 &lt; 10</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Blunted dipping</td>
                    <td align="center">&gt;20</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>GR: grade of recommendation; LE: level of evidence.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.3. BP patterns in transition periods between daytime and nighttime</title>
          <p>Among the BP measurement methods, ABPM has the unique characteristic of recording BP during sleep. The sleep-wake pattern is characterized by evaluating the percentage difference between daytime and nighttime average BP values ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 2</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref></sup> There is no evidence that these patterns of BP dipping have any therapeutic value, thus being considered only a risk marker.</p>
          <p>Patients considered to be at highest risk are those whose nighttime average BP does not fall by 10% to 20% of daytime values.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B73">73</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.4. Morning BP surge</title>
          <p>Morning BP surge reflects an increase in BP in early morning hours as a result of sympathetic activity. Several methods to determine morning BP surge have been proposed in different studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B74">74</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B77">77</xref></sup> However, difficulty in standardizing the calculation of this parameter and its poor reproducibility indicate that it should not be used in clinical practice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B72">72</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4.5. BP load, areas under the curves, BP variability, and heart rate</title>
          <sec>
            <title>4.5.1. BP load</title>
            <p>This index is defined as the percentage of abnormal readings in a given measurement period (daytime, nighttime, or 24-hour). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 6</xref> exemplifies the calculation of BP load. Because its calculation only indicates that there were readings with elevated BP values (without quantifying them), there may be patients with the same BP load but completely different average BP values. The weak correlation of BP load with clinical outcomes makes its use irrelevant to clinical practice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B78">78</xref></sup></p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f06001">
                <label>Figure 6</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Example of how to calculate blood pressure (BP) load. SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; BP: blood pressure.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20240113-40113-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>4.5.2. Areas under the curves</title>
            <p>This index is defined as the area under the recorded BP curve that exceeds the BP normality threshold in a given measurement period.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">79</xref></sup></p>
            <p>This parameter can be considered to have greater clinical relevance than BP load alone because it takes into account, in addition to the number of readings exceeding the normality threshold value, the level of the recorded values.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B79">79</xref></sup> This two-dimensional assessment provides a more accurate estimate of the impact of 24-hour BP. However, this planimetric measurement is not available in commercial software packages used for generating ABPM reports. BP load and average 24-hour, daytime, and nighttime BP values have shown to be strongly correlated with the areas under the BP curves. Likewise, the areas under the curves have shown a good correlation with left ventricular hypertrophy. However, due to the lack of normality parameters and evidence of a correlation between this index and clinical outcomes, there is currently no indication for its use in clinical practice.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>4.5.3. BP variability</title>
            <p>This index is defined as systolic and diastolic BP variations over the 24-hour recording period. It can be assessed individually over 24 hours, daytime, or nighttime. In clinical reports, BP variability is expressed as the standard deviation of BP values, although it can also be obtained by the coefficient of variance and &#8220;average real variability.&#8221;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B80">80</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Based on studies of continuous BP measurement, evidence has accumulated correlating increased BP variability with undesirable CV, renal, and neurological outcomes and with increased risk of WCH and MH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">63</xref></sup> However, because of the lack of reference values for normality in BP variability and the lack of data supporting that the treatment acting on variability would bring any clinical advantage, its application is impaired.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>4.5.4 Heart rate</title>
            <p>Heart rate (HR) is estimated from the value of heartbeat frequency derived from pulse rate acquired over the 24-hour BP recording period.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B81">81</xref></sup> This parameter is little studied in terms of clinical significance based on ABPM recordings, since conventional devices have poor sensitivity to estimate it.</p>
            <p>Because HR obtained with ABPM is a highly error-prone indicator and lacks reference values for normality, it has no clinical application.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5. Interpretation of ABPM and technical report</title>
        <sec>
          <title>5.1. Technical report</title>
          <p>The ABPM report must contain the items listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t56001">Chart 18</xref> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B82">82</xref></sup> The different patterns of BP behavior, such as NT, hypertension, WCH, or MH, should not be established, as they are clinical diagnoses.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t56001">
              <label>Chart 18</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; I Required items in the ABPM report (GR: I &#8211; LE: C)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="100%">
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Date with start and end time of the ABPM session</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Number and percentage of BP measurements recorded and valid BP readings</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Average 24-hour, daytime, and nighttime systolic BP values</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Average 24-hour, daytime, and nighttime diastolic BP values</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BP pattern between daytime and nighttime</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypotensive episodes</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Correlation between activities, symptoms, and medication use</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Conclusion</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN25001">
                  <p>GR: grade of recommendation; LE: level of evidence; ABPM: ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.2. Systolic and diastolic BP patterns over 24 hours, daytime, and nighttime</title>
          <p>The report should include the average 24-hour, daytime, and nighttime systolic and diastolic BP values. In both treated and untreated patients with hypertension, there is a positive correlation of 24-hour, daytime, and nighttime systolic BP and/or diastolic BP values with CV morbidity and mortality as well as HMOD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B71">71</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B83">83</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B85">85</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.3. Systolic and diastolic BP patterns in transition periods between daytime and nighttime</title>
          <p>The classification of BP patterns in transition periods between daytime and nighttime is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 2</xref> . The report should describe the classification of the morning surge in systolic BP and diastolic BP jointly when the classifications are the same, and separately when the classifications are different.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B86">86</xref></sup></p>
          <p>It is essential to describe the time of going to bed and rising of each individual to define the daytime and nighttime periods. This information should be clearly recorded in the activity diary. Self-reported quality of sleep during the monitoring period should also be considered when interpreting the results.</p>
          <p>It is worth noting that reverse dipping or rising, non-dipping, or BP surge may be related to certain conditions, such as sleep disturbances caused by the measurements, inadequate BP control in treated patients, some forms of secondary hypertension, individuals with sleep apnea, dysautonomia, and use of some medications such as cyclosporine.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.4. BP spikes and hypotension</title>
          <p>BP spikes are defined as 2 or 3 progressive elevations in BP measurements, all of which are well above the average BP values observed before and after the event. However, in most cases, isolated elevated BP readings correspond to artifacts and should not be characterized as BP spikes. Due to the lack of prospective studies evaluating prognosis after BP spikes, their significance is unclear and, therefore, they should not be described in the report.</p>
          <p>Hypotension is characterized by episodes of a marked fall in BP below the average BP values observed before and after the event, as long as they are accompanied by symptoms ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 7</xref> ). BP falls that are not accompanied by symptoms should not be described as hypotension.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f07001">
              <label>Figure 7</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Episode of a fall in blood pressure on ABPM.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20240113-40113-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Symptomatic episodes of a BP fall may occur in the following situations: medication use, syncope, lipothymia, postural hypotension, and autonomic neuropathy. Isolated BP readings not accompanied by symptoms, even with a marked fall in BP, may also result from technical artifacts.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.5. Correlation between activities, medication use, and symptoms</title>
          <p>Correct completion of the activity diary by the patient is crucial to correlate changes in BP with medications used, activities performed, and symptoms experienced during the ABPM session. Medication doses, the time of administration, and the time of main activities (going to bed, rising, breakfast, lunch, and dinner) should be recorded.</p>
          <p>Symptoms should be recorded along with the time they have occurred and their intensity. The report should inform whether the described symptom caused any variation in BP. It should be recorded in the diary whether the medication was taken on the day of ABPM, with a list of the antihypertensive medications used, the doses and time of drug intake.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5.6. Conclusion</title>
          <p>The conclusion should include the following information (GR: I &#8211; LE: C):</p>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>When the patient reports good or regular sleep quality: <list list-type="order"><list-item><p>The pattern of systolic BP and/or diastolic BP was normal or abnormal over the 24-hour recording period.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Nighttime systolic BP and/or diastolic BP dipping was present, absent, blunted, or attenuated.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Systolic BP and/or diastolic BP was controlled or uncontrolled during the daytime and nighttime periods if antihypertensive medication use was reported.</p></list-item></list> </p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>When the patient reports poor sleep quality, nighttime BP dipping should not be analyzed, and the pattern and control of BP should only be described for the daytime period: <list list-type="order"><list-item><p>The pattern of systolic BP and/or diastolic BP was normal or abnormal during the <bold>daytime</bold> period.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Systolic BP and/or diastolic BP was controlled or uncontrolled during the <bold>daytime</bold> period.</p></list-item></list> </p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Example of how to write a conclusion when the patient reports good or regular sleep quality:</p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Abnormal systolic blood pressure pattern and normal diastolic blood pressure pattern based on the 24-hour average blood pressure value.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Absent dipping of nighttime systolic blood pressure and blunted dipping of nighttime diastolic blood pressure.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The reported medication controlled diastolic blood pressure but not systolic blood pressure during the daytime and nighttime periods.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Example of how to write a conclusion when the patient reports poor sleep quality:</p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Abnormal systolic and diastolic blood pressure patterns based on the daytime average blood pressure value.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The reported medication did not control systolic or diastolic blood pressure during the daytime period.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Example of how to describe night-to-day BP variations when the patient reports poor sleep quality.</p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Night-to-day blood pressure variations.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Patient reports poor sleep quality. Therefore, the analysis of nighttime blood pressure pattern cannot be performed.</p>
          <p>The following note should be placed at the end of the report:</p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p>ABPM, as well as other complementary medical examinations, should be assessed at the discretion of the attending physician.</p>
          </disp-quote>
          <p>Finally, it is important to highlight that the report template suggested here is only a guide to what can be done. Physicians can create their own report template as long as it provides essential information for the physician ordering the ABPM.</p>
          <p>Another important factor is that the report should be limited to the information provided by ABPM, without containing deductions or clinical conclusions that are not supported by the data from the ABPM session.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6. Clinical applications of ABPM</title>
        <sec>
          <title>6.1. Assessment of prognosis in patients with hypertension</title>
          <p>The different BP components obtained with ABPM provide relevant information for the assessment of CV risk and prognosis in patients with hypertension.</p>
          <p>Average 24-hour, daytime, and nighttime BP values correlate more strongly with HMOD, morbidity, and mortality than in-office (casual) BP measurements.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B87">87</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Nighttime BP pattern, a parameter only obtainable by ABPM among all indirect BP measurement methods, also determines CV risk, with an independent association between elevated nighttime systolic BP and CV mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B88">88</xref></sup> Patients with attenuated nighttime systolic BP dipping have shown a higher incidence of lacunar stroke than patients with normal BP dipping.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Attenuated nighttime BP dipping is associated with an increased risk of CV events also in individuals with CKD, in older adults, and in patients with CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B89">89</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B91">91</xref></sup></p>
          <p>An independent association between BP dipping and CV events was also demonstrated in a cohort of patients with RH. A BP reduction of less than 10%, or nocturnal BP elevation, was associated with a composite endpoint of CV events and all-cause mortality after a mean follow-up of 4.8 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B92">92</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.2. Assessment of antihypertensive treatment efficacy</title>
          <p>Guidelines have placed greater emphasis on the role of ABPM in diagnosis and its considerable prognostic power than on the evaluation of treatment efficacy. Some studies have demonstrated a discrepancy in response to treatment between ABPM and in-office BP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">93</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B94">94</xref></sup> BP control was demonstrated in only 12% of cases by in-office BP assessment, against 33% with ABPM. Furthermore, 38% of patients had their prescription changed by ABPM, 32% had to add another medication, and 14% of patients with newly diagnosed hypertension in the office were maintained without medication after ABPM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B93">93</xref></sup> Longitudinal studies using ABPM, specifically designed to evaluate treatment efficacy, are needed before generalizing the method&#8217;s indications to all patients with hypertension.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7. ABPM in special situations</title>
        <sec>
          <title>7.1. Children and adolescents</title>
          <p>Substantial data exist that link elevated BP levels measured in childhood and adolescence to current and future HMOD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B95">95</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Normative ambulatory definitions for ABPM values in the pediatric population are derived from studies of healthy populations, and recommendations for the use of ABPM in this population are based on expert opinions rather than on evidence arising from well-designed studies for this purpose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B96">96</xref></sup></p>
          <p>ABPM is mandatory to confirm the diagnosis of hypertension in children and adolescents with in-office BP measurements in the elevated BP category for 1 year or more or with stage 1 hypertension over 3 consecutive clinic visits. ABPM is also mandatory to assess hypertension severity and determine if abnormal circadian BP patterns are present in children and adolescents with high-risk conditions, such as CKD, type 1 and 2 diabetes, preoperative and postoperative periods of aortic coarctation, solid-organ transplant, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), obesity, suspected MH or WCH, and genetic syndromes associated with hypertension (Williams syndrome, Turner syndrome, and neurofibromatosis).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B97">97</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The recently published new normative data for pediatric ABPM presents an updated classification scheme for ABPM measurements, which, in addition to favoring the transition of care from adolescents to young adults, eliminates the use of BP load ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 3</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B98">98</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Classification for in-office BP by ABPM in pediatric patients (GR: IIa &#8211; LE: B)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="2">SBP/DBP office</th>
                    <th colspan="2">SBP/DBP ABPM</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>&lt; 13 years of age</th>
                    <th>&#8805; 13 years of age</th>
                    <th>&lt; 13 years of age</th>
                    <th>&#8805; 13 years of age</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Normal BP</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; p95</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 130/80</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; p95 OR adolescent cutoff points*</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt; 125/75 mm Hg 24 hours AND &lt; 130/80 mm Hg daytime AND &lt; 110/65 mm Hg nighttime</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>WCH</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805; p95</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805; 130/80</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MH</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; p95</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 130/80</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">&#8805; p95 OR adolescent cutoff points*</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">&#8805; 125/75 mm Hg 24 hours OR &#8805; 130/80 mm Hg daytime OR &#8805; 110/65 mm Hg nighttime</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ambulatory hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805; p95</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805; 130/80</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>GR: grade of recommendation; LE: level of evidence; BP: blood pressure; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; WCH: white-coat hypertension; MH: masked hypertension; p95: 95th percentile. *In children &lt; 13 years of age, select the lower of either the 24-hour 95th percentile or the respective adult cutoff point in the &#8805; 13 years of age column.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.2. Pregnant women</title>
          <p>The role of ABPM in pregnancy has not been clearly defined. ABPM is particularly useful in the first half of pregnancy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">99</xref></sup> WCH or MH can occur in up to one-third of pregnant women. Their identification is essential to avoid unnecessary and potentially harmful treatment to the fetus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B99">99</xref></sup></p>
          <p>WCH has a more favorable prognosis than gestational hypertension, persisting in 50% of cases throughout pregnancy without being associated with complications. However, 40% of pregnant women develop gestational hypertension, and 8% of pregnancies progress to pre-eclampsia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">100</xref></sup> On the other hand, a study showed that 22% of 158 pregnant women with hypertension confirmed by ABPM developed pre-eclampsia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B100">100</xref></sup> In this study, sleep hypertension occurred in 60% of cases, being more commonly associated with the risk of pre-eclampsia and fetal complications. A suspected diagnosis of MH is more challenging, and it should be investigated in the presence of HMOD in pregnant women.</p>
          <p>These Guidelines suggest that:</p>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>ABPM is indicated to evaluate suspected WCH and MH during pregnancy.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The diagnostic threshold for gestational hypertension should be identical to that used for the general population (ABPM &#8805; 130/80 mm Hg).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B101">101</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.3. Older people</title>
          <p>ABPM can provide valuable clinical information in older patients, such as in cases of suspected postural, postprandial, drug-induced, and episodic hypotension, as well as in the assessment of dysautonomia and syncope. Some limitations should be highlighted in older patients: a) the same ABPM normality thresholds adopted for non-older adults are accepted for older adults; and b) reduced nighttime BP dipping, increased pulse rate, and early morning BP surge, common in older people, are associated with increased CV risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B84">84</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B102">102</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B103">103</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Patients with a blunted nocturnal fall in BP, with a &gt; 20% fall in systolic BP, had a higher incidence of ischemic stroke, whereas a nocturnal rise in systolic BP was associated with a higher risk of hemorrhagic stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B104">104</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.4. Diabetes</title>
          <p>The absence of nighttime BP dipping, an increase in nighttime BP relative to daytime BP, sleep hypertension, MH, and BP variability are highly prevalent in patients with type 2 diabetes, with or without a known history of hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105">105</xref></sup> In patients with diabetes, ABPM can contribute to the assessment of hypotension secondary to CV autonomic neuropathy, often related to symptoms such as syncope, dizziness, and sweating, thus assisting in the differential diagnosis with hypoglycemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B106">106</xref></sup> Nighttime systolic hypertension stands out as a predictor of HMOD in patients with type 2 diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B105">105</xref></sup> However, the absence of nighttime BP dipping has been associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD), neuropathy, and retinopathy, whereas morning BP surge has been associated with neuropathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B107">107</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.5. Chronic kidney disease</title>
          <p>At any stage of CKD, ABPM can identify changes in the sleep-wake pattern and detect episodes of arterial hypotension, MH, and WCH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup> Furthermore, in individuals with CKD, BP values obtained with ABPM are independently correlated with left ventricular mass, glomerular filtration rate, proteinuria, and other HMOD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B108">108</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B109">109</xref></sup> In hemodialysis patients, 24-hour ABPM may not encompass BP measurements throughout the dialysis cycle. Therefore, performing a 44-hour ABPM, fitting the device after a midweek dialysis session (between the second and third sessions of the week) and removing it immediately before the next session, provides a more adequate assessment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B90">90</xref></sup> In practical terms, if the software used does not include the 44-hour protocol, we suggest performing two 22-hour ABPM sessions on two consecutive days. These Guidelines do not recommend the use of 24-hour ABPM in hemodialysis patients. In this population, the cuff should not be placed on the arm with arteriovenous fistula. Patients treated with continuous or automated ambulatory peritoneal dialysis have also shown changes in the nighttime BP pattern.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B110">110</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.6 Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome</title>
          <p>In the pathophysiology of OSAS, episodes of micro-arousals and intermittent hypoxia trigger, among other events, the activation of the sympathetic nervous system, leading to an increase in BP, especially during sleep.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B111">111</xref></sup></p>
          <p>These pathophysiological changes determine significant changes in the BP pattern measured by ABPM, significantly increasing the rate of patients with attenuated or absent nighttime BP dipping.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B112">112</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A meta-analysis showed a prevalence of 59% of attenuated nighttime BP dipping measured by ABPM in patients with OSAS, and those with at least moderate OSAS (apnea/hypopnea index &gt; 15 events/hour) were at least 1.67 times more likely to have attenuated dipping. This observation may explain, at least in part, the increased CV risk in patients with OSAS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B113">113</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A cross-sectional study including 153 patients showed that patients with absent nighttime systolic BP dipping on ABPM were 3.5 times more likely to have moderate OSAS when undergoing polysomnography, thus showing that ABPM data can screen patients who are more likely to be diagnosed with OSAS when undergoing polysomnography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B114">114</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.7. Heart failure</title>
          <p>ABPM may be indicated to improve the treatment of patients with heart failure (HF) whose symptoms are related to changes in BP, such as in cases of paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea or HF with preserved ejection fraction (EF). Likewise, ABPM can be useful to guide the treatment of patients with symptoms caused by hypotension, since many of those with advanced HF have fatigue, symptoms of coronary insufficiency, or cerebral manifestations. ABPM can also be used to evaluate patients with HF who will undergo physical training programs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B115">115</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The absence of nighttime BP dipping is more common in patients with HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B116">116</xref></sup> Changes in the sleep-wake pattern have been associated with the severity of systolic dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B117">117</xref></sup></p>
          <p>More recently, a study evaluating all-cause and CV mortality in patients with HF with reduced EF, HF with mildly reduced EF, and HF with preserved EF showed that elevated systolic BP was associated with an increased risk among patients with HF with preserved EF, but not in patients with HF with reduced or mildly reduced EF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B118">118</xref></sup> In patients with HF with reduced EF, lower systolic/diastolic BP and the presence of nighttime BP dipping were predictors of high mortality compared with those with higher systolic/diastolic BP and nighttime non-dipping.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B119">119</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.8. Physical activity</title>
          <p>Engaging in physical activity during ABPM may lead to inaccurate readings or missing measurements.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B120">120</xref></sup> After a physical exercise session, BP decreases for several hours, which is more pronounced in patients with hypertension and can change the patient&#8217;s average ambulatory BP values.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B121">121</xref></sup> Therefore, physical activity should be avoided during ABPM, and also on the day before the ABPM session in patients who do not exercise regularly.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8. Cost-effectiveness</title>
        <p>ABPM is the strategy of choice for diagnosis and initiation of treatment in most adults in primary care. The correct diagnosis of WCH and MH reduces the total cost of treating hypertension and future CV events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">67</xref></sup> The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) conducted a rigorous cost-effectiveness analysis that demonstrated that ABPM would not only be a more effective means of diagnosing hypertension, but it would also provide a more cost-effective approach than in-office BP measurement or HBPM across all age and sex subgroups, leading to an improvement in quality health outcomes and cost savings when long-term costs were taken into account. The key cost-saving factor in this analysis was that the cost of antihypertensive treatment would be avoided due to improved specificity in making a diagnosis with ABPM. The model suggested that antihypertensive therapy would be needed in approximately 25% fewer patients than if the diagnosis were made based on in-office BP alone. The drug cost savings outweighed the cost increases associated with the use of ABPM. The analyses were based on the United Kingdom model of health care delivery and may not be valid for use in other countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B122">122</xref></sup> Using ABPM reduces the costs with drugs and medical appointments compared with using in-office BP measurements.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B123">123</xref></sup> The benefits of ABPM are unquestionable, especially in primary care. ABPM has been implemented in the Brazilian public health system (SUS for short, in Portuguese) and is already fully incorporated into the private health insurance system. In Latin America, many scientific societies of hypertension and/or cardiology have given special attention in their guidelines to the use of ABPM for the diagnosis and control of hypertension in order to encourage health authorities to regulate access and allow more patients to have access to its benefits.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>9. Perspectives</title>
        <p>Since the introduction of 24-hour ABPM, in 1964, there has been great progress in the devices used for BP measurement. These technological advances have improved comfort for patients during monitoring and enabled cost savings.</p>
        <p>Further advances are expected in the near future, as well as the development of devices capable of recording peripheral BP measurements, beat-to-beat monitoring, using a chip that can detect mechanical phenomena arising from hemodynamics and transform them into systolic and diastolic BP values.</p>
        <p>Likewise, 24-hour recording of central hemodynamic parameters, including aortic BP, pulse wave velocity (PWV), and augmentation index, has become a reality.</p>
        <p>Over time, we will be able to understand the broader applicability of the parameters obtained and, certainly, at that point, ABPM will have become widely accessible to the public in daily clinical practice.</p>
        <p>Future applications and possibilities for using ABPM include:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>ABPM monitors with an attached actigraph.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Adjustable cuffs.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Assessment of parameters other than systolic BP and diastolic BP, such as HR, pulse rate, PWV and pulse waveform, BP variability over 24 hours or in subperiods, and morning BP surge.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Reference values for 24-hour ABPM derived from studies of different populations worldwide.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Prospective studies to evaluate the prognosis and effectiveness of antihypertensive treatment in populations followed by ABPM.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Development of low-cost devices for noninvasive beat-to-beat BP monitoring.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Part 4 &#8211; Home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM)</title>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>1. Introduction</title>
        <p>HBPM assists in the diagnosis and monitoring of hypertension by taking multiple out-of-office BP readings over days in the individual&#8217;s usual environment. It should be performed by a person trained in oscillometric BP measurement, preferably the patient himself/herself. In cases where self-measurement is not possible, another trained individual may assist. A fundamental aspect of HBPM is adherence to a previously validated, established, and standardized protocol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2. Instructions for patients</title>
        <p>The effectiveness of HBPM fundamentally depends on the instructions provided to the patient, which should address factors that can influence BP levels or produce artifacts, such as the environment, patient preparation, and positioning.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Home measurements should follow the procedural steps as in-office measurements and are also subject to transient variations ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t57001">Chart 19</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t57001">
            <label>Chart 19</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211;General HBPM instructions for patients</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Conditions</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Quiet room with comfortable temperature</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>No smoking, caffeine, food, or exercise for 30 minutes before measurement</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Remain seated and relaxed for at least 3 minutes (ideally 5 minutes), with an empty bladder</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>No talking during or between measurements</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Posture</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Sitting with back supported by chair</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Legs uncrossed and feet flat on floor</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Bare arm resting on table, palm facing up, mid-arm at heart level</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Wrap the cuff around the arm according to the device instructions</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Use the same arm to take all measurements&#8212;the arm with the highest in-office reading should be chosen (measurements should ideally be performed simultaneously)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Educate the patient on BP variability: &#8220;BP varies with each heartbeat&#8221;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Explain that, in some people, out-of-office BP may be lower, whereas others might present higher BP measurements at home</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Instruct the patient to take measurements on the days and times recommended by the protocol, without changing daily routine</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Emphasize that is not permitted to take BP readings of other people</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Explain that the therapeutic regimen should not be altered as a result of BP measurements observed during HBPM&#8212;occasional high or low values are not a cause of concern</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN26001">
                <p>HBPM: home blood pressure monitoring; BP: blood pressure.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3. HBPM protocol</title>
        <p>The HBPM protocol aims to capture a patient&#8217;s usual level of BP, assisting the physician in clinical decision-making.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B124">124</xref></sup> HBPM reproducibility is directly associated with the number of measurements that are averaged.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B125">125</xref></sup> Based on several studies and published evidence, our recommendations are as follows (GR: I &#8211; LE: C):<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Number of measurements:</bold> ideally, the patient should take 24 to 36 valid readings.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Monitoring period:</bold> 4 to 6 days.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Day 0 or fitting day:</bold> on this day, BP measurements are initially taken at the doctor&#8217;s office (ideally 3), with the average of the last 2 readings used to account for a masking or alarm reaction, then at home in the evening to correct for a potential white-coat effect. Home and in-office BP measurements taken on day 0 must be discarded, and the average should be calculated using measurements collected from day 1 onwards.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Days 1-6:</bold> home readings are taken for 4 to 6 days. The patient should take 3 readings in the morning and another 3 in the evening/night, always after 5 minutes of rest, before meals, with an empty bladder, and before intake of hypertensive medication (if applicable). If the patient has recently eaten, measurements should only be taken 2 hours after the meal.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Discarded measurements:</bold> values that fall outside the following ranges should be excluded, unless there is clinical justification for their inclusion: diastolic BP 40-140 mm Hg, systolic BP 70-250 mm Hg, and pulse pressure 20-100 mm Hg, as well as systolic BP values lower than the previous or next diastolic BP reading and/or diastolic BP values higher than the previous or next systolic BP reading.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Keeping a record of BP measurements on a BP diary is extremely valuable. In addition, the diary should also include information on current medication. This helps the patient to correctly adhere to the protocol and facilitates the transcription of BP values (for devices lacking data transmission) to elaborate the technical report. A BP diary template is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08001">Figure 8</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f08001">
            <label>Figure 8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Diary for home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20240113-40113-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4. Abnormality thresholds</title>
        <p>In the 2020 Brazilian Guidelines for Hypertension,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> average HBPM measurements &#8805; 130 mm Hg for systolic BP and/or &#8805; 80 mm Hg for diastolic BP were considered abnormal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B126">126</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B129">129</xref></sup> These values differ from the ones recommended by the 7<sup>th</sup>Brazilian Guidelines for Hypertension<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B130">130</xref></sup> (published in 2016) and by the 4th HBPM Guidelines (published in 2018),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> in which average HBPM &#8805; 135 mm Hg for systolic BP and/or &#8805; 85 mm Hg for diastolic BP was considered abnormal. The estimated prevalence of hypertension in the Brazilian population based on these two thresholds is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 4</xref> , while the estimated correspondence between HBPM and in-office BP values is presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6001">Table 5</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Prevalence of hypertension and hypertension phenotypes based on the abnormality thresholds recommended by the 4th HBPM Guidelines and the 2020 Brazilian Guidelines for Hypertension <bold><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></bold></title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Hypertension</th>
                  <th>HBPM &#8805; 135/85 mm Hg*</th>
                  <th>HBPM &#8805; 130/80 mm Hg**</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diagnosis</td>
                  <td align="center">37%</td>
                  <td align="center">57%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normotension</td>
                  <td align="center">47%</td>
                  <td align="center">36%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>WCH</td>
                  <td align="center">16%</td>
                  <td align="center">7%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MH</td>
                  <td align="center">10%</td>
                  <td align="center">22%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SH</td>
                  <td align="center">27%</td>
                  <td align="center">35%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Control</td>
                  <td align="center">40%</td>
                  <td align="center">58%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Controlled hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">45%</td>
                  <td align="center">34%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White-coat uncontrolled hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">15%</td>
                  <td align="center">8%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masked uncontrolled hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">11%</td>
                  <td align="center">22%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uncontrolled SH</td>
                  <td align="center">29%</td>
                  <td align="center">36%</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>HBPM: home blood pressure monitoring; WHC: white-coat hypertension; MH: masked hypertension; SH: systolic hypertension.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t6001">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Estimated correspondence between HBPM and in-office BP values (GR: IIa &#8211; LE: B) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B128"><sup><bold>128</bold></sup></xref> </title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>In-office Systolic/diastolic BP (mm Hg)</th>
                  <th>HBPM Systolic/diastolic BP (mm Hg)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 120/&lt; 80</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 120/&lt; 75</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">120-129/80-84</td>
                  <td align="center">120-124/&lt; 75</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">130-139/85-89</td>
                  <td align="center">125-129/75-79</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">140-159/90-99</td>
                  <td align="center">130-139/80-89</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">160-179/100-109</td>
                  <td align="center">140-149/90-95</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 180/&#8805; 110</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 150/&#8805; 95</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5001">
                <p>GR: grade of recommendation; LE: level of evidence; HBPM: home blood pressure monitoring. *The classification is defined according to in-office BP measurements or HBPM and the highest systolic or diastolic value (depending on the technique of choice).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The normality thresholds are defined based on the average BP values obtained in the entire HBPM period. however, calculating separate averages for the morning and evening periods may be useful for establishing more individual strategies for drug therapy.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5. Technical report and interpretation of results</title>
        <p>The HBPM report should include the following information (GR: I &#8211; LE: C):</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Reason for requesting HBPM: state the indication for HBPM.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Protocol description: state the number of valid monitoring days, times, and number of measurements per day.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Session quality: the HBPM session will only be considered valid when at least 14 readings have been taken in the 4-day protocol, 15 readings in the 5-day protocol, and 18 readings in the 6-day protocol, every day, in the morning and in the evening.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>BP averages: report the overall, daily, and morning and evening averages, especially for patients on antihypertensive medication. The averages should be calculated from valid readings obtained over at least 4 days (ideally 6). Readings taken on day 0 should be discarded, as they were taken in the office and the device was handed to the patient.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>White-coat and masking effects: calculate by subtracting HBPM from in-office BP.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Abnormality thresholds: averages &#8805; 130 mm Hg and/or &#8805; 80 mm Hg should be considered abnormal.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Conclusion:</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <list list-type="roman-upper">
          <list-item>
            <p>BP behavior during HBPM was normal or abnormal (according to the overall HBPM average).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A masking and/or alarm reaction was observed, as indicated by the difference between in-office BP and HBPM (asses systolic and diastolic BP separately).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>The use of hypertensive medication was reported (or not).</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>The following note should be placed at the end of the report:</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p>HBPM, as well as other complementary medical examinations, should be assessed at the discretion of the attending physician.</p>
        </disp-quote>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6. Applications of HBPM</title>
        <sec>
          <title>6.1. Determination of in-office and out-of-office BP behavior</title>
          <p>BP varies continuously in response to internal and external factors, which may lead to misdiagnosis of hypertension, resistance to treatment, or NT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B131">131</xref></sup> HBPM is superior to in-office BP measurement in the evaluation of BP behavior, particularly as it allows the diagnosis of WCH and MH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B132">132</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B134">134</xref></sup> Furthermore, HBPM can evaluate day-to-day and seasonal BP variability, in addition to separately determining BP behavior in the morning and in the evening/night. However, the incremental value of these measurements compared with the average BP value in predicting CV and renal risk remains uncertain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B135">135</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B137">137</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.2. Assessment of prognosis</title>
          <p>Several studies have consistently demonstrated that HBPM is strongly associated with HMOD prediction, particularly left ventricular hypertrophy, and has a greater capacity to predict CV and renal events than in-office BP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B138">138</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B140">140</xref></sup> Results from a meta-analysis including approximately 18,000 patients showed that home BP was superior to in-office BP in predicting CV mortality: the hazard ratio for home BP was 1.29 (95% CI = 1.02-1 .64) per 10 mm Hg increase in systolic BP compared with 1.15 (95% CI = 0.91-1.46) for in-office BP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B138">138</xref></sup></p>
          <p>HBPM also proved to be similarly reliable in predicting HMOD as ABPM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B139">139</xref></sup> Moreover, a meta-analysis of studies that exclusively performed HBPM or ABPM showed that MH and MUH detected by these methods had similar predictive value for CV events and mortality, irrespective of the diagnostic method.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B141">141</xref></sup> Taken together, these findings suggest that ABPM and HBPM may be equally effective in predicting CV risk. However, studies directly comparing the capacity of HBPM and ABPM to predict CV events in the same population are scarce, precluding more definitive conclusions on this topic.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B142">142</xref></sup> A recent analysis of the PAMELA study showed that HBPM and ABPM were superior to in-office BP measurement in predicting CV risk and even suggested that HBPM could be more accurate than ABPM in predicting CV and total mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B143">143</xref></sup> Furthermore, the day-to-day variability of home BP has been shown to have predictive value for cerebrovascular, renal, and CV diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B140">140</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.3. Assessment of antihypertensive treatment</title>
          <p>The main contributions of HBPM to the treatment of hypertension are the characterization of hypertension phenotypes, particularly WCUH and MUH, and the confirmation of controlled, uncontrolled, and resistant hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B144">144</xref></sup> Identifying these phenotypes allows a more personalized approach, with individualized therapeutic adjustments.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B144">144</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Because of its wide accessibility, affordability, and user-friendliness, HBPM is well-tolerated by both the patient and physician. Therefore, HBPM is the preferred method for monitoring treated hypertensive patients, allowing drug titration to achieve BP control and long-term monitoring.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B144">144</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B146">146</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Regarding BP goals to be achieved in HBPM with treatment, systolic BP values &lt; 130 mm Hg and diastolic BP values &lt; 80 mm Hg are recommended.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B145">145</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B147">147</xref></sup> Studies have shown that performing HBPM can increase patient engagement and adherence to long-term treatment, and it can be used for BP telemonitoring. The combination of these factors can help improve BP control, particularly when combined with patient education and counseling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B148">148</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B150">150</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6.4. In special populations and situations</title>
          <sec>
            <title>6.4.1. Children and adolescents</title>
            <p>The practice of out-of-office BP measurement is also encouraged in children and adolescents, as they may also present with WCH and MH. Measurements should be taken using appropriately sized cuffs and devices validated for use in this population. Studies investigating reference values for HBPM in children and adolescents are scarce. In adolescents, these Guidelines recommend using values &#8805; 95th percentile of the normality thresholds obtained from a Brazilian population to diagnose hypertension with HBMP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B151">151</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B152">152</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>6.4.2. Pregnant women</title>
            <p>In pregnant women, it is recommended to measure BP during each prenatal care visit. However, even regular prenatal checkups may not be sufficient to identify conditions such as pre-eclampsia or WCH, the latter which is common at the end of pregnancy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B144">144</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B153">153</xref></sup> The use of HBPM during pregnancy has some advantages, as it is well-accepted by women and facilitates treatment monitoring, thereby reducing the number of medical appointments. When performing HBPM during pregnancy, the patient should be in a sitting position<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B144">144</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B153">153</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B154">154</xref></sup> and use devices that were specifically validated for this population.</p>
            <p>During pregnancy, we recommend the use of ABPM and HBPM to assess WCH and MH, in order to avoid unnecessary and potentially harmful treatment to the fetus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B155">155</xref></sup> ABPM should be used before 20 weeks of pregnancy and HBPM after 20 weeks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B153">153</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>6.4.3. Older patients</title>
            <p>HBPM is an extremely important tool in the initial assessment and periodic therapeutic monitoring of older patients, contributing to a better prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B156">156</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B157">157</xref></sup> This population usually has a high CV risk, greater BP variability, and less tolerance to inadequate treatment, such as antihypertensive use for WCH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B158">158</xref></sup></p>
            <p>There is no consensus on whether age is a risk factor for a higher prevalence of WCH and MH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B159">159</xref></sup> HBPM is feasible with minimal training in older patients, but extra care should be taken when initially training those over 80 years old, with low educational level, cognitive decline, or physical restrictions requiring assistance from others.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B160">160</xref></sup> An alternative for achieving better BP control among older patients with hypertension is the use of telemonitoring.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B161">161</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>6.4.4 Diabetes</title>
            <p>Diabetes is a disease with different pathophysiological mechanisms that, in general, doubles the risk of CV and renal outcomes, including stroke, CAD, CKD, and CV death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B162">162</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B163">163</xref></sup> Patients with diabetes, particularly due to visceral fat and insulin resistance, are more prone to having MH than those without diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> In a small observational study involving 170 patients with type 2 diabetes, HBPM was superior to in-office BP in identifying microvascular complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B164">164</xref></sup> This finding suggests that HBPM has great potential in the clinical management of patients, emphasizing the need for clinical trials to further investigate its clinical relevance in this population.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>6.4.5. Chronic kidney disease</title>
            <p>WCH and MH are very common in patients with CKD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B165">165</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B166">166</xref></sup> The usefulness of HBPM is indisputable in patients with CKD undergoing conservative treatment, peritoneal dialysis (PD), or hemodialysis (HD) and in patients who received a kidney transplant, as it predicts disease progression and the risk of CV events and death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B167">167</xref></sup> However, the main limitation of HBPM lies in its inability to assess changes in the nocturnal BP pattern, which are common in patients with CKD. Nighttime telemonitoring might be an alternative and is currently under consideration for patients with CKD or who received a kidney transplant.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B168">168</xref></sup></p>
            <p>In patients undergoing conservative treatment and in those who received a kidney transplant, HBPM should be performed according to the usual recommendations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B169">169</xref></sup> In patients undergoing dialysis, we recommend the following protocol:</p>
            <list list-type="bullet">
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>Number of measurements:</bold> ideally, the patient should take 36 readings.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>Monitoring period:</bold> 6 days.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>Day 0 or fitting day:</bold> on this day, BP measurements are initially taken at the office or hemodialysis clinic (ideally 3), with the average of the last 2 readings used to account for a masking/alarm reaction, then at home in the evening to correct for a possible white-coat effect. BP should never be measured on the fistula arm. Home and in-office BP measurements taken on day 0 must be discarded from the average calculation.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p><bold>HBPM days:</bold> at home, BP readings are taken for 6 days. The patient should take 3 readings in the morning and another 3 in the evening/night, always after 5 minutes of rest, before meals, with an empty bladder, and before taking hypertensive medication (if applicable). If the patient has eaten, measurements should be taken only 2 hours after the meal. In patients undergoing typical hemodialysis (2 to 3 times a week), measurements taken on these days should also be excluded from the average calculation; in cases of daily hemodialysis and PD, all measurements will be included.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>6.4.6. Obesity</title>
            <p>The assessment of BP in patients with obesity presents challenges in clinical practice, as BP variability and the prevalence of WCH and MH is higher in this population than in patients without obesity. Therefore, HBPM is a fundamental tool for identifying hypertension phenotypes in these patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B170">170</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B171">171</xref></sup> However, accurate BP measurement is often hindered by factors such as large arm circumference and/or conical arm shapes, as well as limited availability of appropriately sized cuffs. In this setting, the use of inadequate cuffs may lead to overestimation of BP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B172">172</xref></sup> In the absence of appropriately sized or shaped cuffs, validated and calibrated wrist devices may serve as an alternative for HBPM in patients with obesity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B144">144</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>6.4.7. Arrhythmias</title>
            <p>HBPM devices, especially those currently available on the market, are validated for BP measurement in patients with cardiac arrhythmias, particularly atrial fibrillation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B173">173</xref></sup> Some automated oscillometric devices are equipped with a specific algorithm that can identify the presence of atrial fibrillation, assisting in the diagnosis of these conditions, especially in older adults.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B168">168</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B174">174</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B175">175</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7. Cost-effectiveness</title>
        <p>Health care costs are a global concern, prompting widespread efforts to contain them. Cost-effectiveness analysis assesses cost (monetary value) in relation to outcomes (effectiveness, eg, lives saved) using various intervention methods.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B176">176</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B177">177</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A recent cost-effectiveness analysis concluded that HBPM is more effective than conventional in-office BP measurement and requires less financial and human investment than ABPM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B123">123</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B178">178</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8. Perspectives</title>
        <p>In recent years, numerous cuffless devices claiming to accurately measure BP have been made available for use. In general, these devices are equipped with a sensor that assesses arterial pulse and estimates BP mostly through pulse wave analysis (PWA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B179">179</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This new method is believed to have great potential for allowing multiple or even continuous BP measurements over days or weeks without the discomfort associated with cuff inflation. However, the accuracy and usefulness of cuffless devices are uncertain and require validation in large randomized clinical trials in different clinical settings compared with the gold standard, such as ABPM or invasive measurements. Therefore, at the moment, these devices should not be used for diagnostic or treatment decisions in Brazil.</p>
        <p>Nighttime HBPM is already a reality in some countries around the world. This method measures BP during sleep and records nocturnal dipping for a period of days or weeks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B180">180</xref></sup> However, no such equipment validated by the Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency is available in Brazil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Part 5 &#8211; Central blood pressure, pulse wave velocity, and augmentation index</title>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>1. Introduction</title>
        <p>BP values differ significantly between the central and peripheral regions of the arterial tree. SBP is higher in peripheral arteries than in central arteries, while DBP and mean BP differ only slightly. Age and genetics greatly influence the difference between peripheral and central BP curves, and this difference can reach 20 mm Hg for SBP in young individuals. This effect is known as SBP augmentation or PP augmentation. PP augmentation is lower in older people due to increased arterial stiffness (AS) and the early return of the reflected waves, so that central SBP (cSBP) may be close to peripheral SBP. Therefore, the time interval relative to the forward and backward pressure waves in the aorta is considered an important parameter for defining central blood pressure (CBP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B181">181</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B182">182</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2. Definitions</title>
        <p>An increase in BP is directly related to an increase in CV risk due to endothelial dysfunction and damage and increased AS resulting from aggression in the vascular media.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B183">183</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B187">187</xref></sup> AS is defined as a set of vessel properties that determine their biophysical characteristics, including distensibility, elasticity, and compliance, which interfere with the dynamics of blood flow in each cardiac cycle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B183">183</xref></sup> Changes in microvessels, arteriosclerosis, and endothelial dysfunction as well as increased AS are injuries resulting from hypertension and other diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, and dyslipidemia, being also influenced by genetic factors and age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B184">184</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B185">185</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B188">188</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B192">192</xref></sup> Increased AS is the main cause of increased SBP observed with aging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B193">193</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>2.1. Pulse wave velocity</title>
          <p>Defined as the ratio of the distance traveled between two points in the arterial system to the ventricular ejection wave generated in a unit of time, PWV is measured in meters per second (m/s).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B184">184</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B194">194</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B195">195</xref></sup> PWV is the gold standard method for quantifying AS, and an increasing intensity of AS is associated with an increasing PWV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B196">196</xref></sup> PWV measurement is simple, noninvasive and can be performed in an outpatient setting.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B183">183</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B197">197</xref></sup> The current reference method in clinical research is carotid-femoral PWV (cfPWV).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.2. Augmentation index</title>
          <p>The augmentation index (AIx) is defined as the ratio of the pressure caused by the reflected wave to the ejection wave. This measure is directly related to PWV and inversely related to HR,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B192">192</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B198">198</xref></sup> and it has the advantage of taking into account the timing of the forward and backward waves, which are the main determinants of CBP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B199">199</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B200">200</xref></sup> AIx describes the relationship between CBP and the reflected pulse wave, incorporating the magnitude and velocity of the reflected waves. Consequently, this index can be defined as a measure of the intensity of pulse wave reflections.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B201">201</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B202">202</xref></sup></p>
          <p>HR should be taken into account to correct AIx, so AIx@75 is the AIx corrected for HR of 75 beats per minute (bpm). This index is reported by AS measurement devices, as a result of applying the following formula: <inline-formula><mml:math><mml:mtext> Alx@75 = Aix - 0,39&#215; (75 - HR). </mml:mtext><mml:msup><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>203</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:math></inline-formula> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B203">203</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2.3. Central blood pressure</title>
          <p>CBP is the pressure exerted by the blood column, at each beat, on the aorta and carotid arteries, approximating the BP exerted on the heart and brain. For this reason, this marker is often more closely related to CV morbidity and mortality than peripheral BP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B204">204</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B205">205</xref></sup> Currently, CBP can be measured noninvasively using several validated methods and devices.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B206">206</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3. Indications</title>
        <p>Possible indications for CBP, PWV, and AIx are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7001">Table 6</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t7001">
            <label>Table 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Possible indications for measuring central blood pressure, augmentation index, and pulse wave velocity (GR: IIa &#8211; LE: C)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Parameter</th>
                  <th align="left">Possible indications</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Central systolic blood pressure (cSBP)</td>
                  <td>Evaluation of spurious hypertension in isolated systolic hypertension in young people</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pulse wave velocity (PWV)</td>
                  <td>Re-stratification of patients with prehypertension and low-to-intermediate risk hypertension Patients evaluated by SAGE score &#8805; 8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Augmentation index (AIx)</td>
                  <td>Reserved for clinical research setting only</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6001">
                <p>GR: grade of recommendation; LE: level of evidence.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4. Advantages of measuring CBP, AIx, and PWV</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Identification of subclinical HMOD: PWV &#8805; 10 m/s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B207">207</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B208">208</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p><bold>Prognostic assessment:</bold> an increase of 1 m/s in PWV is associated with a 14% increase in the occurrence of CV events and a 15% increase in mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B205">205</xref></sup></p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>AIx is a predictor of outcomes and HMOD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B209">209</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B210">210</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>These measures can improve precision in the diagnosis of hypertension, safety in therapeutic decisions, and definition of prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B211">211</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5. Limitations of measuring CBP, AIx, and PWV</title>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Poor availability in health centers.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>High-cost devices.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Measurements obtained by the oscillometric method still require further epidemiological studies, especially regarding their prognostic value.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6. Techniques available for checking central and arterial stiffness parameters</title>
        <p>Applanation tonometry, as well as piezoelectric mechanoreceptors, sensitive to intravascular pressure, can be used as a substitute for CBP due to the anatomical proximity to the ascending aorta. Applanation tonometry in the radial artery can measure CBP from a generalized mathematical transfer function, but a major drawback of the method is operator dependence. The brachial oscillometric technique has the advantage of being practical for use in the office, in addition to being operator independent. However, it has been criticized for how these devices are calibrated, as they tend to underestimate the true brachial intra-arterial pressure and, consequently, CBP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B212">212</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B219">219</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>6.1. Methods for indirect measurement of CBP</title>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Direct arterial tonometry</bold>:  method used in the Complior Analyse&#174; device. This method directly measures pressure waveform in common carotid artery by applanation tonometry and corresponds to the pressure waveform of the ascending aorta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B212">212</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B213">213</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Indirect arterial tonometry</bold>:  method used in the SphygmoCor&#174; device based on brachial artery BP measurement and radial artery applanation tonometry. This method indirectly reconstructs pressure waveform using an algorithm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B212">212</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B213">213</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Brachial oscillometric method</bold>:  method used in the Mobil-O-Graph&#174;, Dyna-MAPA AOP&#174;, and Arteris&#174; devices based on brachial artery BP measurement using an algorithm and transfer function. This method indirectly reconstructs pressure waveform.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>Although indirect arterial tonometry is considered the gold standard for the evaluation of AS assessed by cfPWV, oscillometric measurement is a simpler method that provides more reproducible and reliable results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B214">214</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B215">215</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B220">220</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B221">221</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7. Protocols for CBP, PWV, and AIx measurements</title>
        <sec>
          <title>7.1. Protocol for measuring central parameters using tonometry</title>
          <p>In the direct method, piezoelectric sensors are placed in the carotid and femoral arteries to record arterial diameter change curves secondary to changes in intra-arterial pressure with simultaneous recording of central and peripheral signals. CBP is obtained directly from the carotid pressure waveform. It is also possible to evaluate PWV in 3 different arterial segments from a single-point measurement for the study of peripheral arteries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B183">183</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B219">219</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In the indirect method, the system consists of an applanation tonometer and an ECG, PWV is measured at 2 points and aligned with the R wave of the ECG QRS complex as a reference point. The central pressure waveform and ascending aortic pressure values are defined using a transfer function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B183">183</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B219">219</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.2. Protocol for the triple-trigger procedure (in-office measurement) using the oscillometric method</title>
          <p>Depending on the device used, central BP measurements (CBP, PWV, and AIx) obtained by the oscillometric method can be performed at preset time intervals. The preparation steps for in-office BP measurement should be followed, including the choice of appropriate cuff size and arm, as recommended by the 2020 Brazilian Guidelines for Hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
          <p>After choosing the arm, a cuff connected to the device programmed to perform a 15-minute monitoring should be applied to the arm, with triggers that assess brachial pressure and central parameters every 3 minutes, considering the last 3 measurements or 3 valid measurements &#8211; protocol known as triple PWA. Some devices have a built-in triple PWA function, without the need for presetting.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7.3. Protocol for 24-hour central BP parameter measurements using the oscillometric method</title>
          <p>The same preparation protocol, patient guidance, and choice of arm/cuff proposed for the 24-hour ABPM should be followed to perform the 24-hour central BP parameter measurements. For improved patient comfort during monitoring, it is recommended that the device be programmed to record BP at 30-minute intervals (daytime and nighttime). A minimum of 16 valid daytime and 8 nighttime BP readings are required. Furthermore, patients should be warned about double cuff inflation during measurements, thus preventing patients from suspecting that an error has occurred during BP measurements.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8. Reference values <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B216">216</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B218">218</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B222">222</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B225">225</xref> </title>
        <sec>
          <title>8.1. Reference values for PWV</title>
          <p>As age and BP have a major influence on AS, reference values for PWV are usually presented in categories derived from these variables. In Tables 7 and 8, reference values are suggested for PWV, whose measurements were obtained mainly using a tonometer or piezoelectric sensors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B226">226</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.2. Reference values for cSBP</title>
          <p>The reference values for cSBP using the SphygmoCor, Omron HEM-9000AI, PulsePen, and direct carotid artery tonometry devices and categorized by age, sex, and risk factors and for peripheral BP are shown in Tables 9 and 10.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B227">227</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8.3. Reference values for PWV, CBP, and AIx using the oscillometric method in the Brazilian population</title>
          <p>A Brazilian multicenter study, including 6499 individuals from 4 centers, described reference values for PWV, cSBP, and AIx in the Brazilian population measured using the oscillometric method.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B212">212</xref></sup> Tables 11 and 12 show the reference values for these measurements according to age group, sex, and CV risk factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B214">214</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In view of the foregoing, we can conclude that there are currently reference values for the different AS and CBP measurement devices, including for the Brazilian population. However, little is still known about the abnormality thresholds for the measurement of central BP parameters capable of predicting CV events, especially when obtained using the oscillometric method. The suggested abnormality thresholds for the measurement of central BP parameters are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t37001">Table 13</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t37001">
              <label>Table 13</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Abnormality thresholds for CBP, PWV, and AIx (GR: IIa &#8211; LE: C). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B216">216</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B218">218</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B222">222</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B225">225</xref> </title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Parameters</th>
                    <th>In-office measurement</th>
                    <th>24-hour ABPM</th>
                    <th>Daytime ABPM</th>
                    <th>Nighttime ABPM</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Central SBP</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805; 130 mm Hg</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805; 120 mm Hg</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805; 125 mm Hg</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805; 110 mm Hg</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Central DBP</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805; 90 mm Hg</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805; 80 mm Hg</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805; 85 mm Hg</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805; 70 mm Hg</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>vPWV</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805; 10 m/s</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805; 10 m/s</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805; 10 m/s</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8805; 10 m/s</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AIx</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="4">Not available</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN12001">
                  <p>GR: grade of recommendation; LE: level of evidence; ABPM: ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; CBP: central blood pressure; PWV: pulse wave velocity; AIx: augmentation index; vPWV: venous pulse wave velocity.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>9. Prognostic value of BP measurements derived from central parameters</title>
        <p>Evidence indicates that CBP is more closely associated with traditional CV risk factors and HMOD. AS is one of the main determinants of CBP and has been considered to have high predictive value for CV events. Likewise, prospective observational studies have demonstrated the predictive value of central hemodynamic parameters for CV events in the general population, in older people, and in patients with coronary disease and CKD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B228">228</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the Strong Heart Study, central PP (cPP) was superior to peripheral PP as a predictor of fatal and non-fatal CV events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B229">229</xref></sup> Other studies have found equal superiority in normotensive or hypertensive older people and in Asian individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B227">227</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B228">228</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), pulse wave reflection parameters were associated with new-onset CV events and incidence of HF in individuals without evidence of prior CVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B229">229</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B230">230</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In a meta-analysis involving more than 5000 normotensive and hypertensive individuals, some with coronary disease or CKD, for every 10 mm Hg increase in cPP and in cSBP, there was a 14% increase in CV risk and a 9% increase in CVD risk, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B231">231</xref></sup> Average 24-hour ambulatory BP values have also been considered better predictors of CV risk than peripheral BP measurements in normotensive and hypertensive patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B232">232</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In patients with earlier stage CKD, cPP was able to predict progression to end-stage renal disease and, in stages 2 to 4, an independent relationship between cSBP and overall mortality was demonstrated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B233">233</xref></sup> The adverse effect of increased arterial pulse wave reflection on the CV system of patients with end-stage renal disease has also been demonstrated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B234">234</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The clinical value of CBP measurement was initially demonstrated in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial &#8211; Conduit Artery Function Evaluation (ASCOT-CAFE). The main ASCOT study had already reported a more favorable CV outcome in hypertensive patients treated with a combination treatment regimen of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) with a calcium channel blocker (CCB) compared with therapy based on beta-blockers and diuretics.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B235">235</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B236">236</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the CAFE substudy, although there was no difference in peripheral BP levels between the two groups, treatment with ACEI + CCB promoted a greater reduction in CBP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The REASON study was able to demonstrate that a favorable effect of the combination of ACEI + diuretics on the reflection coefficient was present even after 9 months of treatment, although without additional effect on peripheral BP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B237">237</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The prediction of CV events and all-cause mortality through the analysis of central hemodynamics measured with noninvasive methods allowed the calculation of the predictive value of central pressures and central hemodynamic indexes for CV events and all-cause mortality by measuring PWV, cSBP, cPP, and AIx.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B205">205</xref></sup> The following could be stated: for an increase in aortic PWV of 1 m/s, the risk of total CV events, CV mortality, and all-cause mortality increases by 14%, 15%, and 15%, respectively; an increase of 10 mm Hg in cSBP determines a relative risk (RR) of 8.8% for CV events; an increase of 10 mm Hg in cPP determines an RR of 12.9% for CV events; an increase of 10% in AIx determines an RR of 29.4% for total CV events and an RR of 38.4% for all-cause mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B205">205</xref></sup></p>
        <p>PWV has predictive value in CV morbidity and mortality and is currently considered the gold standard method in the assessment of AS and arterial aging, with good correlation with the risk of CV death, CV events, and all-cause mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B197">197</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B205">205</xref></sup></p>
        <p>To allow a practical identification of individuals at greater risk of developing increased PWV, a clinical score that evaluates easily available variables, called SAGE score, was developed and validated: (S) <italic>systolic blood pressure</italic> , (A) <italic>age</italic> , (G) <italic>fasting plasma glucose</italic> , and (E) <italic>estimated glomerular filtration rate</italic> (estimated by CKD-EPI), summarized in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09001">Figure 9</xref> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B242">242</xref></sup> This score was also applied to Brazilian hypertensive patients evaluated with the oscillometric method, and a SAGE score of &#8805; 8 was effective in identifying patients with a high risk of PWV &#8805; 10 m/s, with a sensitivity of 67.19% (95% CI, 60.1-73.8) and a specificity of 93.95% (95% CI, 91.8-95.7).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B239">239</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f09001">
            <label>Figure 9</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; SAGE score chart. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B238">238</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B239">239</xref> In orange (SAGE &#8805; 8): high probability of elevated arterial stiffness (PWV &#8805; 10 m/s). In green (SAGE &lt; 8): low probability of elevated arterial stiffness; PWV: pulse wave velocity.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20240113-40113-gf07-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>10. Measurement of central parameters over 24 hours</title>
        <p>The assessment of CBP and AS indicators over 24 hours is still little used in clinical practice, even with growing evidence worldwide of their predictive validity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B217">217</xref></sup> There is a need to expand scientific knowledge of 24-hour monitoring. However, evidence indicates that monitoring these parameters in daily life conditions can favor the assessment and clinical prognosis of CVD, the possibility of categorizing hypertension phenotypes, especially WCH and MH, and the specific investigation of daytime and nighttime BP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B214">214</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B217">217</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The International 24-Hour Aortic Blood Pressure Consortium (20 centers, 14 countries, and 5 continents), with central parameters obtained using a Mobil-O-Graph&#174; monitor, conducted a pooled analysis of part of its database (2092 adults) and showed that 24-hour cSBP was more closely associated with hypertensive cardiac organ damage (left ventricular mass and hypertrophy) than 24-hour brachial cSBP. The same group, in a recent publication, using 130,804 valid cSBP measurements from 2423 untreated adults, pragmatically proposed 120 mm Hg as the upper normal limit for 24-hour cSBP (C1 calibration = systolic/diastolic).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B222">222</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B240">240</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A recent meta-analysis reviewed current 24-hour noninvasive technologies for cSBP, PWV, and AIx and the evidence supporting their use in the clinical treatment of patients with hypertension or at risk of CV complications and concluded that the studies performed to date suggest that 24-hour central parameters may represent a promising tool for assessing vascular function, structure, and damage in daily life conditions and promoting early screening in individuals at increased risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B217">217</xref></sup> There is still a paucity of studies evaluating the predictive value of 24-hour PWV. Furthermore, the precision of measurements may vary from device to device, affecting the generalization of study results. Longitudinal studies are still needed to validate the predictive value of 24-hour central parameters.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>11. Perspectives</title>
        <p>The assessment of AS in the range of recommendations for CV risk stratification as a way of identifying the presence of still subclinical HMOD has already been incorporated into the main guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B216">216</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B217">217</xref></sup> In this context, the analysis of AS by PWV and central hemodynamic indexes (SBP, cPP, and AIx) are useful for clinical monitoring of patients with hypertension and low-to-intermediate CV risk, young patients with hypertension, patients with prehypertension, diabetes, or CKD, patients with a family history of early CVD, and other risk factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B205">205</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B207">207</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B241">241</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B245">245</xref></sup> Although the use of PWV for the identification of HMOD is well established in the literature, as well as its cutoff point of &gt; 10 m/s, values that define the normality threshold for PWV, corrected for sex and age, remain to be better explored.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B216">216</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B218">218</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B223">223</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B225">225</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Based on the interactions of genetics and epigenetics and the ability of the biological system to deal with the results of these combinations, there may be a difference between chronological and biological age. This is the basis for new concepts in vascular aging. Accelerated vascular aging occurs in individuals whose biological vascular age is greater than their chronological age, and these individuals will present earlier disease manifestations. The term SUPERNOVA (supernormal vascular aging) is reserved for individuals who present a vascular age in which arterial injury/stiffness is significantly lower than that expected for a healthy individual of the same age. However, even though this ability to age slowly might be genetically predetermined, lifestyle and pharmaceutical interventions can slow vascular senescence and improve prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B206">206</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B219">219</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B246">246</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Studies that guide drug treatment using cSBP, to date, have only demonstrated a reduction in the number of antihypertensive drugs, with no effect on left ventricular function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B247">247</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B249">249</xref></sup> In a study evaluating the use of free-dose vs fixed-dose drug combinations to achieve central and brachial SBP goals, ACEIs in a fixed-dose combination were more effective in achieving BP goals. Based on the repercussions of the CAFE study, it became clear that drugs have different effects on BP values (central and peripheral), which result in different clinical outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B250">250</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B251">251</xref></sup></p>
        <p>All these aspects allow us to conclude that there is considerable potential for a true evolution toward precision medicine in its purest concept: identifying damage early or even preventing it from occurring and treating each individual with the most appropriate strategy for their clinical characteristics, thus further reducing CV outcomes.</p>
        <p>In conclusion, these Guidelines do not recommend the routine use of cSBP, PWV, and AIx assessment. To this end, further studies with robust clinical outcomes are still required to define the normality thresholds and prognosis for these measurements.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; BP patterns and their prevalence in individuals without antihypertensive medication use. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> HBPM: home blood pressure monitoring; ABPM: ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20240113-40113-gf08-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; BP patterns and their prevalence in individuals with antihypertensive medication use. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> HBPM: home blood pressure monitoring; ABPM: ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20240113-40113-gf09-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t8001">
            <label>Tabela 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; PWV reference values categorized by age in a healthy population <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B226"><sup><bold>226</bold></sup></xref> </title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Age (years)</th>
                  <th>Mean (+2 SD)</th>
                  <th>Median (p10- p90)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>30</td>
                  <td align="center">6.2 (4.7-7.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.1 (5.3-7.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>30-39</td>
                  <td align="center">6.5 (3.8-9.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.4 (5.2-8.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>40-49</td>
                  <td align="center">7.2 (4.6-9.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.9 (5.9-8.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>50-59</td>
                  <td align="center">8.3 (4.5-12.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.1 (6.3-10.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>60-69</td>
                  <td align="center">10.3 (5.5-15.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.7 (7.9-13.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805;70</td>
                  <td align="center">10.9 (5.5-16.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.6 (8.0-14.6)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7001">
                <p>PWV: pulse wave velocity; SD: standard deviation; p10: upper 10th percentile; p90: lower 90th percentile.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t9001">
            <label>Table 8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; PWV reference values categorized by age and blood pressure <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B226"><sup><bold>226</bold></sup></xref> </title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Age (years)</th>
                  <th>Optimal BP</th>
                  <th>Normal BP</th>
                  <th>High-normal BP</th>
                  <th>Stage 1 hypertension</th>
                  <th>Stage 2/3 hypertension</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="6">
                    <bold>Mean PWV (+2 SD)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 30</td>
                  <td align="center">6.1 (4.6-7.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.6 (4.9-8.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.8 (5.1-8.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.4 (4.6-10.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.7 (4.4-11.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>30-39</td>
                  <td align="center">6.6 (4.4-8.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.8 (4.2-9.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.1 (4.5-9.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.3 (4.0-10.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.2 (3.3-13.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>40-49</td>
                  <td align="center">7.0 (4.5-9.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.5 (5.1-10.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.9 (5.2-10.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.6 (5.1-12.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.8 (3.8-15.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>50-59</td>
                  <td align="center">7.6 (4.8-10.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.4 (5.1-11.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.8 (4.8-12.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.6 (4.9-14.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.5 (4.1-16.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>60-69</td>
                  <td align="center">9.1 (5.2-12.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.7 (5.7-13.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.3 (5.5-15.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">11.1 (6.1-16.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.2 (5.7-18.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 70</td>
                  <td align="center">10.4 (5.2-15.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">11.7 (6.0-17.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">11.8 (5.7-17.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.9 (6.9-18.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">14.0 (7.4-20.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="6">
                    <bold>Median PWV (p10- p90)\</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 30</td>
                  <td align="center">6.0 (5.2-7.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.4 (5.7-7.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.7 (5.8-7.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.2 (5.7-9.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.6 (5.9-9.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>30-39</td>
                  <td align="center">6.5 (5.4-7.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.7 (5.3-8.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.0 (5.5-8.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.2 (5.5-9.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.6 (5.8-11.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>40-49</td>
                  <td align="center">6.8 (5.8-8.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.4 (6.2-9.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.7 (6.5-9.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.1 (6.8-10.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.2 (7.1-13.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>50-59</td>
                  <td align="center">7.5 (6.2-9.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.1 (6.7-10.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.4 (7.0-11.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.2 (7.2-12.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.7 (7.4-14.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>60-69</td>
                  <td align="center">8.7 (7.0-11.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.3 (7.6-12.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.8 (7.9-13.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.7 (8.4-14.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.0 (8.5-16.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 70</td>
                  <td align="center">10.1 (7.6-13.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">11.1 (8.6-15.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">11.2 (8.6-15.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.7 (9.3-16.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.5 (10.3-18.2)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8001">
                <p>PWV: pulse wave velocity; BP: blood pressure; SD: standard deviation; p10: upper 10th percentile; p90: lower 90th percentile.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t34001">
            <label>Table 9</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; VCBP reference values categorized by age, sex, and risk factors <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B227"><sup><bold>227</bold></sup></xref> </title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Age (years)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Healthy population</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Population with cardiovascular risk factors</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Female</th>
                  <th>Male</th>
                  <th>Female</th>
                  <th>Male</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 20 (n = 1104)</td>
                  <td align="center">97 (86, 91, 102, 109) n = 350</td>
                  <td align="center">105 (95, 99, 109, 113) n = 290</td>
                  <td align="center">99 (88, 93, 105, 120) n = 182</td>
                  <td align="center">109 (96, 102, 117, 127) n = 282</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>20-29 (n = 4157)</td>
                  <td align="center">95 (80, 88, 102, 110) n = 1411</td>
                  <td align="center">103 (92, 97, 109, 115) n = 880</td>
                  <td align="center">101 (88, 91, 110, 124) n = 888</td>
                  <td align="center">110 (95, 102, 120, 130) n = 974</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>30-39 (n = 6386</td>
                  <td align="center">98 (84, 90, 108, 119) n = 1860</td>
                  <td align="center">103 (88, 95, 112, 120) n = 1259</td>
                  <td align="center">111 (92, 100, 127, 141) n = 1373</td>
                  <td align="center">114 (95, 103, 129, 144) n = 1889</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>40-49 (n = 9595)</td>
                  <td align="center">102 (87, 93, 113, 123) n = 2318</td>
                  <td align="center">106 (90, 97, 114, 123) n = 2068</td>
                  <td align="center">116 (95, 104, 133, 146) n = 2196</td>
                  <td align="center">118 (97, 106, 132, 144) n = 2995</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>50-59 (n = 11950)</td>
                  <td align="center">110 (93, 100, 119, 127) n = 2002</td>
                  <td align="center">110 (96, 102, 118, 126) n = 1997</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (100, 109, 134, 148) n = 4251</td>
                  <td align="center">123 (102, 111, 137, 150) n = 3646</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>60-69 (n = 7779)</td>
                  <td align="center">114 (97, 105, 122, 129) n = 1057</td>
                  <td align="center">114 (97, 105, 122, 128) n = 1410</td>
                  <td align="center">128 (105, 115, 141, 154) n = 2656</td>
                  <td align="center">128 (105, 115, 142, 155) n = 2629</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt; 70 (n = 4445)</td>
                  <td align="center">118 (100, 109, 126, 131) n = 530</td>
                  <td align="center">116 (99, 107, 124, 130) n = 747</td>
                  <td align="center">138 (113, 126, 152, 164) n = 1567</td>
                  <td align="center">135 (113, 124, 147, 160) n = 1592</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN9001">
                <p>Values described in the 50th percentiles (10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t35001">
            <label>Table 10</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; BP reference values according to BP classification and cardiovascular risk factors <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B227"><sup><bold>227</bold></sup></xref> </title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Blood pressure category\</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Healthy population</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Population with cardiovascular risk factors</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Female</th>
                  <th>Male</th>
                  <th>Female</th>
                  <th>Male</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Optimal (n = 17678) 108 (96, 102, 114, 117)</td>
                  <td align="center">97 (84, 90, 104, 110) n = 6415</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (88, 94, 106, 111) n = 4035</td>
                  <td align="center">102 (89, 95, 108, 112) n = 4082</td>
                  <td align="center">101 (90, 96, 107, 112) n = 3146</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normal (n = 9313) 123 (120, 121, 126, 128)</td>
                  <td align="center">116 (104, 110, 121, 125) n = 1902</td>
                  <td align="center">112 (102, 106, 117, 122) n = 2669</td>
                  <td align="center">116 (107, 111, 120, 123) n = 2281</td>
                  <td align="center">113 (103, 108, 118, 122) n = 2461</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High-normal (n = 7148) 133 (128, 130, 136, 138)</td>
                  <td align="center">126 (115, 120, 131, 135) n = 1212</td>
                  <td align="center">122 (110, 115, 128, 132) n = 1947</td>
                  <td align="center">125 (116, 120, 130, 133) n = 1861</td>
                  <td align="center">123 (111, 116, 128,132) n = 2128</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stage 1 (n = 3288) 143 (130, 137, 150, 155)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">137 (122, 129, 144, 150) n = 1276</td>
                  <td align="center">133 (119, 126, 142, 148) n = 2012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stage 2 (n = 1930) 161 (146, 154, 168, 174)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">154 (128, 142, 161, 168) n = 798</td>
                  <td align="center">148 (128, 138, 158, 165) n = 1132</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stage 3 (n = 701) 183 (162, 178, 193, 206)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">173 (153, 164, 183, 194) n = 312</td>
                  <td align="center">171 (143, 158, 183, 192) n = 389</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ISH (n = 5255) 147 (141, 143, 155, 163)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">140 (128, 134, 148, 156) n = 2507</td>
                  <td align="center">137 (122, 129, 144, 152) n = 2748</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN10001">
                <p>Values described in the 50th percentiles (10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th). Blood pressure (BP) categories refer to brachial artery blood pressure.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t36001">
            <label>Table 11</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; CBP reference values according to sex and age in a healthy population and to cardiovascular risk factors <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B214">214</xref> </title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Age (years)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Healthy population</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Population with cardiovascular risk factors</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Female</th>
                  <th>Male</th>
                  <th>Female</th>
                  <th>Male</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="5">
                    <bold>Variable: Central systolic blood pressure</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 30</td>
                  <td align="center">101 (90, 93, 113, 119)</td>
                  <td align="center">113 (104, 109, 120, 123)</td>
                  <td align="center">118 (102, 109, 127, 131)</td>
                  <td align="center">123 (107, 114, 132, 144)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>30-39</td>
                  <td align="center">109 (96, 102, 117, 123)</td>
                  <td align="center">114 (102,110,121, 127)</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (102, 110, 130, 143)</td>
                  <td align="center">125 (108, 116, 133, 141)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>40-49</td>
                  <td align="center">110 (99, 103, 117, 122)</td>
                  <td align="center">116 (102,109, 122, 126)</td>
                  <td align="center">121 (104, 112, 134, 146)</td>
                  <td align="center">123 (108, 115, 131, 141)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>50-59</td>
                  <td align="center">110 (97, 104, 120, 124)</td>
                  <td align="center">112 (100, 106, 118, 124)</td>
                  <td align="center">124 (106, 114, 135, 146)</td>
                  <td align="center">124 (105, 114, 134, 144)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>60-69</td>
                  <td align="center">114 (100, 105, 120, 125)</td>
                  <td align="center">112 (96, 101, 120, 127)</td>
                  <td align="center">127 (105, 115, 141, 154)</td>
                  <td align="center">123 (103, 112, 136, 149)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 70</td>
                  <td align="center">113 (100, 103, 121, 126)</td>
                  <td align="center">116 (94, 104, 125, 129)</td>
                  <td align="center">131 (108, 118, 146, 165)</td>
                  <td align="center">125 (102, 111, 140, 156)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="5">
                    <bold>Variable: Central diastolic blood pressure</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 30</td>
                  <td align="center">73 (60, 66, 77, 85)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (66, 71, 82, 87)</td>
                  <td align="center">82 (68, 73, 90, 97)</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (72, 77, 93, 100)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>30-39</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (67, 71, 83, 88)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (71, 75, 85, 88)</td>
                  <td align="center">86 (71, 77, 95, 105)</td>
                  <td align="center">88 (75, 80, 96, 103)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>40-49</td>
                  <td align="center">79 (67, 73, 84, 88)</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (74, 77, 86, 89)</td>
                  <td align="center">86 (71, 78, 94, 103)</td>
                  <td align="center">90 (75, 82, 97, 104)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>50-59</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (64, 70, 82, 85)</td>
                  <td align="center">82 (70, 77, 86, 88)</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (71, 77, 92, 100)</td>
                  <td align="center">88 (75, 80, 97, 103)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>60-69</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (66, 71, 81, 87)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (68, 72, 83, 87)</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (67, 74, 90, 98)</td>
                  <td align="center">85 (71, 77, 93, 101)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 70</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (60, 70, 79, 83)</td>
                  <td align="center">79 (60, 70, 84, 90)</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (66, 72, 89, 97)</td>
                  <td align="center">82 (68, 74, 91, 98)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="5">
                    <bold>Variable: Central pulse pressure</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 30</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (23, 27, 37, 43)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (26, 32, 43, 53)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (24, 28, 41, 48)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (26, 31, 46, 52)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>30-39</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (22, 26, 37, 44)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (25, 29, 42, 50)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (24, 28, 38, 46)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (25, 31, 41, 48)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>40-49</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (22, 27, 36, 42)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (25, 28, 38, 45)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (25, 29, 43, 53)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (23, 28, 37, 46)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>50-59</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (25, 28, 42, 49)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (25, 27, 35, 42)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (28, 32, 47, 58)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (25, 28, 41, 49)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>60-69</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (28, 31, 43, 52)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (24, 28, 36, 49)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (30, 36, 55, 66)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (25, 31, 46, 58)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 70</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (28, 34, 45, 52)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (19, 27, 41, 51)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (33, 41, 63, 77)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (28, 34, 52, 66)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN11001">
                <p>CBP: central blood pressure. Values described in the 50th percentiles (10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t38001">
            <label>Table 12</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; PWV and AIx reference values according to sex and age in a healthy population and to cardiovascular risk factors <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B214"><sup>214</sup></xref> </title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Age (years)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Healthy population</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Population with cardiovascular risk factors</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Female</th>
                  <th>Male</th>
                  <th>Female</th>
                  <th>Male</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="5">
                    <bold>Variable: PWV</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 30</td>
                  <td align="center">4.9 (4.4, 4.5, 5.0, 5.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.2 (4.9, 5.1, 5.4, 5.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.3 (4.7, 5.0, 5.6, 6.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.5 (5.0, 5.3, 5.8, 6.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>30-39</td>
                  <td align="center">5.4 (5.0, 5.2, 5.8, 6.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.7 (5.3, 5.5, 5.9, 6.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.8 (5.3, 5.5, 6.2, 6.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.1 (5.5, 5.8, 6.4, 6.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>40-49</td>
                  <td align="center">6.4 (5.7, 6.0, 6.7, 6.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.5 (5.9, 6.2, 6.8, 7.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.8 (6.0, 6.4, 7.2, 7.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.8 (6.2, 6.4, 7.1, 7.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>50-59</td>
                  <td align="center">7.5 (6.7, 7.0, 7.8, 8.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.4 (6.9, 7.2, 7.9, 8.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.9 (7.1, 7.5, 8.3, 8.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.9 (7.1, 7.5, 8.3, 8.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>60-69</td>
                  <td align="center">8.9 (8.1, 8.5, 9.2, 9.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.9 (8.2, 8.6, 9.1, 9.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.3 (8.4, 8.8, 9.8, 10.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.2 (8.4, 8.7, 9.7, 10.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 70</td>
                  <td align="center">11.3 (10.2, 10.4, 12.5, 13.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">11.0 (10.1, 10.6, 11.6, 12.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">11.8 (10.2, 10.8, 12.9, 14.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">11.2 (9.9, 10.4, 12.1, 13.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" colspan="5">
                    <bold>Variable: AIx</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 30</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (11, 13, 27, 33)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (04, 10, 23, 27)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (11, 20, 34, 38)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (02, 08, 23, 30)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>30-39</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (12, 16, 28, 34)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (01, 07, 18, 24)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (11, 18, 32, 37)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (03, 09, 21, 27)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>40-49</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (09, 15, 29, 35)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (00, 06, 21, 25)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (10, 17, 34, 38)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (02, 08, 23, 30)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>50-59</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (07, 12, 33, 39)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (02, 04, 19, 22)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (08, 14, 33, 39)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (03, 07, 24, 32)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>60-69</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (09, 14, 34, 42)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (01, 05, 27, 43)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (11, 18, 37, 44)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (03, 09, 26, 34)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 70</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (11, 20, 39, 42)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (05, 10, 33, 41)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (17, 25, 42, 48)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (04, 12, 31, 41)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN13001">
                <p>PWV: pulse wave velocity; AIx: augmentation index. Values described in the 50th percentiles (10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t39001">
            <label>Chart 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Korotkoff sounds</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">PHASES</th>
                  <th align="left">SOUNDS</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Phase I</td>
                  <td>Appearance of a first, weak sound, followed by repetitive tapping sounds corresponding to systolic BP</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Phase II</td>
                  <td>Sounds become softer and longer, like an intermittent murmur</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Phase III</td>
                  <td>Sounds become crisper</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Phase IV</td>
                  <td>Sounds become muffled</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Phase V</td>
                  <td>Sounds corresponding to systolic BP completely disappear</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t40001">
            <label>Chart 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Disadvantages of the auscultatory method compared with the oscillometric method</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Rounding off of the last digit of BP values to 0 or 5</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Incorrect positioning of the aneroid manometer in relation to the eye</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Excessive stethoscope pressure causing artery deformation</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Excessive cuff inflation causing pain</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Rapid cuff deflation leading to underestimation of systolic BP and/or overestimation of diastolic BP</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Incorrect identification of systolic and diastolic BP sounds</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Possibility of aneroid manometer being out of calibration, even when the pointer is at zero</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Does not allow unattended automated office BP measurement</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN14001">
                <p>BP: blood pressure.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t41001">
            <label>Chart 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Unattended automated office BP measurement</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Instructions</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Perform BP measurement in a calm environment, preferably an empty room</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Explain the importance of the procedure to the patient</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Follow the patient preparation steps for BP measurement using automated monitors (Chart 4)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Ask everyone to leave the room</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Instruct the patient to press the Start button to begin measurements when alone in the room</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Instruct the patient to wait approximately 1 minute between each measurement</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Instruct the patient to take 3 consecutive measurements</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="bullet">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>Leave an illustrative leaflet with instructions on the procedure in a visible place</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN15001">
                <p>BP: blood pressure.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t43001">
            <label>Chart 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; How to estimate systolic blood pressure</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Estimation of systolic BP</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Place the cuff (Chart 6) 2 to 3 cm above the antecubital fossa, positioning the center of the cuff bladder directly over the brachial artery</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Palpate the radial artery</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Close the bulb&#8217;s valve and inflate the cuff until the pulse disappears</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Open the valve slowly to deflate the cuff</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Identify systolic blood pressure by the palpatory method (pulse reappearance)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN17001">
                <p>BP: blood pressure.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t44001">
            <label>Chart 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; How to measure arm circumference</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Measurement of arm circumference</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bent the arm at the elbow at a 90-degree angle</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Measure the distance between the acromion and the olecranon processes to determine the midpoint of the arm</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Straighten the arm and measure the circumference at the midpoint</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Choose the cuff according to arm circumference size. The width of the inflatable cuff bladder must cover 37%-50% of the arm circumference, and the length must cover 75%-100% (Chart 7).</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Do not place the cuff over clothing.</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t45001">
            <label>Chart 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Cuff dimensions according to arm circumference</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Circumference</th>
                  <th>Cuff category</th>
                  <th>Width of the inflatable cuff bladder</th>
                  <th>Length of the inflatable cuff bladder</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8804; 6 cm</td>
                  <td align="center">Infant</td>
                  <td align="center">3 cm</td>
                  <td align="center">6 cm</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6-15 cm</td>
                  <td align="center">Small child</td>
                  <td align="center">5 cm</td>
                  <td align="center">15 cm</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>16-21 cm</td>
                  <td align="center">Child</td>
                  <td align="center">8 cm</td>
                  <td align="center">21 cm</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>22-26 cm</td>
                  <td align="center">Small adult</td>
                  <td align="center">10 cm</td>
                  <td align="center">24 cm</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>27-34 cm</td>
                  <td align="center">Adult</td>
                  <td align="center">13 cm</td>
                  <td align="center">30 cm</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>35-44 cm</td>
                  <td align="center">Large adult</td>
                  <td align="center">16 cm</td>
                  <td align="center">38 cm</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>45-52 cm</td>
                  <td align="center">Thigh</td>
                  <td align="center">20 cm</td>
                  <td align="center">42 cm</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t54001">
            <label>Chart 16</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Activities of the health professional in charge of fitting the ABPM monitor</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">On the ABPM day, the health professional in charge of fitting the monitor must follow the instructions described below:</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>1.</italic></bold> Provide detailed explanation of the procedure to patients and tell patients to follow their usual daily activities during the monitoring period.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>2.</italic></bold> Tell patients to follow their doctor&#8217;s advice about medication use.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>3.</italic></bold> Tell patients not to engage in physical activity during the monitoring period.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>4.</italic></bold> Measure weight and height.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>5.</italic></bold> Measure the arm circumference and select the appropriate cuff size (width and length).</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>6.</italic></bold> Before fitting the monitor, measure BP in the sitting position, after a 5-minute rest, in both arms, preferably simultaneously, using the auscultatory or oscillometric method.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>7.</italic></bold> Apply the cuff to the nondominant arm if systolic BP difference between arms is &lt; 10 mm Hg. If &#8805; 10 mm Hg, apply the cuff to the arm with the higher BP values.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>8.</italic></bold> Place the cuff 2 to 3 cm above the cubital fossa, following the specific device manufacturer&#8217;s instructions.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>9.</italic></bold> Program the monitor following the patient&#8217;s information to define daytime and nighttime periods. Follow the guidelines provided under the item &#8220;HBPM protocol.&#8221;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>10.</italic></bold> After fitting the monitor, compare the BP measurement obtained by ABPM with that obtained by the auscultatory or oscillometric method, ensuring that the difference is no greater than 5 mm Hg.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>11.</italic></bold> Ensure that patients have clearly understood all instructions and are confident to contribute appropriately to the monitoring.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>12.</italic></bold> Perform at least 2 trial measurements before releasing the patient.</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN23001">
                <p>ABPM: ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; BP: blood pressure.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t55001">
            <label>Chart 17</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Activities of the health professional in charge of removing the ABPM monitor</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="100%">
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"><italic>1.</italic> Check the completion of the activity diary with patients, particularly regarding the time of drug intake, duration and quality of sleep, and reporting of &#8220;occasional events.&#8221;</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>2.</italic></bold> Perform at least 2 trial measurements.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>3.</italic></bold> Subjectively analyze the quality of the activities performed by patients during the monitoring period, for example: whether patients followed their usual daily activities, whether they felt limited in their activities due to discomfort caused by cuff inflations, among others. These events must be considered when interpreting the results and issuing the report.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>4.</italic></bold> Check the number of valid readings during daytime and nighttime measurements. If minimum requirement is not met, inform the patient that measurement should be repeated.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold><italic>5.</italic></bold> Download the data from the monitor to the computer and enter information such as: weight, height, medications (with dose and number of doses), and the time of main activities (going to bed, rising, breakfast, lunch, dinner).</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN24001">
                <p>ABPM: ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn id="fn2001">
          <label/>
          <p><bold>Development:</bold> Brazilian Society of Cardiology, Brazilian Society of Hypertension, Brazilian Society of Nephrology</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p><bold>SBC Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee:</bold> Carisi Anne Polanczyk (Coordinator), Humberto Graner Moreira, M&#225;rio de Seixas Rocha, Jose Airton de Arruda, Pedro Gabriel Melo de Barros e Silva &#8211; Period 2022-2023</p>
          <p><bold>Note:</bold> These guidelines are for information purposes and should not replace the clinical judgment of a physician, who must ultimately determine the appropriate treatment for each patient.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
