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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">HsWhw4BzZ9kTB48NGHzY5Bc</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000400311</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00311</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230623</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Adi&#231;&#227;o da Troponina Ultrassens&#237;vel &#224; Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Risco Perioperat&#243;rio Melhora a Capacidade Preditiva de Morte em Pacientes Submetidos &#224; Cirurgia N&#227;o Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7443-7270</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Ferraz de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6799-7111</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Moreira Bastos da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7668-4224</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dutra</surname>
            <given-names>Giovanni Possamai</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Peres</surname>
            <given-names>Leticia de Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Camis&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Nathalia Duarte</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Homena</surname>
            <given-names>Walter de Souza</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Petriz</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Luiz Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carmo</surname>
            <given-names>Plinio Resende do</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Basilio de Bragan&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Barra D&#8217;Or</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Barra D&#8217;Or, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia Edson Saad</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Instituto de Cardiologia Edson Saad, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Bruno Ferraz de Oliveira Gomes &#8226; Hospital Barra D&#8217;Or &#8211; Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Ayrton Senna, 3079. CEP 22775-002, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>drbrunoferraz@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230623</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Adi&#231;&#227;o da Troponina Ultrassens&#237;vel &#224; Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Risco Perioperat&#243;rio Melhora a Capacidade Preditiva de Morte em Pacientes Submetidos &#224; Cirurgia N&#227;o Card&#237;aca</title>
            </caption>
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              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/HsWhw4BzZ9kTB48NGHzY5Bc/385656482ebba35671ee852e677a3ccfd7b61b79.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/HsWhw4BzZ9kTB48NGHzY5Bc/82941891e754a49c070db453292f87491c7758a3.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A estratifica&#231;&#227;o ode risco &#233; uma importante etapa na avalia&#231;&#227;o perioperat&#243;ria. No entanto, os principais escores de risco n&#227;o incorporam biomarcadores em seus conjuntos de vari&#225;veis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar o poder incremental da troponina &#224; estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco tradicional.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Um total de 2230 pacientes admitidos na unidade de terapia intensiva ap&#243;s cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca foram classificados de acordo com tr&#234;s tipos de risco: Risco Cardiovascular (RCV), &#205;ndice de Risco Card&#237;aco Revisado (IRCR), e Risco Inerente da Cirurgia (RIC). O principal desfecho foi mortalidade por todas as causas. A regress&#227;o de Cox foi usada, assim como a estat&#237;stica C antes e ap&#243;s a adi&#231;&#227;o de troponina ultrassens&#237;vel (pelo menos uma medida at&#233; tr&#234;s dias ap&#243;s a cirurgia). Finalmente, o &#237;ndice de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o l&#237;quida e a melhoria de discrimina&#231;&#227;o integrada foram usadas para avaliar o poder incremental da troponina para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia usado foi de 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes foi 63,8 anos e 55,6% eram do sexo feminino. A preval&#234;ncia de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ap&#243;s cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca (MINS) foi 9,4%. Pacientes com um RCV elevado apresentaram uma maior ocorr&#234;ncia de MINS (40,1% x 24,8%, p&lt;0,001), bem como pacientes com alto RIC (21,3 x 13,9%, p=0,004) e aqueles com IRCR&#8805;3 (3,0 x 0,7%, p=0,009). Pacientes sem MINS, independentemente do risco avaliado, apresentaram taxa de mortalidade similar. A adi&#231;&#227;o de troponina &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco melhorou a capacidade preditiva de mortalidade em 30 dias e de mortalidade em um ano em todas as avalia&#231;&#245;es de risco.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A preval&#234;ncia de MINS &#233; mais alta na popula&#231;&#227;o de alto risco. No entanto, sua preval&#234;ncia na popula&#231;&#227;o de risco mais baixo n&#227;o &#233; desprez&#237;vel e causa um maior risco de morte. A adi&#231;&#227;o da troponina ultrassens&#237;vel melhorou a capacidade preditiva da avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco em todos os grupos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Inj&#250;ria Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Cirurgia n&#227;o Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Troponina Ultrassens&#237;vel</kwd>
        <kwd>Classifica&#231;&#227;o de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares s&#227;o uma das principais causas de morte em pacientes submetidos a cirurgias n&#227;o card&#237;aca em todo o mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Para minimizar e predizer essas complica&#231;&#245;es, sociedades internacionais de cardiologia e anestesiologia recomendam uma avalia&#231;&#227;o completa do risco cardiovascular antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento proposto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As ferramentas dispon&#237;veis para a predi&#231;&#227;o de risco s&#227;o os escores de risco, os quais possuem capacidade preditiva limitada, principalmente quanto aos pacientes de risco mais baixo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A maioria dos escores de risco incorporam fatores de risco relacionados ao paciente e &#224; cirurgia, mas n&#227;o incluem biomarcadores em seus conjuntos de vari&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A troponina ultrassens&#237;vel &#233; um marcador que denota les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, e sua eleva&#231;&#227;o est&#225; relacionada a um risco aumentado de morte e eventos cardiovasculares em curto e em longo prazos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Apesar de sua boa capacidade preditiva, a troponina n&#227;o foi incorporada aos principais escores de risco perioperat&#243;rios. Assim, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios novos estudos demonstrando seu valor incremental aos escores de risco existentes.</p>
      <p>Uma vez que a les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ocorre em todos os estratos de risco, a troponina ultrassens&#237;vel seria uma ferramenta potencial para a reclassifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com baixo risco e que foram subdiagnosticados por meio de m&#233;todos tradicionais de avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o comportamento da troponina ultrassens&#237;vel em diferentes grupos de risco e o valor incremental desse biomarcador &#224; estratifica&#231;&#227;o usual de risco perioperat&#243;rio em pacientes submetidos a cirurgias n&#227;o card&#237;acas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Este estudo foi uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva de dados prospectivos coletados do banco de dados local (isto &#233;, amostra por conveni&#234;ncia). Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca e admitidos &#224; Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). O per&#237;odo do estudo foi de janeiro de 2011 a dezembro de 2016. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: perman&#234;ncia de pelo menos um dia UTI e presen&#231;a de no m&#237;nimo uma dosagem de troponina ultrassens&#237;vel em at&#233; tr&#234;s dias ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Pacientes submetidos a procedimentos card&#237;acos (por exemplo, cirurgia card&#237;aca, cateterismo, abla&#231;&#227;o, etc.) no &#250;ltimo m&#234;s, que apresentaram est&#225;gios avan&#231;ados da doen&#231;a subjacente, e aqueles em cuidados paliativos foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo.</p>
        <p>Foram coletados dados de idade, sexo, fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos (hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria pr&#233;via, tabagismo, dislipidemia, insufici&#234;ncia renal), tipo de cirurgia (geral, ortop&#233;dica, vascular, neurol&#243;gica, tor&#225;cica, de cabe&#231;a e pesco&#231;o, ginecol&#243;gica e genitourin&#225;ria), &#205;ndice de Risco Card&#237;aco Revisado (IRCR),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> risco intr&#237;nseco da cirurgia, e mensura&#231;&#245;es de troponina ultrassens&#237;vel (pico e na admiss&#227;o). Nesta UTI, a troponina ultrassens&#237;vel &#233; rotineiramente avaliada em todos os pacientes durante o per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato e a partir do segundo dia de interna&#231;&#227;o, exceto os pacientes com uma curta perman&#234;ncia na unidade. Pacientes que apresentaram n&#237;veis elevados de troponina apresentaram medidas seriadas at&#233; o valor mais alto (isto &#233;, valor de pico).</p>
        <p>A inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica ap&#243;s cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca (MINS, do ingl&#234;s <italic>myocardial injury after noncardiac sugery</italic>) foi definida como qualquer eleva&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de troponina ultrassens&#237;vel acima do ponto de corte (percentil 99) por at&#233; tr&#234;s dias ap&#243;s o procedimento cir&#250;rgico, como recomendado pela <italic>American Heart Association</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Para an&#225;lise, consideraremos o valor mais alto de troponina observado nos tr&#234;s dias ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Durante o estudo, foram usados diferentes m&#233;todos de dosagem da troponina ultrassens&#237;vel. Portanto, escolhemos avaliar a propor&#231;&#227;o de eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina de acordo com seu ponto de corte, fornecido pelo vendedor. O grau de eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina obtido pela raz&#227;o entre o pico de troponina e o ponto de corte foi usado para criar tr&#234;s grupos: sem eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina, eleva&#231;&#227;o at&#233; cinco vezes o ponto de corte, e eleva&#231;&#227;o superior a cinco vezes o ponto de corte. A preval&#234;ncia da les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica foi avaliada em tr&#234;s grupos de risco: risco cardiovascular, risco cl&#237;nico, e risco intr&#237;nseco &#224; cirurgia.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios para determinar se um paciente tinha um alto risco cardiovascular foram: hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a cardiovascular estabelecida (isto &#233;, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, acidente vascular cerebral ou doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica), diabetes, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica com <italic>clearance</italic> &lt; 60mL/min, ou presen&#231;a de pelo menos tr&#234;s fatores de risco (hipertens&#227;o, tabagismo, dislipidemia ou idade &gt; 65 anos).</p>
        <p>A defini&#231;&#227;o de risco cl&#237;nico elevado foi baseada em um IRCR &#8805; 3, que indica um risco de morte, infarto, e parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria de aproximadamente 15% em 30 dias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Finalmente, a defini&#231;&#227;o proposta pela diretriz da <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic> foi usada para determinar se um paciente tinha um alto risco cir&#250;rgico. Essa defini&#231;&#227;o inclui v&#225;rios procedimentos envolvendo risco de morte superior a 5%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A taxa de mortalidade foi avaliada consultando-se o banco de dados <italic>online</italic> de mortalidade do estado do Rio de Janeiro. O desfecho prim&#225;rio do estudo foi mortalidade por todas as causas e o tempo de acompanhamento m&#237;nimo no estudo foi de quatro anos. N&#243;s avaliamos a ocorr&#234;ncia de morte em 30 dias, em um ano e ap&#243;s um ano.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A normalidade dos dados foi verificada usando o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (quando h&#225; distribui&#231;&#227;o normal), ou mediana e intervalo interquartil (quando n&#227;o h&#225; distribui&#231;&#227;o normal). As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em porcentagens. As vari&#225;veis foram comparadas de acordo com o desfecho prim&#225;rio usando a an&#225;lise univariada com teste do qui-quadrado (vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas) e teste de <italic>Student</italic> n&#227;o pareado (vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas).</p>
        <p>Determinamos a preval&#234;ncia da les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica nos seguintes grupos de risco: pacientes com alto risco cardiovascular, pacientes com elevado risco cl&#237;nico (IRCR &#8805; 3) e pacientes com alto risco cir&#250;rgico. Cada um desses grupos de risco foi avaliado em quatro subgrupos de acordo com a ocorr&#234;ncia ou n&#227;o de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica &#8211; grupo 1: sem risco elevado com n&#237;veis normais de troponina; grupo 2: sem risco elevado com n&#237;veis elevados de troponina; grupo 3: com risco elevado e com n&#237;veis normais de troponina, e grupo 4: com risco elevado e com n&#237;veis elevados de troponina. Esses subgrupos foram avaliados usando a regress&#227;o de Cox ajustada pela gravidade (usando o escore SAPS3) e curvas de sobrevida para o desfecho prim&#225;rio. Cada um desses riscos foi avaliado por estat&#237;stica C antes e ap&#243;s a adi&#231;&#227;o de troponina de maneira categorizada (sem eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina; eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina 1-5x o ponto de corte; eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina &gt; 5x o ponto de corte). Os escores para cada um desses itens corresponderam a n&#250;meros inteiros obtidos na regress&#227;o de Cox para os desfechos: morte em 30 dias e morte em um ano. O resultado da estat&#237;stica C foi avaliado de acordo com a seguinte classifica&#231;&#227;o: ruim (0,50 a &lt;0,70), aceit&#225;vel (0,70 a &lt;0,80), excelente (0,80 a &lt;0,90) e magn&#237;fico (&#8805;0,90).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Finalmente, o valor incremental de se adicionar troponina ao modelo de risco foi avaliado usando o &#205;ndice de Reclassifica&#231;&#227;o L&#237;quida (IRL)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e o teste de melhoria de discrimina&#231;&#227;o integrada (IDI, do ingl&#234;s <italic>integrated discrimination improvement</italic>), com base nas categorias de risco.</p>
        <p>Tanto o IRL como o IDI s&#227;o medidas estat&#237;sticas usadas para avaliar o valor incremental de um novo teste diagn&#243;stico ou progn&#243;stico sobre um teste j&#225; existente. O IRL &#233; uma medida da propor&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos que s&#227;o corretamente reclassificados por um novo teste em compara&#231;&#227;o a um teste antigo. Ele &#233; calculado como a diferen&#231;a entre a propor&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos corretamente reclassificados para cima e a propor&#231;&#227;o dos indiv&#237;duos que s&#227;o incorretamente reclassificados para baixo. O IDI &#233; uma medida de melhoria na discrimina&#231;&#227;o alcan&#231;ada pelo novo teste em rela&#231;&#227;o ao teste antigo. Ele &#233; calculado como a diferen&#231;a das probabilidades m&#233;dias do novo teste e do teste antigo para indiv&#237;duos que apresentam um evento e as probabilidades m&#233;dias para os indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o apresentam um evento. Ambos IRL e IDI s&#227;o calculados utilizando modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica e podem ser usados para avaliar o valor incremental de um novo teste sobre um teste j&#225; existentes em termos de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, foram usados os programas SPSS vers&#227;o 26, MedCalc e RStudio 2021.09.0. Um p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
        <p>Este estudo foi registrado na Plataforma Brasil de acordo com o protocolo n&#250;mero CAAE 63829916.9.0000.5249 e aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica do Hospital Copa D&#8217;Or em 02 de fevereiro de 2017. Uma vez que este estudo foi uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva, n&#227;o foi necess&#225;rio termo de consentimento.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
        <p>N&#243;s inicialmente identificados 2982 pacientes admitidos na UTI durante o per&#237;odo de estudo, mas, ap&#243;s analisar os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, 2230 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos. Exclu&#237;mos 495 pacientes por aus&#234;ncia de medidas de troponina, 35 por interna&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o cir&#250;rgicas, 141 por procedimentos cardiovasculares, e 80 por tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o inferior a 24 horas. Entre os pacientes exclu&#237;dos que n&#227;o possu&#237;am medidas de troponina (a porcentagem mais alta de exclus&#227;o neste estudo, 80% permaneceram apenas um dia na UTI. Ocorreram sete &#243;bitos nesse grupo, o que indica que esses pacientes apresentavam um perfil menos grave.</p>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de MINS foi de 9,4%. O tempo mediano de seguimento foi de 6,7 (IIQ 5,0-8,3) anos, com um tempo mediano de perman&#234;ncia na UTI de um dia, e um tempo mediano de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar de quatro dias. Um resumo dos resultados pode ser encontrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>. As caracter&#237;sticas gerais da popula&#231;&#227;o, bem como dos pacientes com e sem MINS s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas gerais da popula&#231;&#227;o com e sem inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica ap&#243;s cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th>Todos os pacientes N=2230</th>
                  <th>MINS N=209</th>
                  <th>Sem MINS N=2021</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade m&#233;dia (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">63,8&#177;16,3</td>
                  <td align="center">73,2&#177;13,4</td>
                  <td align="center">60,7&#177;15,8</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">44,4%</td>
                  <td align="center">45,9%</td>
                  <td align="center">44,3%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,350</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">29,7&#177;20,0</td>
                  <td align="center">27,9&#177;23,2</td>
                  <td align="center">30,2&#177;18,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cirurgia de urg&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">19,2%</td>
                  <td align="center">33,0%</td>
                  <td align="center">17,8%</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td align="center">1,8%</td>
                  <td align="center">1,4%</td>
                  <td align="center">1,8%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,484</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">4,1%</td>
                  <td align="center">6,7%</td>
                  <td align="center">3,9%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,045</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">62,8%</td>
                  <td align="center">75,1%</td>
                  <td align="center">61,5%</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">25,7%</td>
                  <td align="center">25,4%</td>
                  <td align="center">25,8%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,485</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a coronariana pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td align="center">7,6%</td>
                  <td align="center">17,2%</td>
                  <td align="center">6,6%</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica</td>
                  <td align="center">2,4%</td>
                  <td align="center">5,7%</td>
                  <td align="center">2,0%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                  <td align="center">2,5%</td>
                  <td align="center">5,3%</td>
                  <td align="center">2,2%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,013</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">3,6%</td>
                  <td align="center">3,3%</td>
                  <td align="center">3,7%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,504</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dem&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">4,0%</td>
                  <td align="center">5,3%</td>
                  <td align="center">3,9%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,219</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Condi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica de sa&#250;de</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Independente</td>
                  <td align="center">88,8%</td>
                  <td align="center">76,1%</td>
                  <td align="center">90,1%</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Necessidade de assist&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">9,3%</td>
                  <td align="center">19,1%</td>
                  <td align="center">8,3%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Restrito/acamado</td>
                  <td align="center">1,9%</td>
                  <td align="center">4,8%</td>
                  <td align="center">1,6%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Risco cardiovascular elevado</td>
                  <td align="center">26,1%</td>
                  <td align="center">40,1%</td>
                  <td align="center">24,8%</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Risco cl&#237;nico elevado (IRCR &#8805; 3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9%</td>
                  <td align="center">3,0%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,7%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Risco cir&#250;rgico elevado (&gt;5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,6%</td>
                  <td align="center">21,3%</td>
                  <td align="center">13,9%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#211;bito em longo prazo</td>
                  <td align="center">24,9%</td>
                  <td align="center">53,0 %</td>
                  <td align="center">22,0%</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; IRCR: &#237;ndice de risco card&#237;aco revisado.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Os principais fatores de risco cardiovascular identificados nesta popula&#231;&#227;o foram hipertens&#227;o arterial (62,8%) e diabetes (25,7%). Considerando todos as cirurgias realizadas, as mais comuns foram: geral (35%), ortop&#233;dica (36%), urol&#243;gica (8,1%), vascular (5,2%) e neurol&#243;gica (5,4%). Quase 15% das cirurgias foram consideradas de alto risco. Uma pequena propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes de alto risco foi identificada pelo escore de risco IRCR (0,9%). Por outro lado, mais de um quarto dessa popula&#231;&#227;o preencheu os crit&#233;rios para alto risco cardiovascular.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica ap&#243;s cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca e mortalidade</title>
        <p>Pacientes que apresentaram les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (grupos 2 e 4) mostraram taxas mais altas de mortalidade independentemente da classifica&#231;&#227;o de risco empregada, principalmente no primeiro ano ap&#243;s a cirurgia.</p>
        <p>A Figura S1 mostra a ocorr&#234;ncia de morte por todas as causas de acordo com o risco estimado e a ocorr&#234;ncia de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. A Figura S2 mostra as taxas de mortalidade de acordo com o escore IRCR (dispon&#237;vel no material suplementar).</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> mostra as curvas de sobrevida dos grupos segundo a classifica&#231;&#227;o de risco utilizada.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Curvas de sobreviv&#234;ncia dos subgrupos estudados de acordo com o risco. Grupo 1: pacientes sem risco elevado sem inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica; Grupo 2: pacientes sem risco elevado com inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica; Grupo 3: pacientes com risco elevado sem inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica; Grupo 4: pacientes com risco elevado e com inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica. IRCR: &#237;ndice de risco card&#237;aco revisado.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230623-30623-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Em todas as curvas de sobrevida, exceto aquela determinada pelo IRCR, observamos taxas mais altas de mortalidade nos grupos com les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Quando utilizamos o escore IRCR para definir o risco, pacientes de alto risco apresentaram taxas de mortalidade mais altas.</p>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>, apresentamos a regress&#227;o de Cox ajustada pelo escore SAPS3 (como uma vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua) e respectivos valores de raz&#227;o de risco (<italic>hazard ratios</italic>) para mortalidade em longo prazo segundo a an&#225;lise de risco usada.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Regress&#227;o de Cox ajustada por gravidade utilizando o escore SAPS3 para o desfecho de mortalidade em longo prazo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">Risco cir&#250;rgico</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Risco cl&#237;nico (IRCR)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Risco cardiovascular</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>HR</th>
                  <th>IC95%</th>
                  <th>HR</th>
                  <th>IC95%</th>
                  <th>HR</th>
                  <th>IC95%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Grupo 1</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">
                    <bold>
                      <italic>refer&#234;ncia</italic>
                    </bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">
                    <bold>
                      <italic>refer&#234;ncia</italic>
                    </bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">
                    <bold>
                      <italic>refer&#234;ncia</italic>
                    </bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Grupo 2</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1,48</td>
                  <td align="center">1,12-1,94</td>
                  <td align="center">1,60</td>
                  <td align="center">1,26-2,03</td>
                  <td align="center">1,65</td>
                  <td align="center">1,22-2,24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Grupo 3</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1,29</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02-1,63</td>
                  <td align="center">2,64</td>
                  <td align="center">1,36-5,13</td>
                  <td align="center">1,37</td>
                  <td align="center">1,23-1,67</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Grupo 4</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2,68</td>
                  <td align="center">1,81-3,95</td>
                  <td align="center">2,55</td>
                  <td align="center">1,05-6,20</td>
                  <td align="center">1,96</td>
                  <td align="center">1,42-2,71</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>SAPS3</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1,06</td>
                  <td align="center">1,05-1,07</td>
                  <td align="center">1,06</td>
                  <td align="center">1,05-1,07</td>
                  <td align="center">1,06</td>
                  <td align="center">1,05-1,07</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>IRCR: &#237;ndice de risco card&#237;aco revisado; HR: hazard ratio; IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Conforme observado nas curvas de sobrevida, a les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica levou a uma maior mortalidade independentemente do risco, exceto na popula&#231;&#227;o estratificada pelo IRCR.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Troponina e estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco</title>
        <p>Como a troponina teve um impacto maior sobre a mortalidade at&#233; um ano ap&#243;s o procedimento cir&#250;rgico, escolhemos analisar o poder incremental, dados os escores de risco em 30 dias e em um ano. A regress&#227;o de Cox foi usada para determinar os coeficientes para a adi&#231;&#227;o de troponina, que est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis no material suplementar (Tabela S1). Essa regress&#227;o determinou que um aumento de um a cinco vezes nos n&#237;veis de troponina adicionaria um ponto, e um aumento superior a cinco vezes o ponto de corte da troponina adicionaria dois pontos ao escore usado &#8211;risco cir&#250;rgico elevado = 1 ponto, risco cardiovascular elevado = 1 ponto, e escore IRCR (0-6 pontos). Os escores foram avaliados antes e ap&#243;s a incorpora&#231;&#227;o da troponina usando a curva ROC e a estat&#237;stica C. Os resultados s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref> e na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Curva ROC para cada risco antes e ap&#243;s a adi&#231;&#227;o da troponina para os desfechos: mortalidade em 30 dias e mortalidade em um ano. RC: risco cir&#250;rgico; RCV: risco cardiovascular; IRCR: &#237;ndice de risco card&#237;aco revisado.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230623-30623-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Estat&#237;stica C antes e ap&#243;s a adi&#231;&#227;o de troponina para os desfechos: mortalidade em 30 dias e mortalidade em um ano</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>RC x RC + troponina</th>
                  <th>IRCR x IRCR + troponina</th>
                  <th>RCV x RCV + troponina</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mortalidade em 30 dias</td>
                  <td align="center">0,568 x 0,716*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,625 x 0,729*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,571 x 0,727*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mortalidade em um ano</td>
                  <td align="center">0,570 x 0,655*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,618 x 0,684*</td>
                  <td align="center">0,571 x 0,657*</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>RC: risco cir&#250;rgico; IRCR: &#237;ndice de risco card&#237;aco revisado; RCV: risco cardiovascular; *p &lt; 0,001.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Em todos os grupos de risco e desfechos, a adi&#231;&#227;o da troponina aumentou significativamente a acur&#225;cia do escore de risco. Para o desfecho mortalidade em 30 dias e mortalidade em um ano, todos os escores de risco apresentaram baixa acur&#225;cia. O escore com a acur&#225;cia mais alta foi o IRCR, tanto para a taxa de mortalidade em 30 dias como para a taxa de mortalidade em um ano. Por outro lado, ap&#243;s a adi&#231;&#227;o de troponina, todos os escores de risco mostraram uma acur&#225;cia similar, mas ainda aceit&#225;vel ou mesmo baixa, principalmente na avalia&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade em um ano. Na an&#225;lise do valor incremental (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>), observamos um valor incremental em todos os modelos de risco estudados, especialmente na mortalidade em 30 dias.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Adi&#231;&#227;o da troponina aos escores de risco usando o &#205;ndice de Reclassifica&#231;&#227;o L&#237;quida (IRL)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="3">RC x RC + troponina</th>
                  <th colspan="3">IRCR x IRCR + troponina</th>
                  <th colspan="3">RCV x RCV + troponina</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="3">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="3">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="3">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>IRLe</th>
                  <th>IRLae</th>
                  <th>IRL</th>
                  <th>IRLe</th>
                  <th>IRLae</th>
                  <th>IRL</th>
                  <th>IRLe</th>
                  <th>IRLae</th>
                  <th>IRL</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mortalidade em 30 dias</td>
                  <td align="center">0,48</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                  <td align="center">0,40</td>
                  <td align="center">0,48</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                  <td align="center">0,40</td>
                  <td align="center">0,48</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                  <td align="center">0,40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mortalidade em um ano</td>
                  <td align="center">0,30</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">0,23</td>
                  <td align="center">0,30</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">0,23</td>
                  <td align="center">0,30</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">0,23</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>RC: risco cir&#250;rgico; IRCR: &#237;ndice de risco card&#237;aco revisado; RCV: risco cardiovascular; IRLe: IRL de eventos; IRLae: IRL de aus&#234;ncia de eventos.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Representa&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica da melhoria de discrimina&#231;&#227;o integrada para cada escore em dois desfechos diferentes (mortalidade em 30 dias e mortalidade em um ano). A &#225;rea sob a curva do gr&#225;fico &#233; uma medida de melhoria (&#225;rea vermelha) na discrimina&#231;&#227;o alcan&#231;ada pelo teste novo em rela&#231;&#227;o ao teste antigo; uma maior &#225;rea sob a curva indica maior melhoria na discrimina&#231;&#227;o; p&lt;0,001 em todas as curvas, valores num&#233;ricos s&#227;o dispon&#237;veis no material suplementar (Tabela 2) .</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230623-30623-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, observamos uma maior preval&#234;ncia de inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes com risco mais alto, incluindo risco cardiovascular, cir&#250;rgico e cl&#237;nico. No entanto, a ocorr&#234;ncia de MINS na popula&#231;&#227;o sem alto risco n&#227;o &#233; desprez&#237;vel e causa alta mortalidade nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. No acompanhamento em longo prazo, os pacientes sem risco elevado e inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica apresentaram pior progn&#243;stico que aqueles com risco elevado sem inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica. A avalia&#231;&#227;o tradicional de risco mostrou baixa acur&#225;cia na predi&#231;&#227;o de morte em 30 dias e em um ano. Em contrapartida, a adi&#231;&#227;o da investiga&#231;&#227;o de inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica atrav&#233;s da troponina ultrassens&#237;vel permitiu aumentar a acur&#225;cia da predi&#231;&#227;o desses eventos, especialmente na popula&#231;&#227;o sem alto risco.</p>
      <p>Sabe-se que a MINS aumenta o risco de morte em curto prazo e em longo prazo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> mas o papel da avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco nesse aumento foi pouco estudado. Analisando os fatores de risco individualmente, sabemos que a hipertens&#227;o, o diabetes e o tabagismo aumentam o risco de MINS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Entretanto, n&#227;o temos estudos avaliando o paciente de alto risco cardiovascular diante da ocorr&#234;ncia de MINS. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial do risco pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio do paciente, as diretrizes recomendam a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco e da presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a cardiovascular estabelecida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Para um paciente com idade igual ou superior a 65 anos com fatores de risco ou doen&#231;a cardiovascular estabelecida, recomenda-se realizar um eletrocardiograma e medir biomarcadores (troponina e BNP). Por&#233;m, esses dados n&#227;o s&#227;o usados nos escores de risco.</p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, a preval&#234;ncia de alto risco cardiovascular foi consider&#225;vel, assim como a preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o (62,8%) e diabetes (25,7%). Pacientes com alto risco cardiovascular apresentaram uma maior preval&#234;ncia de MINS (40,1 x 24,8%). Por outro lado, a taxa de mortalidade de 30 dias de pacientes com alto risco cardiovascular sem MINS foi similar &#224; dos pacientes sem risco cardiovascular elevado (2,4 x 1,4%). Assim, observamos que quase um quarto da popula&#231;&#227;o sem risco cardiovascular elevado apresentou MINS, o que determinou uma mortalidade em 30 dias mais alta (14%) e em um ano (29,8%), e demonstrou a necessidade de um rastreamento para MINS mesmo em pacientes sem um risco cardiovascular elevado. Mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste quanto &#224; gravidade, esses pacientes apresentaram um pior progn&#243;stico em um seguimento de quase sete anos.</p>
      <p>Quando avaliamos pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de alto risco, encontramos resultados semelhantes. Embora alguns escores de risco incluam o risco intr&#237;nseco da cirurgia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> h&#225; poucos dados dispon&#237;veis acerca da ocorr&#234;ncia de MINS e seu impacto progn&#243;stico. Em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, a preval&#234;ncia de cirurgia de alto risco foi de 14,6%, e esses pacientes apresentaram uma preval&#234;ncia mais alta de MINS (21,3% vs. 13,9%). Na aus&#234;ncia de MINS, a taxa de mortalidade em 30 dias desses pacientes foi similar &#224; de pacientes submetidos a cirurgias de risco mais baixo (2,5% vs. 1,5%). No entanto, a ocorr&#234;ncia de MINS aumenta o risco de morte independentemente da cirurgia realizada, com uma taxa de mortalidade em 30 dias de 12,6% em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de risco mais baixo. Esse achado foi consistente ao longo do estudo, indicando que a avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco exclusivamente pela an&#225;lise do risco inerente &#224; cirurgia &#233; inadequada.</p>
      <p>Por fim, n&#243;s analisamos pacientes em alto risco usando o IRCR, um dos escores de risco pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio mais utilizados na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Neste estudo, somente 0,9% foram considerados de alto risco (IRCR &#8805; 3). Mesmo assim, esses pacientes apresentaram uma maior preval&#234;ncia de MINS (3,0 x 0,7%). Na an&#225;lise de mortalidade em 30 dias, n&#227;o observamos ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bito entre os pacientes com alto IRCR e sem MINS. No entanto, a ocorr&#234;ncia de MINS foi associada com 16,7% das mortes nesse grupo. Na an&#225;lise da mortalidade em longo prazo, observamos que os grupos com alto IRCR (com e sem MINS) apresentaram um pior progn&#243;stico no seguimento. Esse achado pode ser justificado pelo pequeno tamanho amostral do grupo (64 pacientes), em que a ocorr&#234;ncia de um evento foi exacerbada em rela&#231;&#227;o ao outro grupo.</p>
      <p>O IRCR, embora amplamente utilizado, n&#227;o &#233; uma ferramenta com boa acur&#225;cia em detectar eventos cardiovasculares, principalmente na mortalidade por todas as causas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A acur&#225;cia detectada em nosso estudo (estat&#237;stica C = 0,625 para mortalidade em 30 dias) est&#225; de acordo com a encontrada na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> No entanto, a adi&#231;&#227;o de troponina ultrassens&#237;vel obtida no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio conseguiu aumentar sua capacidade preditiva. Vasireddi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup>demonstraram que pacientes classificados como de baixo risco pelo escore IRCR apresentaram taxas mais altas de mortalidade quando apresentavam les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> um achado corroborado por este estudo. Pelo fato de pacientes de baixo risco serem geralmente negligenciados quanto &#224; tomada de medidas protetivas no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, eles poderiam ser mais expostos ao risco de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Esse achado foi consistente com outras avalia&#231;&#245;es de risco, como a do risco inerente da cirurgia e do risco cardiovascular. Apesar do aumento na capacidade preditiva com a adi&#231;&#227;o de troponina ultrassens&#237;vel &#224; estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, a acur&#225;cia foi considerada somente aceit&#225;vel (estat&#237;stica C entre 0,7 e 0,8).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Assim, novos escores de avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco incluindo troponina ultrassens&#237;vel ainda n&#227;o necess&#225;rios.</p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise utilizando o IRL, observamos uma maior taxa de reclassifica&#231;&#227;o em pacientes que apresentaram les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, principalmente quanto &#224; mortalidade em 30 dias. Esse achado corrobora o poder incremental da troponina ultrassens&#237;vel na reclassifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de pacientes submetidos a cirurgias n&#227;o card&#237;acas. Nossos resultados foram ainda refor&#231;ados pelos resultados do teste IDI. O IDI &#233; uma ferramenta amplamente utilizada para avaliar a capacidade de um marcador em predizer desfechos bin&#225;rios. Tem se sugerido que o IDI seja mais sens&#237;vel que outras m&#233;tricas na identifica&#231;&#227;o de preditores &#250;teis de mortalidade em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca. Isso foi demonstrada utilizando-se tr&#234;s m&#233;todos estat&#237;sticos distintos, adicionando robustez aos nossos resultados.</p>
      <p>A adi&#231;&#227;o da troponina ultrassens&#237;vel &#224; pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica permitiu a detec&#231;&#227;o de pequenos graus de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. O seguimento com troponina ultrassens&#237;vel do estudo VISION demonstrou que eleva&#231;&#245;es acima de 5ng/L no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgias n&#227;o card&#237;acas aumentam a mortalidade em 30 dias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, demonstramos que pacientes em baixo risco tamb&#233;m s&#227;o vulner&#225;veis &#224; les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Por outro lado, a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada tinha um risco potencial de doen&#231;a grave, considerando seu tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o na UTI superior a uma noite. Assim, essa popula&#231;&#227;o merece um rastreamento de rotina com dosagem de troponina ultrassens&#237;vel no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, independentemente do risco, um achado tamb&#233;m corroborado por nosso estudo.</p>
      <p>O presente estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Apesar de ser um estudo de an&#225;lise retrospectiva, os dados foram prospectivamente coletados do banco de dados local. Diferentes kits de troponina foram usados durante o estudo, dificultando a padroniza&#231;&#227;o dos dados como uma vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua. De qualquer maneira, a recomenda&#231;&#227;o da <italic>American Heart Association</italic> &#233;, independentemente do kit utilizado, usar o percentil 99 para caracterizar os pacientes com MINS. Al&#233;m dessas limita&#231;&#245;es, este &#233; um estudo unic&#234;ntrico. Ainda, quando analisamos os desfechos de longo prazo, outros fatores podem diretamente influenciar o risco de morte, que n&#227;o podem ser controlados em um estudo retrospectivo, adicionando um alto risco de vi&#233;s. Finalmente, a sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes admitidos na UTI demonstra uma popula&#231;&#227;o potencialmente de maior risco e, portanto, nossos resultados n&#227;o podem ser extrapolados para outras popula&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Apesar dessas limita&#231;&#245;es, nosso estudo est&#225; entre os poucos que avaliaram o progn&#243;stico de pacientes de riscos muito diferentes, submetidos a cirurgias n&#227;o card&#237;acas. N&#243;s empregamos tr&#234;s classifica&#231;&#245;es de risco e demonstramos que mesmo pacientes considerados de baixo risco podem ser expostos a uma mortalidade mais alta. Nossos resultados destacam a necessidade de um uso mais amplo de medidas de troponina ultrassens&#237;vel na identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes em maior risco. Escores e avalia&#231;&#245;es de risco atuais falham em detectar esses pacientes, a adi&#231;&#227;o de troponina ultrassens&#237;vel melhorou a capacidade preditiva para mortalidade em 30 dias e mortalidade em um ano.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Pacientes considerados em alto risco com base no risco cardiovascular, risco inerente da cirurgia ou escore IRCR apresentaram uma preval&#234;ncia mais alta de inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica quando submetidos &#224; cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca. A estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco convencional mostrou baixa acur&#225;cia em predizer mortalidade por todas as causas em curto e em longo prazo. A adi&#231;&#227;o da troponina ultrassens&#237;vel para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco aumentou sua capacidade preditiva, mas ainda &#233; insuficiente para uma boa predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos. Novos escores usando biomarcadores devem ser desenvolvidos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Bruno Ferraz de Oliveira Gomes pela Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Plataforma Brasil/Hospital Copa D`Or sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 63829916.9.00005249. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material">
        <label>*</label>
        <p>Material suplementar</p>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12104/2023-0623_AO_MATERIAL-SUPLEMENTAR.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230623i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Addition of High-Sensitivity Troponin to Perioperative Risk Assessment Improves the Predictive Ability of Death in Non-Cardiac Surgery Patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7443-7270</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Ferraz de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6799-7111</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Moreira Bastos da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7668-4224</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dutra</surname>
            <given-names>Giovanni Possamai</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Peres</surname>
            <given-names>Leticia de Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Camis&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Nathalia Duarte</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Homena</surname>
            <given-names>Walter de Souza</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Petriz</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Luiz Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carmo</surname>
            <given-names>Plinio Resende do</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Basilio de Bragan&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Barra D&#8217;Or, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Instituto de Cardiologia Edson Saad, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Bruno Ferraz de Oliveira Gomes &#8226; Hospital Barra D&#8217;Or &#8211; Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Ayrton Senna, 3079. Postal Code 22775-002, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: drbrunoferraz@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Addition of High-Sensitivity Troponin to Perioperative Risk Assessment Improves the Predictive Ability of Death in Non-Cardiac Surgery Patients</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230623-30623-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Risk stratification is an important step in perioperative evaluation. However, the main risk scores do not incorporate biomarkers in their set of variables.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> Evaluate the incremental power of troponin to the usual risk stratification</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> A total of 2,230 patients admitted to the intensive care unit after non-cardiac surgery were classified according to three types of risk: cardiovascular risk (CVR), Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI); and inherent risk of surgery (IRS). The main outcome was all-cause mortality. Cox regression was used as well as c-statistics before and after addition of high-sensitivity troponin (at least one measurement up to three days after surgery). Finally, net reclassification index and integrated discrimination improvement were used to assess the incremental power of troponin for risk stratification. Significance level was set at 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Mean age of patients was 63.8 years and 55.6% were women. The prevalence of myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery (MINS) was 9.4%. High CVR-patients had a higher occurrence of MINS (40.1 x 24.8%, p&lt;0.001), as well as high IRS-patients (21.3 x 13.9%, p=0.004) and those with a RCRI&#8805;3 (3.0 x 0.7%, p=0.009). Patients without MINS, regardless of the assessed risk, had similar mortality rate. The addition of troponin to the risk assessment improved the predictive ability of death at 30 days and at 1 year in all risk assessments.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> The prevalence of MINS is higher in the high-risk population. However, its prevalence in lower-risk population is not negligible and causes a higher risk of death. The addition of high-sensitivity troponin increased the predictive ability of risk assessment in all groups.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocardial Injury</kwd>
        <kwd>Non-cardiac Surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>High-sensitivity Troponin</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Classification</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro" specific-use="q">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular complications are one of the main causes of death in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgeries worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In order to minimize and predict these complications, international societies of cardiology and anesthesiology recommend a thorough assessment of cardiovascular risk before performing the proposed procedure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The tools available for risk prediction are risk scores, which have limited predictive capacity, especially regarding patients at lower risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Most risk scores incorporate patient and surgery-related risk factors, but do not include biomarkers in their set of variables.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>High-sensitivity troponin is a biomarker that denotes myocardial injury, and its elevation is related to an increased risk of death and cardiovascular events in the short and long terms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Despite its good predictive capacity, troponin has not been incorporated into the main perioperative risk scores. Thus, new studies demonstrating its incremental value to the existing risk scores are needed.</p>
        <p>As myocardial injury occurs in all risk strata, high-sensitivity troponin would be a potential tool for risk reclassification of low-risk patients who were underdiagnosed by traditional assessment methods. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the behavior of high-sensitivity troponin in different risk groups and the incremental value of this biomarker to the usual perioperative risk stratification in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgeries.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Population</title>
          <p>This is a retrospective analysis study using prospective data collected from the local database (i.e., convenience sample). Patients who underwent non-cardiac surgery and were admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) were included. The study period was from January 2011 to December 2016. The inclusion criteria were the following: at least an overnight stay in ICU and a minimum of one high-sensitivity troponin dosage up to three days after surgery. Patients who underwent cardiac procedures (e.g., cardiac surgery, catheterization, ablation, etc.) in the last month, presented advanced stage of the underlying disease, and those on palliative care were excluded from the study.</p>
          <p>Data on age, gender, classic risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, previous coronary disease, smoking, dyslipidemia, renal failure), type of surgery (general, orthopedic, vascular, neurological, chest, head and neck, and gynecological and genitourinary), revised cardiac risk index (RCRI)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> risk score, surgery risk assessment, admission and peak high-sensitivity troponin levels were collected. In this ICU, high-sensitivity troponin is routinely checked in all patients during the immediate post-operative period and from the second day of hospitalization, except patients with a short stay in the unit. Patients who showed elevated troponin levels had serial measurements up to the highest value (i.e., peak troponin).</p>
          <p>Myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery (MINS) was defined as any elevation of high-sensitivity troponin above the cut-off point (99th percentile) for up to three days after the surgical procedure, as recommended by the American Heart Association.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> For analysis, we will consider the highest value of troponin in the three post-operative days. During the study, different high-sensitivity troponin assays were used. Therefore, we chose to evaluate the proportion of troponin elevation according to its cutoff point, provided by the vendor. The degree of troponin elevation obtained through the ratio between troponin peak and cut-off point was used to create three groups, namely: no troponin elevation, elevation up to five times the cut-off point, and elevation greater than five times the cut-off point. The prevalence of myocardial injury was evaluated in three risk groups as follows: cardiovascular risk, clinical risk, and intrinsic risk of surgery.</p>
          <p>The criteria for determining whether a patient was at high cardiovascular risk were the following: history of established cardiovascular disease (i.e., previous myocardial infarction, stroke or peripheral arterial disease), diabetes, chronic kidney disease with clearance &lt; 60ml/min, or presence of at least three risk factors (i.e., hypertension, smoking, dyslipidemia or age &gt; 65 years).</p>
          <p>The definition of high clinical risk was based on a RCRI score &#8805; 3, which indicates a risk of death, infarction, or cardiorespiratory arrest of approximately 15% within 30 days.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Finally, the definition proposed by the European Society of Cardiology guideline was used to determine whether a patient was at a high surgical risk. It includes several procedures involving risk of death greater than 5%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Mortality rate was assessed by consulting the online mortality database of the state of Rio de Janeiro. The primary outcome of this study was all-cause mortality and the minimum follow-up time in the study was four years. We evaluated the occurrence of death at 30 days, at one year and one year thereafter.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data normality was verified by using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Continuous variables were presented as mean and standard deviation (when there is normal distribution) or median and interquartile range (when there is no normal distribution). Categorical variables were expressed as percentages. The variables were compared according to the primary outcome by using univariate analysis with chi-square test (categorical variables) and unpaired Student&#8217;s t test (continuous variables).</p>
          <p>We determined the prevalence of myocardial injury in the following risk groups: patients at high cardiovascular risk, high clinical risk (RCRI &#8805; 3) and patients at high surgical risk. Each of these risk groups were evaluated in four subgroups according to the occurrence or not of myocardial injury &#8211; group 1: non-high-risk with normal troponin levels; group 2: non-high-risk with elevated troponin levels; group 3: high-risk with normal troponin levels, and group 4: high- risk with elevated troponin levels. These subgroups were evaluated by using Cox regression adjusted for severity (using SAPS3 score) and survival curves for primary outcome. Each of these risks was assessed by using c-statistics before and after adding troponin in a categorized manner (no troponin elevation; troponin elevation 1-5x the cutoff point; troponin elevation &gt; 5x cutoff point). The scores for each of these items corresponded to the integer values obtained in the Cox regression for the outcomes: death at 30 days and death at one year. The c-statistic result was assessed according to the following classification: poor (0.50 to &lt;0.70), acceptable (0.70 to &lt;0.80), excellent (0.80 to &lt;0.90) and magnificent (&#8805;0.90).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Finally, the incremental value of adding troponin to the risk model was evaluated by using the net reclassification index (NRI)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup>and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) test based on the risk categories.</p>
          <p>Both NRI and IDI are statistical measures that are used to evaluate the incremental value of a new diagnostic or prognostic test over an existing one. The NRI is a measure of the proportion of individuals who are correctly reclassified by the new test compared to the old test. It is calculated as the difference between the proportion of individuals who are correctly reclassified upwards and the proportion of individuals who are incorrectly reclassified downwards. The IDI is a measure of the improvement in discrimination that is achieved by the new test over the old test. It is calculated as the difference between the mean predicted probabilities of the new test and the old test for individuals who experience an event minus the mean predicted probabilities for individuals who do not experience an event. Both the NRI and IDI are calculated using logistic regression models and can be used to evaluate the incremental value of a new test over an existing one in terms of risk prediction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
          <p>For statistical analysis, the SPSS software version 26, MedCalc and RStudio 2021.09.0 software were used. P &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical aspects</title>
          <p>This study was registered on Plataforma Brasil (protocol number CAAE 63829916.9.0000.5249) and approved by the research ethics committee of the Copa D&#8217;Or Hospital on February 2, 2017. Because it is a retrospective analysis study, no informed consent form was required.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline characteristics</title>
          <p>We initially identified 2,982 patients admitted to ICU during the study period, but after analyzing the inclusion criteria, 2,230 patients were included. We excluded 495 patients due to lack of troponin measurement, 35 due to non-surgical hospitalizations, 141 due to cardiovascular procedures, and 80 due to hospitalization less than 24 hours. Among the excluded patients who had no troponin measurement (the highest percentage of exclusion in this study), 80% stayed only one day in the ICU. There were seven deaths in this group, which indicates these patients had a less severe profile.</p>
          <p>The prevalence of MINS was 9.4%. The median follow-up time was 6.7 (IQR 5.0-8.3) years, with a median ICU stay of one day and a median hospital stay of four days. A summary of the results can be found in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>. General characteristics of the population, as well as of the patients with and without MINS, are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; General characteristics of the population and patients with myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Caracteristics</th>
                    <th>All patients N=2230</th>
                    <th>MINS N=209</th>
                    <th>Non-MINS N=2021</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mean age (years)</td>
                    <td align="center">63.8&#177;16.3</td>
                    <td align="center">73.2&#177;13.4</td>
                    <td align="center">60.7&#177;15.8</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male gender</td>
                    <td align="center">44.4%</td>
                    <td align="center">45.9%</td>
                    <td align="center">44.3%</td>
                    <td align="center">0.350</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">29.7&#177;20.0</td>
                    <td align="center">27.9&#177;23.2</td>
                    <td align="center">30.2&#177;18.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.04</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Urgent surgery</td>
                    <td align="center">19.2%</td>
                    <td align="center">33.0%</td>
                    <td align="center">17.8%</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous heart failure</td>
                    <td align="center">1.8%</td>
                    <td align="center">1.4%</td>
                    <td align="center">1.8%</td>
                    <td align="center">0.484</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Chronic kidney disease</td>
                    <td align="center">4.1%</td>
                    <td align="center">6.7%</td>
                    <td align="center">3.9%</td>
                    <td align="center">0.045</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">62.8%</td>
                    <td align="center">75.1%</td>
                    <td align="center">61.5%</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes</td>
                    <td align="center">25.7%</td>
                    <td align="center">25.4%</td>
                    <td align="center">25.8%</td>
                    <td align="center">0.485</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous myocardial infarction</td>
                    <td align="center">7.6%</td>
                    <td align="center">17.2%</td>
                    <td align="center">6.6%</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peripheral artery disease</td>
                    <td align="center">2.4%</td>
                    <td align="center">5.7%</td>
                    <td align="center">2.0%</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atrial fibrillation</td>
                    <td align="center">2.5%</td>
                    <td align="center">5.3%</td>
                    <td align="center">2.2%</td>
                    <td align="center">0.013</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous stroke</td>
                    <td align="center">3.6%</td>
                    <td align="center">3.3%</td>
                    <td align="center">3.7%</td>
                    <td align="center">0.504</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dementia</td>
                    <td align="center">4.0%</td>
                    <td align="center">5.3%</td>
                    <td align="center">3.9%</td>
                    <td align="center">0.219</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Chronic health status</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Independence</td>
                    <td align="center">88.8%</td>
                    <td align="center">76.1%</td>
                    <td align="center">90.1%</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="3">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Need for assistance</td>
                    <td align="center">9.3%</td>
                    <td align="center">19.1%</td>
                    <td align="center">8.3%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Restricted/bedridden</td>
                    <td align="center">1.9%</td>
                    <td align="center">4.8%</td>
                    <td align="center">1.6%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>High cardiovascular risk</td>
                    <td align="center">26.1%</td>
                    <td align="center">40.1%</td>
                    <td align="center">24.8%</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>High clinical risk (RCRI &#8805; 3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.9%</td>
                    <td align="center">3.0%</td>
                    <td align="center">0.7%</td>
                    <td align="center">0.009</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>High surgical risk (&gt;5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">14.6%</td>
                    <td align="center">21.3%</td>
                    <td align="center">13.9%</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Long-term death</td>
                    <td align="center">24.9%</td>
                    <td align="center">53.0 %</td>
                    <td align="center">22.0%</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>BMI: body mass index; RCRI: revised cardiac risk index.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>The main cardiovascular risk factors identified in this population were arterial hypertension (62.8%) and diabetes (25.7%). Considering all surgeries performed, the most common were general (35%), orthopedic (36%), urological (8.1%), vascular (5.2%) and neurological (5.4%). Nearly 15% of the surgeries were considered of high risk. A low proportion of high-risk patients was identified by the RCRI score (0.9%). In contrast, more than a quarter of this population met the criteria for high cardiovascular risk.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>MINS and mortality</title>
          <p>Patients who presented myocardial injury (Groups 2 and 4) showed higher mortality rates regardless of the risk classification used, especially in the first year after surgery.</p>
          <p>Figure S1 shows the occurrence of all-cause death according to the estimated risk and occurrence of myocardial injury and Figure S2 shows mortality rates according to the RCRI score (available in supplementary material).</p>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> shows the survival curves of the groups according to the risk classification used.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Survival curves of the studied subgroups according to risk. Group 1: non-high-risk patients without myocardial injury; Group 2: non-high-risk patients with myocardial injury; Group 3: high-risk patients without myocardial injury; Group 4: high-risk patients with myocardial injury. RCRI: revised cardiac risk index.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230623-30623-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>In all survival curves, except the one determined by the RCRI, we observed higher mortality rates in the groups with myocardial injury. When we used the RCRI score to define risk, high-risk patients had higher mortality rates.</p>
          <p>In <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>, we provide the Cox regression adjusted for SAPS3 score (as a continuous variable) and their respective hazard ratios for long-term death according to the risk analysis used.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Cox regression adjusted for severity by using the SAPS3 score for the outcome long-term death</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="2">Surgical Risk</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Clinical Risk (RCRI)</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Cardiovascular risk</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="2">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                    <th colspan="2">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                    <th colspan="2">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>HR</th>
                    <th>95%CI</th>
                    <th>HR</th>
                    <th>95%CI</th>
                    <th>HR</th>
                    <th>95%CI</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Group 1</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">
                      <bold>
                        <italic>reference</italic>
                      </bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">
                      <bold>
                        <italic>reference</italic>
                      </bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">
                      <bold>
                        <italic>reference</italic>
                      </bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Group 2</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.48</td>
                    <td align="center">1.12-1.94</td>
                    <td align="center">1.60</td>
                    <td align="center">1.26-2.03</td>
                    <td align="center">1.65</td>
                    <td align="center">1.22-2.24</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Group 3</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.29</td>
                    <td align="center">1.02-1.63</td>
                    <td align="center">2.64</td>
                    <td align="center">1.36-5.13</td>
                    <td align="center">1.37</td>
                    <td align="center">1.23-1.67</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Group 4</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">2.68</td>
                    <td align="center">1.81-3.95</td>
                    <td align="center">2.55</td>
                    <td align="center">1.05-6.20</td>
                    <td align="center">1.96</td>
                    <td align="center">1.42-2.71</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>SAPS3</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.06</td>
                    <td align="center">1.05-1.07</td>
                    <td align="center">1.06</td>
                    <td align="center">1.05-1.07</td>
                    <td align="center">1.06</td>
                    <td align="center">1.05-1.07</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>RCRI: revised cardiac risk index; HR: hazard ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>As observed in the survival curves, myocardial injury led greater mortality regardless of the risk, except in the population stratified by RCRI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Troponin and risk stratification</title>
          <p>As troponin had a greater impact on mortality up to one year after the surgical procedure, we chose to analyze the incremental power given the risk scores at 30 days and at one year. Cox regression was used to determine the coefficients for the addition of troponin, which are available in the supplementary material (Table S1). This regression determined that 1-5 times increase in troponin levels would add one point, and an increase greater than five times the troponin cutoff point would add two points to the score used, namely: high surgical risk = 1 point, high cardiovascular risk = 1 point, and RCRI score (0-6 points). Scores were evaluated before and after troponin incorporation by using ROC curve and c-statistical analysis. The results are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; ROC curve for each of the risks before and after addition of troponin for the outcomes mortality at 30 days and mortality at one year; SR: surgical risk; CVR: cardiovascular risk; RCRI: revised cardiac risk index.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230623-30623-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; C-statistics before and after addition of troponin for the outcomes mortality at 30 days and mortality at one year</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>SR x SR + troponin</th>
                    <th>RCRI x RCRI + troponin</th>
                    <th>CVR x CVR + troponin</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>30-day mortality</td>
                    <td align="center">0.568 x 0.716*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.625 x 0.729*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.571 x 0.727*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>One-year mortality</td>
                    <td align="center">0.570 x 0.655*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.618 x 0.684*</td>
                    <td align="center">0.571 x 0.657*</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>SR: surgical risk; RCRI: revised cardiac risk index; CVR: cardiovascular risk. *p &lt; 0.001.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>In all risk groups and outcomes, the addition of troponin significantly increased the accuracy of the risk score. For the outcomes mortality at 30 days and mortality at one year, all risk scores had poor accuracy. The score with the highest accuracy was the RCRI, both for 30-day and one-year mortality rates. On the other hand, after adding troponin, all risk scores showed similar accuracy, but still acceptable or even poor, especially in the assessment of one-year mortality. In the analysis of the incremental value (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>), we observed that there was an incremental value in all risk models studied, especially in the 30-day mortality.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Addition of troponin to risk scores by using the net reclassification index (NRI)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="3">SR x SR + troponin</th>
                    <th colspan="3">RCRI x RCRI + troponin</th>
                    <th colspan="3">CVR x CVR + troponin</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="3">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                    <th colspan="3">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                    <th colspan="3">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>NRIe</th>
                    <th>NRIne</th>
                    <th>NRI</th>
                    <th>NRIe</th>
                    <th>NRIne</th>
                    <th>NRI</th>
                    <th>NRIe</th>
                    <th>NRIne</th>
                    <th>NRI</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>30-day mortality</td>
                    <td align="center">0.48</td>
                    <td align="center">0.08</td>
                    <td align="center">0.40</td>
                    <td align="center">0.48</td>
                    <td align="center">0.08</td>
                    <td align="center">0.40</td>
                    <td align="center">0.48</td>
                    <td align="center">0.08</td>
                    <td align="center">0.40</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>1-year mortality</td>
                    <td align="center">0.30</td>
                    <td align="center">0.07</td>
                    <td align="center">0.23</td>
                    <td align="center">0.30</td>
                    <td align="center">0.07</td>
                    <td align="center">0.23</td>
                    <td align="center">0.30</td>
                    <td align="center">0.07</td>
                    <td align="center">0.23</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>SR: surgical risk; RCRI: revised cardiac risk index; CVR: cardiovascular risk; NRIe: NRI of events; NRIne: NRI of non-events.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Graphical representation of integrated discrimination improvement for each score in two different outcomes (30-day mortality and 1-year mortality). The area under the curve (AUC) of the IDI plot is a measure of the improvement (red area) in discrimination achieved by the new test over the old test; a larger AUC indicates a greater improvement in discrimination; p &lt; 0.001 in all curves; numeric values are available in supplementary material (Table S2).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230623-30623-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this study, we observed a higher prevalence of myocardial injury in patients at higher risk, including cardiovascular, surgical, and clinical risk. However, the occurrence of MINS in the non-high-risk population is not negligible and causes high mortality in this population. In the long-term follow-up, non-high-risk patients with myocardial injury had a worse prognosis than high-risk ones without myocardial injury. Traditional risk assessment has shown low accuracy in predicting death at 30 days and at one year. On the other hand, the addition of high-sensitivity troponin to the investigation of myocardial injury allowed increasing the accuracy of the prediction of these events, especially in the non-high-risk population.</p>
        <p>The occurrence of MINS is known to increase the risk of death in the short and long terms,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> but the role of risk assessment in such increase has been little studied. By analyzing the risk factors individually, we know that hypertension, diabetes, and smoking increase the risk of MINS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> However, there is no study evaluating the occurrence of MINS in patients at high cardiovascular risk. In the initial assessment of the patient-related preoperative risk, guidelines recommend the assessment of risk factors and presence of established cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> For a patient aged &#8805; 65 years with risk factors or established cardiovascular disease, it is recommended to perform an electrocardiogram and measure biomarkers (troponin and BNP). However, these data are not used in risk scores.</p>
        <p>In our study, the prevalence of high cardiovascular risk was considerable (26.1%), as was the prevalence of hypertension (62.8%) and diabetes (25.7%). High cardiovascular-risk patients had a higher prevalence of MINS (40.1 x 24.8%). In contrast, 30-day mortality rate of high cardiovascular-risk patients without MINS was similar to that of patients without high cardiovascular risk (2.4 x 1.4%). Therefore, we observed that almost a quarter of the population without high cardiovascular risk had MINS, which determined a higher mortality at 30 days (14%) and at one year (29.8%), and demonstrated the need for MINS screening even in patients without high cardiovascular risk. Even when adjusting for severity, these patients had a worse prognosis in a follow-up of almost seven years.</p>
        <p>When we evaluated patients undergoing high-risk surgery, we found similar results. Although some risk scores include the intrinsic risk of surgery,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> little data is available regarding the occurrence of MINS and its prognostic impact. In our population, the prevalence of high-risk surgery was 14.6%, and these patients had a higher prevalence of MINS (21.3% vs. 13.9%). In the absence of MINS, their 30-day mortality rate was similar to that of patients undergoing lower-risk surgeries (2.5% vs. 1.5%). However, the occurrence of MINS increases the risk of death regardless of the surgery performed, with a 30-day mortality rate of 12.6% in patients undergoing lower-risk surgery. This finding was consistent throughout the study period, indicating that assessing the risk exclusively by the analysis of the inherent risk of surgery is inadequate.</p>
        <p>Lastly, we analyzed high clinical-risk patients by using the RCRI, one of the most used pre-operative risk scores in the clinical practice. In this study, only 0.9% of the patients were considered at high risk (RCRI &#8805; 3). Even so, these patients had a higher prevalence of MINS (3.0 x 0.7%). In the 30-day mortality analysis, we observed no death among patients with high RCRI score and without MINS. However, the occurrence of MINS was associated with 16.7% of the deaths in this group. In the analysis of long-term mortality, we observed that the groups with high RCRI (with and without MINS) had a worse prognosis in the follow-up. This finding can be justified by the small sample size of this group (64 patients), in which the occurrence of an event was exacerbated in relation to the other group.</p>
        <p>The RCRI, despite being widely used, is not a tool with good accuracy in detecting cardiovascular events, especially all-cause death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The accuracy detected in our study (c-statistics = 0.625 for death at 30 days) is in line with that found in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> However, the addition of post-operative high-sensitivity troponin was able to increase its predictive ability. Vasireddi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> demonstrated that patients classified as low risk through the RCRI score showed higher mortality rates when they had myocardial injury,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> a finding corroborated by this study. Because low-risk patients are often neglected for protective measures in the pre-operative preparation and, therefore, they could be more exposed to the risk of myocardial injury. This finding was consistent with other risk assessments, such as that of the inherent risk of surgery and cardiovascular risk. Despite the increase in predictive capacity with the addition of high-sensitivity troponin to risk stratification, the accuracy was only considered acceptable (c-statistics between 0.7 and 0.8).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Thus, new risk assessment scores including high-sensitivity troponin are still needed.</p>
        <p>In the analysis using the NRI, we observed a higher reclassification rate in patients who had myocardial injury, especially regarding the 30-day mortality. This finding corroborates the incremental power of high-sensitivity troponin in the risk reclassification of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgeries. Our findings were further supported by the results of the IDI test. The IDI is a widely used tool for evaluating the ability of a marker to predict binary outcomes. It has been suggested that the IDI is more sensitive than other metrics in identifying useful predictive markers. In our study, high-sensitivity troponin emerged as a powerful predictor of mortality in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. This was demonstrated using three distinct statistical methods, adding robustness to our results.</p>
        <p>The addition of high-sensitivity troponin to the clinical practice enabled the detection of minor degrees of myocardial injury. In a follow-up, the VISION study demonstrated that elevations of high-sensitivity troponin above 5ng/L during the post-operative period increased the 30-day mortality of non-cardiac patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> In our study, we demonstrated that low-risk patients are also vulnerable to myocardial injury. On the other hand, the population studied had a potential risk of severe disease in view of their ICU stay longer than one night. Thus, this population deserves routine screening with high-sensitivity troponin dosage in the post-operative period, regardless of the risk, a finding also corroborated by our study.</p>
        <p>The present study has some limitations. Despite being a retrospective analysis study, data were prospectively collected from the local database. Different troponin kits were used during this study, making it difficult to standardize the data as a continuous variable. In any case, the recommendation of the American Heart Association is, regardless of the kit used, to use the 99th percentile to characterize patients with MINS. In addition to these limitations, this is a single-center study. Furthermore, when we analyze long-term outcomes, other factors may directly influence the risk of death that cannot be controlled in a retrospective study, adding a high risk of bias. Finally, the selection of patients admitted to ICU demonstrates a potentially higher-risk population and, therefore, our results cannot be extrapolated to other populations.</p>
        <p>Despite its limitations, our study is among the few that have assessed the prognosis of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgeries across a broad spectrum of risk. We employed three different risk classifications and demonstrated that even patients considered to be at low risk may be exposed to higher mortality. Our findings highlight the need for more widespread use of high-sensitivity troponin measurements in identifying patients at greater risk. While current scores and risk assessments fail to identify these patients, the addition of high-sensitivity troponin to standard stratification methods was shown to improve the predictive capacity for 30-day and one-year mortality.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Patients at high risk based on cardiovascular risk, intrinsic risk of surgery or RCRI score had a higher prevalence of myocardial injury when undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Usual risk stratification showed low accuracy in predicting all-cause death in the short and long terms; the addition of high-sensitivity troponin to risk assessment increased the predictive ability, but it is still insufficient for a good prediction of events. New scores using biomarkers should be developed.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Bruno Ferraz de Oliveira Gomes, from Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Plataforma Brasil/Hospital Copa D`Or under the protocol number 63829916.9.00005249. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Supplemental Materials</p>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12104/2023-0623_AO_MATERIAL-SUPLEMENTAR.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
