<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">YWT53zzJfHyFbJFNL3VmVLh</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000400309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230644</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Valor Preditivo do &#205;ndice Progn&#243;stico Inflamat&#243;rio para Detec&#231;&#227;o de No-Reflow em Pacientes com Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3165-6769</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#350;ayl&#305;k</surname>
            <given-names>Faysal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8188-5020</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;&#305;nar</surname>
            <given-names>Tufan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4546-9227</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tanbo&#287;a</surname>
            <given-names>&#304;brahim Halil</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Health Sciences University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Van Training and Research Hospital</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Van</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Health Sciences University, Van Training and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Van &#8211; Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Health Sciences University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Sultan II. Abdulhamid Han Training and Research Hospital</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Health Sciences University, Sultan II. Abdulhamid Han Training and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Istanbul &#8211; Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hisar Intercontinental Hospital</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hisar Intercontinental Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Istanbul &#8211; Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Nisantasi University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Health Science</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">School of Health Science, Nisantasi University, Department of Cardiology, Istanbul &#8211; Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Atat&#252;rk University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Biostatistics</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Erzurum</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Atat&#252;rk University, Department of Biostatistics, Erzurum &#8211; Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Faysal &#350;ayl&#305;k</bold> &#8226; Health Sciences University, Van Training and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Suphan Street, <postal-code>65100</postal-code>, Edremit, Van &#8211; Turquia E-mail: <email>faysalsaylik@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230644</elocation-id>
      <supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230644-30644-suppl01.pdf"/>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O no-reflow (NR) &#233; caracterizado por uma redu&#231;&#227;o aguda no fluxo coron&#225;rio que n&#227;o &#233; acompanhada por espasmo coron&#225;rio, trombose ou dissec&#231;&#227;o. O &#237;ndice progn&#243;stico inflamat&#243;rio (IPI) &#233; um novo marcador que foi relatado como tendo um papel progn&#243;stico em pacientes com c&#226;ncer e &#233; calculado pela raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos (NLR) multiplicada pela raz&#227;o prote&#237;na C reativa/albumina.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Nosso objetivo foi investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre IPI e NR em pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST) submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria (ICPp).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Um total de 1.541 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo (178 com NR e 1.363 com refluxo). A regress&#227;o penalizada LASSO (Least Absolute Shrinkage and Select Operator) foi usada para sele&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis. Foi criado um nomograma baseado no IPI para detec&#231;&#227;o do risco de desenvolvimento de NR. A valida&#231;&#227;o interna com reamostragem Bootstrap foi utilizada para reprodutibilidade do modelo. Um valor de p bilateral &lt;0,05 foi aceito como n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia para an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O IPI foi maior em pacientes com NR do que em pacientes com refluxo. O IPI esteve associado de forma n&#227;o linear com a NR. O IPI apresentou maior capacidade discriminativa do que o &#237;ndice de imunoinflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, NLR e rela&#231;&#227;o PCR/albumina. A adi&#231;&#227;o do IPI ao modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivari&#225;vel de base melhorou a discrimina&#231;&#227;o e o efeito do benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico l&#237;quido do modelo para detec&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com NR, e o IPI foi a vari&#225;vel mais proeminente no modelo completo. Foi criado um nomograma baseado no IPI para prever o risco de NR. A valida&#231;&#227;o interna do nomograma Bootstrap mostrou uma boa capacidade de calibra&#231;&#227;o e discrimina&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Este &#233; o primeiro estudo que mostra a associa&#231;&#227;o de IPI com NR em pacientes com IAMCSST submetidos a ICPp.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Fen&#244;meno de n&#227;o Refluxo</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Eleva&#231;&#227;o do Segmento ST</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea Prim&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Nomograma</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="18"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="30"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <fig id="f1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230644-30644-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Atualmente, a modalidade de reperfus&#227;o recomendada em pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST) &#233; a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria (ICPp) (IAMCSST).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No entanto, apesar do fato de a ICPp restaurar com sucesso o fluxo coron&#225;rio na art&#233;ria relacionada com o infarto (ARI) na maioria dos pacientes com IAMCSST, cerca de 5 a 15% desses pacientes n&#227;o atingem um fluxo mioc&#225;rdico e reperfus&#227;o adequados, o que &#233; conhecido como fen&#244;meno de n&#227;o refluxo (NR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Na literatura atual, existem alguns estudos que demonstram os poss&#237;veis fatores de risco da NR, que incluem &#225;rea isqu&#234;mica total, tempo isqu&#234;mico prolongado, hipertens&#227;o, tabagismo, dislipidemia, diabetes mellitus (DM) e aumento do estado inflamat&#243;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A prov&#225;vel patog&#234;nese subjacente da NR inclui disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, bloqueio microvascular causado por espasmo microvascular distal e/ou microemboliza&#231;&#227;o e inflama&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A inflama&#231;&#227;o &#233; reconhecida como a principal causa do fen&#244;meno da NR, e v&#225;rios marcadores inflamat&#243;rios t&#234;m sido propostos para a predi&#231;&#227;o da NR. &#205;ndice de imunoinflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica (SII),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> rela&#231;&#227;o &#225;cido &#250;rico/albumina,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> rela&#231;&#227;o prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR)/albumina (CAR)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> e rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> s&#227;o alguns dos preditores relatados na literatura. O &#237;ndice progn&#243;stico de inflama&#231;&#227;o (IPI) surgiu como um novo marcador inflamat&#243;rio e &#233; obtido por <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="m1"><mml:mtext>IPI</mml:mtext><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mtext>NLR</mml:mtext><mml:mo>x</mml:mo><mml:mtext>CAR</mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula>. Um estudo recente demonstrou que a capacidade preditiva do IPI pode ser melhor do que a NLR e a CAR isoladamente. Como os n&#237;veis mais elevados de NLR e CAR est&#227;o associados ao desenvolvimento de NR, consideramos que a combina&#231;&#227;o de ambos os par&#226;metros, o IPI, pode detectar o NR com mais precis&#227;o do que qualquer par&#226;metro sozinho.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Assim, nosso objetivo foi investigar a associa&#231;&#227;o do IPI com o NR neste estudo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Material e m&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este estudo retrospectivo e transversal foi realizado em pacientes com IAMCSST que foram internados na cl&#237;nica de cardiologia entre mar&#231;o de 2013 e mar&#231;o de 2022. O diagn&#243;stico de IAMCSST foi feito com base em diretrizes recentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram os seguintes: receber terapia trombol&#237;tica, doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica ou renal grave, infec&#231;&#227;o ativa, doen&#231;a autoimune cr&#244;nica, doen&#231;a hematol&#243;gica, malignidades, uso de medicamentos que possam afetar os n&#237;veis de albumina e desnutri&#231;&#227;o. O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local da nossa institui&#231;&#227;o e foi conduzido de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque.</p>
      <p>No momento da admiss&#227;o, veias perif&#233;ricas foram utilizadas para obten&#231;&#227;o de amostras de sangue de cada paciente. Os par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos foram examinados por m&#233;todos convencionais, enquanto os par&#226;metros hematol&#243;gicos foram avaliados por meio de um analisador hematol&#243;gico (Beckman Coulter, FL, EUA). Antes da ICPp, as concentra&#231;&#245;es de albumina foram medidas pelo m&#233;todo Bromocresol Green. O IPI foi calculado com base na f&#243;rmula <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="m2"><mml:mtext>IPI</mml:mtext><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mtext>RNL</mml:mtext><mml:mo>x</mml:mo><mml:mtext>CAR</mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Angiografia coron&#225;ria e ICPp</title>
        <p>Utilizando uma abordagem radial ou femoral, um operador qualificado realizou angiografia coron&#225;ria convencional (CAG). Antes da CAG, todos os pacientes receberam uma dose de ataque de inibidores P2Y12 e 300 mg de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico. A mais recente diretriz IAMCSST da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia foi seguida durante as opera&#231;&#245;es ICPp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Dois especialistas intervencionistas experientes, que desconheciam os dados dos pacientes, classificaram o fluxo TIMI na art&#233;ria relacionada ao infarto antes e depois da ICPp. Caso houvesse diverg&#234;ncia entre eles, buscava-se a opini&#227;o do terceiro cardiologista e a decis&#227;o final era tomada com base na concord&#226;ncia de todos os cardiologistas. Para quantificar o fluxo TIMI ap&#243;s ICPp, foi utilizada a categoriza&#231;&#227;o do grau de fluxo tromb&#243;lise no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (TIMI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Os fluxos TIMI 0, I e II na aus&#234;ncia de dissec&#231;&#227;o ou espasmo da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria foram definidos como fen&#244;meno NR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> O grau de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica TIMI (TMPG) foi medido conforme descrito anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Um ou mais ramos da art&#233;ria relacionada ao infarto com nova defici&#234;ncia de enchimento distal e bloqueio inesperado distal ao local da interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria foram identificados como emboliza&#231;&#227;o distal. Um NR eletrocardiogr&#225;fico foi definido como a falta de resolu&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica do segmento ST&gt; 70% no ECG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> O tempo porta-bal&#227;o foi definido como o tempo desde a admiss&#227;o no pronto-socorro do centro de ICP at&#233; a insufla&#231;&#227;o do bal&#227;o. Inibidores das glicoprote&#237;nas IIb/IIIa, adenosina e bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio, ou uma combina&#231;&#227;o desses medicamentos, foram utilizados no manejo da NR em nossa cl&#237;nica. De acordo com o protocolo do hospital, a decis&#227;o de fazer trombectomia mec&#226;nica manual ficou a cargo do cardiologista respons&#225;vel.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A normalidade das distribui&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis foi verificada por meio do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Como todas as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas apresentaram distribui&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o normais, a mediana (intervalo interquartil (IQR)) foi aplicada para apresent&#225;-las. N&#250;meros e porcentagens foram apresentados para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. O teste do &#967;<sup>2</sup> ou teste exato de Fisher foi calculado para as compara&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas entre os grupos de estudo. As compara&#231;&#245;es das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas entre os grupos foram avaliadas pelo teste U de Mann-Whitney. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada foi utilizada para detectar vari&#225;veis estatisticamente significativas associadas ao NR (p&lt;0,05). Para evitar <italic>overfitting</italic> e alcan&#231;ar o desempenho ideal do modelo, a sele&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis para an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivari&#225;vel foi feita com base na regress&#227;o penalizada LASSO. Um modelo multivari&#225;vel com 10 vari&#225;veis selecionadas a partir da regress&#227;o LASSO foi constru&#237;do para detectar preditores independentes de NR. Dois modelos foram criados como um modelo de linha de base (sem IPI) e um modelo completo (adicionando IPI ao modelo de linha de base). Os valores de probabilidade &#967;<sup>2</sup> das vari&#225;veis no modelo multivari&#225;vel foram utilizados para ordenar a proemin&#234;ncia das vari&#225;veis no modelo. A n&#227;o linearidade foi verificada para todas as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas do modelo, e apenas o IPI foi associado de forma n&#227;o linear ao desenvolvimento do IPI. Portanto, inserimos o IPI como um termo n&#227;o linear usando um <italic>spline</italic> c&#250;bico restrito no modelo multivari&#225;vel. A an&#225;lise da curva de caracter&#237;sticas operacionais do receptor (ROC) foi utilizada para comparar as habilidades de discrimina&#231;&#227;o do IPI com o SII e o modelo de linha de base com o modelo completo. Para comparar as curvas ROC foi utilizado o teste de De-long. Al&#233;m disso, foram realizadas an&#225;lises de curva de decis&#227;o para comparar os benef&#237;cios cl&#237;nicos l&#237;quidos do IPI em rela&#231;&#227;o ao SII e o modelo completo em rela&#231;&#227;o ao modelo de base para obter um efeito aditivo do IPI. Foi constru&#237;do um nomograma baseado no modelo completo para c&#225;lculo do risco previsto de NR. Foi utilizada uma valida&#231;&#227;o interna usando 300 replica&#231;&#245;es de <italic>bootstrap</italic>, e as habilidades de discrimina&#231;&#227;o e calibra&#231;&#227;o do modelo foram avaliadas com estat&#237;stica C, Dxy, pontua&#231;&#227;o de Brier, inclina&#231;&#227;o e par&#226;metros de intercepta&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, um gr&#225;fico de calibra&#231;&#227;o foi apresentado para mostrar a capacidade de predi&#231;&#227;o dos nomogramas em novos dados cl&#237;nicos. Programa R vers&#227;o 3.6.3. (software estat&#237;stico R, Instituto de Estat&#237;stica e Matem&#225;tica, Viena, &#193;ustria) foi utilizado para todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas. O intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% e um valor p bilateral de 0,05 foram utilizados para analisar os dados.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>O resumo da metodologia e resultados do estudo est&#225; representado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura Central</xref>.</p>
      <p>O estudo consistiu em 1.541 pacientes consecutivos com IAM (178 com NR e 1.363 com refluxo). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> representa as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais basais de todos os pacientes. Pacientes com NR apresentaram maiores taxas de DM, estado de Killip &#8805; 3, e valores mais elevados de contagem de leuc&#243;citos (leuc&#243;citos), plaquetas, neutr&#243;filos, mon&#243;citos, largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o de gl&#243;bulos vermelhos, &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico, colesterol LDL, PCR, NLR, rela&#231;&#227;o PCR/albumina, SII e IPI, e valores mais baixos da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE), hemoglobina, linf&#243;citos e albumina s&#233;rica quando comparados a pacientes com refluxo.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas basais dos grupos de estudo</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="24%">
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Refluxo (N=1363)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">No-reflow (N=178)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Idade, anos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">60,0 (52,0-68,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">60,0 (47,0-73,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,704</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Sexo masculino, (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">760 (55,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">103 (57,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,651</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">&#205;ndice de massa corporal, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">27,1 (24,5-30,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">27,1 (24,1-29,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,979</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Diabetes mellitus, (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">630 (46,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">101 (56,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,010</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Hipertens&#227;o, (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">680 (49,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">96 (53,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,350</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Tabagismo, (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">737 (54,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">105 (59,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,246</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">DAC anterior, (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">615 (45,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">80 (44,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">DAC familiar, (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">683 (50,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">96 (53,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,379</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Killip &gt; 3, (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">291 (21,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">63 (35,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">PA sist&#243;lica, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">130 (120-130)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">130 (120-130)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,401</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">FEVE, %</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">45,0 (40,0-50,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">40,0 (40,0-50,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">GB, &#215; 109/L</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">9,96 (8,44-11,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">11,5 (10,1-13,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Hemoglobina, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">13,9 (12,9-14,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">13,5 (12,5-14,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,015</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Plaquetas, &#215; 109/L</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">226 (193-265)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">230 (205-279)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,024</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Neutr&#243;filos, &#215; 109/L</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">7,36 (5,57-9,49)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">8,73 (7,38-11,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Linf&#243;citos, &#215; 109/L</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,90 (1,49-2,62)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,65 (1,21-2,56)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Mon&#243;citos, &#215; 109/L</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,51 (0,34-0,63)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,57 (0,33-0,84)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">RDW, FL</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">44,9 (43,1-47,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">46,2 (43,7-47,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">VPM, FL</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">10,2 (9,50-11,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">10,3 (9,43-11,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,851</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Creatinina s&#233;rica, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,90 (0,80-1,00)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,90 (0,80-1,00)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,807</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">&#193;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">5h00 (4h20-5h80)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">5,50 (4,80-6,17)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">S&#243;dio, mmol/L</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">139 (138-139)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">138 (138-139)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,498</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Albumina, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">4h20 (4h00-4h30)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">3,90 (3,50-4,00)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Triglicer&#237;deos, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">110 (88,5-155)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">110 (95,8-143)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,545</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Colesterol HDL, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">44,0 (36,0-54,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">41,0 (38,0-54,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,410</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Colesterol LDL, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">100 (78,0-130)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">101 (80,0-140)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Colesterol total, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">183 (147-218)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">192 (143-218)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,172</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">PCR, mg/Dl</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">3,10 (2,00-5,10)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">5,10 (3,60-6,77)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">NLR</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">3,74 (2,38-6,01)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">5,50 (3,47-8,84)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Rela&#231;&#227;o PCR/albumina</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,78 (0,48-1,21)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,32 (0,92-1,96)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">SII</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">815 (487-1438)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1310 (712-2216)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">IPI</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2,93 (1,64-5,53)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">7,19 (4,46-12,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="5" valign="top">
                <bold>Drogas</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">AAS, (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">622 (45,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">84 (47,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,755</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Antiagregantes, (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">459 (33,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">66 (37,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,414</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Estatinas, (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">600 (44,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">83 (46,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,563</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Inh. ECA/BRAs, (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">552 (40,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">80 (44,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,292</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Bloqueadores beta, (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">502 (36,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">53 (29,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,078</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Bloqueadores de canais de Ca, (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">579 (42,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">84 (47,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,266</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; PA: press&#227;o arterial; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; GB: gl&#243;bulos brancos; RDW: largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o de gl&#243;bulos vermelhos; VPM: volume plaquet&#225;rio m&#233;dio; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: baixa densidade lipoprote&#237;na; PCR: prote&#237;na C reativa; NLR: rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filos-linf&#243;citos; SII: &#237;ndice imunol&#243;gico inflamat&#243;rio sist&#234;mico; IPI: &#237;ndice progn&#243;stico inflamat&#243;rio; AAS: &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico; ECA/BRA: enzima angiotensina/bloqueador de receptor de angiotensina.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> mostra a compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas dos grupos de estudo. O comprimento da les&#227;o alvo e o tempo porta-bal&#227;o foram maiores no grupo NR do que no grupo de refluxo. O grupo NR apresentou taxas mais altas de TMPG &#8805;2, emboliza&#231;&#227;o distal, grau de carga de trombo&#8805;4, e taxas mais baixas de resolu&#231;&#227;o ST do que o grupo de refluxo. O grupo NR apresentou maior mortalidade hospitalar do que o grupo de refluxo (14% vs. 4,1%, respectivamente, p = &lt;0,001). Tempo porta-bal&#227;o, contagem de mon&#243;citos, &#225;cido &#250;rico s&#233;rico, troponina I basal, colesterol LDL, FEVE, comprimento da les&#227;o alvo, grau de carga de trombo, status de Killip e IPI, que foram selecionados pela regress&#227;o penalizada LASSO como proeminentes no modelo, foram utilizados no modelo multivari&#225;vel (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>). Todas as vari&#225;veis do modelo foram independentemente associadas ao NR, e os resultados da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada foram apresentados como <italic>odds ratio</italic> para o intervalo interquartil (do percentil 25 ao 75) para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>). O modelo completo foi criado adicionando o IPI ao modelo de linha de base, e o IPI foi a vari&#225;vel mais proeminente no modelo (Probabilidade &#967;<sup>2</sup> = 76,2, p &lt;0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 2</xref>). O modelo completo apresentou maior capacidade discriminativa do que o modelo basal para pacientes com NR de pacientes com refluxo (&#225;rea sob a curva (AUC) = 0,919 vs. 0,883, respectivamente, valor p do teste De-long = 0,017) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 3</xref>). A capacidade discriminativa do IPI para pacientes com NR tamb&#233;m foi superior ao SII (AUC = 0,777, 0,672, respectivamente, valor p do teste De-Long &lt;0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 4</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, o IPI foi mais discriminativo do que ambos os componentes, incluindo NLR e CAR (valores de AUC = 0,777, 0,651, 0,714, respectivamente, valor p do teste De-Long para IPI vs. NLR &lt;0,001, para IPI vs. CAR =0,007) (Arquivo complementar 1). Houve rela&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o linear entre o IPI e as chances de NR (p para n&#227;o linearidade &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 5</xref>). A an&#225;lise da curva de decis&#227;o mostrou que a adi&#231;&#227;o do IPI &#224; linha de base melhorou o benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico l&#237;quido acima de um valor limite de 2% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 6</xref>). O IPI apresentou maior benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico l&#237;quido quando comparado ao SII acima do limite de 2% (arquivo complementar 2). Foi criado um nomograma cl&#237;nico com vari&#225;veis do modelo multivari&#225;vel para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de NR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 7</xref>). Um m&#233;todo de <italic>bootstrappin</italic>g gerando 300 amostras aleat&#243;rias a partir da distribui&#231;&#227;o amostral atual com reposi&#231;&#227;o foi utilizado para a valida&#231;&#227;o interna do nomograma, e os resultados mostraram uma boa calibra&#231;&#227;o (R2 = 0,50, intercepto = 0, inclina&#231;&#227;o = 1, Emax = 0,08, Brier =0,06) e capacidade discriminativa (Dxy=0,84, estat&#237;stica c=0,92) com otimismo ajustado. O gr&#225;fico de calibra&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m demonstrou a calibra&#231;&#227;o adequada do nomograma (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figura 8</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Propriedades angiogr&#225;ficas e taxas de mortalidade hospitalar dos grupos de estudo</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="24%">
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Refluxo (N=1363)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">No-reflow (N=178)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                <bold>ARI</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,085</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">DAE, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">708 (51,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">93 (52,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Cx, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">340 (24,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">40 (22,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">CD, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">257 (18,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">43 (24,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">EVS, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">58 (4,26)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2 (1,12)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Di&#226;metro do vaso alvo &#8805; 4 mm, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">211 (15,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">22 (12,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,326</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Comprimento da les&#227;o alvo, mm</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">25,0 (20,0-38,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">36,0 (25,0-40,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Tempo porta-bal&#227;o, min<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref> </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">40,0 (30,0-45,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">45,0 (30,0-60,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,011</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                <bold>Procedimento:</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,080</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">ICP + implante de stent, (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1207 (88,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">166 (93,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Stent direto, (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">114 (8,36)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">11 (6,18)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">S&#243; ICP, (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">42 (3,08)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1 (0,56)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">TMPG &#8805; 2, (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1078 (79,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">110 (61,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Emboliza&#231;&#227;o distal, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">43 (3,15)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">24 (13,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Resolu&#231;&#227;o do ST, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1311 (96,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">138 (77,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Grau de carga tromb&#243;tica &#8805; 4, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">339 (24,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">108 (60,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Mortalidade hospitalar, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">55 (4.1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">25 (14)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt; 0,001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>ARI: art&#233;ria relacionada ao infarto; DAE: art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda; Cx: circunflexa; CD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita; EVS: enxerto venoso safeno; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; TMPG: tromb&#243;lise no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (TIMI) grau de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>O tempo porta-bal&#227;o foi definido como o tempo desde a admiss&#227;o no pronto-socorro do centro de ICP at&#233; a insufla&#231;&#227;o do bal&#227;o.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivari&#225;vel para detec&#231;&#227;o de n&#227;o refluxo</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;veis</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">OR</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">IC 95%</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Tempo porta-bal&#227;o (30-46)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1.383</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1.161-1.648</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">Mon&#243;cito (0,34-0,66)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1.360</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1.084-1.706</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,007</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">&#193;cido &#250;rico (4,2-5,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2.367</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1.731-3.236</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">Troponina I basal (0,1-10)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1.307</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1.065-1.603</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,011</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Colesterol LDL (78-131)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1.615</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1.195-2.183</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,018</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">FEVE (40-50)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,688</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,535-0,883</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,003</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Comprimento da les&#227;o alvo (20-38)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2.165</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1.603-924</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">Grau de carga tromb&#243;tica (4-5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">8.847</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">5.332-14.680</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Status Killip &#8805; 3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1.784</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1.154-759</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top">IPI (1,8-9,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">10.564</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">5.989-18.632</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda; IPI: &#237;ndice progn&#243;stico inflamat&#243;rio; OR: raz&#227;o de chances; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Regress&#227;o penalizada LASSO para sele&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230644-30644-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>O tipo de vari&#225;veis com base nos valores de probabilidade &#967;<sup>2</sup> para detectar a proemin&#234;ncia das vari&#225;veis no modelo multivari&#225;vel. FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IPI: &#237;ndice progn&#243;stico inflamat&#243;rio; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230644-30644-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f4">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>A compara&#231;&#227;o das habilidades discriminativas do modelo basal e completo usando curvas de caracter&#237;sticas operacionais do receptor (ROC).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230644-30644-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f5">
        <label>Figura 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>A compara&#231;&#227;o das habilidades discriminativas de IPI e SII usando curvas de caracter&#237;sticas operacionais do receptor (ROC). IPI: &#237;ndice progn&#243;stico inflamat&#243;rio.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230644-30644-gf05.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f6">
        <label>Figura 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>A rela&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o linear do IPI com o risco logar&#237;tmico de no-reflow. IPI: &#237;ndice progn&#243;stico inflamat&#243;rio.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230644-30644-gf06.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f7">
        <label>Figura 6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>An&#225;lise da curva de decis&#227;o para detectar o benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico l&#237;quido do IPI adicionando-o ao modelo de linha de base.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230644-30644-gf07.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f8">
        <label>Figura 7</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Nomograma cl&#237;nico baseado no IPI para detectar o risco de desenvolvimento de no-reflow. FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IPI: &#237;ndice progn&#243;stico inflamat&#243;rio.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230644-30644-gf08.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f9">
        <label>Figura 8</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Gr&#225;fico de calibra&#231;&#227;o do nomograma.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230644-30644-gf09.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo mostrou que os pacientes com NR apresentavam um IPI mais elevado, e o IPI estava associado de forma n&#227;o linear ao risco de desenvolvimento de NR. O IPI teve uma capacidade discriminativa mais elevada do que o SII, e a adi&#231;&#227;o do IPI ao modelo de base melhorou a capacidade discriminativa do modelo e o efeito do benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico l&#237;quido. Um nomograma de risco baseado no IPI apresentou boa capacidade discriminativa e preditiva na valida&#231;&#227;o interna para detec&#231;&#227;o de NR. Por fim, o IPI foi a vari&#225;vel mais significativa no modelo multivari&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>A incid&#234;ncia do fen&#244;meno NR pode variar de 3 a 15% em pacientes com IAMCSST, e a principal limita&#231;&#227;o da ICPp &#233; o desenvolvimento do fen&#244;meno NR na ARI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Em conson&#226;ncia com a literatura, a preval&#234;ncia de NR na nossa amostra foi de 11,6%. Existem diversas complica&#231;&#245;es da NR, como arritmias e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> As taxas de mortalidade hospitalar dos grupos NR e de refluxo em nosso estudo foram de 14% vs. 4,1%, respectivamente, o que estava de acordo com relatos anteriores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> V&#225;rios fatores de risco foram identificados para o desenvolvimento de NR ap&#243;s ICPp, incluindo atraso no tempo de ICPp, menor FEVE, maior comprimento da les&#227;o-alvo, maiores graus de trombos e pior estado de Killip.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Descobrimos que maior tempo porta-bal&#227;o, baixa FEVE, maior comprimento da les&#227;o-alvo, maior grau de trombo e pior estado de Killip foram preditores independentes de NR e todos foram utilizados no nomograma. Muitas pesquisas foram realizadas para determinar poss&#237;veis fatores de risco para NR; no entanto, ainda falta um m&#233;todo fi&#225;vel de avalia&#231;&#227;o dos riscos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Portanto, nosso objetivo foi desenvolver um nomograma de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco baseado no IPI no presente estudo. Com base em nosso conhecimento, esta &#233; a primeira pesquisa a avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o de IPI com NR em pacientes com IAM na literatura.</p>
      <p>Os mecanismos subjacentes respons&#225;veis da NR n&#227;o foram totalmente compreendidos. No entanto, a oclus&#227;o microvascular devido ao ac&#250;mulo de plaquetas e neutr&#243;filos, a compress&#227;o externa que ocorre ap&#243;s edema mioc&#225;rdico e a vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o grave poderiam ser esperadas como as principais causas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A inflama&#231;&#227;o desempenha um papel fundamental no desenvolvimento da NR. Sabe-se que o t&#244;nus microvascular, o t&#244;nus epic&#225;rdico e a fun&#231;&#227;o dos neutr&#243;filos s&#227;o afetados pela inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica de baixo grau. A estimula&#231;&#227;o e o ac&#250;mulo de neutr&#243;filos polimorfonucleares surgem no mioc&#225;rdio lesionado logo ap&#243;s a reperfus&#227;o da ARI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A deformabilidade celular pode ser ainda mais reduzida durante a ativa&#231;&#227;o de neutr&#243;filos. Essas caracter&#237;sticas hemorreol&#243;gicas poderiam ser um fator no aprisionamento de leuc&#243;citos nos capilares, o que resultaria em obstru&#231;&#227;o microvascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e NR foi investigada anteriormente. Wang et al. mostraram que a contagem de neutr&#243;filos na admiss&#227;o foi um preditor independente de NR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Dogan et al. observaram que contagens baixas de linf&#243;citos estavam relacionadas &#224; NR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Wagdy et al. combinaram esses dois fatores hematol&#243;gicos e relataram que a RNL foi maior na NR e foi um preditor independente de NR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Outro marcador inflamat&#243;rio, a PCR, foi relatado como maior em pacientes com NR, e a PCR foi independentemente associada &#224; NR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A PCR pode aumentar o risco de NR de duas maneiras poss&#237;veis: em primeiro lugar, n&#237;veis elevados de PCR estimulam a hipercoagula&#231;&#227;o, o que resulta em oclus&#227;o microvascular e, em segundo lugar, leva a um grande tamanho do infarto, aumentando a cascata do complemento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A albumina &#233; um reagente negativo de fase aguda e possui efeitos anti-inflamat&#243;rios e antioxidantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Um estado inflamat&#243;rio mais elevado est&#225; relacionado com n&#237;veis mais baixos de albumina s&#233;rica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> A diminui&#231;&#227;o da albumina pode induzir les&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. O desenvolvimento de um estado de hipercoagulabilidade na luz capilar pode ser influenciado pela perda das propriedades antioxidantes da albumina na microcircula&#231;&#227;o coronariana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Finalmente, descobriu-se que a albumina mais baixa est&#225; associada &#224; aterosclerose coronariana prolongada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Kurtul et al. relataram que a albumina s&#233;rica mais baixa estava associada &#224; NR e ao GPM mais baixo em pacientes com IAM ap&#243;s ICPp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> A PCR e a albumina foram combinadas e descobriu-se que o CAR estava independentemente ligado &#224; NR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O IPI emergiu como um novo marcador inflamat&#243;rio que &#233; um composto de NLR e CAR. Foi relatado como um preditor de progn&#243;stico em pacientes com c&#226;ncer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Nenhum estudo avaliou o IPI no IAMCSST para NR na literatura. Espera-se que a combina&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis tenha maior capacidade preditiva do que os par&#226;metros separadamente. Esta pesquisa indicou que o IPI tinha maior capacidade discriminativa e preditiva do que NLR e CAR. Al&#233;m disso, o SII &#233; um dos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios mais relatados na literatura. Tamb&#233;m encontramos a superioridade do IPI sobre o SII na detec&#231;&#227;o de NR nesta pesquisa.</p>
      <p>O IPI, um marcador facilmente calcul&#225;vel a partir do hemograma perif&#233;rico, e tamb&#233;m o nomograma baseado no IPI podem prever o desenvolvimento do fen&#244;meno NR e podem ser usados para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e ajudar os m&#233;dicos a tomar decis&#245;es para o tratamento de pacientes com IAM submetidos a ICPp que est&#227;o em alta risco para o desenvolvimento de NR. Em pacientes com alto risco de NR com base no IPI antes da ICPp, os m&#233;dicos devem estar cientes da realiza&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos que levem a um menor risco de desenvolvimento de NR, incluindo implanta&#231;&#227;o direta de stent sem usar dilata&#231;&#245;es repetidas de bal&#227;o, usar bal&#245;es revestidos com medicamento, usar glicoprote&#237;nas Inibidores IIb/IIIa, transfer&#234;ncias r&#225;pidas de pacientes para os centros com unidades de ICPp para obter tempos curtos de dor at&#233; o bal&#227;o, usando dispositivos de aspira&#231;&#227;o de trombos, bem como usando stent longo &#250;nico em vez de stents sobrepostos.</p>
      <p>Houve algumas limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo, em primeiro lugar, devido ao desenho do estudo transversal e retrospectivo, uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre o IPI e o NR n&#227;o p&#244;de ser bem documentada. Em segundo lugar, pode haver efeitos de confus&#227;o n&#227;o medidos, apesar da presen&#231;a de um modelo de regress&#227;o multivari&#225;vel. Em terceiro lugar, outra desvantagem foi a aus&#234;ncia de t&#233;cnicas mais precisas para determinar o grau de NR, como a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica coronariana e a ecocardiografia com contraste mioc&#225;rdico. Em quarto lugar, os resultados n&#227;o puderam ser generalizados para outros pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda porque apenas pacientes com IAMCSST foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Em quinto lugar, como a dura&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi longa e foram observadas algumas mudan&#231;as nas estrat&#233;gias de tratamento para o manejo de pacientes com IAMCSST, tais diferen&#231;as n&#227;o foram levadas em considera&#231;&#227;o em nosso estudo. Portanto, novos estudos que investiguem o valor preditivo do IPI em diferentes anos poder&#227;o esclarecer esta quest&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo revelou que o IPI foi um preditor independente de NR em pacientes com IAMCSST. O IPI pode ser um marcador melhor que o SII, NLR e CAR para detectar pacientes com NR. Finalmente, o nomograma baseado no IPI apresentou boas propriedades de discrimina&#231;&#227;o e calibra&#231;&#227;o para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Terkelsen</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Christiansen</surname>
              <given-names>EH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>S&#248;rensen</surname>
              <given-names>JT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kristensen</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lassen</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thuesen</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Primary PCI as the Preferred Reperfusion Therapy in STEMI: it is a Matter of Time</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>95</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>362</fpage>
          <lpage>369</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/hrt.2007.139493</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 Terkelsen CJ, Christiansen EH, S&#248;rensen JT, Kristensen SD, Lassen JF, Thuesen L, et al. Primary PCI as the Preferred Reperfusion Therapy in STEMI: it is a Matter of Time. Heart. 2009;95(5):362-9. doi: 10.1136/hrt.2007.139493.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Durante</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Camici</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Novel Insights Into an "Old" Phenomenon: The no Reflow</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>187</volume>
          <fpage>273</fpage>
          <lpage>280</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.03.359</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2 Durante A, Camici PG. Novel Insights Into an "Old" Phenomenon: The no Reflow. Int J Cardiol. 2015;187:273-80. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.03.359.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Niccoli</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burzotta</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Galiuto</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crea</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Myocardial No-Reflow in Humans</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>54</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>281</fpage>
          <lpage>292</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2009.03.054</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3 Niccoli G, Burzotta F, Galiuto L, Crea F. Myocardial No-Reflow in Humans. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54(4):281-92. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.03.054.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Esenbo&#287;a</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kurtul</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yamant&#252;rk</surname>
              <given-names>YY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tan</surname>
              <given-names>TS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tutar</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index Predicts No-Reflow Phenomenon after Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</article-title>
          <source>Acta Cardiol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>77</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>59</fpage>
          <lpage>65</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/00015385.2021.1884786</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4 Esenbo&#287;a K, Kurtul A, Yamant&#252;rk YY, Tan TS, Tutar DE. Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index Predicts No-Reflow Phenomenon after Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Acta Cardiol. 2022;77(1):59-65. doi: 10.1080/00015385.2021.1884786.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>&#199;&#305;nar</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>&#350;ayl&#305;k</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hay&#305;ro&#287;lu</surname>
              <given-names>M&#304;</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Asal</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sel&#231;uk</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>&#199;i&#231;ek</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Association of Serum Uric Acid/Albumin Ratio with No-Reflow in Patients with ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
          <source>Angiology</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>74</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>381</fpage>
          <lpage>386</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/00033197221110700</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5 &#199;&#305;nar T, &#350;ayl&#305;k F, Hay&#305;ro&#287;lu M&#304;, Asal S, Sel&#231;uk M, &#199;i&#231;ek V, et al. The Association of Serum Uric Acid/Albumin Ratio with No-Reflow in Patients with ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Angiology. 2023;74(4):381-6. doi: 10.1177/00033197221110700.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Karaba&#287;</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>&#199;a&#287;da&#351;</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rencuzogullari</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karakoyun</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arta&#231;</surname>
              <given-names>&#304;</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>&#304;li&#351;</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Usefulness of the C-Reactive Protein/Albumin Ratio for Predicting No-Reflow in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Treated with Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Clin Invest</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>48</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <elocation-id>e12928</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/eci.12928</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6 Karaba&#287; Y, &#199;a&#287;da&#351; M, Rencuzogullari I, Karakoyun S, Arta&#231; &#304;, &#304;li&#351; D, et al. Usefulness of the C-Reactive Protein/Albumin Ratio for Predicting No-Reflow in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Treated with Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Eur J Clin Invest. 2018;48(6):e12928. doi: 10.1111/eci.12928.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wagdy</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sobhy</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Loutfi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio as a Predictor of In-Hospital Major Adverse Cardiac Events, New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation, and No-Reflow Phenomenon in Patients with ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
          <source>Clin Med Insights Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <fpage>19</fpage>
          <lpage>22</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4137/CMC.S35555</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7 Wagdy S, Sobhy M, Loutfi M. Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio as a Predictor of In-Hospital Major Adverse Cardiac Events, New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation, and No-Reflow Phenomenon in Patients with ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Clin Med Insights Cardiol. 2016;10:19-22. doi: 10.4137/CMC.S35555.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ibanez</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>James</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Agewall</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Antunes</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bucciarelli-Ducci</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bueno</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2017 ESC Guidelines for the Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients Presenting with ST-Segment Elevation: the Task Force for the Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients Presenting with ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>119</fpage>
          <lpage>177</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehx393</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8 Ibanez B, James S, Agewall S, Antunes MJ, Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Bueno H, et al. 2017 ESC Guidelines for the Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients Presenting with ST-Segment Elevation: the Task Force for the Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients Presenting with ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2018;39(2):119-77. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx393.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>TIMI Study Group</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comparison of Invasive and Conservative Strategies after Treatment with Intravenous Tissue Plasminogen Activator in Acute Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
          <source>Results of the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) Phase II Trial. N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>1989</year>
          <volume>320</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>618</fpage>
          <lpage>627</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJM198903093201002</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9 TIMI Study Group. Comparison of Invasive and Conservative Strategies after Treatment with Intravenous Tissue Plasminogen Activator in Acute Myocardial Infarction. Results of the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) Phase II Trial. N Engl J Med. 1989;320(10):618-27. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198903093201002.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Abbo</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dooris</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Glazier</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O&#8217;Neill</surname>
              <given-names>WW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Byrd</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grines</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Features and Outcome of No-Reflow after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <volume>75</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>778</fpage>
          <lpage>782</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0002-9149(99)80410-x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10 Abbo KM, Dooris M, Glazier S, O&#8217;Neill WW, Byrd D, Grines CL, et al. Features and Outcome of No-Reflow after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Am J Cardiol. 1995;75(12):778-82. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(99)80410-x.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gibson</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cannon</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Daley</surname>
              <given-names>WL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dodge</surname>
              <given-names>JT</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alexander</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marble</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>TIMI Frame Count: a Quantitative Method of Assessing Coronary Artery Flow</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>93</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>879</fpage>
          <lpage>888</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.cir.93.5.879</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>11 Gibson CM, Cannon CP, Daley WL, Dodge JT Jr, Alexander B Jr, Marble SJ, et al. TIMI Frame Count: a Quantitative Method of Assessing Coronary Artery Flow. Circulation. 1996;93(5):879-88. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.93.5.879.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>A&#351;k&#305;n</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Akt&#252;rk</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association between SYNTAX II Score and Electrocardiographic Evidence of No-Reflow in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
          <source>Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>46</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>455</fpage>
          <lpage>463</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5543/tkda.2018.86132</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>12 A&#351;k&#305;n L, Akt&#252;rk E. Association between SYNTAX II Score and Electrocardiographic Evidence of No-Reflow in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars. 2018;46(6):455-63. doi: 10.5543/tkda.2018.86132.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Deng</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhao</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Su</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhou</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huang</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zeng</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Machine Learning to Predict no Reflow and In-Hospital Mortality in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction that Underwent Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</article-title>
          <source>BMC Med Inform Decis Mak</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>109</fpage>
          <lpage>109</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12911-022-01853-2</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>13 Deng L, Zhao X, Su X, Zhou M, Huang D, Zeng X. Machine Learning to Predict no Reflow and In-Hospital Mortality in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction that Underwent Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2022;22(1):109. doi: 10.1186/s12911-022-01853-2.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Harrison</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aggarwal</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ou</surname>
              <given-names>FS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klein</surname>
              <given-names>LW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rumsfeld</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roe</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Incidence and Outcomes of No-Reflow Phenomenon During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention among Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>178</fpage>
          <lpage>184</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.09.015</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>14 Harrison RW, Aggarwal A, Ou FS, Klein LW, Rumsfeld JS, Roe MT, et al. Incidence and Outcomes of No-Reflow Phenomenon During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention among Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2013;111(2):178-84. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.09.015.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Celik</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iyisoy</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kursaklioglu</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Turhan</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kilic</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kose</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Impact of Admission C-Reactive Protein Levels on the Development of Poor Myocardial Perfusion after Primary Percutaneous Intervention in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
          <source>Coron Artery Dis</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>293</fpage>
          <lpage>299</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/00019501-200508000-00006</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>15 Celik T, Iyisoy A, Kursaklioglu H, Turhan H, Kilic S, Kose S, et al. The Impact of Admission C-Reactive Protein Levels on the Development of Poor Myocardial Perfusion after Primary Percutaneous Intervention in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction. Coron Artery Dis. 2005;16(5):293-9. doi: 10.1097/00019501-200508000-00006.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fajar</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heriansyah</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rohman</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Predictors of no Reflow Phenomenon after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients with ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>Indian Heart J</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>70</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl 3</supplement>
          <fpage>S406</fpage>
          <lpage>S418</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ihj.2018.01.032</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>16 Fajar JK, Heriansyah T, Rohman MS. The Predictors of no Reflow Phenomenon after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients with ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Meta-Analysis. Indian Heart J. 2018;70(Suppl 3):S406-18. doi: 10.1016/j.ihj.2018.01.032.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhou</surname>
              <given-names>ZQ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>YD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhu</surname>
              <given-names>XL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Risk Score for no Reflow in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction after Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</article-title>
          <source>Clin Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>208</fpage>
          <lpage>215</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/clc.22376</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>17 Wang JW, Zhou ZQ, Chen YD, Wang CH, Zhu XL. A Risk Score for no Reflow in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction after Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Clin Cardiol. 2015;38(4):208-15. doi: 10.1002/clc.22376.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Michaels</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gibson</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barron</surname>
              <given-names>HV</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Microvascular Dysfunction in Acute Myocardial Infarction: Focus on the Roles of Platelet and Inflammatory Mediators in the No-Reflow Phenomenon</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>85</volume>
          <issue>5A</issue>
          <fpage>50B</fpage>
          <lpage>60B</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0002-9149(00)00811-0</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>18 Michaels AD, Gibson CM, Barron HV. Microvascular Dysfunction in Acute Myocardial Infarction: Focus on the Roles of Platelet and Inflammatory Mediators in the No-Reflow Phenomenon. Am J Cardiol. 2000;85(5A):50B-60B. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(00)00811-0.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ren</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lei</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ye</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peng</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Relationship between Neutrophil Counts on Admission and Angiographic No-Reflow after Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
          <source>Acta Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>71</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>241</fpage>
          <lpage>246</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2143/AC.71.2.3141856</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>19 Wang Z, Ren L, Lei L, Ye H, Peng J. The Relationship between Neutrophil Counts on Admission and Angiographic No-Reflow after Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Acta Cardiol. 2016;71(2):241-6. doi: 10.2143/AC.71.2.3141856.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dogan</surname>
              <given-names>NB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ozpelit</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Akdeniz</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bilgin</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baris</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Simple Clinical Risk Score for No-Reflow Prediction in Patients Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with Acute STEMI</article-title>
          <source>Pak J Med Sci</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>576</fpage>
          <lpage>581</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12669/pjms.313.7484</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>20 Dogan NB, Ozpelit E, Akdeniz S, Bilgin M, Baris N. Simple Clinical Risk Score for No-Reflow Prediction in Patients Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with Acute STEMI. Pak J Med Sci. 2015;31(3):576-81. doi: 10.12669/pjms.313.7484.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ohlmann</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jaquemin</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morel</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>El Behlgiti</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Faure</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Michotey</surname>
              <given-names>MO</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prognostic Value of C-Reactive Protein and Cardiac Troponin I in Primary Percutaneous Interventions for ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>152</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1161</fpage>
          <lpage>1167</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ahj.2006.07.016</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>21 Ohlmann P, Jaquemin L, Morel O, El Behlgiti R, Faure A, Michotey MO, et al. Prognostic Value of C-Reactive Protein and Cardiac Troponin I in Primary Percutaneous Interventions for ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Am Heart J. 2006;152(6):1161-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2006.07.016.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Griselli</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herbert</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hutchinson</surname>
              <given-names>WL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taylor</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sohail</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krausz</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>C-Reactive Protein and Complement are Important Mediators of Tissue Damage in Acute Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
          <source>J Exp Med</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>190</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1733</fpage>
          <lpage>1740</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1084/jem.190.12.1733</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>22 Griselli M, Herbert J, Hutchinson WL, Taylor KM, Sohail M, Krausz T, et al. C-Reactive Protein and Complement are Important Mediators of Tissue Damage in Acute Myocardial Infarction. J Exp Med. 1999;190(12):1733-40. doi: 10.1084/jem.190.12.1733.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>&#216;rn</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manhenke</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ueland</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dam&#229;s</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mollnes</surname>
              <given-names>TE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Edvardsen</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>C-Reactive Protein, Infarct Size, Microvascular Obstruction, and Left-Ventricular Remodelling Following Acute Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1180</fpage>
          <lpage>1186</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehp070</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>23 &#216;rn S, Manhenke C, Ueland T, Dam&#229;s JK, Mollnes TE, Edvardsen T, et al. C-Reactive Protein, Infarct Size, Microvascular Obstruction, and Left-Ventricular Remodelling Following Acute Myocardial Infarction. Eur Heart J. 2009;30(10):1180-6. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp070.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Roche</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rondeau</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Singh</surname>
              <given-names>NR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tarnus</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bourdon</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Antioxidant Properties of Serum Albumin</article-title>
          <source>FEBS Lett</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>582</volume>
          <issue>13</issue>
          <fpage>1783</fpage>
          <lpage>1787</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.febslet.2008.04.057</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>24 Roche M, Rondeau P, Singh NR, Tarnus E, Bourdon E. The Antioxidant Properties of Serum Albumin. FEBS Lett. 2008;582(13):1783-7. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.04.057.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Don</surname>
              <given-names>BR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaysen</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Serum albumin: Relationship to Inflammation and Nutrition</article-title>
          <source>Semin Dial</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>432</fpage>
          <lpage>437</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.0894-0959.2004.17603.x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>25 Don BR, Kaysen G. Serum albumin: Relationship to Inflammation and Nutrition. Semin Dial. 2004;17(6):432-7. doi: 10.1111/j.0894-0959.2004.17603.x.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Halliwell</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Albumin--an Important Extracellular Antioxidant?</article-title>
          <source>Biochem Pharmacol</source>
          <year>1988</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>569</fpage>
          <lpage>571</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0006-2952(88)90126-8</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>26 Halliwell B. Albumin--an Important Extracellular Antioxidant?. Biochem Pharmacol. 1988;37(4):569-71. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(88)90126-8.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Narang</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ridout</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nonis</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kooner</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Serum Calcium, Phosphorus and Albumin Levels in Relation to the Angiographic Severity of Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>60</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>73</fpage>
          <lpage>79</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0167-5273(97)02971-9</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>27 Narang R, Ridout D, Nonis C, Kooner JS. Serum Calcium, Phosphorus and Albumin Levels in Relation to the Angiographic Severity of Coronary Artery Disease. Int J Cardiol. 1997;60(1):73-9. doi: 10.1016/s0167-5273(97)02971-9.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kurtul</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ocek</surname>
              <given-names>AH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murat</surname>
              <given-names>SN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yarlioglues</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Demircelik</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duran</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Serum Albumin Levels on Admission are Associated with Angiographic No-Reflow after Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
          <source>Angiology</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>66</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>278</fpage>
          <lpage>285</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/0003319714526035</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>28 Kurtul A, Ocek AH, Murat SN, Yarlioglues M, Demircelik MB, Duran M, et al. Serum Albumin Levels on Admission are Associated with Angiographic No-Reflow after Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Angiology. 2015;66(3):278-85. doi: 10.1177/0003319714526035.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ozveren</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Erdogan</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ekinci</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Inflammatory Prognostic Index as a Potential Predictor of Prognosis in Metastatic Gastric Cancer</article-title>
          <source>Sci Rep</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>7755</fpage>
          <lpage>7755</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41598-023-34778-5</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>29 Ozveren A, Erdogan AP, Ekinci F. The Inflammatory Prognostic Index as a Potential Predictor of Prognosis in Metastatic Gastric Cancer. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):7755. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-34778-5.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dirican</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dirican</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anar</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Atalay</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ozturk</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bircan</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A New Inflammatory Prognostic Index, Based on C-reactive Protein, the Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio and Serum Albumin is Useful for Predicting Prognosis in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cases</article-title>
          <source>Asian Pac J Cancer Prev</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>5101</fpage>
          <lpage>5106</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22034/APJCP.2016.17.12.5101</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>30 Dirican N, Dirican A, Anar C, Atalay S, Ozturk O, Bircan A, et al. A New Inflammatory Prognostic Index, Based on C-reactive Protein, the Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio and Serum Albumin is Useful for Predicting Prognosis in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cases. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2016;17(12):5101-6. doi: 10.22034/APJCP.2016.17.12.5101.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <app-group>
      <app id="app1">
        <label>*Material suplementar</label>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional do Material Suplementar, por favor, clique <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://aquihttp://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12105/2023-0644_AO_Supplementary-material.pdf">aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </app>
    </app-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230644i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Predictive Value of the Inflammatory Prognostic Index for Detecting No-Reflow in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3165-6769</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#350;ayl&#305;k</surname>
            <given-names>Faysal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8188-5020</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;&#305;nar</surname>
            <given-names>Tufan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4546-9227</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tanbo&#287;a</surname>
            <given-names>&#304;brahim Halil</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Van</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Health Sciences University, Van Training and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Van &#8211; Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Health Sciences University, Sultan II. Abdulhamid Han Training and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Istanbul &#8211; Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hisar Intercontinental Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Istanbul &#8211; Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff9">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">School of Health Science, Nisantasi University, Department of Cardiology, Istanbul &#8211; Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff10">
          <label>5</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Erzurum</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Atat&#252;rk University, Department of Biostatistics, Erzurum &#8211; Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Faysal &#350;ayl&#305;k</bold> &#8226; Health Sciences University, Van Training and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Suphan Street, <postal-code>65100</postal-code>, Edremit, Van &#8211; Turkey. E-mail: <email>faysalsaylik@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>No-reflow (NR) is characterized by an acute reduction in coronary flow that is not accompanied by coronary spasm, thrombosis, or dissection. Inflammatory prognostic index (IPI) is a novel marker that was reported to have a prognostic role in cancer patients and is calculated by neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) multiplied by C-reactive protein/albumin ratio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>We aimed to investigate the relationship between IPI and NR in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A total of 1541 patients were enrolled in this study (178 with NR and 1363 with reflow). Lasso panelized shrinkage was used for variable selection. A nomogram was created based on IPI for detecting the risk of NR development. Internal validation with Bootstrap resampling was used for model reproducibility. A two-sided p-value &lt;0.05 was accepted as a significance level for statistical analyses.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>IPI was higher in patients with NR than in patients with reflow. IPI was non-linearly associated with NR. IPI had a higher discriminative ability than the systemic immune-inflammation index, NLR, and CRP/albumin ratio. Adding IPI to the baseline multivariable logistic regression model improved the discrimination and net-clinical benefit effect of the model for detecting NR patients, and IPI was the most prominent variable in the full model. A nomogram was created based on IPI to predict the risk of NR. Bootstrap internal validation of nomogram showed a good calibration and discrimination ability.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>This is the first study that shows the association of IPI with NR in STEMI patients who undergo pPCI.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>No-Reflow Phenomenon</kwd>
        <kwd>ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
        <kwd>Nomograms</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Currently, the recommended reperfusion modality in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) (STEMI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> However, despite the fact that pPCI successfully restores coronary flow in the infarct-related artery (IRA) in the majority of STEMI patients, roughly 5 to as high as 15% of such patients do not achieve an adequate myocardial flow and reperfusion, which is referred to as the no-reflow (NR) phenomenon.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In the current literature, there are some studies demonstrating the possible risk factors of NR, which include total ischemic area, prolonged ischemic time, hypertension, smoking, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus (DM), and enhanced inflammatory status.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The probable underlying pathogenesis of NR includes endothelial dysfunction, microvascular blockage driven by distal microvascular spasm and/or microembolization, and inflammation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The inflammation is recognized as the main cause of NR phenomenon, and several inflammatory markers have been proposed for the prediction of NR. Systemic immune-inflammation index (SII),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> uric acid/albumin ratio,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> C-reactive protein (CRP)/albumin ratio (CAR),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> are some of the reported predictors in the literature. Inflammation prognostic index (IPI) has emerged as a new inflammatory marker and is gained by <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="m3"><mml:mtext>IPI</mml:mtext><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mtext>NLR</mml:mtext><mml:mo>x</mml:mo><mml:mtext>CAR</mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula>. A recent study has demonstrated that the predictive capability of IPI might be better than NLR and CAR alone. Because the higher levels of NLR and CAR are associated with NR development, we consider that the combination of both parameters, the IPI, might detect the NR more accurately than either parameter alone.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Thus, we aimed to investigate the association of IPI with NR in this study.</p>
        <fig id="f10">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230644-30644-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Material and Methods</title>
        <p>This retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted on STEMI patients who were admitted to the cardiology clinic between March 2013 and March 2022. STEMI diagnosis was made based on recent guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The exclusion criteria were as follows: receiving thrombolytic therapy, severe hepatic or renal disease, active infection, chronic autoimmune disease, hematological disease, malignancies, taking drugs that might affect albumin levels, and malnutrition. The study was approved by the local ethics committee of our institution and was conducted according to the Helsinki Declaration.</p>
        <p>At the time of admission, peripheral veins were used to obtain blood samples for each patient. The biochemical parameters were examined using conventional methods, whereas the hematologic parameters were assessed using a hematology analyzer (Beckman Coulter, town, FL, USA). Prior to pPCI, albumin concentrations were measured using the Bromocresol Green method. IPI was calculated based on the formula <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="m4"><mml:mtext>IPI</mml:mtext><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mtext>NLR</mml:mtext><mml:mo>x</mml:mo><mml:mtext>CAR</mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula>.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Coronary angiography and pPCI</title>
          <p>Using either a radial or femoral approach, a qualified operator performed conventional coronary angiography (CAG). Prior to CAG, all patients received a loading dose of P2Y12 inhibitors and 300 mg of acetylsalicylic acid. The most recent European Society of Cardiology STEMI guideline was followed during the pPCI operations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Two experienced interventional specialists, who were unaware of the patients&#8217; data, graded the TIMI flow in the infract-related artery before and after pPCI. If there was a disagreement between them, the opinion of the third cardiologist was sought, and the final decision was made based on the agreement of all cardiologists. To quantify the TIMI flow after pPCI, the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow grade categorization was used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> TIMI flows 0, I, and II in the absence of coronary artery dissection or spasm were defined as NR phenomenon.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> TIMI myocardial perfusion grade (TMPG) was measured as described previously.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> One or more branches of the infarct-related artery with a new distal filling deficiency and an unexpected blockage distal to the coronary intervention site were identified as distal embolization. An electrocardiographic NR was defined as the lack of &gt;70% electrocardiographic ST-segment resolution in the ECG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Door-to-balloon time was defined as the time from admission to the emergency department of the PCI center to balloon inflation. Glycoproteins IIb/IIIa inhibitors, adenosine, and calcium channel blockers, or a combination of these drugs were used in the management of NR in our clinic. According to hospital protocol, the decision to do a manual mechanical thrombectomy was left to the attending cardiologist.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The normality of the distributions of variables was checked using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Because all continuous variables had non-normal distributions, the median (interquartile range (IQR)) was applied to present them. Numbers and percentages were presented for categorical variables. &#967;<sup>2</sup> test or Fisher's exact test was calculated for the comparisons of categorical variables between study groups. Comparisons of continuous variables between the groups were assessed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Univariable logistic regression analysis was used to detect statistically significant variables associated with NR (p&lt;0.05). To avoid overfitting and achieve optimal model performance, variable selection for multivariable logistic regression analysis was done based on Lasso penalized shrinkage regression. A multivariable model with 10 variables selected from Lasso regression was built to detect independent predictors of NR. Two models were created as a baseline model (without IPI) and a full model (by adding IPI to the baseline model). Likelihood &#967;<sup>2</sup> values of variables in the multivariable model were used to sort the prominence of variables in the model. Non-linearity was checked for all continuous variables in the model, and only IPI was non-linearly associated with the development of IPI. Therefore, we input IPI as a non-linear term using a restricted cubic spline in the multivariable model. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis was used to compare the discrimination abilities of IPI with SII and the baseline model with the full model. To compare the ROC curves, the De-long test was employed. Also, decision curve analyses were performed to compare the net clinical benefits of IPI over SII and the full model over the baseline model to gain an additive effect of IPI. A nomogram was built based on the full model for the calculation of the predicted risk of NR. An internal validation using 300 bootstrap replications was used, and the discrimination and calibration abilities of the model were evaluated with C-statistic, Dxy, Brier score, slope, and intercept parameters. Also, a calibration plot was presented to show the prediction capability of nomograms in new clinical data. R-program version 3.6.3. (R statistical software, Institute for Statistics and Mathematics, Vienna, Austria) was utilized for all statistical analyses. The 95 % confidence interval (CI) and a 2-sided p-value of 0.05 were used to analyze the data.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The summary of the methodology and results of the study is represented in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Central Illustration</xref>.</p>
        <p>The study consisted of 1541 consecutive STMI patients (178 with NR and 1363 with reflow). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref> represents the baseline demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of all patients. Patients with NR had higher rates of DM, Killip status &#8805; 3, and higher values of white blood cell count (WBC), platelets, neutrophils, monocytes, red cell distribution width, serum uric acid, LDL-cholesterol, CRP, NLR, CRP/albumin ratio, SII, and IPI, and lower values of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), hemoglobin, lymphocytes, and serum albumin when compared to patients with reflow.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline demographic, clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic features of study groups</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="24%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Reflow (N=1363)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">No-reflow (N=178)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Age, years</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">60.0 (52.0-68.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">60.0 (47.0-73.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.704</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Male gender, (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">760 (55.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">103 (57.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.651</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Body mass index, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">27.1 (24.5-30.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">27.1 (24.1-29.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.979</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Diabetes mellitus, (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">630 (46.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">101 (56.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Hypertension, (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">680 (49.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">96 (53.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.350</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Cigarette smoking, (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">737 (54.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">105 (59.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.246</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Previous CAD, (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">615 (45.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">80 (44.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Familial CAD, (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">683 (50.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">96 (53.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.379</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Killip &gt; 3, (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">291 (21.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">63 (35.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Systolic BP, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">130 (120-130)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">130 (120-130)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.401</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">LVEF, %</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">45.0 (40.0-50.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">40.0 (40.0-50.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">WBC, &#215; 109/L</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9.96 (8.44-11.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">11.5 (10.1-13.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Hemoglobin, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13.9 (12.9-14.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13.5 (12.5-14.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.015</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Platelets, &#215; 109/L</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">226 (193-265)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">230 (205-279)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.024</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Neutrophils, &#215; 109/L</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7.36 (5.57-9.49)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">8.73 (7.38-11.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Lymphocytes, &#215; 109/L</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.90 (1.49-2.62)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.65 (1.21-2.56)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Monocytes, &#215; 109/L</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.51 (0.34-0.63)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.57 (0.33-0.84)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">RDW, fL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">44.9 (43.1-47.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">46.2 (43.7-47.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">MPV, fL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">10.2 (9.50-11.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">10.3 (9.43-11.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.851</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Serum creatinine, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.90 (0.80-1.00)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.90 (0.80-1.00)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.807</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Serum uric acid, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5h00 (4h20-5h80)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5.50 (4.80-6.17)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Sodium, mmol/L</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">139 (138-139)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">138 (138-139)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.498</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Albumin, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4h20 (4h00-4h30)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3.90 (3.50-4.00)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Triglycerides, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">110 (88.5-155)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">110 (95.8-143)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.545</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">HDL cholesterol, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">44.0 (36.0-54.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">41.0 (38.0-54.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.410</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">LDL cholesterol, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">100 (78.0-130)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">101 (80.0-140)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Total cholesterol, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">183 (147-218)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">192 (143-218)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.172</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">CRP, mg/Dl</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3.10 (2.00-5.10)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5.10 (3.60-6.77)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">NLR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3.74 (2.38-6.01)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5.50 (3.47-8.84)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">CRP/albumin ratio</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.78 (0.48-1.21)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.32 (0.92-1.96)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">SII</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">815 (487-1438)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1310 (712-2216)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">IPI</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2.93 (1.64-5.53)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7.19 (4.46-12.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="5" valign="top">
                  <bold>Drugs</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">ASA, (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">622 (45.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">84 (47.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.755</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Anti-aggregants, (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">459 (33.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">66 (37.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.414</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Statins, (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">600 (44.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">83 (46.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.563</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">ACE inh/ARBs, (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">552 (40.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">80 (44.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.292</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Beta-blockers, (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">502 (36.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">53 (29.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.078</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Ca channel blockers, (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">579 (42.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">84 (47.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.266</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>CAD: coronary artery disease; BP: blood pressure; LVEF: left ventricle ejection fraction; WBC: white blood cell; RDW: red cell distribution width; MPV: mean platelet volume; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; CRP: C-reactive protein; NLR: neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio; SII: systemic inflammatory immune index; IPI: inflammatory prognostic index; ASA: acetylsalicylic acid; ACE/ARB: angiotensin enzyme/angiotensin receptor blocker.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref> demonstrates the comparison of angiographic features of the study groups. Target lesion length and door-to-balloon time were longer in the NR group than in the reflow group. The NR group had higher rates of TMPG &#8805; 2, distal embolization, thrombus burden grade &#8805; 4, and lower rates of ST resolution than the reflow group. The NR group had higher in-hospital mortality than the reflow group (14 % vs. 4.1 %, respectively, p = &lt;0.001). Door-to-balloon time, monocyte count, serum uric acid, baseline troponin I, LDL-cholesterol, LVEF, Target lesion length, thrombus burden grade, Killip status, and IPI, which were selected by Lasso penalized shrinkage regression as prominent in the model, were used in the multivariable model (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 1</xref>). All variables in the model were independently associated with NR, and the results from multivariable logistic regression analysis were displayed as the odds ratio for the interquartile range (from the 25<sup>th</sup> to the 75<sup>th</sup> percentile) for continuous variables (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>). The full model was created by adding IPI to the baseline model, and IPI was the most prominent variable in the model (Likelihood &#967;<sup>2</sup> = 76.2, p &lt;0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 2</xref>). The full model had higher discriminative ability than the baseline model for patients with NR from patients with reflow (area under curve (AUC)=0.919 vs. 0.883, respectively, De-long test p-value =0.017) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figure 3</xref>). The discriminative capability of IPI for patients with NR was also higher than SII (AUC = 0.777, 0.672, respectively, De-Long test p-value &lt;0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figure 4</xref>). Furthermore, IPI was more discriminative than both the components, including NLR and CAR (AUC values = 0.777, 0.651, 0.714, respectively, De-Long test p-value for IPI vs. NLR &lt;0.001, for IPI vs. CAR =0.007) (Supplementary file 1). There was a non-linear relationship between IPI and the odds of NR (p for non-linearity &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Figure 5</xref>). Decision curve analysis showed that adding IPI to the baseline improved the net clinical benefit above a threshold value of 2% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">Figure 6</xref>). IPI had higher net clinical benefit when compared to SII above a threshold of 2% (Supplementary file 2). A clinical nomogram with variables in the multivariable model was created for the risk stratification of NR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f17">Figure 7</xref>). A bootstrapping method by generating 300 random samples from the current sample distribution with replacement was used for the internal validation of the nomogram, and the results showed a good calibration (R2=0.50, intercept= 0, slope=1, Emax=0.08, Brier=0.06) and discriminative ability (Dxy=0.84, c-statistic=0.92) with adjusted optimism. The calibration plot also demonstrated the proper calibration of the nomogram (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f18">Figure 8</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Angiographic properties and in-hospital mortality rates of study groups</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="24%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Reflow (N=1363)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">No-reflow (N=178)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">IRA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.085</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">LAD, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">708 (51.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">93 (52.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Cx, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">340 (24.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">40 (22.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">RCA, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">257 (18.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">43 (24.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">SVG, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">58 (4.26)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2 (1.12)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Target vessel diameter &#8805; 4mm, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">211 (15.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">22 (12.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.326</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Target lesion length, mm</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">25.0 (20.0-38.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">36.0 (25.0-40.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Door to balloon time, min<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">40.0 (30.0-45.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">45.0 (30.0-60.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                  <bold>Procedure</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.080</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">PCI + stenting, (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1207 (88.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">166 (93.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Direct stenting, (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">114 (8.36)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">11 (6.18)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Only PCI, (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">42 (3.08)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1 (0.56)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">TMPG &#8805; 2, (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1078 (79.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">110 (61.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Distal embolization, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">43 (3.15)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">24 (13.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">ST-resolution, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1311 (96.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">138 (77.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">Thrombus burden grade &#8805; 4, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">339 (24.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">108 (60.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">In-hospital mortality, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">55 (4.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">25 (14)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt; 0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>IRA: infract-related artery; LAD: left anterior descending artery; Cx: circumflex; RCA: right coronary artery; SVG: saphenous venous graft; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; TMPG: thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) myocardial perfusion grade.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Door-to-balloon time was defined as the time from admission to the emergency department of the PCI center to balloon inflation.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f11">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Lasso penalized shrinkage for variable selection.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230644-30644-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Multivariable logistic regression analysis for detecting no-reflow</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Variables</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">OR</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">95% CI</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Door to balloon time (30-46)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.383</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.161-1.648</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Monocyte (0.34-0.66)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.360</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.084-1.706</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Uric acid (4.2-5.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2.367</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.731-3.236</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Baseline troponin I (0.1-10)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.307</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.065-1.603</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">LDL cholesterol (78-131)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.615</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.195-2.183</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.018</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">LVEF (40-50)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.688</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.535-0.883</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Target lesion length (20-38)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2.165</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.603-924</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Thrombus burden grade (4-5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">8.847</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5.332-14.680</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Killip status &#8805; 3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.784</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.154-759</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top">IPI (1.8-9.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">10.564</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5.989-18.632</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; LVEF: low ventricle ejection fraction; IPI: inflammatory prognostic index.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f12">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>The sort of variables based on likelihood &#967;<sup>2</sup> values to detect the prominence of variables in the multivariable model. LDL: low-density lipoprotein; LVEF: low ventricle ejection fraction; IPI: inflammatory prognostic index.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230644-30644-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f13">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>The comparison of discriminative abilities of baseline and full model using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230644-30644-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f14">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>The comparison of discriminative abilities of IPI and SII using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves. IPI: inflammatory prognostic index.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230644-30644-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f15">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>The non-linear relationship of IPI with log-odds risk of no-reflow. IPI: inflammatory prognostic index.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230644-30644-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f16">
          <label>Figure 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Decision curve analysis to detect net clinical benefit of IPI by adding to baseline model.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230644-30644-gf07-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f17">
          <label>Figure 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical nomogram based on IPI for detecting the risk of no-reflow development. LDL: low-density lipoprotein; LVEF: low ventricle ejection fraction; IPI: inflammatory prognostic index.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230644-30644-gf08-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f18">
          <label>Figure 8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Calibration plot of nomogram.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230644-30644-gf09-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study showed that NR patients had a higher IPI, and the IPI was non-linearly associated with the risk of NR development. IPI had a higher discriminative ability than SII, and adding IPI to the baseline model improved the model's discriminative capacity and net clinical benefit effect. A risk nomogram based on IPI had good discriminative and predictive ability in internal validation for detecting NR. Finally, IPI was the most significant variable in the multivariable model.</p>
        <p>The incidence of the NR phenomenon might range from 3 to 15% in STEMI patients, and the main limitation of pPCI is the development of the NR phenomenon in the IRA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In line with the literature, the prevalence of NR in our sample was 11.6%. There are several complications of NR, such as arrhythmias and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In-hospital mortality rates of NR and reflow groups in our study were 14% vs. 4.1%, respectively, which were in accordance with previous reports.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Several risk factors were identified for the development of NR after pPCI, including delayed pPCI time, lower LVEF, longer target lesion length, higher thrombus grades, and worse Killip status.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> We found that longer door-to-balloon time, low LVEF, longer target lesion length, higher thrombus grade, and worse Killip status were independent predictor of NR and all were used in the nomogram. Lots of research has been carried out to determine possible risk factors for NR; however, a reliable risk assessment method is still lacking.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Therefore, we aimed to develop a risk prediction nomogram based on IPI in the current study. Based on our knowledge, this is the first research to evaluate the association of IPI with NR in STMI patients in the literature.</p>
        <p>The responsible underlying mechanisms of NR have not been fully understood. Nonetheless, microvascular occlusion due to platelet and neutrophil accumulation, external compression occurring after myocardial edema and severe vasoconstriction could be expected as being the main causes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Inflammation plays a key role in the development of NR. Microvascular tone, epicardial tone, and neutrophil function are all known to be impacted by chronic low-grade inflammation. Polymorphonuclear neutrophil stimulation and accumulation arise in the injured myocardium soon after IRA reperfusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Cellular deformability can be further reduced during neutrophil activation. These hemorrheologic characteristics could be a factor in leukocyte trapping in capillaries, which would result in micro-vascular plugging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The relationship between inflammatory markers and NR has been investigated previously. Wang et al. showed that neutrophil count on admission was an independent predictor of NR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Dogan et al. noted that low lymphocyte counts were related to NR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Wagdy et al. combined those two hematologic factors and reported that NLR was higher in NR and was an independent predictor of NR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Another inflammatory marker, CRP, was reported to be higher in NR patients, and CRP was independently associated with NR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> CRP might enhance the NR risk in two possible ways: firstly, high CRP levels encourage hypercoagulation which results in microvascular occlusion, and secondly, it leads a large infarct size by driving up complement cascade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Albumin is a negative acute phase reactant and has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Higher inflammatory status is related to lower serum albumin levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Albumin decrease might induce myocardial reperfusion injury. The development of a hypercoagulable status in the capillary lumen may be influenced by the loss of antioxidant properties of albumin in the coronary microcirculation. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Finally, lower albumin was found to be associated with extended coronary atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Kurtul et al. reported that lower serum albumin was associated with NR and lower MPG in STMI patients after pPCI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> CRP and albumin were combined, and CAR was found to be independently linked with NR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The IPI has emerged as a new inflammatory marker that is a composite of both NLR and CAR. It has been reported as a prognostic predictor in cancer patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> No study has evaluated the IPI in STEMI for NR in the literature. The combination of variables is expected to have a higher predictive ability than the parameters separately. This research indicated that IPI had higher discriminative and predictive ability than both NLR and CAR. Furthermore, SII is one of the most reported inflammatory markers in the literature. We also found the superiority of IPI over SII in detecting NR in this research.</p>
        <p>The IPI, an easily calculable marker from peripheral blood count, and also IPI-based nomogram might predict the development of NR phenomenon and could be used for risk stratification and help clinicians to make decisions for the management of STMI patients undergoing pPCI who are at high risk for NR development. In patients with a high risk for NR based on the IPI before pPCI, clinicians should be aware of performing procedures that lead to lower risk of the development of NR including direct stent implantation without using repeated balloon dilatations, using drug-coated balloons, using glycoproteins IIb/IIIa inhibitors, quick transfers of patients to the centers with pPCI units for gaining short pain-to-balloon times, using thrombus aspiration devices as well as using single long stent instead of overlap stents.</p>
        <p>There were some limitations of this study as follows. Firstly, due to the cross-sectional and retrospective study design, a causal relationship between the IPI and NR could not be well documented. Secondly, there might be unmeasured confounding effects despite the presence of a multivariable regression model. Thirdly, another drawback was the absence of more accurate techniques to determine the degree of NR, such as coronary magnetic resonance imaging and myocardial contrast echocardiography. Fourthly, the results could not be generalized to other patients with acute coronary syndrome because only STEMI patients were included in the study. Fifthly, because the study duration was long and some changes in the treatment strategies for the management of STEMI patients were observed, such differences were not taken into account in our study. Therefore, further studies investigating the predictive value of IPI at different years might shed light on this issue.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>This study revealed that IPI was an independent predictor of NR in STEMI patients. IPI might be a better marker than SII, NLR, and CAR for detecting NR patients. Finally, IPI based nomogram had good discrimination and calibration properties for risk stratification.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app2">
          <title>*Supplemental Materials</title>
          <p>For additional information Supplemental Material, please click <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://herehttp://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12105/2023-0644_AO_Supplementary-material.pdf">here</ext-link>.</p>
        </app>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
