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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">DWGQgDkrHzkCtDcJVfzP6rg</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000400701</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00701</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230565</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Pulmonar com Caracter&#237;sticas de Envolvimento Venoso: Um Trabalho Investigativo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-0277-7398</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cazeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel In&#225;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4164-5481</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pl&#225;cido</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1744-8843</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Raposo</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel Azeredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Joana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borba</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Eug&#233;nia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9968-477X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8034-4529</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Fausto J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Lisboa</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio Lisboa Norte</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cora&#231;&#227;o e Vasos &#8211; Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio Lisboa Norte &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa &#8211; Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio Lisboa Ocidental</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Carnaxide</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia &#8211; Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio Lisboa Central</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Pneumologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Pneumologia &#8211; Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio Lisboa Central, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio Lisboa Central</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Patologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Patologia &#8211; Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio Lisboa Central, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Rui Pl&#225;cido</bold> &#8226; Departamento de Cora&#231;&#227;o e Vasos - Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio Lisboa Norte - Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, <postal-code>1649-028</postal-code>, Lisboa - Portugal Email: <email>placidorui@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="equal" id="fn1">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Os autores contribu&#237;ram igualmente para este trabalho</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230565</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>A doen&#231;a veno-oclusiva pulmonar (DVOP) e a hemangiomatose capilar pulmonar s&#227;o tipos raros de substratos histopatol&#243;gicos dentro do espectro da hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar (HAP) com progn&#243;stico muito ruim. Caracterizam-se por um processo fibroproliferativo generalizado das veias e/ou capilares de pequeno calibre com preserva&#231;&#227;o das veias maiores, resultando em um fen&#243;tipo de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar pr&#233;-capilar. A apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica &#233; inespec&#237;fica e semelhante a outras etiologias de HAP. O diagn&#243;stico definitivo &#233; obtido por meio de an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica, embora a bi&#243;psia pulmonar n&#227;o seja aconselhada devido ao maior risco de complica&#231;&#245;es. No entanto, alguns achados adicionais podem permitir um diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico presuntivo de DVOP, especialmente hist&#243;ria de tabagismo, uso de drogas quimioter&#225;picas, exposi&#231;&#227;o a solventes org&#226;nicos (particularmente tricloroetileno), baixa capacidade de difus&#227;o do mon&#243;xido de carbono (DLCO), dessatura&#231;&#227;o ao esfor&#231;o e evid&#234;ncias de doen&#231;a venosa sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca esquerda no exame de imagem, manifestada por uma tr&#237;ade cl&#225;ssica de opacidades em vidro fosco, linhas septais, e linfadenopatias. O transplante pulmonar &#233; o &#250;nico tratamento eficaz e os pacientes devem ser encaminhados no momento do diagn&#243;stico, devido &#224; r&#225;pida progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a e ao progn&#243;stico ruim.</p>
        <p>Apresentamos o caso de um homem de 58 anos com HAP com caracter&#237;sticas de envolvimento venoso/capilar em que a suspeita cl&#237;nica, o pronto diagn&#243;stico e o encaminhamento precoce para transplante pulmonar foram determinantes para um bom desfecho.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Veno-Oclusiva Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Transplante de Pulm&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemangioma Capilar/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomografia Computadorizada/diagn&#243;stico por imagem</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="26"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o, Epidemiologia e Fatores de Risco</title>
        <p>A doen&#231;a veno-oclusiva pulmonar (DVOP) e a hemangiomatose capilar pulmonar (HCP) s&#227;o consideradas parte do espectro da mesma doen&#231;a e classificadas como um subgrupo da hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar (HAP) devido &#224;s suas semelhan&#231;as cl&#237;nicas, histopatol&#243;gicas e hemodin&#226;micas.</p>
        <p>A DVOP representa uma minoria de pacientes com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (HP), representando cerca de 10% dos casos de HAP, com incid&#234;ncia anual estimada de 0,1 a 0,2 casos por milh&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Entretanto, devido &#224; classifica&#231;&#227;o incorreta de alguns casos como HAP idiop&#225;tica ou HP tromboemb&#243;lica cr&#244;nica, a verdadeira incid&#234;ncia a doen&#231;a pode estar subestimada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A DVOP tende a acometer homens e mulheres na mesma propor&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> embora pare&#231;a haver predom&#237;nio masculino nos casos idiop&#225;ticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Apesar de sua patog&#234;nese desconhecida, diversos fatores de risco j&#225; foram identificados para a DVOP. Muta&#231;&#245;es bial&#233;licas do gene EIF2AK4 foram reconhecidas em casos familiares e em cerca de 25% dos casos espor&#225;dicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A exposi&#231;&#227;o a alguns quimioter&#225;picos, como bleomicina, mitomicina, cisplatina, entre outros,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> e a solventes org&#226;nicos (principalmente tricloroetileno)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> est&#225; associada a maior risco. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com outros subtipos de HAP, pacientes com DVOP apresentam maior exposi&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via ao tabagismo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Parece haver uma associa&#231;&#227;o com doen&#231;as autoimunes, principalmente esclerose sist&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Diversos outros mecanismos foram propostos, mas provavelmente n&#227;o s&#227;o causadores (infec&#231;&#245;es, di&#225;tese tromb&#243;tica, fatores cong&#234;nitos e contraceptivos orais).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Histopatologia</title>
        <p>A DVOP &#233; uma doen&#231;a fibroproliferativa que afeta principalmente as pequenas veias pulmonares, com relativa preserva&#231;&#227;o das veias maiores. H&#225; oclus&#227;o extensa e difusa das veias de pequeno calibre devido &#224; hipertrofia da musculatura lisa e deposi&#231;&#227;o da matriz de col&#225;geno.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Les&#227;o venosa de longa dura&#231;&#227;o pode resultar em arterializa&#231;&#227;o das veias pulmonares devido ao aumento das fibras el&#225;sticas, muitas vezes confundida com altera&#231;&#245;es da HAP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Pode haver o envolvimento concomitante das arter&#237;olas pulmonares, com caracter&#237;sticas histol&#243;gicas comuns &#224; HAP. Contudo, geralmente n&#227;o h&#225; les&#245;es plexiformes arteriais (t&#237;picas na HAP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Os capilares alveolares podem estar ingurgitados, consistente com HCP. Um estudo de coorte retrospectivo revelou que 73% dos pacientes com DVOP apresentavam HCP coexistente, ao passo que a maioria dos pacientes que receberam diagn&#243;stico de HCP tamb&#233;m apresentava altera&#231;&#245;es venosas, postulando a hip&#243;tese de que a DVOP e a HCP representam o mesmo diagn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Outros achados incluem dilata&#231;&#227;o dos vasos linf&#225;ticos pulmonares/pleurais, provavelmente secund&#225;ria &#224; congest&#227;o venosa,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> e macr&#243;fagos alveolares contendo hemossiderina, como resultado de congest&#227;o cr&#244;nica e hemorragia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e diagn&#243;stico</title>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico definitivo de DVOP &#233; obtido por meio de exame histopatol&#243;gico do tecido pulmonar. Entretanto, a bi&#243;psia n&#227;o &#233; recomendada devido ao risco aumentado de sangramento pulmonar com risco de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Portanto, a confirma&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica pode n&#227;o ser obtida at&#233; que seja analisado um pulm&#227;o explantado ou realizada uma aut&#243;psia. Atualmente, recomenda-se uma abordagem diagn&#243;stica n&#227;o invasiva baseada em determinadas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e resultados de exames diagn&#243;sticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da DVOP &#233; inespec&#237;fica e semelhante a outras etiologias de HAP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> De modo semelhante, n&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;as hemodin&#226;micas significativas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Pacientes com DVOP apresentam press&#227;o em cunha normal paradoxal pelo fato de a doen&#231;a ocorrer nas pequenas veias, sem obstru&#231;&#227;o das veias pulmonares maiores. Portanto, a coluna est&#225;tica de sangue produzida pelo cateter reflete a press&#227;o normal nas veias maiores, com o mesmo calibre do vaso oclu&#237;do.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Em outras palavras, a press&#227;o arterial pulmonar em cunha (PAPC) mede as press&#245;es nas veias pulmonares maiores que n&#227;o s&#227;o afetadas pela doen&#231;a e n&#227;o as press&#245;es reais aumentadas nas pequenas v&#234;nulas e capilares pulmonares. No entanto, alguns achados adicionais podem levantar suspeita para um diagn&#243;stico de DVOP:</p>
        <list list-type="simple">
          <list-item>
            <label>&#8211;</label>
            <p>Evid&#234;ncias de congest&#227;o venosa sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca esquerda significativa podem ser observadas em imagens do t&#243;rax de pacientes com DVOP, geralmente na forma de opacidades difusas em vidro fosco, espessamento septal e linfadenopatia mediastinal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Em um estudo, quando um ou mais desses tr&#234;s elementos estava presente, a sensibilidade e especificidade foram de mais de 80 e 67 por cento, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Outro estudo com 25 pacientes relatou a presen&#231;a de pelo menos uma caracter&#237;stica radiol&#243;gica t&#237;pica em todos os pacientes e pelo menos dois achados radiol&#243;gicos em 92% deles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Entretanto, a aus&#234;ncia ou a presen&#231;a de apenas um sinal na tomografia de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o exclui completamente o diagn&#243;stico de DVOP. Se houver incerteza quanto ao diagn&#243;stico de DVOP, pode ser &#250;til repetir a tomografia de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o durante o curso da doen&#231;a, pois pode revelar piora progressiva das anormalidades, principalmente ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do tratamento.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <label>&#8211;</label>
            <p>Os testes de fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar (TFP) e o teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6) tamb&#233;m s&#227;o muito importantes para ajudar a distinguir entre DVOP e HAP. Pacientes com DVOP apresentam DLCO muito mais baixa, bem como satura&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima de oxig&#234;nio no TC6;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <label>&#8211;</label>
            <p>Desenvolvimento de edema pulmonar ap&#243;s teste de vasorreatividade aguda ou administra&#231;&#227;o de vasodilatadores pulmonares, provavelmente devido ao aumento da press&#227;o hidrost&#225;tica transcapilar, a qual causa a transuda&#231;&#227;o de l&#237;quido para o espa&#231;o alveolar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Esta caracter&#237;stica &#233; considerada altamente sugestiva de DVOP. Pacientes com resposta vasodilatadora aguda podem desenvolver edema pulmonar grave rapidamente ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da terapia com bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio e este tratamento &#233; contraindicado.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>A combina&#231;&#227;o de HP pr&#233;-capilar por meio de cateterismo card&#237;aco direito [press&#227;o arterial pulmonar m&#233;dia (PAPm) &gt; 20 mmHg, PAPC &#8804; 15 e resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar (RVP) &gt; 2 unidades Wood], os achados acima e a presen&#231;a de fatores de risco refor&#231;am a diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de DVOP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Manejo</title>
        <p>O transplante pulmonar bilateral &#233; atualmente considerado a &#250;nica terapia eficaz para DVOP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Devido &#224; r&#225;pida progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a, os pacientes devem ser encaminhados no momento do diagn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As medidas de suporte incluem oxigenoterapia, diur&#233;ticos, vacinas antipneumoc&#243;cicas, contra influenza e contra o SARS-CoV-2, bem como cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo. A anticoagula&#231;&#227;o &#233; controversa. Ao passo que alguns estudos observacionais sugerem benef&#237;cio, outros n&#227;o aconselham devido &#224; maior frequ&#234;ncia de hemorragia alveolar oculta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A terapia espec&#237;fica para HP pode ser administrada como uma ponte para o transplante pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Entretanto, os pacientes apresentam risco aumentado de desenvolver edema pulmonar, insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria e at&#233; morte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Quando indicado, recomenda-se um ensaio cauteloso com um &#250;nico agente oral (inibidores da fosfodiesterase ou antagonistas dos receptores da endotelina) em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos com aumento gradual da titula&#231;&#227;o e monitoramento rigoroso de complica&#231;&#245;es. Em pacientes mais graves, o tratamento intravenoso com epoprostenol tamb&#233;m pode ser considerado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Progn&#243;stico</title>
        <p>O progn&#243;stico da DVOP &#233; ruim. Estudos relatam mortalidade de at&#233; 72% em um ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> O tempo m&#233;dio desde os primeiros sintomas at&#233; a morte ou transplante pulmonar &#233; de dois anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caso Cl&#237;nico</title>
        <p>Um homem de 58 anos foi encaminhado &#224; consulta ambulatorial devido &#224; hist&#243;ria de dispneia ao esfor&#231;o rapidamente progressiva (classe funcional III da OMS), tosse, s&#237;ncope por esfor&#231;o e edema de membros inferiores h&#225; dois meses.</p>
        <p>Apresentava diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de enfisema pulmonar, sem comprometimento funcional, atribu&#237;do a tabagismo anterior (40 anos-ma&#231;o) e dislipidemia. Devido ao seu trabalho anterior como t&#233;cnico de avia&#231;&#227;o, o paciente havia sido exposto a diversos agentes, como compostos fen&#243;licos, resinas e fibras de vidro.</p>
        <p>O paciente estava em uso de inalador de brometo de umeclid&#237;nio/vilanterol (55/22 ug uma vez ao dia), furosemida (40 mg uma vez ao dia) e estazolam (2 mg duas vezes ao dia). Tamb&#233;m estava recebendo oxigenoterapia h&#225; um m&#234;s.</p>
        <p>Negou qualquer hist&#243;ria familiar pr&#233;via de HP.</p>
        <p>O paciente foi submetido a diversos exames diagn&#243;sticos:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Os exames laboratoriais mostraram eritrocitose (n&#237;vel de hemoglobina de 17,7 g/dL) e NT-proBNP elevado (3110 pg/mL). A investiga&#231;&#227;o laboratorial b&#225;sica de imunologia, incluindo testes de triagem para anticorpos antinucleares, anticorpos anticentr&#244;mero e anti-Ro, n&#227;o apresentou altera&#231;&#245;es dignas de nota.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>O eletrocardiograma (ECG) revelou desvio el&#233;trico do eixo direito do QRS no plano frontal, bloqueio incompleto de ramo e padr&#227;o de sobrecarga ventricular direita.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico demonstrou alta probabilidade de HP com cavidades card&#237;acas direitas dilatadas e fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito prejudicada. Al&#233;m disso, excluiu doen&#231;a card&#237;aca esquerda.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>O TFP mostrou DLCO muito baixa (35%) mesmo quando corrigido para volume alveolar (45%) com volumes e fluxos preservados.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Dist&#226;ncia de 180 metros no TC6 e dessatura&#231;&#227;o significativa mediante esfor&#231;o (nadir de 79%) sem oxig&#234;nio suplementar.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>A angiotomografia computadorizada (ATC) mostrou altera&#231;&#245;es enfisematosas, opacidades em vidro fosco e linfadenopatias mediastinais, sem sinais de doen&#231;a tromboemb&#243;lica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>O cateterismo card&#237;aco direito confirmou o diagn&#243;stico de fen&#243;tipo pr&#233;-capilar, com press&#227;o m&#233;dia da art&#233;ria pulmonar de 45 mmHg, press&#227;o de oclus&#227;o capilar pulmonar de 15 mmHg, resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar de 7,5-8,5 unidades Wood e &#237;ndice card&#237;aco de 1,98 L/min/m2. O teste de vasorreatividade aguda realizado com &#243;xido n&#237;trico inalado a 30 ppm foi negativo e sem complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Os testes gen&#233;ticos com painel de sequencia&#231;&#227;o de pr&#243;xima gera&#231;&#227;o exclu&#237;ram quaisquer muta&#231;&#245;es relevantes, especificamente no gene EIF2AK4.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da doen&#231;a veno-oclusiva pulmonar na tomografia computadorizada de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o. Painel A &#8211; opacidades centrolobulares em vidro fosco (setas verdes). Painel B &#8211; tronco principal pulmonar dilatado. Painel C &#8211; linfonodomegalia l&#225;tero-a&#243;rtica (seta vermelha). Painel D &#8211; presen&#231;a de linhas septais (setas azuis).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230565-30565-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Considerando o hist&#243;rico pr&#233;vio de tabagismo, r&#225;pida progress&#227;o dos sintomas, DLCO muito baixa na aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a pulmonar parenquimatosa significativa e achados radiol&#243;gicos na ATC, presumiu-se o diagn&#243;stico de HAP com caracter&#237;sticas de envolvimento venoso/capilar (Grupo 1.6). Neste cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico, foi realizada terapia combinada sequencial inicial com tadalafil e bosentana e o paciente foi encaminhado com urg&#234;ncia para transplante pulmonar bilateral.</p>
        <p>Durante o seguimento, ap&#243;s cuidadoso aumento da titula&#231;&#227;o da terapia vasodilatadora e diur&#233;tica, oxig&#234;nio suplementar e inclus&#227;o em programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, houve melhora na dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6 (180 &#10153; 300 m), na satura&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub> mediante esfor&#231;o (nadir de 92%) e nos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP (3310 &#10153; 1382 pg/mL).</p>
        <p>O paciente foi submetido a transplante pulmonar bilateral seis meses ap&#243;s a primeira consulta e nove meses ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas. A histopatologia dos pulm&#245;es explantados revelou oclus&#227;o parcial/total de veias de pequeno calibre devido &#224; prolifera&#231;&#227;o fibrosa intimal bem como oclus&#227;o de art&#233;rias de pequeno calibre com hiperplasia intimal, hipertrofia medial e recanaliza&#231;&#227;o, fibrose de septos alveolares, congest&#227;o vascular, &#225;reas de edema e hemorragia, bem como descama&#231;&#227;o pigmentada de macr&#243;fagos nos espa&#231;os alveolares (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). Esses achados confirmaram o diagn&#243;stico de HAP com caracter&#237;sticas de envolvimento venoso/capilar.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Histologia dos pulm&#245;es do paciente. Painel A &#8211; Colora&#231;&#227;o com hematoxilina-eosina mostrando veias septais e v&#234;nulas pr&#233;-septais obliteradas por fibrose frouxa rica em col&#225;geno; fora isso, o par&#234;nquima n&#227;o apresenta remodela&#231;&#227;o intersticial importante. Painel B &#8211; Colora&#231;&#227;o com hematoxilina-eosina mostrando focos irregulares de hemangiomatose capilar em associa&#231;&#227;o com vasos e microvasos pulmonares remodelados (centro). Pain&#233;is C e D &#8211; Colora&#231;&#245;es de Verhoeff mostrando hipertrofia e hiperplasia intimal fibrosa da camada muscular com suboclus&#227;o dos l&#250;mens. Escalas: A), C) 100 &#956;m; B) 50 &#956;m; D) 20 &#956;m.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230565-30565-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas gerais deste caso est&#227;o de acordo com o que foi publicado em diversas s&#233;ries de casos de pacientes com diagn&#243;stico semelhante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> No entanto, dada a raridade desta condi&#231;&#227;o e a apresenta&#231;&#227;o inespec&#237;fica, infelizmente s&#227;o comuns atrasos no diagn&#243;stico da DVOP. Presume-se que a maioria dos pacientes tenha insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva esquerda devido aos achados de congest&#227;o pulmonar na TC de t&#243;rax. Alguns pacientes podem ser diagnosticados erroneamente com HPTEC devido ao defeito de perfus&#227;o incompat&#237;vel na varredura V/Q. A suspeita de DVOP deve ser levantada em pacientes com hist&#243;rico familiar de DVOP, hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;a autoimune subjacente ou exposi&#231;&#227;o a medicamentos qu&#237;micos/quimioter&#225;picos. Mas especialmente naqueles com fen&#243;tipo hemodin&#226;mico pr&#233;-capilar, hipoxemia de repouso e DLCO baixa na aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas esquerdas e pulmonares intersticiais.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A HAP com caracter&#237;sticas de envolvimento venoso/capilar &#233; uma forma incomum e rapidamente progressiva de HP. O seu diagn&#243;stico permanece um desafio na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e a maioria dos pacientes apresenta doen&#231;a avan&#231;ada. Neste caso, o pronto reconhecimento cl&#237;nico e o encaminhamento precoce para transplante pulmonar bilateral foram cruciais para o sucesso do caso, tendo sido poss&#237;vel a confirma&#231;&#227;o histopatol&#243;gica do diagn&#243;stico.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230565i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension with Features of Venous Involvement: A Detective's Task</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-0277-7398</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cazeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel In&#225;cio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn5">*</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4164-5481</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pl&#225;cido</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn5">*</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1744-8843</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Raposo</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel Azeredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Joana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borba</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Eug&#233;nia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8034-4529</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>Fausto J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cora&#231;&#227;o e Vasos &#8211; Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio Lisboa Norte &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa &#8211; Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Carnaxide</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia &#8211; Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio Lisboa Ocidental, Carnaxide &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Pneumologia &#8211; Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio Lisboa Central, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Patologia &#8211; Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio Lisboa Central, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Rui Pl&#225;cido &#8226;</bold> Departamento de Cora&#231;&#227;o e Vasos - Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio Lisboa Norte - Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, <postal-code>1649-028</postal-code>, Lisboa - Portugal Email: <email>placidorui@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="equal" id="fn5">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>The authors contributed equally to this work</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) and pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis are rare types of histopathological substrates within the spectrum of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) with a very poor prognosis. They are characterized by a widespread fibroproliferative process of the small caliber veins and/or capillaries with sparing of the larger veins, resulting in a pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension phenotype. Clinical presentation is unspecific and similar to other PAH etiologies. Definitive diagnosis is obtained through histological analysis, although lung biopsy is not advised due to a higher risk of complications. However, some additional findings may allow a presumptive clinical diagnosis of PVOD, particularly a history of smoking, chemotherapy drug use, exposure to organic solvents (particularly trichloroethylene), low diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO), exercise induced desaturation, and evidence of venous congestion without left heart disease on imaging, manifested by a classical triad of ground glass opacities, septal lines, and lymphadenopathies. Lung transplant is the only effective treatment, and patients should be referred at the time of diagnosis due to the rapid progression of the disease and associated poor prognosis.</p>
        <p>We present a case of a 58-year-old man with PAH with features of venous/capillary involvement in which clinical suspicion, prompt diagnosis, and early referral for lung transplantation were determinant factors for the successful outcome.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Veno-Oclusive Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Lung Transplantation</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemangioma Capillary/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomography-X-Ray Computed/diagnostic, imaging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Definition, Epidemiology, and Risk Factors</title>
          <p>Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) and pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis (PCH) are considered into the spectrum of the same disease and classified as a subgroup of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) due to their clinical, histopathologic, and hemodynamic similarities.</p>
          <p>PVOD represents a minority of patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH), accounting for about 10% of PAH cases, with an estimated annual incidence of 0.1 to 0.2 cases per million.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, due to the misclassification of some cases as idiopathic PAH or chronic thromboembolic PH, its true incidence may be underestimated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> PVOD tends to affect men and women in the same proportion,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> although there seems to be a male predominance in idiopathic cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Despite its unknown pathogenesis, there are several risk factors identified for PVOD. Biallelic mutations of the EIF2AK4 gene were recognized in familial cases and in about 25% of sporadic cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Exposure to some chemotherapy drugs, such as bleomycin, mitomycin, cisplatin, among others,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> and organic solvents (mainly trichloroethylene)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> are associated with an increased risk. Patients with PVOD, as compared with other subtypes of PAH, have greater previous smoking exposure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> There seems to be an association with autoimmune disorders, particularly with systemic sclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Several other mechanisms have been proposed but are not likely to be causative (infections, thrombotic diathesis, congenital factors, and oral contraceptives).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Histopathology</title>
          <p>PVOD is a fibroproliferative disease that primarily affects the small pulmonary veins with relative sparing of the larger veins. There is an extensive and diffuse occlusion of the small caliber veins due to smooth muscle hypertrophy and collagen matrix deposition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Long-standing venous injury may result in arterialization of pulmonary veins due to an increase in elastic fibers, often mistaken for PAH changes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Pulmonary arterioles may be concomitantly involved, with histological characteristics shared with PAH; however, arterial plexiform lesions (typical in PAH) are usually absent.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Alveolar capillaries may be engorged, consistent with PCH. A retrospective cohort study revealed that 73% of patients with PVOD had coexisting PCH, while most of the patients who received a diagnosis of PCH also had venous changes, postulating the hypothesis that PVOD and PCH represent the same diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Other findings include dilated pulmonary/pleural lymphatics, probably secondary to venous congestion,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> and hemosiderin-laden alveolar macrophages, as a result of chronic congestion and hemorrhage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical evaluation and diagnosis</title>
          <p>The definitive diagnosis of PVOD is established through histopathologic examination of lung tissue. However, biopsy is not recommended due to an increased risk of life-threatening pulmonary bleeding.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Therefore, histologic confirmation may not be obtained until it is discovered in an explanted lung or autopsy. Nowadays, a non-invasive diagnostic approach is recommended, based on certain clinical features and diagnostic testing results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Clinical presentation of PVOD is nonspecific and similar to other PAH etiologies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Likewise, there are no significant hemodynamic differences.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> PVOD patients have paradoxical normal wedge pressure due to the fact that the disease occurs in the small veins, without obstruction of larger pulmonary veins. Therefore, the static column of blood produced by the catheter reflects the normal pressure in the larger veins with the same caliber as the occluded vessel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> In other words, pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (PAWP) measures pressures in larger pulmonary veins that are unaffected by the disease, rather than the actual increased pressures in small pulmonary venules and capillaries. Nevertheless, some additional findings may raise suspicion for a diagnosis of PVOD:</p>
          <list list-type="simple">
            <list-item>
              <label>&#8211;</label>
              <p>Evidence of venous congestion without significant left heart disease may be seen on chest imaging of PVOD patients, usually as diffuse ground glass opacities, septal thickening, and mediastinal lymphadenopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> In one study, when one or more of these three elements were present, there was a reported sensitivity and specificity of over 80 and 67 percent, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Another study with 25 patients reported the presence of at least one typical radiological characteristic in all patients and at least two radiological findings in 92% of them.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> However, the absence or the presence of only one HRCT sign does not completely rule out the diagnosis of PVOD. If there is uncertainty regarding the diagnosis of PVOD, repeating HRCT during the disease may be helpful as it can reveal a progressive worsening of the abnormalities, especially after the initiation of treatment.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <label>&#8211;</label>
              <p>Pulmonary function tests (PFT) and six-minute walking test (6MWT) are also very important to help distinguish between PVOD and PAH. Patients with PVOD have much lower DLCO, as well as oxygen saturation nadir on 6MWT;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <label>&#8211;</label>
              <p>Development of pulmonary edema after acute vasoreactivity testing or administration of pulmonary vasodilators, probably due to an increase in transcapillary hydrostatic pressure, which results in transudation of fluid to the alveolar space.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> This feature is considered highly suggestive of PVOD. Patients with acute vasodilator response may develop severe pulmonary edema rapidly after initiation of calcium channel blocker therapy, and this treatment is contraindicated.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <p>The combination of pre-capillary PH through right heart catheterization [mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) &gt; 20 mmHg, PAWP &#8804; 15 and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) &gt; 2 Wood units], the above findings, and the presence of risk factors reinforce the clinical diagnosis of PVOD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Management</title>
          <p>Bilateral lung transplantation is currently considered the only effective therapy for PVOD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Due to the rapid progression of the disease, patients should be referred at the time of diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Supportive measures include oxygen therapy, diuretics, anti-pneumococcal, influenza, and SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations, and smoking cessation. Anticoagulation is controversial &#8211; while some observational studies suggest benefit, others advise against it due to a greater frequency of occult alveolar hemorrhage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
          <p>PH-specific therapy may be administered as a bridge to lung transplantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, patients are at increased risk of developing pulmonary edema, respiratory failure, and even death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> When indicated, a cautious trial with a single oral agent (phosphodiesterase inhibitors or endothelin receptor antagonists) is recommended in symptomatic patients with slow up-titration and close monitoring for complications. In more severe patients, intravenous treatment with epoprostenol may also be considered.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Prognosis</title>
          <p>The prognosis of PVOD is poor. Studies report a one-year mortality of up to 72%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> The average time from first symptoms to death or lung transplantation is two years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical Case</title>
          <p>A 58-year-old man was referred to the outpatient consultation due to a history of rapidly progressive dyspnea on exertion (WHO functional class III), cough, exertional syncope, and lower limb edema for the last two months.</p>
          <p>He had a previous diagnosis of pulmonary emphysema, with no functional impairment, attributed to smoking habits in the past (40 pack-years) and dyslipidemia. Due to his previous job as an airline technician, the patient had been exposed to several agents, such as phenolic compounds, resins, and glass fibers.</p>
          <p>He was on a umeclidinium bromide/vilanterol inhaler (55/22 ug od), furosemide (40 mg od), and estazolam (2 mg bid). He had also been on long-term oxygen therapy for a month.</p>
          <p>He denied any previous family history of PH.</p>
          <p>The patient underwent several diagnostic exams:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Laboratory studies showed erythrocytosis (hemoglobin level of 17.7 g/dL) and elevated NT-proBNP (3110 pg/mL). Basic immunology laboratory work-up, including screening tests for anti-nuclear antibodies, anti-centromere antibodies, and anti-Ro, was unremarkable.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Electrocardiogram (ECG) revealed QRS right axis electric deviation in the frontal plane, incomplete bundle branch block and a right ventricle strain pattern.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Transthoracic echocardiogram depicted a high probability of PH with dilated right heart chambers and impaired right ventricle systolic function. Additionally, it excluded left heart disease.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>PFT showed very low DLCO (35%) even when corrected for alveolar volume (45%) with preserved volumes and flows.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>6MWT with a distance of 180 m and a significant effort desaturation (nadir of 79%) without supplementary oxygen.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Computed tomography angiography (CTA) showed emphysematous changes, ground-glass opacities, and mediastinal lymphadenopathies, with no signs of thromboembolic disease (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Right-heart catheterization confirmed the diagnosis of a pre-capillary phenotype, with a mean pulmonary artery pressure of 45 mmHg, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of 15 mmHg, pulmonary vascular resistance of 7.5-8.5 Wood units and cardiac index of 1.98 L/min/m2. Acute vasoreactivity test performed with inhaled nitric oxide at 30 p.p.m was negative and without complications.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Genetic testing with a next generation sequencing panel excluded any relevant mutations, namely in the EIF2AK4 gene.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>High-resolution computed tomography features of pulmonary veno-occlusive disease. Panel A &#8211; centrilobular ground-glass opacities (green arrows). Panel B - dilated pulmonary main trunk. Panel C - latero-aortic lymph node enlargement (red arrow). Panel D &#8211; presence of septal lines (blue arrows).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230565-30565-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Given the previous smoking history, rapid progression of symptoms, very low DLCO in the absence of significant parenchymal lung disease, and radiological findings on CTA, the diagnosis of PAH with features of venous/capillary involvement (Group 1.6) was assumed. In this clinical scenario, initial sequential combination therapy with tadalafil and bosentan was pursued, and the patient was urgently referred for bilateral lung transplantation.</p>
          <p>During follow-up, after careful up-titration of vasodilator therapy and diuretics, supplementary oxygen, and inclusion in a cardiorespiratory rehabilitation program, there was an improvement in 6MWT distance (180 &#10153; 300 m), O<sub>2</sub> effort saturation (nadir of 92%), and NT-proBNP levels (3310 &#10153; 1382 pg/mL).</p>
          <p>The patient underwent bilateral lung transplant six months after the first appointment and nine months after symptom onset. Histopathology of the explanted lungs revealed partial/total occlusion of small caliber veins due to intimal fibrous proliferation, as well as occlusion of small caliber arteries with intimal hyperplasia, medial hypertrophy and recanalization, alveolar septa fibrosis, vascular congestion, areas of edema and hemorrhage, and pigmented macrophage desquamation in the alveolar spaces (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>). These findings confirmed the diagnosis of PAH with features of venous/capillary involvement.</p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Histology from lungs of the patient. Panel A &#8211; Hematoxilin-eosin staining depicting septal veins and pre-septal venules obliterated by collagen-rich, loose fibrosis; the parenchyma is otherwise lacking important interstitial remodelling. Panel B - Hematoxilin-eosin staining showing patchy foci of capillary haemangiomatosis in association with remodelled pulmonary vessels and microvessels (centre). Panels C and D &#8211; Verhoeff stainings showing fibrous intimal hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the muscular layer with sub-occlusion of the lumens. Scale bars: A), C) 100 &#956;m; B) 50 &#956;m; D) 20 &#956;m.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230565-30565-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>The overall clinical characteristics of this case are in line with what has been published in several case series of patients with a similar diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> However, given the rarity of this condition and the nonspecific presentation, delays in PVOD diagnosis are unfortunately common. Most patients are usually presumed to have congestive left heart failure due to the findings of pulmonary congestion on the CT chest. Some patients may be misdiagnosed with CTEPH due to the mismatched perfusion defect from V/Q scanning. Suspicion of PVOD should be raised in patients with a history of familial PVOD, a history of underlying autoimmune disease or chemical / chemotherapeutic drug exposures. But especially in those with a hemodynamic pre-capillary phenotype, rest hypoxemia, and low DLCO in the absence of left heart and interstitial lung diseases.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>PAH with features of venous/capillary involvement is an uncommon and rapidly progressive form of PH. Its diagnosis remains challenging in clinical practice, with most patients presenting with advanced disease. In this case, prompt clinical recognition and early referral for bilateral lung transplantation were crucial for the patient's successful outcome, having been possible the histopathological confirmation of the diagnosis.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <p>
            <bold>Study association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
