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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">wq7jfG3gsy9hhKkrDTXwrPP</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000400308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230578</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Inefici&#234;ncia Ventilat&#243;ria Compar&#225;vel no Desempenho M&#225;ximo e Subm&#225;ximo em Indiv&#237;duos com DPOC e ICC: Uma Abordagem Inovadora</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4702-5825</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>de Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Gerson Gatass Orro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goelzer</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro Steinhorst</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2347-8720</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Augusto</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago Rodrigues de Lemos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Gisele Walter</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0440-8404</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chiappa</surname>
            <given-names>Gaspar R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>van Iterson</surname>
            <given-names>Erik H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7724-245X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Muller</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Maria Aparecida Pedrossian</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiopatologia Respirat&#243;ria</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campo Grande</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) - Hospital Maria Aparecida Pedrossian (HUMAP), Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiopatologia Respirat&#243;ria (LAFIR), Campo Grande, MS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Evang&#233;lica de Goi&#225;s</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Movimento Humano e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">An&#225;polis</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Movimento Humano e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o, Universidade Evang&#233;lica de Goi&#225;s, An&#225;polis, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Se&#231;&#227;o de Cardiologia Preventiva e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Cl&#237;nica Cleveland</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MN</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">USA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Se&#231;&#227;o de Cardiologia Preventiva e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o, Cl&#237;nica Cleveland, MN &#8211; EUA</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Paulo T. Muller</bold> &#8226; Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiopatologia Respirat&#243;ria (LAFIR) - Divis&#227;o Respirat&#243;ria do Hospital Universit&#225;rio, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) - Rua Filinto M&#252;ller, S/N. CEP <postal-code>79080-090</postal-code>, Vila Ipiranga, Campo Grande, MS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>paulo.muller@ufm</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Ricardo Stein</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230578</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Atualmente, o excesso de ventila&#231;&#227;o tem sido fundamentado na rela&#231;&#227;o entre ventila&#231;&#227;o-minuto/produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono (<inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm1"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>). Alternativamente, uma nova abordagem para efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria (<inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm2"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>) tem sido publicada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Nossa hip&#243;tese principal &#233; que n&#237;veis comparativamente baixos de <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm3"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> entre insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica (ICC) e doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC) s&#227;o ating&#237;veis para um n&#237;vel semelhante de desempenho aer&#243;bico m&#225;ximo e subm&#225;ximo, inversamente aos m&#233;todos estabelecidos h&#225; muito tempo (inclina&#231;&#227;o <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm4"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> e intercepto).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Ambos os grupos realizaram testes de fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, ecocardiografia e teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotada na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi 5%. Assim, dezenove indiv&#237;duos eleg&#237;veis para DPOC e dezenove indiv&#237;duos eleg&#237;veis para ICC completaram o estudo. Com o objetivo de contrastar valores completos de <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm5"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> e <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm6"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> para o per&#237;odo de exerc&#237;cio (100%), correla&#231;&#245;es foram feitas com fra&#231;&#245;es menores, como 90% e 75% dos valores m&#225;ximos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Os dois grupos tiveram caracter&#237;sticas correspondentes para a idade (62&#177;6 <italic>vs</italic> 59&#177;9 anos, p&gt;.05), sexo (10/9 <italic>vs</italic> 14/5, p&gt;0,05), IMC (26&#177;4 <italic>vs</italic> 27&#177;3 Kg m<sup>2</sup>, p&gt;0,05), e pico <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm7"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> (72&#177;19 <italic>vs</italic> 74&#177;20 % pred, p&gt;0,05), respectivamente. A inclina&#231;&#227;o <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm8"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> e intercepto foram significativamente diferentes para DPOC e ICC (207,2&#177;1,4 <italic>vs</italic> 33,1&#177;5,7 e 5,3&#177;1,9 <italic>vs</italic> 1,7&#177;3,6, p&lt;0,05 para ambas), mas os valores m&#233;dios da <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm9"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> foram semelhantes entre os grupos (10,2&#177;3,4 <italic>vs</italic> 10,9&#177;2,3%, p=0,462). As correla&#231;&#245;es entre 100% do per&#237;odo do exerc&#237;cio com 90% e 75% dele foram mais fortes para <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm10"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> (r&gt;0,850 para ambos).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm11"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> &#233; um m&#233;todo valioso para compara&#231;&#227;o entre doen&#231;as cardiopulmonares, com mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos at&#233; agora distintos, incluindo restri&#231;&#245;es ventilat&#243;rias na DPOC.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Pulmonar Obstrutiva Cr&#244;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico</kwd>
        <kwd>Teste de Esfor&#231;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul</funding-source>
          <award-id>HUMB.280322</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="42"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <fig id="f1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230578-30578-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Quantificar o grau de efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria durante o teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar (TECP) usando a inclina&#231;&#227;o do equivalente ventilat&#243;rio para produ&#231;&#227;o do di&#243;xido de carbono (<inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm12"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>) pode ser eficaz para classificar a gravidade cl&#237;nica e estimar o risco de morbidade e mortalidade dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Isto ocorre porque a vari&#225;vel inclina&#231;&#227;o <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm13"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> pode ser usada para fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es se a ventila&#231;&#227;o anormalmente alta devida &#224; demanda metab&#243;lica &#233; provavelmente impulsionada por fatores, como a ventila&#231;&#227;o alta e perfus&#227;o discordante e/ou regula&#231;&#227;o anormal da acidose metab&#243;lica. Al&#233;m disso, a inclina&#231;&#227;o do <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm14"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> tamb&#233;m reflete o excesso de ventila&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria &#224; capacidade oxidativa limitada e musculatura aferente hiperativada na IC, levando &#224; hipocapnia e &#224; exaust&#227;o precoce.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> No entanto, quando h&#225; doen&#231;a espec&#237;fica afetando as vias a&#233;reas e mec&#226;nica respirat&#243;ria, como nos pacientes com doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC), a medi&#231;&#227;o da inclina&#231;&#227;o do <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm15"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> pode representar processos fisiopatol&#243;gicos que provavelmente n&#227;o explicar&#227;o a baixa efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria t&#237;pica da IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em pacientes com DPOC, baixa efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria durante o TECP est&#225; comumente associada &#224; hiperinsufla&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica, alta restri&#231;&#227;o ventilat&#243;ria, e restri&#231;&#227;o &#224; expans&#227;o do volume corrente (V<sub>T</sub>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Este fen&#243;tipo significa que mesmo naqueles com DPOC avan&#231;ada, n&#227;o &#233; raro que haja aus&#234;ncia de padr&#227;o de hiperventila&#231;&#227;o de IC durante o TECP,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> o que significa que a inclina&#231;&#227;o do <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm16"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> n&#227;o aumenta em conjunto com os fatores implicados com a ventila&#231;&#227;o anormalmente alta. Portanto, como fazer compara&#231;&#245;es de efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria entre pacientes usando a inclina&#231;&#227;o do <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm17"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> pode ser desafiador, n&#243;s recentemente descrevemos um m&#233;todo alternativo para avaliar a efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria, cujo o prop&#243;sito &#233; permitir a compara&#231;&#227;o direta entre tipos de pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Neste estudo, nosso objetivo foi comparar a efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria derivada do exerc&#237;cio usando nossa metodologia alternativa entre pacientes com ICC e aqueles com DPOC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; que a baixa efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria quantificada ao exerc&#237;cio usando nossa t&#233;cnica alternativa &#233; clinicamente e fisiologicamente compar&#225;veis entre pacientes com ICC e aqueles com DPOC em ambos os n&#237;veis subm&#225;ximo e m&#225;ximo de consumo metab&#243;lico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e m&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este estudo prospectivo e transversal foi revisado e aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa com seres humanos da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) (CEP n&#250;mero 44517121.0.0000.0021), e atendeu aos padr&#245;es &#233;ticos e m&#233;dicos de pesquisa com seres humanos descritos na Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki, com provimento volunt&#225;rio do consentimento informado verbal e por escrito.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Participantes e desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 38 participantes neste estudo que foram recrutados dos ambulat&#243;rios de cl&#237;nica cardiol&#243;gica e pneumol&#243;gica. Os participantes foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas abrangentes e testes ao longo de tr&#234;s visitas do estudo, incluindo testes de fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar (TFP), ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica de repouso (ETT), e TECP no departamento de pneumologia da UFMS.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o do estudo exigiam que os pacientes com DPOC demonstrassem uma rela&#231;&#227;o volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado (FEV<sub>1</sub>)/capacidade vital for&#231;ada (CVF) menor que o Limite Inferior do Normal (LIN) e um FEV<sub>1</sub>&lt;60%; ou para pacientes com ICC, os indiv&#237;duos deveriam ter demonstrado uma porcentagem da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) consistente com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida ou preservada (ICFEr e ICFEp, respectivamente). Al&#233;m disso, foram inclu&#237;dos apenas indiv&#237;duos com presen&#231;a de sinais e sintomas t&#237;picos de IC nas tr&#234;s categorias de hist&#243;ria, achados f&#237;sicos e raios X de t&#243;rax, ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o criteriosa do cardiologista, e que apresentassem estabilidade cl&#237;nica. Independentemente do diagn&#243;stico, os potenciais participantes deveriam estar est&#225;veis clinicamente por mais de 30 dias para realizar o TECP. Os pacientes deveriam tamb&#233;m estar livres de outras condi&#231;&#245;es que poderiam ser primariamente respons&#225;veis pelo t&#233;rmino do TECP, como doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica, doen&#231;a restritiva pulmonar, desordens musculoesquel&#233;ticas, asma br&#244;nquica, ou bronquiectasias. Tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos os indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o conseguiram realizar os testes de estresse propostos, que eram participantes ativos de um programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o, e que apresentavam graves intercorr&#234;ncias (por exemplo angina de peito). A abstin&#234;ncia da depend&#234;ncia de narc&#243;ticos e/ou &#225;lcool tamb&#233;m foi exigida dos pacientes antes da participa&#231;&#227;o neste estudo.</p>
        <p>Indiv&#237;duos que atenderam aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o no estudo realizaram TFP na primeira visita do estudo. Na segunda e terceira visita do estudo, participantes foram submetidos a ETT e TECP, respectivamente. Participantes permaneceram tomando medicamentos padr&#245;es para tratamento de DPOC ou IC nos dias de testes. No entanto, os participantes foram solicitados a se abster de tomar medicamentos depressivos/estimulantes ou ingerir cafe&#237;na nos dias de testes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Testes de fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar</title>
        <p>Os Participantes realizaram TFPs de acordo com as diretrizes da Sociedade Respirat&#243;ria Europeia/Sociedade Tor&#225;cica Americana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> O mesmo sistema Vmax 22 (Viasys, Yorba Linda, USA, 2011) foi utilizado para todos os TFPs e foi calibrado antes de cada s&#233;rie de testes de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do fabricante e com refer&#234;ncia a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiografia doppler padr&#227;o</title>
        <p>A ecocardiografia-doppler transtor&#225;cica de ondas pulsadas foi realizada por cardiologista com vasta experi&#234;ncia em adquirir imagens de pacientes com IC e DPOC. Imagens e par&#226;metros foram adquiridos com um equipamento padr&#227;o (Vivid S5&#8482;, General Electrics, Israel, 2015), obedecendo as diretrizes recomendadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Os participantes ficavam na posi&#231;&#227;o dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo durante aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens usando as incid&#234;ncias eixos longo paraesternal, apical quatro e duas c&#226;maras, e subcostal. As medi&#231;&#227;o das cavidades card&#237;acas e das espessuras do septo interventricular e parede posterior do VE foram adquiridas usando imagens no modo M. A porcentagem da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE foi quantificada usando o m&#233;todo Biplano de Simpson.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar (TECP)</title>
        <p>Cada TECP foi realizado num cicloerg&#244;metro modelo Vsprint 200 (Viasys, Yorba Linda, CA, USA, 2011) em um laborat&#243;rio dedicado a testes cl&#237;nicos de exerc&#237;cio . O mesmo carrinho metab&#243;lico (Vmax Encore 29, Viasys, Yorba Linda, CA, USA, 2011) foi utilizado para todos os TECP e foi calibrado antes de cada teste seguindo as orienta&#231;&#245;es do fabricante.</p>
        <p>Em pacientes com DPOC, ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de repouso de 2 minutos e 1 minuto de fase de pedaladas sem carga a 0,0 Watts, a progress&#227;o da taxa de trabalho foi de 5 <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm18"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>Watts</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo></mml:msub><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>min</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> para indiv&#237;duos com FEV<sub>1</sub> &lt;1,0 L or 10 <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm19"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>Watts</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo></mml:msub><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>min</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> para aqueles com FEV<sub>1</sub> &#8805; 1,0 L.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Em pacientes com IC, os participantes realizaram uma fase de repouso e pedaladas sem carga de modo similar aos com DPOC, que foi seguido por um exerc&#237;cio gradual incremental de 2 minutos numa faixa de 10 a 20 Watts.</p>
        <p>Os dados fisiol&#243;gicos foram registrados no repouso e a cada 2 minutos durante o TECP at&#233; atingir o pico do exerc&#237;cio, que foi definido como o tempo em que um aumento da carga de trabalho n&#227;o poderia mais ser alcan&#231;ada pelo ritmo de pedalada apropriada por mais de 10 segundos. Medi&#231;&#245;es respira&#231;&#227;o-a-respira&#231;&#227;o do consumo de oxig&#234;nio (<inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm20"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>), produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono (<inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm21"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>2</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>), ventila&#231;&#227;o minuto (<inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm22"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>), frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (fR), V<sub>T</sub>, etc. foram registrados durante o TECP. Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (HR) e ritmo foram monitorados por meio de eletrocardiografia de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es (Cardiosoft&#174;, USA, 2012). As medidas da satura&#231;&#227;o arterial de oxiemoglobina (SpO<sub>2</sub>, DIXTAL, Manaus, Brasil, 2010) foram adquiridas por meio de oximetria de pulso em repouso e durante os testes. Valores de refer&#234;ncias ao exerc&#237;cio para vari&#225;veis selecionadas foram apresentadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Tamanho da amostra, processamento de dados e an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>O tamanho da amostra foi calculado conforme previamente descrito para ICC, num estudo multic&#234;ntrico,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> com uma diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia absoluta de 2.5 e um SD intra-sujeitos de 1,7 para a inclina&#231;&#227;o <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm23"><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>. Para um desenho n&#227;o pareado, isto provou que n=19 em cada grupo era um n&#250;mero suficiente de sujeitos para atingir um poder &gt; 0,82% com um &#945;=0,05. &#201; digno de nota, para indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> um intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% de 2,3 e um semelhante SD intra-sujeitos de 1,7 para inclina&#231;&#227;o <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm24"><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> tamb&#233;m provaram que n=19 em cada grupo era um n&#250;mero adequado de sujeitos para atingir o poder desejado (&gt;80%).</p>
        <p>As amostras individuais dos dados coletados foram analisadas respira&#231;&#227;o-a-respira&#231;&#227;o, sendo exclu&#237;dos valores superiores a 3 vezes o desvio padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia local. Assim, a inclina&#231;&#227;o e o intercepto da rela&#231;&#227;o <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm25"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> foram obtidos por regress&#227;o linear simples do tipo: <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm26"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mtext>a</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mtext>b</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>, onde "a" &#233; a inclina&#231;&#227;o, e "b" o valor do intercepto, incluindo dados da carga do exerc&#237;cio at&#233; o pico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> De acordo com nossa hip&#243;tese, tamb&#233;m avaliamos dois novos par&#226;metros de ventila&#231;&#227;o, a taxa constante de remo&#231;&#227;o de CO<sub>2</sub> (<inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm27"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> slope) e a efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria (<inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm28"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>). As duas novas vari&#225;veis foram descritas recentemente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Resumidamente, a inclina&#231;&#227;o do <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm29"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> foi obtida de modo semelhante &#224;quela descrita para a inclina&#231;&#227;o da efici&#234;ncia de consumo de oxig&#234;nio, ou seja, tomando o logaritmo de base 10 de <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm30"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> no eixo x contra <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm31"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> no eixo y. Esta rela&#231;&#227;o resulta em uma fun&#231;&#227;o quadr&#225;tica caracter&#237;stica na maioria dos casos. O par&#226;metro "b" da por&#231;&#227;o linear da equa&#231;&#227;o tipo <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm32"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mtext>a</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo></mml:msub><mml:msubsup><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msubsup><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mtext>b</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mtext>c</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> foi denominado inclina&#231;&#227;o <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm33"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>. Para calcular a <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm34"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>, este valor de "b" foi tomado como uma porcentagem de um valor te&#243;rico previsto do m&#225;ximo poss&#237;vel <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm35"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> sob condi&#231;&#245;es hipot&#233;ticas, ou seja, um teto estimado de <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm36"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> no n&#237;vel m&#225;ximo previsto de ventila&#231;&#227;o volunt&#225;ria (VVM) (vide Figura Central e material suplementar para mais detalhes). Esta abordagem mostrou-se mais sens&#237;vel na discrimina&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da obstru&#231;&#227;o e do dist&#250;rbio pulmonar difuso em indiv&#237;duos com DPOC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e sem DPOC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Para efeito de compara&#231;&#245;es entre valores completos para o per&#237;odo de exerc&#237;cio (100% ou m&#225;ximo), correla&#231;&#245;es foram feitas entre esses valores e fra&#231;&#245;es menores, como 90% e 75% dos valores m&#225;ximos.</p>
        <p>Os dados cont&#237;nuos s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia&#177;desvio padr&#227;o (DP). Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas entre os grupos por meio da estat&#237;stica &#967;<sup>2</sup> (qui-quadrado). Todas as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram analisadas quanto a distribui&#231;&#227;o pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Testes t de Student n&#227;o pareados foram realizados para compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas basais entre os grupos. O teste do coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o produto-momento de Pearson foi realizado para avaliar rela&#231;&#245;es univariadas. A signific&#226;ncia bicaudal foi determinada usando um n&#237;vel alfa definido em 0,05. O programa estat&#237;stico SPSS 20.0 foi usado para todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas (SPSS, IBM Corp&#174;, USA, 2011).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas b&#225;sicas de ambos os grupos de pacientes est&#227;o relatados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>, mostrando que os grupos foram pareados por idade, sexo, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), e pico de <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm37"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> (%pred and <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm38"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>mL</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo></mml:msub><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>min</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:msub><mml:mrow/><mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo></mml:msub><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>kg</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>). A fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca geral e a fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar diferiram entre os grupos com IC e DPOC como esperado, enquanto os pacientes com ICC exibiram maior frequ&#234;ncia de comorbidades. Apesar de ambos os grupos demonstrarem um n&#237;vel semelhante de capacidade aer&#243;bica, uma limita&#231;&#227;o ventilat&#243;ria distinta ao exerc&#237;cio estava presente na DPOC. O pulso de oxig&#234;nio significativamente mais alto na IC quando comparado com DPOC foi provavelmente atribu&#237;do aos efeitos de uma maior presen&#231;a de terapias limitantes da frequ&#234;ncia deprimindo o aumento da FC na IC.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados cl&#237;nicos, de fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica e teste de exerc&#237;cio incremental (TECP) para vari&#225;veis selecionadas. Dados comparativos entre DPOC versus IC</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="24%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Dados</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">DPOC(19)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">IC (19)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Idade(anos)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">62&#177;6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">59&#177;9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,170</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Sexo M/F (n)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">10/9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">14/5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,313</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Peso (kg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">65&#177;15</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">76&#177;12</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">IMC (kg m<sup>-</sup>&#178;)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">26&#177;4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">27&#177;3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,420</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Tabagismo (p/ano)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">64&#177;41</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13&#177;21</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">mMRC/NYHA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1-4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1-3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&#8211;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Hb(g/dlL)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">15&#177;2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">14&#177;1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,128</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                  <bold>Fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">FEV1 (% pred)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">40&#177;14</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">81&#177;13</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">FVC (% pred)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">70&#177;17</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">82&#177;14</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,040</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">FEV1/FVC (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">45&#177;1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">79&#177;6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">DLco (% pred)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">51&#177;21</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">59&#177;18</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,650</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                  <bold>Ecocardiograma TT</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">SIV Di&#225;stole (mm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">8&#177;1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9&#177;2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,138</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Parede posterior (mm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">8&#177;1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9&#177;1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,048</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Fra&#231;&#227;o eje&#231;&#227;o VE (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">80&#177;5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">45&#177;16</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Massa VE/ASC (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">114&#177;31</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">223&#177;71</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                  <bold>Comorbidades</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Hipertens&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">26</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">37</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,127</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Diabetes Mellitus (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">58</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">IAM (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">63</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Aterosclerose (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">37</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                  <bold>Medica&#231;&#245;es</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">SABA (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&#8211;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">LABA (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">100</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&#8211;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">LAMA (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">26</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&#8211;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">LAMA+LABA (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">26</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&#8211;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">CI (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">42</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">IECA (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">16</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">84</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Betabloqueador (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">95</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Antag. aldosterone(%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">37</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,124</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Antidiab&#233;ticos (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">58</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Outros (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">26</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                  <bold>TECP incremental</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top"><inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm39"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> (L/min)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,98&#177;0,3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,23&#177;1,3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top"><inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm40"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> (%pred)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">72&#177;19</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">74&#177;20</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,724</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top"><inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm41"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> (mL/Kg/min)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">15&#177;3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">16&#177;4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,229</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top"><italic>W</italic> (%pred)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">43&#177;17</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">52&#177;20</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,110</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top"><inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm42"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> (L/min)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">32&#177;11</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">52&#177;15</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top"><inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm43"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mtext>/VVM</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,95&#177;0,2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,5&#177;0,1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top"><italic>V</italic><sub>T</sub> (L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,1&#177;0,3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,6&#177;0,5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,030</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top"><italic>f</italic>R (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">29&#177;7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">34&#177;7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,106</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">FC (b/min)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">126&#177;21</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">120&#177;19</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,372</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top"><italic>V&#180;</italic><inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm44"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mtext>/FC</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> (mL/batim.)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">8&#177;3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">11&#177;3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,005</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>M: masculino; F: feminino; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; DLCO: capacidade de difus&#227;o de mon&#243;xido de carbono; FEV1: volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado em 1 segundo; FVC: capacidade vital for&#231;ada; FEV1/FVC: rela&#231;&#227;o for&#231;ada volume expirat&#243;rio em 1 segundo e capacidade vital for&#231;ada; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; SIV: di&#226;metro do septo interventricular; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; LABA: &#946;2-agonista de longa a&#231;&#227;o antagonista betamim&#233;tico de a&#231;&#227;o prolongada; LAMA: antagonista muscar&#237;nico de longa a&#231;&#227;o; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; SABA: a&#231;&#227;o curta antagonista betamim&#233;tico; <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm45"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>: ventila&#231;&#227;o minuto; <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm46"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>: capta&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio; W: taxa de trabalho. Significativo p &lt; 0,05 comparando DPOC versus IC.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria com desempenho m&#225;ximo</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> e a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref> relatam compara&#231;&#245;es de grupos para inclina&#231;&#227;o <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm47"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm48"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> intercepto, e <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm49"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>. A inclina&#231;&#227;o <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm50"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> e <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm51"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> intercepto foram significativamente diferentes entre DPOC e ICC (27,2&#177;1,4 vs 33,1&#177;5,7 e 5,3&#177;1,9 vs 1,7&#177;3,6, p&lt;0,05 para ambos, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figuras 1 A e 1 B</xref>, respectivamente), enquanto <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm52"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> n&#227;o diferiu significativamente entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1 C</xref>, p=0,462).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>M&#233;dia&#177;DP e intervalos de valores para inclina&#231;&#227;o <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm53"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>, taxa constante de CO<sub>2</sub> e efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria (<inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm54"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>) para indiv&#237;duos com DPOC vs IC</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">DPOC (n=19)</th>
                <th align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">IC (n=19)</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="center" valign="middle">M&#233;dia&#177;DP</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">M&#233;dia&#177;DP</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"><inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm55"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> 100, %</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">10,2 &#177; 3,4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">10,9 &#177; 2,3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,462</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"><inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm56"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> 90, %</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9,8 &#177; 3,2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">10,5 &#177; 2,1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,484</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"><inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm57"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> 75, %</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9,3 &#177; 3,0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">10,3 &#177; 2,3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,266</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"><inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm58"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:msub><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> 100, <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm59"><mml:msub><mml:mi>L</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo></mml:msub><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:msup><mml:mi>L</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:math></inline-formula> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2,1 &#177; 0,7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2,5 &#177; 0,6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,100</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"><inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm60"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:msub><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> 90, <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm61"><mml:msub><mml:mi>L</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo></mml:msub><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:msup><mml:mi>L</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:math></inline-formula> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2,0 &#177; 0,7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2,4 &#177; 0,6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,060</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"><inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm62"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:msub><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> 75, <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm63"><mml:msub><mml:mi>L</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo></mml:msub><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:msup><mml:mi>L</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:math></inline-formula> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,9 &#177; 0,7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2,3 &#177; 0,6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,031</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <inline-formula>
                    <mml:math display="inline" id="eqm64">
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:msub>
                          <mml:mover accent="true">
                            <mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext>
                            <mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo>
                          </mml:mover>
                          <mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext>
                        </mml:msub>
                        <mml:msub>
                          <mml:mrow>
                            <mml:mtext>/</mml:mtext>
                            <mml:mover accent="true">
                              <mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext>
                              <mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo>
                            </mml:mover>
                            <mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext>
                          </mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                        </mml:msub>
                      </mml:mrow>
                    </mml:math>
                  </inline-formula>
                  <italic>slope</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">27,2 &#177; 1,4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">33,1 &#177; 5,7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top">
                  <inline-formula>
                    <mml:math display="inline" id="eqm65">
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:msub>
                          <mml:mover accent="true">
                            <mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext>
                            <mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo>
                          </mml:mover>
                          <mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext>
                        </mml:msub>
                        <mml:msub>
                          <mml:mrow>
                            <mml:mtext>/</mml:mtext>
                            <mml:mover accent="true">
                              <mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext>
                              <mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo>
                            </mml:mover>
                            <mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext>
                          </mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                        </mml:msub>
                      </mml:mrow>
                    </mml:math>
                  </inline-formula>
                  <italic>intercept</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5,3 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,7 &#177; 3,6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p><inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm66"><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>: taxa constante de di&#243;xido de carbono; <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm67"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>: efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria; <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm68"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>: ventila&#231;&#227;o minuto.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Box-plot representando a m&#233;dia de valores e distribui&#231;&#227;o do percentil 5-95 para inclina&#231;&#227;o <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm69"><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm70"><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> intercepto e <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm71"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>, comparando DPOC vs IC.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230578-30578-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria com desempenho subm&#225;ximo</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 2</xref> ilustram a resposta <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm72"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> em 100%, 90%, e 75% do tempo total do exerc&#237;cio, bem como a rela&#231;&#227;o <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm73"><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>. Em exerc&#237;cios de intensidades subm&#225;ximas, apenas a inclina&#231;&#227;o 75% <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm74"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> foi significativamente diferente entre DPOC e ICC (<inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm75"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1.9</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#177;</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.7</mml:mn><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>L</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo></mml:msub><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>min</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> versus <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm76"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2.3</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#177;</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.6</mml:mn><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>L</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo></mml:msub><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>min</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>, respectivamente, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>, p&lt;0,05). No entanto, as correla&#231;&#245;es entre as medi&#231;&#245;es a 100% e aquelas a 90% e 75% foram fortes para <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm77"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> e inclina&#231;&#227;o <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm78"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> (r&gt;0,850 para todos, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figuras 2A, 2B, 2C e 2D</xref>, respectivamente).</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Gr&#225;ficos de dispers&#227;o representando correla&#231;&#245;es entre os dados do per&#237;odo de 100% do exerc&#237;cio para <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm79"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> e inclina&#231;&#227;o <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm80"><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>, e os respectivos dados subm&#225;ximos de 90% e 75% do teste original completo, comparando DPOC (c&#237;rculos ocres) e IC (c&#237;rculos cinzas).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230578-30578-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria e pico de <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm81"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> </title>
        <p>Correla&#231;&#245;es separadas envolvendo pico de <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm82"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> e ambas <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm83"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> e rela&#231;&#227;o <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm84"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> s&#227;o ilustradas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 3</xref>. A for&#231;a da correla&#231;&#227;o para <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm85"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> e inclina&#231;&#227;o <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm86"><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> com o pico de <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm87"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> foi moderada a alta para DPOC e IC (r=0,604/r=0,590 e r=0,851/r=0,767, p&lt;0,001 para todos, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figuras 3 C e 3 D</xref>, respectivamente). Entretanto, correla&#231;&#245;es envolvendo a inclina&#231;&#227;o <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm88"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> e <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm89"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> intercepto com pico de <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm90"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> n&#227;o foram significativas (r=0,090/r=0,086, e r=0,162/r=0,100, p&gt;0,05 para todos, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figuras 3 A e 3 B</xref>, respectivamente para DOPC/IC).</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Gr&#225;ficos de dispers&#227;o representando as correla&#231;&#245;es entre pico de <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm91"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> e inclina&#231;&#227;o <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm92"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> (A), <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm93"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> intercepto (B), inclina&#231;&#227;o <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm94"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> (C), e <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm95"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>&#951;</mml:mi><mml:mi>E</mml:mi><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>v</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> (D) para DPOC (c&#237;rculos ocres) e IC (c&#237;rculos cinzas).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230578-30578-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este &#233; o primeiro estudo a descrever a compara&#231;&#227;o da <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm96"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> entre pacientes com DPOC e ICC pareados por idade, sexo e capacidade de exerc&#237;cio. Em contraste com as diferen&#231;as significativas entre grupos para a inclina&#231;&#227;o de <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm97"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>, estes dados sugerem que <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm98"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> n&#227;o difere significativamente entre os grupos na presen&#231;a de diferen&#231;as significativas para o pico de <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm99"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>. A <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm100"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> tamb&#233;m demonstra moderada a forte correla&#231;&#227;o com o pico de <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm101"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> para ambos os pacientes com DPOC e ICC, enquanto a inclina&#231;&#227;o <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm102"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> n&#227;o se correlaciona com o pico de <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm103"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> para nenhum dos grupos. Assim, embora nenhuma causalidade possa ser conclu&#237;da baseada no desenho do presente estudo, h&#225; utilidade clinica potencial em usar a <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm104"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> como um marcador de efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria do exerc&#237;cio quando doen&#231;a avan&#231;ada que afeta as vias a&#233;reas e mec&#226;nica respirat&#243;ria provavelmente confundir&#225; o uso de limites dos m&#233;todos tradicionais para interpreta&#231;&#227;o da inclina&#231;&#227;o <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm105"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Determinantes da efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria na IC e DPOC</title>
        <p>Pacientes com DPOC e ICC demonstram uma infinidade de fatores fisiopatol&#243;gicos que podem desencadear ventila&#231;&#227;o excessiva durante o exerc&#237;cio, mesmo em baixas intensidades. Dois fatores comuns que afetam a efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria em ambos os grupos de pacientes s&#227;o um aumento na rela&#231;&#227;o entre espa&#231;o morto e volume corrente (V<sub>D</sub>/V<sub>T</sub>) e um impulso neural ventilat&#243;rio anormalmente alto em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; demanda metab&#243;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> No entanto, o efeito que esses fatores tem na diminui&#231;&#227;o da efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria n&#227;o &#233; tipicamente observado da mesma maneira quando comparamos a inclina&#231;&#227;o <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm106"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> entre os pacientes com DPOC e ICC.</p>
        <p>Na DPOC leve, sugere-se que a microangiopatia arterial desempenhe um papel importante no aumento da V<sub>D</sub>/V<sub>T</sub>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Entretanto, na doen&#231;a avan&#231;ada, sugere-se que a perda do volume do leito vascular e destrui&#231;&#227;o dos espa&#231;os a&#233;reos provocados pela exposi&#231;&#227;o a longo prazo a hiperinsufla&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica (HD) expandam o V<sub>D</sub> total reduzindo a efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Uma diminui&#231;&#227;o do volume de reserva inspirat&#243;rio tamb&#233;m acompanha a HD, eventualmente limitando a expans&#227;o do V<sub>T</sub> e contribuindo para o aumento do V<sub>D</sub>/V<sub>T</sub>. Embora o impulso neural ventilat&#243;rio aumentado tamb&#233;m possa estar presente, muitas vezes pode-se esperar que uma mec&#226;nica ventilat&#243;ria perturbada silencie qualquer efeito subsequente na inclina&#231;&#227;o <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm107"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em contraste, em pacientes com IC, particularmente naqueles com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida, a perda anormal da efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria est&#225; fortemente ligada a um estado cr&#244;nico de hiperexcita&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica decorrente de vias disfuncionais de metaborreceptores, mecanorreceptores, barorreceptores e/ou quimiorreceptores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> A incapacidade adicional de V<sub>D</sub>/V<sub>T</sub> cair e normalizar &#224; medida que o exerc&#237;cio come&#231;a devido a grande e heterog&#234;nea discord&#226;ncia ventila&#231;&#227;o-perfus&#227;o tamb&#233;m desempenha um papel importante na perda exagerada da efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria nestes pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Inefici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria para ic e dpoc no desempenho m&#225;ximo</title>
        <p>Compara&#231;&#245;es para inclina&#231;&#227;o <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm108"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> e intercepto entre DPOC e ICC tem sido reportadas na literatura de modo inconsistente, possivelmente devido a perda da concord&#226;ncia consistente entre a capacidade funcional e cl&#237;nica (exerc&#237;cio) quando as compara&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> No entanto, quando ocorreu correspond&#234;ncia entre os grupos, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias que sugerem que quando o pico de <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm109"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> &#233; maior que 16 <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm110"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>mL</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo></mml:msub><mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>min</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msubsup><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>kg</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>, a inclina&#231;&#227;o <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm111"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> n&#227;o difere entre DPOC e ICC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> No entanto, apesar de n&#227;o existir diferen&#231;as na inclina&#231;&#227;o <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm112"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> entre os grupos, dado que os pacientes com DPOC demonstraram uma <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm113"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> intercepto significativamente maior do que os com ICC, sugerindo que a perda da efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria &#233; menos grave na DPOC do que na ICC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Por outro lado, estes dados sugerem que a efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria n&#227;o difere entre DPOC e ICC quando comparada usando a m&#233;trica <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm114"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> e quando os pacientes s&#227;o pareados por idade, cl&#237;nica, sexo e capacidade de exerc&#237;cio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Inefici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria subm&#225;xima e pico de <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm115"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> </title>
        <p>Estudos anteriores descreveram significativas associa&#231;&#245;es entre as fra&#231;&#245;es de 50%, 75% e 90% com 100% do tempo de exerc&#237;cio (do in&#237;cio ao pico) para o OUES e mostraram coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o semelhantes aos encontrados para <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm116"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Esta pode ser mais uma forma de calcular efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria para fins cl&#237;nicos em popula&#231;&#245;es com limita&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sica e intelectual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A maioria dos estudos s&#227;o concordantes para correla&#231;&#245;es moderadas entre <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm117"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> slope e pico de <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm118"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> para DPOC e IC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> apesar de alguns resultados negativos para correla&#231;&#245;es lineares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Em indiv&#237;duos com DPOC, a predomin&#226;ncia do fen&#243;tipo obstrutivo mais grave (GOLD III-IV) est&#225; associado com correla&#231;&#245;es fracas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A aus&#234;ncia de correla&#231;&#245;es significativas entre inclina&#231;&#227;o <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm119"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> e pico de <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm120"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> para DPOC e IC em nosso estudo presumivelmente resulta do intervalo estreito para ambas as vari&#225;veis em um n&#250;mero menor de indiv&#237;duos no estudo. No entanto, tanto a inclina&#231;&#227;o <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm121"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> quanto a <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm122"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> mostraram associa&#231;&#245;es moderadas a fortes com o pico de <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm123"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>. N&#243;s especulamos que a taxa de remo&#231;&#227;o do <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm124"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> para cada aumento de 10 vezes no <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm125"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> est&#225; mais mecanicamente ligado &#224; capacidade aer&#243;bica m&#225;xima do que a rela&#231;&#227;o <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm126"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>, e mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para elucidar os mecanismos subjacentes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Pontos fortes, limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo e implica&#231;&#245;es clinicas</title>
        <p>Este estudo tem alguns pontos fortes e limita&#231;&#245;es que devem ser abordados. A nova abordagem abrangente para o c&#225;lculo da efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria associada com grupos bem pareados para duas doen&#231;as comuns p&#244;de demonstrar pela primeira vez que, apesar das profundas diferen&#231;as fisiopatol&#243;gicas subjacentes &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm127"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> anormal durante o exerc&#237;cio incremental, a inefici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria pode ser muito semelhante. Isto abre um novo caminho para estudos progn&#243;sticos comparativos, por exemplo, j&#225; que a inclina&#231;&#227;o <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm128"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> tem sido considerada um importante &#237;ndice progn&#243;stico para IC, mas pouco estudada em indiv&#237;duos com DPOC, dadas as limita&#231;&#245;es explicadas acima. Al&#233;m disso, a possibilidade da an&#225;lise subm&#225;xima da efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria para indiv&#237;duos com limita&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas ou intelectuais &#233; vantajosa. Como limita&#231;&#227;o, consideramos algumas notas desafiadoras para o c&#225;lculo do novo &#237;ndice (<inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm129"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>). Certamente, c&#225;lculos automatizados poderiam ajudar os m&#233;dicos. Neste sentido, carregamos e hospedamos c&#243;digos gratuitos do programa R para taxa constante de sa&#237;da direta do CO<sub>2</sub> e c&#225;lculos da <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm130"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> (GitHub<sup>&#174;</sup>).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Este estudo demonstra pela primeira vez que quando a efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria do exerc&#237;cio &#233; avaliada usando a vari&#225;vel <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm131"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> e comparada entre pacientes com IC e DPOC pareados por idade, sexo e capacidade aer&#243;bica, efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria n&#227;o difere entre os grupos. Como a perda da efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria n&#227;o pode ser interpretada usando os mesmos limiares de anormalidades para inclina&#231;&#227;o <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm132"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> de IC para DPOC, este estudo fornece evid&#234;ncias preliminares que apoiam o uso da vari&#225;vel <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm133"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> quando compara&#231;&#245;es de efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria entre grupos de pacientes levarem em conta a doen&#231;a obstrutiva avan&#231;ada que afeta as vias a&#233;reas e a mec&#226;nica ventilat&#243;ria. Isto poderia ser particularmente &#250;til para a sobreposi&#231;&#227;o DPOC/IC, quando teoricamente, a inefici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria na IC poderia ser mascarada por restri&#231;&#245;es ventilat&#243;rias devido &#224; DPOC, reduzindo o poder de avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica para a inclina&#231;&#227;o <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm134"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Os autores gostariam de agradecer &#224; equipe de suporte t&#233;cnico pela ajuda e ao Dr. Erlandson Saraiva pela gentil assist&#234;ncia.</p>
    </ack>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul e bolsa da Reitoria de Pesquisa e P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o (bolsa n&#250;mero HUMB.280322).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Gerson Gatass Orro de Campos pela Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 44517121.0.0000.0021. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7724-245X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Muller</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research:</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campo Grande</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) - Hospital Maria Aparecida Pedrossian (HUMAP), Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiopatologia Respirat&#243;ria (LAFIR), Campo Grande, MS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">An&#225;polis</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Movimento Humano e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o, Universidade Evang&#233;lica de Goi&#225;s, An&#225;polis, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Cl&#237;nica Cleveland</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MN</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">USA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Se&#231;&#227;o de Cardiologia Preventiva e Reabilita&#231;&#227;o, Cl&#237;nica Cleveland, MN &#8211; USA</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Paulo T. Muller &#8226;</bold> Laborat&#243;rio de Fisiopatologia Respirat&#243;ria (LAFIR) - Divis&#227;o Respirat&#243;ria do Hospital Universit&#225;rio, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) - Rua Filinto M&#252;ller, S/N. Postal Code <postal-code>79080-090</postal-code>, Vila Ipiranga, Campo Grande, MS &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>paulo.muller@ufm</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Ricardo Stein</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Currently, excess ventilation has been grounded under the relationship between minute-ventilation/carbon dioxide output (<inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm135"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>). Alternatively, a new approach for ventilatory efficiency (<inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm136"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>) has been published.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>Our main hypothesis is that comparatively low levels of <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm137"><mml:mrow><mml:msubsup><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:msubsup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> between chronic heart failure (CHF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are attainable for a similar level of maximum and submaximal aerobic performance, conversely to long-established methods (<inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm138"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> slope and intercept).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Both groups performed lung function tests, echocardiography, and cardiopulmonary exercise testing. The significance level adopted in the statistical analysis was 5%. Thus, nineteen COPD and nineteen CHF-eligible subjects completed the study. With the aim of contrasting full values of <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm139"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm140"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> for the exercise period (100%), correlations were made with smaller fractions, such as 90% and 75% of the maximum values.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The two groups attained matched characteristics for age (62&#177;6 vs. 59&#177;9 yrs, p&gt;.05), sex (10/9 vs. 14/5, p&gt;0.05), BMI (26&#177;4 vs. 27&#177;3 Kg m<sup>2</sup>, p&gt;0.05), and peak <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm141"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> (72&#177;19 vs. 74&#177;20 %pred, p&gt;0.05), respectively. The <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm142"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> slope and intercept were significantly different for COPD and CHF (27.2&#177;1.4 vs. 33.1&#177;5.7 and 5.3&#177;1.9 vs. 1.7&#177;3.6, p&lt;0.05 for both), but <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm143"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> average values were similar between-groups (10.2&#177;3.4 vs. 10.9&#177;2.3%, p=0.462). The correlations between 100% of the exercise period with 90% and 75% of it were stronger for <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm144"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> (r&gt;0.850 for both).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm145"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> is a valuable method for comparison between cardiopulmonary diseases, with so far distinct physiopathological mechanisms, including ventilatory constraints in COPD.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise Test</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul</funding-source>
          <award-id>HUMB.280322</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Quantifying the degree of ventilatory efficiency during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) using the ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide output (<inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm146"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>) slope can be effective for grading clinical severity and estimating morbidity and mortality risk of patients with heart failure (HF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> This is because the <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm147"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> slope variable can be used to provide information on whether abnormally high ventilation relative to metabolic demand is likely to be driven by factors such as high ventilation and perfusion mismatch and/or abnormal regulation of metabolic acidosis. In addition, the <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm148"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> slope also mirrors excess ventilation secondary to limited oxidative capacity and hyperactivated muscle afferents in HF, leading to hypocapnia and earlier exhaustion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> However, when a specific disease affecting the airways and breathing mechanics is present, such as in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm149"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> slope measurement can represent pathophysiological processes that are unlikely to explain the low ventilatory efficiency typical of HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In patients with COPD, low ventilatory efficiency during CPET is commonly associated with dynamic hyperinflation, high ventilatory constraint, and restricted tidal volume (V<sub>T</sub>) expansion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> This phenotype means that even in those with advanced COPD, it is not rare for there to be an absence of HF patterned hyperventilation during CPET,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> meaning that the <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm150"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> slope does not increase in tandem with the factors implicated with abnormally high ventilation. Therefore, because making cross-patient comparisons of ventilatory efficiency using the <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm151"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> slope can be challenging, we recently described an alternative method for evaluating ventilatory efficiency, which is proposed to allow for direct comparison across patient types.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230578-30578-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>In this study, we aimed to compare exercise ventilatory efficiency derived using our alternative methodology between patients with HF and those with COPD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> We hypothesized that low exercise ventilatory efficiency quantified using our alternative technique is clinically and physiologically comparable between patients with HF and those with COPD at both submaximal and maximal levels of metabolic demand.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and methods</title>
        <p>This prospective and cross-sectional study was reviewed and approved by the human research ethics committee of the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) (CEP number 44517121.0.0000.0021), and adhered to the human research medical and ethical standards outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, with voluntary provision of verbal and written informed consent.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Participants and study design</title>
          <p>There were 38 participants included in this study who were recruited from outpatient cardiology and pulmonology clinics. Participants underwent comprehensive clinical evaluations and testing throughout three study visits, including pulmonary function testing (PFTs), resting transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), and CPET in the pulmonology department of the UFMS.</p>
          <p>Study inclusion criteria required patients with COPD to demonstrate a forced expiratory volume (FEV<sub>1</sub>)/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio less than the Low Limit of Normal (LLN) and an FEV<sub>1</sub>&lt;60%; or for patients with HF, individuals must have demonstrated a left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction percentage consistent with either reduced or preserved ejection fraction (HFrEF and HFpEF, respectively). In addition, only subjects with the presence of signs and symptoms typical of HF in the three categories of history, physical findings, and chest X-ray after a careful cardiologist&#180;s evaluation and who presented clinical stability were included. Regardless of diagnosis, potential participants must have been clinically stable for more than 30 days to perform CPET. Patients were also required to be free of other conditions that could have primarily accounted for the termination of CPET, such as peripheral arterial disease, restrictive pulmonary disease, musculoskeletal disorders, bronchial asthma, or bronchiectasis. Subjects who were unable to perform the proposed stress tests, who were actively participating in a rehabilitation program, and who presented severe intercurrences (e.g., <italic>angina cordis</italic>) were also excluded. Abstinence of narcotic and/or alcohol dependence was also required of patients before participation in this study.</p>
          <p>Individuals meeting study inclusion criteria performed PFTs on the first study visit. On the second and third study visits, participants underwent TTE and CPET, respectively. Participants remained on standard medications for the management of COPD or HF on testing days. However, participants were asked to abstain from taking depressant/stimulant medications or ingesting caffeine on testing days.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pulmonary function tests</title>
          <p>Participants performed PFTs according to guidelines of the European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The same Vmax 22 system (Viasys, Yorba Linda, USA, 2011) was used for all PFTs and was calibrated before each series of tests according to manufacturer recommendations and concerning the Brazilian population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Standard doppler echocardiography</title>
          <p>Transthoracic pulsed-wave Doppler-echocardiography was performed by a cardiologist-sonographer who had extensive experience in acquiring images in both HF and COPD patients. Images and parameters were acquired with a standard device (Vivid S5&#8482;, General Electrics, Israel, 2015), complying with recommended guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Participants were in the left lateral decubitus position during image acquisition using the parasternal long-axis, apical four and two chambers, and subcostal views. Measurement of cardiac cavities and thickness of the interventricular septum and posterior wall of the LV were acquired using M-mode imaging. The LV ejection fraction percentage was quantified using Simpson's Bi-plane method.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET)</title>
          <p>Each CPET was performed on a Vsprint 200 model cycle ergometer (Viasys, Yorba Linda, CA, USA, 2011) in a dedicated clinical exercise testing laboratory. The same metabolic cart (Vmax Encore 29, Viasys, Yorba Linda, CA, USA, 2011) was used for all CPETs and was calibrated before each test according to the manufacturer's guidelines.</p>
          <p>In patients with COPD, following a 2-min rest period and a 1-min unloaded cycling phase at 0.0 Watts, the ramp-slope work rate was 5 <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm152"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>Watts</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo></mml:msub><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:msup><mml:mi>min</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:math></inline-formula> for individuals with FEV<sub>1</sub>&lt;1.0 L or 10 <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm153"><mml:msub><mml:mtext>Watts</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo></mml:msub><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:msup><mml:mi>min</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:math></inline-formula> for those with FEV<sub>1</sub>&#8805;1.0 L.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> In patients with HF, participants performed a rest and unloaded phase similar to COPD, which was followed by a 2-minute incremental step-wise exercise at a range of 10 to 20 Watts.</p>
          <p>Physiological data were recorded at rest and every 2-min throughout CPET until achieving peak exercise, which was defined as the time point where an increase in workload could no longer be met with an appropriate pedal cadence for more than 10 seconds. Breath-by-breath measurements of oxygen uptake (<inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm154"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:msub><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula>), carbon dioxide output (<inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm155"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:msub><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula>), minute ventilation (<inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm156"><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula>), respiratory rate (fR),V<sub>T</sub>, etc. were recorded throughout CPET. Heart rate (HR) and rhythm were monitored via 12-lead electrocardiography (Cardiosoft<sup>&#174;</sup>, USA, 2012). Measurements of arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO<sub>2</sub>, DIXTAL, Manaus, Brazil, 2010) were acquired using pulse oximetry at rest and throughout testing. Exercise reference values for selected variables were presented.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample size, data processing and statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The sample size was calculated as previously reported for HF in a multisite study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> with a mean absolute difference of 2.5 and a within-subject SD of 1.7 for <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm157"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO2</mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula> slope. For an unpaired design, this proved that n=19 in each group was a sufficient number of subjects to reach a power &gt; 0.82% with an &#945;=0.05. Of note, for healthy subjects,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> a 95% confidence interval of 2.3 and a similar within-subject SD of 1.7 for <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm158"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO2</mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula> slope also proved that n=19 in each group was an adequate number of subjects to reach the desired power (&gt;80%).</p>
          <p>The individual collected data samples were analyzed breath-by-breath, with values exceeding 3 times the standard deviation of the local average being excluded. Thus, the slope and intercept of the <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm159"><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:msub><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> ratio were obtained by simple linear regression of the type: <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm160"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mtext>a</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>VCO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mtext>b</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>, where "a" is the slope, and "b" is the value of the intercept, including data from loading exercise to peak.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In agreement with our hypothesis, we also evaluated two new ventilation parameters: the CO<sub>2</sub> output constant rate (<inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm161"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:msub><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> slope) and the ventilatory efficiency (<inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm162"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula>). The two new variables have been described recently.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Briefly, the <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm163"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:msub><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> slope was obtained in a manner similar to that described for the oxygen uptake efficiency slope, that is, taking the base 10<sup>th</sup> logarithm of <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm164"><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> on the x-axis against <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm165"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:msub><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> on the y-axis. This relationship results in a characteristic quadratic function in most cases. The parameter "b" of the linear part of the equation type <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm166"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mtext>a</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo></mml:msub><mml:msubsup><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msubsup><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mtext>b</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mtext>c</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> was termed (<inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm167"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:msub><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> slope). To calculate <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm168"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula>, this value of "b" was taken as a percentage of a predicted theoretical value of maximum possible <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm169"><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> under hypothetical conditions, that is, an estimated ceiling of <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm170"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:msub><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> at the predicted maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) level (see Central Figure and supplementary material for more details). This approach proved to be more sensitive to the discrimination of severity of obstruction and diffusive pulmonary disorder in individuals with COPD<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> and smokers without COPD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> For comparisons between full values for the exercise period (100% or maximum), correlations were made between these values and smaller fractions, such as 90% and 75% of the maximum values.</p>
          <p>Continuous data are expressed as mean&#177;standard deviation (SD). Categorical variables were compared between groups using the &#967;<sup>2</sup> (chi-square) statistic. All continuous variables were analyzed for distribution by the Shapiro-Wilk test. Unpaired Student's t-tests were performed for the comparison of baseline characteristics between groups. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient testing was performed to evaluate univariate relationships. Two-tailed significance was determined using an alpha level set at 0.05. The statistical program SPSS 20.0 was used for all statistical analyses (SPSS, IBM Corp&#174;, USA, 2011).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline characteristics</title>
          <p>Basic demographic and clinical characteristics for both patient groups are reported in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>, showing groups were matched for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and peak <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm171"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:msub><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> (%pred and <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm172"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>mL</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo></mml:msub><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>min</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:msub><mml:mrow/><mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo></mml:msub><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>kg</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>). Overall cardiac function and pulmonary function differed between HF and COPD groups as expected, whereas HF patients exhibited a higher frequency of comorbidities. Despite both groups demonstrating a similar level of aerobic capacity, a distinct ventilatory limitation to exercise was present in COPD. The significantly higher oxygen pulse in HF as compared with COPD was likely attributable to effects from a greater presence of rate-limiting therapies depressing the rise in HR in HF.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Clinical, Lung function, TT echocardiographic, and Incremental Exercise Testing (CPET) data for selected variables. Comparative data between COPD versus HF</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="24%">
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Data</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">COPD(19)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">HF (19)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="5" valign="top">
                    <bold>Clinical features</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Age(yrs)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">62&#177;6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">59&#177;9</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.170</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Gender M/F (n)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">10/9</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">14/5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.313</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Weight (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">65&#177;15</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">76&#177;12</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">BMI (kg m<sup>-</sup>&#178;)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">26&#177;4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">27&#177;3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.420</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Smoking (p/y)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">64&#177;41</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">13&#177;21</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">mMRC/NYHA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1-4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1-3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&#8211;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Hb(g/dlL)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">15&#177;2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">14&#177;1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.128</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" colspan="5" valign="top">
                    <bold>Lung function</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">FEV1 (% pred)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">40&#177;14</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">81&#177;13</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">FVC (% pred)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">70&#177;17</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">82&#177;14</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.040</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">FEV1/FVC (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">45&#177;1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">79&#177;6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">DLco (% pred)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">51&#177;21</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">59&#177;18</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.650</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="5" valign="top">
                    <bold>TT Echocardiography</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Diastolic IVS (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">8&#177;1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">9&#177;2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.138</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Posterior wall (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">8&#177;1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">9&#177;1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.048</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">LV Ejection fraction (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">80&#177;5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">45&#177;16</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">LV mass/BSA (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">114&#177;31</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">223&#177;71</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" colspan="5" valign="top">
                    <bold>Comorbidity</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">SA Hypertension (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">26</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">37</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.127</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Diabetes Mellitus (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">58</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">AMI (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">63</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Atherosclerosis (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">37</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="5" valign="top">
                    <bold>Medications</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">SABA (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&#8211;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">LABA (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">100</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&#8211;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">LAMA (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">26</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&#8211;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">LAMA+LABA (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">26</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&#8211;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">IC (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">42</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">ACE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">16</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">84</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Betablock (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">95</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Aldosterone antagonist (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">37</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.124</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Antidiabetic drug (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">58</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Other (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">26</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.010</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" colspan="5" valign="top">
                    <bold>Incremental CPET</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"><inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm173"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:msub><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> (L/min)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.98&#177;0.3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.23&#177;1.3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.011</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"><inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm174"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:msub><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> (%pred)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">72&#177;19</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">74&#177;20</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.724</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"><inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm175"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:msub><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> (mL/Kg/min)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">15&#177;3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">16&#177;4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.229</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">W (%pred)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">43&#177;17</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">52&#177;20</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.110</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"><inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm176"><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> (L/min)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">32&#177;11</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">52&#177;15</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"><inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm177"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mtext>/MVV</mml:mtext></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.95&#177;0.2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.5&#177;0.1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">V<sub>T</sub> (L)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.1&#177;0.3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.6&#177;0.5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.030</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">fR (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">29&#177;7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">34&#177;7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.106</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">HR (beats/min)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">126&#177;21</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">120&#177;19</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.372</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">V&#180;O<sub>2</sub>/HR (mL/beat)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">8&#177;3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">11&#177;3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.005</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>BMI: body mass index; DL<sub>CO</sub>: diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide; FEV<sub>1:</sub> forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC: forced vital capacity; FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC: ratio on forced expiratory volume in 1 s and forced vital capacity; HR: heart-rate; IVS: interventricular septum diameter; AMI: acute myocardial infarct; LABA: long-acting &#946;<sub>2</sub>-agonist long-action betamimetic antagonist; LAMA: long-acting muscarinic antagonist; LV: left ventricular; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council; SABA: short-action betamimetic antagonist; <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm178"><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula>: minute-ventilation; <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm179"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:msub><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula>: oxygen uptake; W: work-rate. Significant <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05 comparing COPD <italic>vs.</italic> HF.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ventilatory efficiency at maximal performance</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 1</xref> report group comparisons for <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm180"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> slope, <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm181"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> intercept, and <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm182"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula>. The <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm183"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> slope and <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm184"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> intercept were significantly different between COPD and HF (27.2&#177;1.4 vs. 33.1&#177;5.7 and 5.3&#177;1.9 vs. 1.7&#177;3.6, p&lt;0.05 for both, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figures 1 A and 1 B</xref>, respectively), whereas <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm185"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> did not differ significantly between groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 1 C</xref>, p=0.462).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Average&#177;SD and range values for <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm186"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO2</mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula> slope, CO2 constant-rate, and ventilatory efficiency (<inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm187"><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula>) for COPD vs. HF subjects</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Variable</th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">COPD (n=19)</th>
                  <th align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">HF (n=19)</th>
                  <th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">p-value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Average&#177;SD</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Average&#177;SD</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"><inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm188"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> 100, %</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">10.2 &#177; 3.4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">10.9 &#177; 2.3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.462</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"><inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm189"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> 90, %</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">9.8 &#177; 3.2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">10.5 &#177; 2.1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.484</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"><inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm190"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> 75, %</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">9.3 &#177; 3.0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">10.3 &#177; 2.3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.266</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"><inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm191"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:msub><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> 100, <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm192"><mml:msub><mml:mi>L</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo></mml:msub><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:msup><mml:mi>L</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:math></inline-formula> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2.1 &#177; 0.7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2.5 &#177; 0.6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.100</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"><inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm193"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:msub><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> 90, <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm194"><mml:msub><mml:mi>L</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo></mml:msub><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:msup><mml:mi>L</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:math></inline-formula> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2.0 &#177; 0.7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2.4 &#177; 0.6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.060</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"><inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm195"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:msub><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> 75, <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm196"><mml:msub><mml:mi>L</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo></mml:msub><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:msup><mml:mi>L</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:math></inline-formula> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.9 &#177; 0.7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2.3 &#177; 0.6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.031</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">
                    <inline-formula>
                      <mml:math display="inline" id="eqm197">
                        <mml:msub>
                          <mml:mover accent="true">
                            <mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext>
                            <mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo>
                          </mml:mover>
                          <mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext>
                        </mml:msub>
                        <mml:mtext>/</mml:mtext>
                        <mml:mover accent="true">
                          <mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext>
                          <mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo>
                        </mml:mover>
                        <mml:msub>
                          <mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext>
                          <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                        </mml:msub>
                      </mml:math>
                    </inline-formula>
                    <italic>slope</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">27.2 &#177; 1.4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">33.1 &#177; 5.7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">
                    <inline-formula>
                      <mml:math display="inline" id="eqm198">
                        <mml:msub>
                          <mml:mover accent="true">
                            <mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext>
                            <mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo>
                          </mml:mover>
                          <mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext>
                        </mml:msub>
                        <mml:mtext>/</mml:mtext>
                        <mml:mover accent="true">
                          <mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext>
                          <mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo>
                        </mml:mover>
                        <mml:msub>
                          <mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext>
                          <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                        </mml:msub>
                      </mml:math>
                    </inline-formula>
                    <italic>intercept</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">5.3 &#177; 1.9</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.7 &#177; 3.6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p><inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm199"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO2</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula>: carbon dioxide constant-rate; <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm200"><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula>: ventilatory efficiency; <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm201"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula>: Minute-ventilation.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Box-plot depicting average values and 5-95 percentile distribution for <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm202"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> slope, <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm203"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> intercept, and <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm204"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> in comparing COPD vs. HF.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230578-30578-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ventilatory efficiency at submaximal performance</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 2</xref> illustrate the <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm205"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> response at 100%, 90%, and 75% of the total exercise time frame, as well as the <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm206"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> relationship. At submaximal exercise intensities, only 75% <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm207"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:msub><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> slope was significantly different between COPD and HF (<inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm208"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1.9</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#177;</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.7</mml:mn><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>L</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo></mml:msub><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>min</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> versus <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm209"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2.3</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#177;</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.6</mml:mn><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>L</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo></mml:msub><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>min</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>, respectively, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>, p&lt;0.05). However, correlations between measurements at 100% and those at 90% and 75% were strong for <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm210"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm211"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:msub><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> slope (r&gt;0.850 for all, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figures 2 A, 2B, 2C and 2D</xref>, respectively).</p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Scatter-plots representing correlations between 100% exercise time-frame data for <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm212"><mml:msup><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:msup><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm213"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:msub><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> slope, and the respective 90% and 75% submaximal data of the original complete test, in comparing COPD (Ochre circles) and HF (Grey circles).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230578-30578-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ventilatory efficiency and <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm214"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:msub><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> peak</title>
          <p>Separate correlations involving <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm215"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:msub><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> peak and both <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm216"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm217"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> relationship are illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 3</xref>. Correlation strength for <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm218"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm219"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:msub><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> slope with <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm220"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:msub><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> peak was moderate-to-high for COPD and HF (r=0.604/r=0.590 and r=0.851/r=0.767, p&lt;0.001 for all, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figures 3 C and 3 D</xref>, respectively). However, correlations involving the <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm221"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> slope and <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm222"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> intercept with <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm223"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:msub><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> peak were not significant (r=0.090/r=0.086, and r=0.162/r=0.100, p&gt;0.05 for all, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figures 3 A and 3 B</xref>, respectively for COPD/HF).</p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Scatter-plots representing correlations between <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm224"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>O2</mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula> peak and <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm225"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO2</mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula> slope (A), <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm226"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO2</mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula> intercept (B), <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm227"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO2</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula> slope (C), and <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm228"><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:math></inline-formula> (D) for COPD (Ochre circles) and HF (Grey circles).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230578-30578-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This is the first study to describe the comparison of <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm229"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> between COPD and HF patients matched for age, sex, and exercise capacity. In contrast to the significant differences between groups for the <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm230"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> slope, these data suggest that <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm231"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> does not significantly differ between groups in the presence of no significant differences for <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm232"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:msub><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> peak. The <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm233"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> also demonstrates a moderate-to-strong correlation with <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm234"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:msub><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> peak for both COPD and HF patients, whereas the <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm235"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> slope does not correlate with <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm236"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:msub><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> peak for either group. Thus, although no causality can be concluded based on the present study design, there is potential clinical utility in using the <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm237"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> as a marker of exercise ventilatory efficiency when advanced disease affecting the airways and ventilatory mechanics is likely to confound the use of traditional thresholds for interpreting the <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm238"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> slope.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Determinants of ventilatory efficiency in HF and COPD</title>
          <p>Patients with COPD or HF demonstrate a multitude of pathophysiological factors that can trigger excessive ventilation during exercise, even at low intensities. Two common factors affecting ventilatory efficiency in both patient groups are an increase in the dead space to tidal volume ratio (V<sub>D</sub>/V<sub>T</sub>) and abnormally high ventilatory neural drive relative to metabolic demand.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> However, the effect these factors have on lessening ventilatory efficiency is not typically observed in the same manner when comparing the <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm239"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> slope between COPD and HF patients.</p>
          <p>In mild COPD, arterial microangiopathy is suggested to play a major role in the increase in V<sub>D</sub>/V<sub>T.</sub><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> However, in advanced disease, it is suggested that the loss of vascular bed volume and destruction of air spaces provoked by long-term exposure to dynamic hyperinflation (DH) expands total V<sub>D</sub> to lessen ventilatory efficiency.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> A decrease in inspiratory reserve volume also follows DH, eventually limiting V<sub>T</sub> expansion and contributing to the increase in V<sub>D</sub>/V<sub>T</sub>. Although increased ventilatory neural drive can also be present, deranged ventilatory mechanics can often be expected to mute any subsequent effect on the <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm240"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> slope.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In contrast, in patients with HF, particularly in those with reduced ejection fraction, the abnormal loss of ventilatory efficiency is strongly linked to a chronic state of hyper-sympathoexcitation stemming from dysfunctional metaboreceptor, mechanoreceptor, baroreceptor, and/or chemoreceptor pathways.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> The additional inability of V<sub>D</sub>/V<sub>T</sub> to fall and normalize as exercise commences because of high and heterogeneous ventilation-to-perfusion mismatching also plays an important role in the exaggerated loss of ventilatory efficiency in these patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ventilatory inefficiency for hf and copd at maximal performance</title>
          <p>Comparisons for the <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm241"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> slope and intercept between COPD and HF have been inconsistently reported in the literature, possibly because there has been a lack of consistent clinical and functional capacity (exercise) matching when comparisons have been performed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> However, when group matching has occurred, there is evidence to suggest that when <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm242"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:msub><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> peak is greater than 16 <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm243"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>mL</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo></mml:msub><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>min</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup><mml:msub><mml:mrow/><mml:mo>&#8727;</mml:mo></mml:msub><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>kg</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>, the <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm244"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> slope does not differ between COPD and HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> However, despite there being no differences in the <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm245"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> slope between groups, given that COPD patients demonstrated a significantly higher <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm246"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> intercept than HF, it is suggested that the loss of ventilatory efficiency is less severe in COPD than in HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> By contrast, these data suggest that ventilatory efficiency does not differ between COPD and HF when compared using the <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm247"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> metric and when patients are matched for clinical age, sex, and exercise capacity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Submaximal ventilatory inefficiency and <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm248"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:msub><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> peak</title>
          <p>Previous studies described significant associations between fractions of 50%, 75%, and 90% with 100% exercise time (from start to peak) for the OUES and showed coefficients of correlation similar to that found for <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm249"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> This may be one more way of calculating ventilatory efficiency in physically or intellectually limited populations for clinical purposes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The majority of studies are concordant for moderate correlations between <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm250"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> slope and <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm251"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:msub><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> peak for COPD and HF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> despite some negative results for linear correlations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> In COPD subjects, the predominance of more severe obstructive phenotype (GOLD III-IV) is associated with weaker correlations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The absence of significant correlations between <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm252"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> slope and <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm253"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:msub><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> peak for COPD and HF in our study presumably results from the narrow range for both variables in a smaller number of subjects in the study. However, both <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm254"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:msub><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> slope and <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm255"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> showed moderate-to-strong associations with <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm256"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:msub><mml:mtext>O</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> peak. We speculate that the rate of <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm257"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:msub><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> clearance for each 10-fold increase in <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm258"><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> is more mechanistically linked to maximal aerobic capacity than <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm259"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> relationship, and further studies are warranted to elucidate the underpinning mechanisms.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Strengths, limitations of the study and clinical implications</title>
          <p>This study has some strengths and limitations that should be addressed. The new comprehensive approach for ventilatory efficiency calculation associated with well-paired groups for two common diseases could be shown for the first time that, despite profound pathophysiological differences underpinning abnormal <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm260"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> relationship during the incremental exercise, ventilatory inefficiency might be very similar. This opens a new avenue for comparative prognostic studies, for instance, as <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm261"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:math></inline-formula> the <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm262"><mml:msub><mml:mrow/><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:msub><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> slope has been considered an important prognostic index for HF but scarcely studied for COPD subjects given the above-explained limitations. Moreover, the possibility of submaximal analysis of the ventilatory efficiency for physically or intellectually limited subjects is advantageous. As a limitation, we consider some grades challenging for the calculation of the new index (<inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm263"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula>). Certainly, automatized calculations could help clinicians. In this sense, we have uploaded and hosted free R-program codes for direct CO<sub>2</sub> output constant rate and <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm264"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> calculations (GitHub<sup>&#174;</sup>).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>This study demonstrates for the first time that when exercise ventilatory efficiency is evaluated using the <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm265"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> variable and compared between patients with HF and COPD matched for age, sex, and aerobic capacity, ventilatory efficiency does not differ between groups. Because the loss of ventilatory efficiency cannot be interpreted using the same thresholds of abnormality for the <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm266"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> slope from HF to COPD, this study provides preliminary evidence supporting the use of the <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm267"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>&#951;</mml:mtext><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:mrow><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub></mml:math></inline-formula> variable when comparisons of ventilatory efficiency between patient groups must account for advanced obstructive disease affecting the airways and ventilatory mechanics. This could be particularly useful for COPD/HF overlapping when, theoretically, the ventilatory inefficiency in HF could be masked by ventilatory constraints due to COPD, reducing the power of the prognostic evaluation for <inline-formula><mml:math display="inline" id="eqm268"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>E</mml:mtext></mml:msub><mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>&#729;</mml:mo></mml:mover><mml:mtext>CO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula> slope.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul and a grant from the Dean of Research and Graduate Studies (grant number HUMB.280322).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Gerson Gatass Orro de Campos from Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul under the protocol number 44517121.0.0000.0021. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>The authors would like to thank the technical support team for their help and Dr. Erlandson Saraiva for his kind assistance.</p>
      </ack>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app2">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p>For additional information, please click <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://herehttp://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12104/2023-0578_suplementar_ing.pdf">here</ext-link>.</p>
        </app>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
