<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">XhCJqDBWCSB6RjzXqSY3WDk</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000400202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240091</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Dieta Rica em Gordura e Cora&#231;&#227;o: Qual &#233; o Real Impacto do Treinamento com Exerc&#237;cios de Resist&#234;ncia?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6877-8113</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues Louren&#231;o Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5407-8183</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Serra</surname>
            <given-names>Andrey Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Disciplina de Cardiologia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiologia Card&#237;aca</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, Disciplina de Cardiologia, Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiologia Card&#237;aca, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Andrey Jorge Serra &#8226;</bold> UNIFESP &#8211; Medicine - Rua Pedro de Toledo, 781 10&#186; andar. CEP 04039-032, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>andrey.serra@unifesp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240091</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Cora&#231;&#227;o/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Gorduras/metabolismo</kwd>
        <kwd>Dieta</kwd>
        <kwd>Resist&#234;ncia F&#237;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cios</kwd>
        <kwd>Remodelamento Atrial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico - CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>306385/2020-1</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O consumo prolongado de uma dieta rica em gordura (DRG) causa infiltra&#231;&#227;o de macr&#243;fagos no mioc&#225;rdio, que come&#231;a a secretar citocinas envolvidas na inflama&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Nesse sentido, a interleucina-1&#946; (IL-1&#946;) desempenha um papel fundamental.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> N&#237;veis elevados de IL-1&#946; desencadeiam a produ&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio (ERO). A explos&#227;o de ERO no mioc&#225;rdio contribui para o desenvolvimento de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada em modelo experimental de DRG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica atual realizada por Portes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> mostrou que o treinamento de resist&#234;ncia (TR) pode mitigar efeitos nocivos da DRG no cora&#231;&#227;o. O estudo de Portes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> revisou artigos originais incluindo roedores com DRG submetidos a um programa de TR de pelo menos quatro semanas comparando animais n&#227;o treinados. Cinco estudos foram considerados eleg&#237;veis, e a subida em escada com carga externa foi o m&#233;todo de TR aplicado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Outros tr&#234;s estudos encontraram redu&#231;&#227;o na massa corporal em animais submetidos ao TR,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> indicando que uma via pela qual o TR pode promover cardioprote&#231;&#227;o pode ser reduzindo a DRG. No entanto, nenhum desses estudos relatou a ingest&#227;o alimentar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Um &#250;nico estudo realizado por Kim et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> avaliou a ingest&#227;o alimentar semanal em ratos de meia-idade. Os autores demonstraram que o TR poderia regular positivamente prote&#237;nas ligadas &#224; biog&#234;nese mitocondrial e reduzir marcadores de estresse do ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico sem afetar a ingest&#227;o de DRG e a massa corporal.</p>
    <p>Quatro estudos avaliaram a massa card&#237;aca,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> e dois manuscritos indexaram a massa card&#237;aca pela massa corporal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O ajuste da massa card&#237;aca pela massa corporal permite avaliar a presen&#231;a de hipertrofia card&#237;aca n&#227;o mediada pela massa corporal. O aumento no &#237;ndice de massa card&#237;aca foi relatado em um estudo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> enquanto no outro estudo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o foi observada ap&#243;s a TR. Lino et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> e Melo et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> n&#227;o identificaram maior massa card&#237;aca n&#227;o indexada em resposta ao TR. Dado que esses dois estudos observaram, respectivamente, redu&#231;&#227;o e manuten&#231;&#227;o da massa corporal em resposta ao TR,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> torna-se desafiador assumir, com base no conjunto de quatro estudos que avaliaram a massa card&#237;aca, se o TR &#233; eficaz na indu&#231;&#227;o de hipertrofia card&#237;aca. Embora Lino et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> tenham fornecido dados sobre o volume semanal de carga realizada no TR, os protocolos de exerc&#237;cio tinham um volume baixo. Esses achados podem apoiar a falta de hipertrofia card&#237;aca em animais em DRG,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> o que pode ter ocorrido devido ao volume de TR insuficiente para estimular o crescimento de cardiomi&#243;citos. Assim, maior n&#250;mero de s&#233;ries, mesmo que resulte em redu&#231;&#227;o da sobrecarga, &#233; uma alternativa vi&#225;vel para promover maior volume de TR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Todos os cinco estudos consideraram animais machos por serem mais propensos a desenvolver disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca do que f&#234;meas em modelos de DRG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Nesse sentido, 12 semanas de DRG foram associadas ao aumento do volume sist&#243;lico final e da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo bem como diminui&#231;&#227;o da massa corporal em camundongos machos, mas n&#227;o em f&#234;meas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> &#201; poss&#237;vel hipoteteizar que investiga&#231;&#245;es em animais mais velhos ou per&#237;odos mais longos de DRG possam induzir disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em f&#234;meas. O desenvolvimento de um protocolo experimental que resulte em disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ligada a DRG pode ser vantajoso, pois as f&#234;meas tendem a exibir hipertrofia card&#237;aca mais significativa em resposta ao treinamento,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> e, ao mesmo tempo, apresentam menor redu&#231;&#227;o na massa corporal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em resumo, o estudo de Portes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> descobriu que o TR em animais submetidos &#224; DRG aumenta a biog&#234;nese mitocondrial e os marcadores de remodela&#231;&#227;o tecidual, juntamente com menos inflama&#231;&#227;o, estresse oxidativo e estresse do ret&#237;culo endoplasm&#225;tico. O TR n&#227;o atenuou a fibrose mioc&#225;rdica ou preveniu a disfun&#231;&#227;o dos cardiomi&#243;citos e de prote&#237;nas que modulam a cin&#233;tica do c&#225;lcio causado pela DRG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A principal limita&#231;&#227;o dos estudos inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica foi a falta de dados sobre os desfechos card&#237;acos mais importantes, como par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Os estudos focaram principalmente em altera&#231;&#245;es biomoleculares precoces que desencadeiam a disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca causada pela DRG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> No entanto, &#233; importante notar que essas altera&#231;&#245;es nem sempre refletem as anormalidades funcionais card&#237;acas.</p>
    <p>&#192; luz de estudos futuros, recomenda-se que as pr&#243;ximas investiga&#231;&#245;es considerem maior volume de treino semanal, seja pelo aumento do n&#250;mero de s&#233;ries por sess&#227;o ou pela frequ&#234;ncia de treinamento. Este procedimento possibilitar&#225; esclarecer se o TR tem impacto importante na hipertrofia card&#237;aca em animais sob DRG enquanto clarifica par&#226;metros de desempenho card&#237;aco. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> abrange os poss&#237;veis efeitos ben&#233;ficos do TR na remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca induzida pela DRG.</p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <label>Figura 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas induzidas pela DRG e os efeitos cardioprotetores do TR. O TR pode promover cardioprote&#231;&#227;o reduzindo indiretamente a ingest&#227;o de DRG ou agindo diretamente no n&#237;vel celular para reduzir o estresse oxidativo, o estresse do ret&#237;culo endoplasm&#225;tico e a inflama&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em roedores. No entanto, a RT n&#227;o demonstrou atenuar a fibrose ou reverter a disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til e os preju&#237;zos na manipula&#231;&#227;o do c&#225;lcio nos cardiomi&#243;citos. Existe a hip&#243;tese de que o TR possa reverter a disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca induzida pela DRG, mas n&#227;o houve estudos que avaliaram par&#226;metros card&#237;acos funcionais. Criado por Bio Render.com. PSV: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20240091-40091-gf01.tif"/></fig>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: O Treinamento Resistido Atenua a Remodela&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Induzida por uma Dieta Hiperlip&#237;dica em Roedores: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Reconhecimento</title>
      <p>Andrey Jorge Serra foi apoiado pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico - CNPq (Bolsa 306385/2020-1).</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhao</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kang</surname>
              <given-names>GJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feng</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Inflammatory Macrophage Interleukin-1&#946; Mediates High-Fat Diet-Induced Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction</article-title>
          <source>JACC BTS</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>174</fpage>
          <lpage>185</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacbts.2022.08.003</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 Liu H, Huang Y, Zhao Y, Kang GJ, Feng F, Wang X, et al. Inflammatory Macrophage Interleukin-1&#946; Mediates High-Fat Diet-Induced Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. JACC BTS. 2023;8(2):174&#8211;85.doi: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2022.08.003.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Portes</surname>
              <given-names>AMO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>SFF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leite</surname>
              <given-names>LB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lavorato</surname>
              <given-names>VN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miranda</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moura</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>O Treinamento Resistido Atenua a Remodela&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Induzida por uma Dieta Hiperlip&#237;dica em Roedores: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>121</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <elocation-id>e20240490</elocation-id>
          <comment>
            <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20230490">https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20230490</ext-link>
          </comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2 Portes AMO, Costa SFF, Leite LB, Lavorato VN, Miranda DC, Moura AG, et al. O Treinamento Resistido Atenua a Remodela&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Induzida por uma Dieta Hiperlip&#237;dica em Roedores: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2024; 121(4):e20240490. DOI: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20230490">https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20230490</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Effting</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brescianini</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sorato</surname>
              <given-names>HR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>BB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fidelis</surname>
              <given-names>SP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Resistance Exercise Modulates Oxidative Stress Parameters and TNF-a Content in the Heart of Mice with Diet-Induced Obesity</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>112</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>545</fpage>
          <lpage>552</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20190072</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3 Effting PS, Brescianini S, Sorato HR, Fernandes BB, Fidelis SP, Silva PR da, et al. Resistance Exercise Modulates Oxidative Stress Parameters and TNF-a Content in the Heart of Mice with Diet-Induced Obesity. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2019; 112(5):545-52.doi: 10.5935/abc.20190072.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ahn</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jung</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comparison of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Mitochondrial Biogenesis Responses After 12 Weeks of Treadmill Running and Ladder Climbing Exercises in the Cardiac Muscle of Middle-Aged Obese Rats</article-title>
          <source>Braz J Med Biol Res</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>51</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <elocation-id>e7508</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/1414-431X20187508</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4 Kim K, Ahn N, Jung S. Comparison of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Mitochondrial Biogenesis Responses After 12 Weeks of Treadmill Running and Ladder Climbing Exercises in the Cardiac Muscle of Middle-Aged Obese Rats. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2018;51(10):e7508.doi: 10.1590/1414-431X20187508.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Leite</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Durigan</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gra&#231;as</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
              <given-names>HS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Resistance Training May Concomitantly Benefit Body Composition, Blood Pressure and Muscle MMP-2 Activity on the Left Ventricle of High-Fat Fed Diet Rats</article-title>
          <source>Metab</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>62</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1477</fpage>
          <lpage>1484</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.metabol.2013.05.009</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5 Leite RD, Durigan CM, Souza AD, Souza MV, Gra&#231;as M, Ara&#250;jo HS, et al. Resistance Training May Concomitantly Benefit Body Composition, Blood Pressure and Muscle MMP-2 Activity on the Left Ventricle of High-Fat Fed Diet Rats. Metab. 2013;62(10):1477&#8211;84.doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.05.009.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lino</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aquino</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leite</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Speretta</surname>
              <given-names>GF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moraes</surname>
              <given-names>FD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fabrizzi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Resistance Training Improves the Lipid Profile, Combat Oxidative Stress and Inhibit MMP-2 Activity in the Left Ventricle Diet-Induced Obese Rats</article-title>
          <source>Motriz</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <elocation-id>e019919</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S1980-6574202000030199</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6 Lino AD, Aquino Jr AE, Leite RD, Speretta GF, Moraes FD, Fabrizzi F, et al. Resistance Training Improves the Lipid Profile, Combat Oxidative Stress and Inhibit MMP-2 Activity in the Left Ventricle Diet-Induced Obese Rats. Motriz. 2020;26(3):e019919. doi:10.1590/S1980-6574202000030199.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Melo</surname>
              <given-names>AB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Damiani</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coelho</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Assis</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nogueira</surname>
              <given-names>BV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>LG</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Resistance Training Promotes Reduction in Visceral Adiposity Without Improvements in Cardiomyocyte Contractility and Calcium Handling in Obese Rats</article-title>
          <source>Int J Med Sci</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1819</fpage>
          <lpage>1832</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7150/ijms.42612</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7 Melo AB, Damiani AP, Coelho PM, Assis AL, Nogueira BV, Ferreira LG, et al. Resistance Training Promotes Reduction in Visceral Adiposity Without Improvements in Cardiomyocyte Contractility and Calcium Handling in Obese Rats. Int J Med Sci. 2020;17(12):1819&#8211;32.doi: 10.7150/ijms.42612.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Padilha</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cella</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Voltarelli</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Testa</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marinello</surname>
              <given-names>PC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Moderate vs High-Load Resistance Training on Muscular Adaptations in Rats</article-title>
          <source>Life Sci</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>238</volume>
          <fpage>116964</fpage>
          <lpage>116964</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116964</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8 Padilha CS, Cella PS, Ribeiro AS, Voltarelli FA, Testa MT, Marinello PC, et al. Moderate vs High-Load Resistance Training on Muscular Adaptations in Rats. Life Sci. 2019;238:116964.doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116964.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Louwe</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoorn</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berg</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jukema</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Romijn</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dijk</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Gender-Dependent Effects of High-Fat Lard Diet on Cardiac Function in C57BL/6J Mice</article-title>
          <source>Appl Physiol Nutr Metab</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>214</fpage>
          <lpage>224</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1139/h11-153</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9 Louwe MC, Hoorn JW, Berg SA, Jukema JW, Romijn JA, Dijk K, et al. Gender-Dependent Effects of High-Fat Lard Diet on Cardiac Function in C57BL/6J Mice. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2012;37(2):214&#8211;24.doi: 10.1139/h11-153.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ludwig</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kreissl</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sprang</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thalke</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>B&#246;hm</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benz</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sex Differences in Physiological Cardiac Hypertrophy are Associated with Exercise-Mediated Changes in Energy Substrate Availability</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>301</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>H115</fpage>
          <lpage>H122</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1152/ajpheart.01222.2010</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10 Ludwig A, Kreissl MC, Sprang C, Thalke B, B&#246;hm C, Benz V, et al. Sex Differences in Physiological Cardiac Hypertrophy are Associated with Exercise-Mediated Changes in Energy Substrate Availability. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2011;301(1):H115&#8211;22.doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.01222.2010.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ol&#225;h</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>M&#225;ty&#225;s</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kellermayer</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ruppert</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barta</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sayour</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sex Differences in Morphological and Functional Aspects of Exercise-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy in a Rat Model</article-title>
          <source>Front Physiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <fpage>889</fpage>
          <lpage>889</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fphys.2019.00889</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>11 Ol&#225;h A, M&#225;ty&#225;s C, Kellermayer D, Ruppert M, Barta BA, Sayour AA, et al. Sex Differences in Morphological and Functional Aspects of Exercise-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy in a Rat Model. Front Physiol. 2019;10:889.doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00889.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>T&#246;r&#246;k</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kiss</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>P&#225;l</surname>
              <given-names>&#201;</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Horv&#225;th</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>J&#243;svai</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Merkely</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Long-Term Exercise Results in Morphological and Biomechanical Changes in Coronary Resistance Arterioles in Male and Female Rats</article-title>
          <source>Biol Sex Differ</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>7</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s13293-020-0284-0</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>12 T&#246;r&#246;k M, Kiss AM, P&#225;l &#201;, Horv&#225;th E, J&#243;svai A, Merkely P, et al. Long-Term Exercise Results in Morphological and Biomechanical Changes in Coronary Resistance Arterioles in Male and Female Rats. Biol Sex Differ. 2020;11(1):7.doi: 10.1186/s13293-020-0284-0.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kakizaki</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tsuneoka</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Takase</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Choi</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ikkyu</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Differential Roles of Each Orexin Receptor Signaling in Obesity</article-title>
          <source>iScience</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>13</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.isci.2019.09.003</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>13 Kakizaki M, Tsuneoka Y, Takase K, Kim SJ, Choi J, Ikkyu A, et al. Differential Roles of Each Orexin Receptor Signaling in Obesity. iScience. 2019;20:1&#8211;13.doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.09.003.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240091i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>High-Fat Diet and Heart: What is the Real Impact of Resistance Exercise Training?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6877-8113</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues Louren&#231;o Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5407-8183</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Serra</surname>
            <given-names>Andrey Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, Disciplina de Cardiologia, Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiologia Card&#237;aca, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Andrey Jorge Serra &#8226;</bold> UNIFESP &#8211; Medicine - Rua Pedro de Toledo, 781 10&#186; andar. Postal Code 04039-032, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>andrey.serra@unifesp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart/physiopatology</kwd>
        <kwd>Fats/metabolism</kwd>
        <kwd>Diet</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical Endurance</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercises</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Remodeling</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development - CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>306385/2020-1</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Long-term consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) causes macrophage infiltration in the myocardium, which begins to secrete cytokines involved in cardiac inflammation. In this regard, interleukin-1&#946; (IL-1&#946;) plays a key role.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Elevated levels of IL-1&#946; trigger mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The burst of ROS in the myocardium contributes to the development of diastolic dysfunction and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in an experimental HFD model.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A current systematic review by Portes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> has shown that resistance training (RT) can mitigate a variety of harmful effects of HFD on the heart. The article by Portes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> reviewed original articles carried out in HFD rodents subjected to an RT program of at least four weeks comparing non-trained animals. Five studies were considered eligible, and ladder climbing with external load was the RT method applied.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Another three studies have found a reduction in body mass in animals subjected to RT,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> indicating that one pathway through which RT may promote cardioprotection may be reducing HFD. However, none of these studies reported food intake.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A single study by Kim et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> assessed weekly food intake in middle-aged rats, who demonstrated that RT could upregulate proteins linked to mitochondrial biogenesis and reduce markers of sarcoplasmic reticulum stress without affecting HFD intake and body mass.</p>
      <p>Four studies evaluated cardiac mass,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> and two manuscripts have indexed cardiac mass by body mass.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Adjusting cardiac mass for body mass allows for the assessment of the presence of non-body mass-mediated cardiac hypertrophy. An increased index heart mass has been reported for a study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> while in the other study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> no such change was observed post-RT. Lino et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> and Melo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> did not identify a larger non-indexed cardiac mass in response to RT. Given that these two studies observed, respectively, a reduction and maintenance in body mass in response to RT,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> it becomes challenging to assume, based on the set of four studies evaluating cardiac mass, whether RT is effective in inducing cardiac hypertrophy. Although Lino et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> provided data on the weekly volume of load carried in RT, the exercise protocols were marked by a low volume. These findings may support the lack of cardiac hypertrophy in animals on an HFD,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> which may have been because of an RT volume not sufficient to stimulate cardiomyocyte growth. Thus, a greater number of series, even if this results in a reduction in overload, is a viable alternative to promote a greater RT volume.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>All five studies have considered male animals because they are more likely to develop cardiac dysfunction than females in HFD models.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In this regard, 12 weeks of HFD were associated with increased end-systolic volume and end-systolic pressure of the left ventricle as well as decreased body mass in male mice, but not in females.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> It is possible to hypothesize that investigations in older animals or longer periods of HFD may induce cardiac dysfunction in females. Developing an experimental protocol that leads female rodents exposed to HFD to develop cardiac dysfunction may be advantageous, as females tend to exhibit more significant cardiac hypertrophy in response to training,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> while simultaneously showing a lesser reduction in body mass.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In summary, the study by Portes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> found that RT in animals subjected to HFD increases mitochondrial biogenesis and tissue remodeling markers, together with less inflammation, oxidative stress, and endoplasmatic reticulum stress. The RT could not attenuate myocardial fibrosis or counteract the impairment in cardiomyocyte function and calcium handling proteins caused by HFD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A main limitation of the studies included in the systematic review was the lack of data on the most important cardiac outcomes, such as left ventricular diastolic and systolic function. The studies mainly focused on the early biomolecular changes that trigger the cardiac dysfunction caused by an HFD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> However, it is important to report that these changes do not always reflect the functional abnormalities at the level of the cardiac organ.</p>
      <p>In light of future studies, it is recommended that further investigations consider a higher weekly training volume, either by increasing the number of series per session or by the training frequency. This procedure will clarify whether RT has a major impact on cardiac hypertrophy in HFD animals while investigating parameters of cardiac performance. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref> encompasses the possible beneficial effects of RT on diet-induced cardiac remodeling.</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>HFD-induced alterations in hearts and the cardioprotective effects of RT. The RT may promote cardioprotection by indirectly reducing HFD intake or by directly acting at the cellular level to reduce oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and cardiac inflammation in rodents. However, RT has not been shown to attenuate fibrosis or reverse contractile dysfunction and calcium handling impairments in cardiomyocytes. There is a hypothesis that RT may reverse HFD-induced cardiac dysfunction, but there were no studies that assessed functional cardiac parameters. Created by BioRender.com.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20240091-40091-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Resistance Exercise Training Mitigates Cardiac Remodeling Induced by a High-Fat Diet in Rodents: A Systematic Review</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgment</title>
        <p>Andrey Jorge Serra has been supported by the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development - CNPq (grant 306385/2020-1).</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
