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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">d44zkWXMKwDbnryXLZQbvds</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000400203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240107</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Desvendando os Desafios no Diagn&#243;stico da Amiloidose Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4288-2035</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Capeline</surname>
            <given-names>Lorena Squassante</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP - EPM), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Lorena Squassante Capeline</bold> &#8226; UNIFESP - Rua Pedro de Toledo,950. CEP <postal-code>04021-001</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>capeline@unifesp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240107</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <related-article related-article-type="article" id="r01" xlink:href="10.36660/abc.20230216" ext-link-type="doi"/>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Amiloidose Familiar/diagn&#243;stico por imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Restritiva</kwd>
        <kwd>Pr&#233;-albumina</kwd>
        <kwd>Cromossomos Humanos Par 18</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Cintilografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A amiloidose transtirretina (ATTR) &#233; uma patologia gen&#233;tica rara que leva &#224; cardiomiopatia infiltrativa potencialmente fatal, representando a forma mais comum de cardiomiopatia restritiva heredit&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O gene da transtirretina (TTR) est&#225; localizado no cromossomo 18q12.1 com heran&#231;a autoss&#244;mica dominante e penetr&#226;ncia vari&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A ATTR apresenta manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas heterog&#234;neas, sendo o envolvimento card&#237;aco o principal marcador de mau progn&#243;stico. A amiloidose card&#237;aca (AC), uma condi&#231;&#227;o rara e muitas vezes negligenciada, emergiu como um desafio significativo no campo da cardiologia. Esse dist&#250;rbio apresenta uma s&#233;rie de dificuldades para o diagn&#243;stico precoce e preciso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Atualmente, a disponibilidade de testes gen&#233;ticos identificou uma popula&#231;&#227;o portadora da variante gen&#233;tica sem o fen&#243;tipo de AC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Contudo, devido &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o progressiva e lenta da doen&#231;a, a identifica&#231;&#227;o exata do envolvimento card&#237;aco permanece desconhecida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A complexidade da AC reside, em parte, na diversidade de sintomas que pode apresentar. Desde fadiga e falta de ar at&#233; irregularidades card&#237;acas, os sinais podem ser atribu&#237;dos a uma variedade de condi&#231;&#245;es, tornando a identifica&#231;&#227;o da AC um desafio para os cardiologistas. A AC &#233; frequentemente confundida com outras cardiopatias mais comuns, resultando em diagn&#243;sticos tardios ou at&#233; mesmo incorretos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A busca por m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos mais eficazes e acess&#237;veis &#233; urgente.</p>
    <p>Nesse contexto, exames diagn&#243;sticos como a ecocardiografia bidimensional com speckle-tracking (2D-STE), a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca ou a cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com pirofosfato t&#234;m sido a base para o rastreamento e monitoramento dessa condi&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Apesar dos avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos, o 2D-STE continua sendo a pedra angular na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial do envolvimento card&#237;aco em cardiomiopatias devido &#224; sua n&#227;o invasividade, precis&#227;o, baixo custo e facilidade de acessibilidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No entanto, a utilidade do 2D-STE para a an&#225;lise da deforma&#231;&#227;o biventricular n&#227;o &#233; relatada em uma popula&#231;&#227;o portadora sem AC. Alguns estudos demonstraram que o strain biventricular global e regional &#233; menor em indiv&#237;duos com TTR geneticamente confirmada antes do desenvolvimento da AC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Na busca pelo diagn&#243;stico precoce, em &#8220;Avalia&#231;&#227;o cintilogr&#225;fica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica em portadores de variantes patog&#234;nicas ou provavelmente patog&#234;nicas do gene TTR sem envolvimento card&#237;aco manifesto&#8221;,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> publicado nesta edi&#231;&#227;o, avaliou o envolvimento card&#237;aco na ATTR por meio de cintilografia com pirofosfato e ecocardiografia com strain para identificar detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de comprometimento card&#237;aco nesses pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Para responder a essa quest&#227;o, os autores realizaram um estudo transversal com uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia de pacientes acompanhados no ambulat&#243;rio de doen&#231;as raras de um centro terci&#225;rio brasileiro. Esses pacientes tinham diagn&#243;stico confirmado de polineuropatia amiloide familiar (PAF) ou eram parentes do caso &#237;ndice da forma neurol&#243;gica da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O objetivo foi avaliar a preval&#234;ncia de envolvimento card&#237;aco subcl&#237;nico; analisar achados de cintilografia e ecocardiografia; avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de PAF e envolvimento card&#237;aco subcl&#237;nico; e determinar se uma muta&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica pode aumentar o envolvimento card&#237;aco. O estudo focou em uma popula&#231;&#227;o adulta com diagn&#243;stico de variante gen&#233;tica no gene da transtirretina associada &#224; forma neurol&#243;gica, mas que era cardiovascularmente assintom&#225;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Foram avaliados 23 pacientes, dos quais 9 (39,1%; IC 95% = 29&#8211;49%) preencheram os crit&#233;rios para envolvimento card&#237;aco, com 6 (26%) preenchendo crit&#233;rios baseados apenas no strain longitudinal global (SGL). N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre PAF e portadores assintom&#225;ticos, avaliada por ecocardiograma de strain e cintilografia com pirofosfato (p=0,19). A velocidade da onda e&#8217; septal foi a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel que diferiu significativamente entre indiv&#237;duos com e sem SLG reduzido, com &#225;rea sob a curva ROC de 0,80 (IC 95% = 0,61&#8211;0,98, p=0,027). A melhor acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica foi alcan&#231;ada com velocidade da onda e&#8217; septal menor ou igual a 8,5 cm/s. N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre o tipo de muta&#231;&#227;o e a presen&#231;a de envolvimento card&#237;aco pr&#233;-cl&#237;nico (37,5%, p=0,90).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Na interpreta&#231;&#227;o desses resultados &#233; fundamental considerar o desenho do estudo, que representa uma amostra parcial da popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes atendidos no centro terci&#225;rio, o fato de a ecocardiografia ter sido realizada por um &#250;nico profissional e o pequeno tamanho da amostra. Os autores reconhecem essas limita&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Para concluir, Silva et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> demonstraram que o envolvimento card&#237;aco subcl&#237;nico foi frequente em uma amostra de portadores cardiovasculares assintom&#225;ticos da variante gen&#233;tica da TTR. O achado ecocardiogr&#225;fico mais comum no estudo foi a redu&#231;&#227;o do strain longitudinal global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre PAF e envolvimento card&#237;aco subcl&#237;nico, e nem o tipo de variante gen&#233;tica foi associado ao envolvimento card&#237;aco precoce.</p>
    <p>Globalmente, dado o conhecimento de que na AC, a deposi&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas amiloides &#233; progressiva e as complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares s&#227;o inevit&#225;veis, o diagn&#243;stico precoce do envolvimento card&#237;aco pela ATTR torna-se crucial. Al&#233;m disso, existe atualmente um arsenal terap&#234;utico que aumenta a sobrevida nesta condi&#231;&#227;o. Pensando nisso, como cardiologistas, devemos agir com rigor e precis&#227;o para retardar a progress&#227;o desta patologia e melhorar a qualidade de vida dos nossos pacientes.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Avalia&#231;&#227;o Cintilogr&#225;fica e Ecocardiogr&#225;fica em Portadores de Variantes Patog&#234;nicas ou Provavelmente Patog&#234;nicas do Gene TTR sem Envolvimento Card&#237;aco Manifesto</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240107i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Unraveling the Challenges in Diagnosing Cardiac Amyloidosis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4288-2035</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Capeline</surname>
            <given-names>Lorena Squassante</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP - EPM), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Lorena Squassante Capeline</bold> &#8226; UNIFESP - Rua Pedro de Toledo,950. Postal Code <postal-code>04021-001</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>capeline@unifesp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <related-article related-article-type="article" id="r02" xlink:href="10.36660/abc.20230216i" ext-link-type="doi"/>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Amyloidosis, Hereditary, Transthyretin-Related</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathy, Restrictive</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) is a rare genetically caused pathology leading to potentially fatal infiltrative cardiomyopathy, representing the most common form of hereditary restrictive cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The transthyretin (TTR) gene is located on chromosome 18q12.1 with autosomal dominant inheritance and variable penetrance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ATTR exhibits heterogeneous clinical manifestations, with cardiac involvement being the primary marker of poor prognosis. Cardiac amyloidosis (CA), a rare and often overlooked condition, has emerged as a significant challenge in the field of cardiology. This disorder poses a series of difficulties regarding early and accurate diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Currently, the availability of genetic testing has identified a population carrying the genetic variant without the phenotype of CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> However, due to the progressive and slow evolution of the disease, the exact identification of cardiac involvement remains unknown.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The complexity of CA lies, in part, in the diversity of symptoms it may present. From fatigue and shortness of breath to cardiac irregularities, the signs can be attributed to a variety of conditions, making the identification of CA a challenging puzzle for cardiologists. CA is often confused with other more common heart diseases, resulting in delayed or even incorrect diagnoses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The search for more effective and accessible diagnostic methods is urgent.</p>
      <p>In this context, diagnostic tests such as two-dimensional echocardiography with speckle-tracking (2D-STE), cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, or myocardial scintigraphy with pyrophosphate have been the foundation for screening and monitoring this condition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Despite technological advancements, 2D-STE remains the cornerstone in the initial assessment of cardiac involvement in cardiomyopathies due to its non-invasiveness, accuracy, low cost, and ease of accessibility.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>However, the utility of 2D-STE for the analysis of biventricular strain is not reported in a carrier population without CA. Some studies have shown that global and regional biventricular strain is lower in individuals with genetically confirmed TTR before the development of CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the pursuit of early diagnosis, &#8220;Scintigraphic and echocardiographic evaluation in carriers of pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants of the TTR gene without manifest cardiac involvement,&#8221;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> published in this edition, assessed cardiac involvement in ATTR through pyrophosphate scintigraphy and echocardiography with strain to identify early detection of cardiac impairment in these patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>To address this question, the authors conducted a cross-sectional study on a convenience sample of patients followed at the rare diseases outpatient clinic of a Brazilian tertiary center. These patients had a confirmed diagnosis of familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP) or were relatives of the index case of the neurological form of the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The objective was to assess the prevalence of subclinical cardiac involvement; analyze findings from scintigraphy and echocardiography; evaluate the association between the presence of FAP and subclinical cardiac involvement; and determine if a specific mutation could increase cardiac involvement. The study focused on an adult population diagnosed with a genetic variant in the transthyretin gene associated with the neurological form but who were asymptomatic cardiovascularly.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Twenty-three patients were evaluated, of whom 9 (39.1%; 95% CI = 29&#8211;49%) met the criteria for cardiac involvement, with 6 (26%) meeting criteria based solely on global longitudinal strain (GLS). There was no association between PAF and asymptomatic carriers, as assessed by strain echocardiography and pyrophosphate scintigraphy (p=0.19). The septal e&#8217; wave velocity was the only variable that differed significantly between individuals with and without reduced GLS, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.80 (95% CI = 0.61&#8211;0.98, p=0.027). The best diagnostic accuracy was achieved with a septal e&#8217; wave velocity less than or equal to 8.5 cm/s. There was no association between the type of mutation and the presence of pre-clinical cardiac involvement (37.5%, p=0.90).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In interpreting these results, it is essential to consider the study's design, which represents a partial sample of the patient population treated at the tertiary center, the fact that echocardiography was performed by a single professional and the small sample size. The authors acknowledge these limitations.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, Silva et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> demonstrated that subclinical cardiac involvement was frequent in a sample of asymptomatic cardiovascular carriers of the genetic variant for TTR. The most common echocardiographic finding in the study was a reduction in the global longitudinal strain of the left ventricle. There was no association between PAF and subclinical cardiac involvement, and neither the type of genetic variant was associated with early cardiac involvement.</p>
      <p>Overall, given the knowledge that in CA, the deposition of amyloid proteins is progressive and cardiovascular complications are inevitable, early diagnosis of cardiac involvement by ATTR becomes crucial. Furthermore, there is currently a therapeutic arsenal that increases survival in this condition. With this in mind, as cardiologists, we must act with accuracy and precision to delay the progression of this pathology and improve the quality of life for our patients.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Scintigraphic and Echocardiographic Study of Patients with Pathogenic or Probably Pathogenic Variants of the TTR Gene without Overt Cardiac Involvement</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
