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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">FsttNgvYhnxKFvvJptNDgwH</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000401001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230580</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Imagem</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Correla&#231;&#227;o de Imagem Espa&#231;o-Temporal: Imagens Tridimensionais para Triagem Card&#237;aca Fetal e Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Doen&#231;as Card&#237;acas Cong&#234;nitas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6854-451X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Malho</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7341-6101</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ximenes</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Silveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1491-4877</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bravo-Valenzuela</surname>
            <given-names>Nathalie Jeanne</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6145-2532</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Araujo</surname>
            <given-names>Edward</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Latino-Americana de Medicina Fetal</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Latino-Americana de Medicina Fetal (FMF-LA), Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Obstetr&#237;cia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Obstetr&#237;cia &#8211; Escola Paulista de Medicina &#8211; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiologia Pedi&#225;trica</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Pediatria</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Pediatria &#8211; Cardiologia Pedi&#225;trica &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Municipal de S&#227;o Caetano do Sul</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Disciplina de Sa&#250;de da Mulher</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Caetano do Sul</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Disciplina de Sa&#250;de da Mulher &#8211; Universidade Municipal de S&#227;o Caetano do Sul (USCS), S&#227;o Caetano do Sul, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Edward Araujo J&#250;nior</bold> &#8226; Rua Belchior de Azevedo, 156 apto. 111. CEP <postal-code>05089-030</postal-code>, Torre Vitoria, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>araujojred@terra.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Vitor Guerra</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230580</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Cora&#231;&#227;o Fetal</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>Ultrassonografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Imageamento Tridimensional</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="5"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Os defeitos card&#237;acos est&#227;o entre as malforma&#231;&#245;es cong&#234;nitas mais comuns, ocorrendo em 4 a 12 para cada 1.000 nascidos vivos, dependendo da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. A doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita (DCC) &#233; uma causa significativa de mortalidade relacionada a defeitos cong&#234;nitos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Portanto, o diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;-natal de DCC &#233; fundamental para melhorar o progn&#243;stico associado a esta doen&#231;a. Nesse cen&#225;rio, o desenvolvimento de programas de triagem ultrassonogr&#225;fica card&#237;aca pr&#233;-natal s&#227;o ferramentas importantes que t&#234;m aumentado a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de DCC. Esses programas tornam isso poss&#237;vel ao adicionar a via de sa&#237;da ventricular e as incid&#234;ncias do mediastino superior (tr&#234;s vasos - 3V e 3V com traqueia) ao padr&#227;o de visualiza&#231;&#227;o de quatro c&#226;maras (4C) durante a varredura do ultrassom card&#237;aco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O desenvolvimento de tecnologias avan&#231;adas de imagem, como ultrassonografia tridimensional e quadridimensional (3D/4D) e correla&#231;&#227;o de imagens espa&#231;o-temporais (STIC), tem melhorado a qualidade das imagens ultrassonogr&#225;ficas do cora&#231;&#227;o fetal com impacto positivo sobre o diagn&#243;stico de malforma&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas. A tecnologia 4D-STIC permite a captura de milhares de imagens card&#237;acas usando um transdutor volum&#233;trico 3D, realizando uma &#250;nica varredura em c&#226;mera lenta com dura&#231;&#227;o de 7,5 a 15 segundos da visualiza&#231;&#227;o 4C do cora&#231;&#227;o fetal. Os volumes 3D/4D adquiridos cont&#234;m um "bloco" de informa&#231;&#245;es do ciclo card&#237;aco completo, que pode ser armazenado para posterior navega&#231;&#227;o off-line do cora&#231;&#227;o fetal, permitindo uma an&#225;lise mais detalhada da anatomia card&#237;aca pelo ultrassonografista, ou enviado via link da Internet para an&#225;lise por especialistas em centros terci&#225;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O software denominado HDlive &#233; uma t&#233;cnica de desenho de superf&#237;cie que se diferencia dos m&#233;todos convencionais de renderiza&#231;&#227;o 3D por oferecer ao operador a capacidade de selecionar livremente a fonte de luz sob qualquer &#226;ngulo, proporcionando sensa&#231;&#245;es realistas das estruturas card&#237;acas e seus vasos, e permitindo a an&#225;lise dos detalhes anat&#244;micos do cora&#231;&#227;o fetal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Neste artigo, descrevemos alguns exemplos de imagem de DCC diagnosticada pela adi&#231;&#227;o de HDlive e HDlive Flow Silhouette ao ultrassom 3D/4D com STIC.</p>
    <p>O exame ultrassonogr&#225;fico da parte superior do abd&#244;men do feto permite uma avalia&#231;&#227;o do local. Em sua posi&#231;&#227;o normal (situs solitus), o vaso arterial (aorta) estar&#225; localizado &#224; esquerda e atr&#225;s da veia cava inferior. Na vista abdominal superior, o isomerismo esquerdo &#233; facilmente reconhecido pelo fato de o vaso venoso (&#225;zigo/hemi&#225;zigo) ser posterior ao vaso arterial (aorta). O isomerismo esquerdo (situs amb&#237;guo) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o na qual os &#225;trios e os pulm&#245;es est&#227;o duplicados no lado esquerdo. Em quase todos os casos de isomerismo &#224; esquerda, o segmento hep&#225;tico da veia cava inferior, com drenagem pelas veias &#225;zigos e/ou hemi&#225;zigos, est&#225; ausente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1A</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, como ambos os &#225;trios s&#227;o morfologicamente esquerdos, o n&#243; sinoatrial direito est&#225; ausente e, consequentemente, o risco de bradicardia devido ao bloqueio card&#237;aco aumenta no isomerismo esquerdo. Na realidade, DCCs mais complexas, como defeito do septo atrioventricular (DSAV) desequilibrado e via de sa&#237;da dupla do ventr&#237;culo direito, geralmente est&#227;o associadas a anormalidades de situs (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1B</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <label>Figura 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Ultrassonografia tridimensional com STIC e HDlive em feto (23 semanas e 6 dias) com isomerismo atrial esquerdo, dextrocardia, defeito do septo atrioventricular completo (DSAV) e bloqueio atrioventricular completo (BAVT). A) O isomerismo atrial esquerdo, facilmente reconhecido pelo fato do vaso venoso (&#225;zigo) ser posterior ao vaso arterial (aorta) na vista abdominal superior. B) DSAV completamente desequilibrado pode ser reconhecido por uma vis&#227;o anormal das quatro c&#226;maras: observe a v&#225;lvula atrioventricular comum com um &#250;nico orif&#237;cio (seta vermelha) e os ventr&#237;culos de tamanhos desiguais. Observa-se derrame peric&#225;rdico (DP) devido ao bloqueio AV completo. AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VAV: v&#225;lvula atrioventricular; Ao: aorta; Az: &#225;zigo; E: lado esquerdo; D: lado direito.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230580-30580-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <p>O DSAV &#233; uma DCC que resulta da falha na fus&#227;o do septo atrioventricular. A forma cl&#225;ssica completa do DSAV &#233; caracterizada por uma v&#225;lvula atrioventricular comum, defeito septal atrial <italic>ostium primum</italic> e uma comunica&#231;&#227;o interventricular de entrada. Por meio do Doppler colorido, esse diagn&#243;stico &#233; facilmente reconhecido na incid&#234;ncia 4C do cora&#231;&#227;o fetal pelo sinal em "H" devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia do septo atrioventricular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, imagens anatomicamente realistas da v&#225;lvula atrioventricular comum, com detalhes de sua inser&#231;&#227;o, podem ser obtidas usando ultrassom 3D/4D e HDlive. O DSAV com hipoplasia de um ventr&#237;culo &#233; referido como "desequilibrado" e est&#225; tipicamente associado &#224; s&#237;ndrome heterotaxia (isomerismo).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O DSAV completo tem forte associa&#231;&#227;o com malforma&#231;&#245;es extracard&#237;acas e s&#237;ndromes como a trissomia do 21. Semelhante ao DSAV, a art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita aberrante (ASDA) foi descrita como um marcador para anomalias cromoss&#244;micas, como a trissomia do 21. A ASDA surge como um quarto vaso da aorta e n&#227;o da art&#233;ria braquiocef&#225;lica. Seu curso &#233; posterior &#224; traqueia, n&#227;o anterior como nos cora&#231;&#245;es normais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figuras 2B</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref>). Assim, o cari&#243;tipo fetal deve ser discutido com os pais quando tais diagn&#243;sticos s&#227;o feitos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <fig id="f2">
      <label>Figura 2</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Observe as imagens card&#237;acas mais realistas com ultrassom tridimensional em modo HDlive Silhouette de um feto (30 semanas e 6 dias) com trissomia do 21. A) Durante a di&#225;stole com HDlive flow no corte de quatro c&#226;maras, o sinal em "H" da v&#225;lvula atrioventricular (AV) comum (***) &#233; uma pista importante para o diagn&#243;stico de defeito do septo atrioventricular completo (DSAV). B) Vista de tr&#234;s vasos e traqueia (3VT) mostrando ASDA com trajeto retrotraqueal no mesmo feto. VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; AD: &#225;trio direito; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VAV comum: v&#225;lvula atrioventricular comum com orif&#237;cio &#250;nico; Ao: aorta; AP: art&#233;ria pulmonar; ASDA: art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita aberrante; t: traqueia (seta vermelha); A: anterior; P: posterior.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230580-30580-gf02.tif"/></fig>
    <fig id="f3">
      <label>Figura 3</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Ultrassonografia tridimensional com HDlive flow e modos Silhouette da visualiza&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s vasos e traqueia (3VT) mostrando uma art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita aberrante (ASDA) de um feto com 20 semanas e 6 dias. A ASDA surge da aorta como o quarto vaso. Foi descrita como um marcador de risco para anomalias cromoss&#244;micas, como a trissomia do 21. Observa-se que a ASDA passa posteriormente &#224; traqueia na visualiza&#231;&#227;o 3VT. A art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita normal &#233; um vaso em forma de S que passa anteriormente &#224; traqueia. Ao: aorta; AP: art&#233;ria pulmonar; ASDA: art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via direita aberrante, t: traqueia; P: posterior; A: anterior.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230580-30580-gf03.tif"/></fig>
    <p>A dupla via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo direito (DVSVD) refere-se a um grupo de DCCs em que ambas as grandes art&#233;rias se originam predominantemente (&gt; 50%) do ventr&#237;culo morfologicamente direito. A DVSVD &#233; descrita como tipo 1- Fallot, quando h&#225; estenose pulmonar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>), tipo 2- Taussig-Bing, quando as grandes art&#233;rias est&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o paralela ("grandes art&#233;rias transpostas"), e do tipo defeito do septo ventricular quando as grandes art&#233;rias est&#227;o normalmente relacionadas sem estenose pulmonar. A presen&#231;a de um septo ventricular desalinhado e a descontinuidade a&#243;rtico-mitral nas incid&#234;ncias da via de sa&#237;da ventricular s&#227;o fundamentais para esse diagn&#243;stico pela ecocardiografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <fig id="f4">
      <label>Figura 4</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Sa&#237;da dupla do ventr&#237;culo direito tipo Fallot em feto com 29 semanas e 3 dias. Vistas anormais da via de sa&#237;da com HDlive flow e modos Silhouette, mostrando as grandes art&#233;rias originadas do ventr&#237;culo direito com estenose pulmonar. Observa-se uma estenose pulmonar. Observa-se uma art&#233;ria pulmonar pequena (AP &lt; Ao). VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; Ao: aorta; AP: art&#233;ria pulmonar.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230580-30580-gf04.tif"/></fig>
    <p>Conclui-se que as tecnologias avan&#231;adas de ultrassonografia card&#237;aca fetal em 3D/4D, quando dispon&#237;veis, podem melhorar o rastreamento e o diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a coronariana, permitindo uma an&#225;lise da anatomia card&#237;aca mais detalhada com imagens mais realistas.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230580i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Image</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Spatio-Temporal Image Correlation: Three-Dimensional Imaging for Fetal Cardiac Screening and Congenital Heart Disease Assessment</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6854-451X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Malho</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7341-6101</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ximenes</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Silveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1491-4877</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bravo-Valenzuela</surname>
            <given-names>Nathalie Jeanne</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6145-2532</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Araujo</surname>
            <given-names>Edward</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Latino-Americana de Medicina Fetal (FMF-LA), Campinas, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Obstetr&#237;cia &#8211; Escola Paulista de Medicina &#8211; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Pediatria &#8211; Cardiologia Pedi&#225;trica &#8211; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Caetano do Sul</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Disciplina de Sa&#250;de da Mulher &#8211; Universidade Municipal de S&#227;o Caetano do Sul (USCS), S&#227;o Caetano do Sul, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Edward Araujo J&#250;nior</bold> &#8226; Rua Belchior de Azevedo, 156 apto. 111. Postal Code <postal-code>05089-030</postal-code>, Torre Vitoria, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>araujojred@terra.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Vitor Guerra</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Fetal Heart</kwd>
        <kwd>Congenital Heart Defects</kwd>
        <kwd>Ultrasonography</kwd>
        <kwd>Three-Dimensional Imaging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Heart defects are among the most common congenital malformations, occurring in 4 to 12 per 1,000 live births, depending on the population studied. Congenital heart disease (CHD) is an important cause of mortality related to birth defects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Therefore, prenatal diagnosis of CHD is crucial to improve the prognosis associated with this disease. In this scenario, the development of prenatal cardiac ultrasound screening programs serves as crucial tools that have increased the early detection of CHD. These programs achieve this by adding the ventricular outflow tract and superior mediastinum views (three vessels - 3V and 3V with trachea) to the standard four-chamber (4C) view when scanning the cardiac ultrasound.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The development of advanced imaging technologies, such as three- and four-dimensional (3D/4D) ultrasound and Spatio-Temporal Image Correlation (STIC), has improved the quality of ultrasound images of the fetal heart with a positive impact on the diagnosis of cardiac malformations. The 4D-STIC technology allows the capture of thousands of cardiac images using a 3D volumetric transducer by a single 7.5 to 15-second slow-motion scan of the 4C view of the fetal heart. The acquired 3D/4D volumes contain a "block" of information of the complete cardiac cycle that can be stored for later off-line navigation of the fetal heart, allowing detailed analysis of cardiac anatomy by the sonographer, or sent via Internet link for analysis by experts in tertiary centers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The software called HDlive is a technique of surface drawing that differs from conventional 3D rendering methods because the operator can freely select the light source at any angle, providing realistic sensations of cardiac structures and their vessels, allowing the analysis of anatomical details of the fetal heart.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In this article, we describe some imaging examples of CHD diagnosed by adding HDlive and HDlive Flow Silhouette to 3D/4D ultrasound with STIC.</p>
      <p>Ultrasound examination of the upper abdomen of the fetus provides a situs assessment. If the situs is normal (situs solitus), the arterial vessel (aorta) is located to the left and behind the venous vessel, which is the inferior vena cava. In the upper abdominal view, left isomerism is easily recognized by the fact that the venous vessel (azygos/hemiazygos) is posterior to the arterial vessel (aorta). Left isomerism (situs ambiguous) is a condition in which the atria and lungs are duplicated on the left side. In almost all cases of left isomerism, the hepatic segment of the inferior vena cava with drainage via the azygous and/or hemiazygous veins is absent (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1A</xref>). Furthermore, since both atria are morphologically left-sided, the right sinoatrial node is absent and consequently the risk of bradycardia due to heart block is increased in left isomerism. In fact, more complex CHDs, such as unbalanced atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) and double right ventricle outflow tract, are generally associated with situs abnormalities (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1B</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <fig id="f5">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Three-dimensional ultrasound with STIC and HDlive in a fetus (23 weeks and 6 days) with left atrial isomerism, dextrocardia, complete atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) and complete atrioventricular block. A) The left atrial isomerism, which is easily recognized by the fact that the venous vessel (azygous) is posterior to the arterial vessel (aorta) in the upper abdominal view. B) Completely unbalanced AVSD can be recognized by an abnormal four-chamber view: note the common atrioventricular valve with a single orifice (red arrow) and the unequal-sized ventricles. There is a pericardial effusion (PE) due to complete AV block. LA: left atrium; AVV: atrioventricular valve; Ao: aorta; Az: azygous; L: left side; R: right side.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230580-30580-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      <p>AVSD is a CHD that results from a failure of the atrioventricular septum to fuse. The classic complete form of AVSD is characterized by a common atrioventricular valve, an ostium primum atrial septal defect and an inlet ventricular septal defect. Using color Doppler, this diagnosis is easily recognized in the 4C view of the fetal heart by an "H-shaped" sign due to the absence of the atrioventricular septum (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>). In addition, anatomically realistic images of the common atrioventricular valve with details of its attachment can be obtained using 3D/4D ultrasound and HDlive. AVSD with hypoplasia of one ventricle is termed unbalanced and is typically associated with heterotaxy syndrome (isomerism).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Complete AVSD has a strong association with extra-cardiac malformations and syndromes such as trisomy 21. Similar to AVSD, aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA) has been described as a marker for chromosomal anomalies, such as trisomy 21. The ARSA arises as a fourth vessel from the aorta rather than from the brachiocephalic artery. Its course is posterior to the trachea rather than anterior as in normal hearts (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figures 2B</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">3</xref>). Therefore, the fetal karyotype should be discussed with the parents when such diagnoses are made.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <fig id="f6">
        <label>Figure 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Note the realistic cardiac images using three-dimensional ultrasound with HDlive Silhouette mode in a fetus (30 weeks and 6 days) with trisomy 21. A) During diastole with HDlive flow in the four-chamber view, the "H-shape" of the common atrioventricular (AV) valve (***) is an important clue to the diagnoses of complete atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD). B) Three-vessels and trachea (3VT) view showing ARSA with retrotracheal course in the same fetus. LV: left ventricle; LA: left atrium; RA: right atrium; RV: right ventricle; common AVV: common atrioventricular valve with unique orifice; Ao: aorta; PA: pulmonary artery; ARSA: aberrant right subclavian artery; t: trachea (red arrow); A: anterior; P: posterior.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230580-30580-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f7">
        <label>Figure 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Three-dimensional ultrasound with HDlive flow and Silhouette modes of the three-vessels and trachea (3VT) view showing an aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA) of a fetus with 20 weeks and 6 days. The ARSA arises from the aorta as the fourth vessel. It has been described as a risk marker for chromosomal abnormalities, such as trisomy 21. Note the ARSA passing posterior to the trachea in the 3VT view. The normal right subclavian artery is an S-shaped vessel passing anterior to the trachea. Ao: aorta; PA: pulmonary artery; ARSA: aberrant right subclavian artery, t: trachea; P: posterior; A: anterior.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230580-30580-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Double outlet of the right ventricle (DORV) refers to a group of CHDs in which both great arteries originate predominantly (&gt; 50%) from the morphologically right ventricle. DORV is described as 1- Fallot type, when there is pulmonary stenosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref>), 2- Taussig-Bing type, when the great arteries are in a parallel relationship ("transposed great arteries"), and is ventricular septal defect type when the great arteries are normally related without pulmonary stenosis. The presence of a misaligned ventricular septal defect and an aortic-mitral discontinuity in the ventricular outflow tract views are the keys to this diagnosis by echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <fig id="f8">
        <label>Figure 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Double outlet of the right ventricle type Fallot in a fetus with 29 weeks and 3 days. Abnormal outflow tract views with HDlive flow and Silhouette modes, showing the great arteries arising from the right ventricle with pulmonary stenosis. There is a pulmonary stenosis. Note that the pulmonary artery is small (PA &lt; Ao). RV: right ventricle; Ao: aorta; PA: pulmonary artery.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230580-30580-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
      <p>In conclusion, advanced 3D/4D ultrasound fetal heart imaging technologies, when available, may improve the screening and diagnosis of CHD by providing detailed cardiac anatomy with more realistic images.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
