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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">mKBPzHcNRbrmdwvbpsKDpZd</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000400702</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00702</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230541</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Miocardite Aguda como Apresenta&#231;&#227;o Inicial da Muta&#231;&#227;o da Desmoplaquina &#8211; Ampliando o Diagn&#243;stico Diferencial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8283-5228</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Koike</surname>
            <given-names>Hideki</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Idris</surname>
            <given-names>Amr</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7940-1947</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Berger</surname>
            <given-names>Justin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cheng</surname>
            <given-names>Victor Y.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sengupta</surname>
            <given-names>Jay</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3632-2074</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cavalcante</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Minneapolis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MN</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center and Core Lab at Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Allina Health Minneapolis Heart Institute</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Abbott Northwestern Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Minneapolis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MN</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Allina Health Minneapolis Heart Institute at Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, MN &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Valve Science Center</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Minneapolis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MN</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Valve Science Center, Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Jo&#227;o L. Cavalcante &#8226; Minneapolis Heart Institute, Abbott Northwestern Hospital &#8211; Director, Cardiovascular &#8211; Imaging Center and Core Lab &#8211; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation &#8211; 920 E 28th Street, Suite 100 Minneapolis, MN, 55407 E-mail: <email>Jo&#227;o.Cavalcante@allina.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230541</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Dilatada</kwd>
        <kwd>Gadol&#237;nio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A cardiomiopatia gen&#233;tica relacionada &#224; muta&#231;&#227;o da desmoplaquina (DSP) pode iniciar sua manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica com sintomas de dor tor&#225;cica, juntamente com eleva&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria da troponina, configurando a primeira manifesta&#231;&#227;o como miocardite aguda, &#224;s vezes em padr&#227;o recidivante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Est&#225; claro que os crit&#233;rios revisados da For&#231;a-Tarefa para cardiomiopatia gen&#233;tica deixar&#227;o de lado muitos casos, particularmente aqueles com domin&#226;ncia do lado esquerdo. Este relato de caso destaca a compreens&#227;o de que a cardiomiopatia gen&#233;tica, particularmente com muta&#231;&#227;o DSP, pode se apresentar com miocardite aguda e a compreens&#227;o de que a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular (RMC) poderia aumentar a possibilidade de cardiomiopatia arritmog&#234;nica e prever taquiarritmias ventriculares apesar da FEVE preservada.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de Caso</title>
      <p>Uma mulher de 20 anos, previamente saud&#225;vel, deu entrada no pronto-socorro com dor tor&#225;cica com dura&#231;&#227;o de uma semana. Ela tinha hist&#243;rico familiar de miocardite em sua irm&#227; g&#234;mea. Seus sinais vitais eram normais, exceto taquicardia, e n&#227;o havia achados not&#225;veis em seu exame f&#237;sico.</p>
      <p>O eletrocardiograma mostrou taquicardia sinusal sem altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas (ritmo sinusal, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca 114 bpm). O pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral e o d&#237;mero D estavam dentro dos limites normais. Troponina I marcadamente elevada (TnI 9,7 ng/ml, normal &lt; 0,034 ng/ml) motivou um ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, que mostrou tamanho do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica normais (FEVE=60%), e sem derrame peric&#225;rdico. A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular (RMC) foi realizada no Siemens Aera 1,5T usando um protocolo cl&#237;nico incluindo mapeamento T1 e T2 pr&#233;-contraste, imagem de cine, realce tardio com gadol&#237;nio (RTG) e mapeamento do volume extracelular (VEC). O estudo de RMC revelou tamanho normal do VE e fun&#231;&#227;o preservada (FEVE = 54%), sem anormalidades da contratilidade segmentar regional e tamanho e fun&#231;&#227;o normais do ventr&#237;culo direito (FEVD = 61%). A eleva&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-contraste do T1 mioc&#225;rdico nativo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1-A</xref>, T1&gt;1050 mseg) sugeriu edema e/ou aumento do espa&#231;o intersticial (fibrose pr&#233;via), enquanto a eleva&#231;&#227;o do T2 mioc&#225;rdico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1-B</xref>, T2&gt;55 mseg) foi consistente com edema envolvendo predominantemente o septo m&#233;dio. A imagem do RTG mostrou um padr&#227;o n&#227;o isqu&#234;mico em forma de anel envolvendo o subepic&#225;rdio e o mioc&#225;rdio m&#233;dio nos segmentos m&#233;dio e apical anterior, septo e inferior (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1-C</xref>). O volume extracelular mioc&#225;rdico estava notavelmente elevado (46%, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1-D</xref>). N&#227;o houve derrame peric&#225;rdico nem realce peric&#225;rdico. Os achados gerais foram consistentes com les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica aguda n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica, conforme descrito nos crit&#233;rios atualizados de miocardite de Lake-Louise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Os exames do painel viral, incluindo COVID-19, foram negativos.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Imagem mioc&#225;rdica por RMC. Cada imagem mostra mapeamento T1 (1-A), mapeamento T2 (1-B), imagem de realce tardio com gadol&#237;nio (1-C) e mapa de volume extracelular (VEC) (1-D). A Figura 1-E mostra altera&#231;&#245;es seriadas na RMC ao longo de um ano, que demonstram a transi&#231;&#227;o da necrose mioc&#225;rdica + edema na apresenta&#231;&#227;o inicial para a resolu&#231;&#227;o do edema mioc&#225;rdico com o passar do tempo e a transi&#231;&#227;o para a fibrose mioc&#225;rdica de substitui&#231;&#227;o.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230541-30541-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Contra&#231;&#245;es ventriculares prematuras (CVPs) e taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada (TVNS) foram observadas em um monitor card&#237;aco, para o qual um betabloqueador foi iniciado e titulado. A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica de acompanhamento, 3 e 12 meses ap&#243;s a apresenta&#231;&#227;o inicial, revelou resolu&#231;&#227;o do edema mioc&#225;rdico, mas persist&#234;ncia da fibrose mioc&#225;rdica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1-E</xref>). Devido ao hist&#243;rico familiar de miocardite, foi obtido aconselhamento gen&#233;tico. Sua irm&#227; tamb&#233;m apresentou dor tor&#225;cica e eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina I (4,16 ng/ml) e foi diagnosticada com miocardite aguda como poss&#237;vel fen&#243;tipo dessa variante. Embora a fun&#231;&#227;o do VE fosse normal (FEVE 56%, VCE 26%), o RTG foi identificado no septo m&#233;dio-inferior e na parede inferior. Um painel de testes gen&#233;ticos identificou uma muta&#231;&#227;o missense que leva a uma variante de significado desconhecido no gene DSP, que est&#225; associada &#224; cardiomiopatia dilatada e &#224; cardiomiopatia arritmog&#234;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito. A presen&#231;a da mesma variante DSP (c.860A&gt; G [p.Asn287Ser]) na irm&#227; do paciente, que j&#225; havia apresentado miocardite, aumentou substancialmente nossa suspeita de que a variante era bastante patol&#243;gica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Linhagem Familiar da Muta&#231;&#227;o da Desmoplaquina. A caixa preta e o c&#237;rculo mostram os membros da fam&#237;lia sem muta&#231;&#227;o. Vermelho indica indiv&#237;duos com genes mutados e vermelho mais (+) indica indiv&#237;duos com sintomas cl&#237;nicos. Embora o teste do painel gen&#233;tico tenha revelado a variante de significado incerto (VUS) no gene DSP (c.860A&gt;G [p.Asn287Ser]), a mesma muta&#231;&#227;o foi encontrada em sua m&#227;e e irm&#227;.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230541-30541-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O paciente recebeu alta hospitalar e acompanhamento ambulatorial no ambulat&#243;rio de eletrofisiologia com posterior monitoriza&#231;&#227;o arr&#237;tmica por meio de eletrocardiograma Holter estendido. Ela descreveu melhora significativa em seus sintomas ap&#243;s a alta. Durante o seguimento (3 anos), o Holter estendido revelou um epis&#243;dio de TVNS (6 batimentos) e carga de 1,1% de CVPs sob betabloqueador (carvedilol 6,25 mg duas vezes ao dia). Por&#233;m, recentemente, voltou a apresentar press&#227;o tor&#225;cica, pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope e eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina, por&#233;m com ritmo sinusal no eletrocardiograma. A implanta&#231;&#227;o de um cardioversor desfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI) foi realizada para preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, devido &#224; TVNS, aos sintomas pr&#233;-sincopais e &#224; alta probabilidade de TV recorrente.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A maioria dos casos de miocardite aguda &#233; causada por um gatilho viral ou por uma etiologia autoimune. No entanto, uma predisposi&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica tamb&#233;m foi relatada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Nesses pacientes, uma hist&#243;ria familiar positiva de miocardite ou morte card&#237;aca s&#250;bita pode levar a testes gen&#233;ticos. Um estudo recente demonstrou que a distribui&#231;&#227;o do RTG na RMC identificou os pacientes de maior risco entre aqueles com FEVE preservada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este caso destaca a manifesta&#231;&#227;o inicial da cardiomiopatia DSP como uma causa incomum de miocardite aguda. Embora o tratamento da miocardite secund&#225;ria &#224; cardiomiopatia DSP n&#227;o esteja totalmente acordado, os sintomas de dor tor&#225;cica, juntamente com a eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina e o extenso padr&#227;o de fibrose n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica na RMC, devem levar &#224; considera&#231;&#227;o desta entidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Particularmente, o padr&#227;o de RTG n&#227;o isqu&#234;mico subepic&#225;rdico e de parede m&#233;dia em forma de anel est&#225; associado &#224; possibilidade de cardiomiopatia arritmog&#234;nica e taquiarritmias ventriculares, mesmo com FEVE preservada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Esses achados devem levar &#224; considera&#231;&#227;o da implanta&#231;&#227;o de um desfibrilador intracard&#237;aco ou cardioversor desfibrilador implant&#225;vel subcut&#226;neo para terapia de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria. Finalmente, neste caso, o acompanhamento e monitoramento em longo prazo revelaram a necessidade de implanta&#231;&#227;o de CDI para preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria. O acompanhamento ambulatorial longitudinal e a repeti&#231;&#227;o de imagens de RMC podem fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es valiosas sobre a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a e orientar futuras interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>A variante gen&#233;tica identificada no gene DSP &#233; atualmente classificada como variante de significado incerto (VUS), indicando evid&#234;ncias insuficientes para o papel da muta&#231;&#227;o. Na verdade, esta muta&#231;&#227;o foi detectada na paciente, na sua irm&#227; e na sua m&#227;e. Por&#233;m, manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas foram observadas apenas na paciente e em sua irm&#227;. Um n&#250;mero insuficiente de portadores e fen&#243;tipos dentro da fam&#237;lia impede uma liga&#231;&#227;o conclusiva entre este VUS e o fen&#243;tipo cl&#237;nico observado. Dada esta limita&#231;&#227;o, &#233; necess&#225;ria uma investiga&#231;&#227;o mais ampla da co-segrega&#231;&#227;o na fam&#237;lia no futuro para fornecer evid&#234;ncias mais fortes que apoiem a patogenicidade da variante.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste caso, o protocolo de imagem de RMC utilizando mapas mioc&#225;rdicos e RTG foi crucial n&#227;o s&#243; para o diagn&#243;stico de miocardite, mas tamb&#233;m para o acompanhamento. Al&#233;m disso, a mesma muta&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica foi detectada na m&#227;e e na irm&#227;, enfatizando a import&#226;ncia da informa&#231;&#227;o da hist&#243;ria familiar em pacientes que apresentam miocardite, dada a potencial base gen&#233;tica, particularmente para a muta&#231;&#227;o DSP.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Allina Institutional Review Board. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p><bold>Fontes de financiamento:</bold> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230541i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Acute Myocarditis as the Initial Presentation of Desmoplakin Mutation &#8211; Broadening the Differential Diagnosis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8283-5228</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Koike</surname>
            <given-names>Hideki</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Idris</surname>
            <given-names>Amr</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7940-1947</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Berger</surname>
            <given-names>Justin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cheng</surname>
            <given-names>Victor Y.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sengupta</surname>
            <given-names>Jay</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3632-2074</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cavalcante</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center and Core Lab at Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Allina Health Minneapolis Heart Institute at Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, MN &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Valve Science Center, Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Jo&#227;o L. Caval<bold>cante</bold> &#8226; Minneapolis Heart Institute, Abbott Northwestern Hospital &#8211; Director, Cardiovascular &#8211; Imaging Center and Core Lab &#8211; Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation &#8211; 920 E 28th Street, Suite 100 Minneapolis, MN, 55407 E-mail: Jo&#227;o.Cavalcante@allina.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocardium</kwd>
        <kwd>Dilated Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Gadolinium</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Genetic cardiomyopathy related to desmoplakin (DSP) mutation can start its clinical manifestation with chest pain symptoms, along with transient troponin elevation configuring first manifest as acute myocarditis, sometimes in a relapsing pattern.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> It is clear that the revised Task Force criteria for genetic cardiomyopathy will miss many cases, particularly those with left-sided dominance. This case reports highlights to understand that genetic cardiomyopathy, particularly with DSP mutation, can present with acute myocarditis and to understand that cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging could raise the possibility of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy and predict ventricular tachyarrhythmias despite preserved LVEF.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>A previously healthy 20-year-old female presented to the emergency room with chest pain of one-week duration. She had a family history of myocarditis in her twin sister. Her vital signs were normal except for tachycardia, and there were no remarkable findings on her physical exam.</p>
        <p>The electrocardiogram showed sinus tachycardia with no ischemic changes (Sinus rhythm, heart rate 114 bpm). Brain natriuretic peptide and D-dimer were within normal limits. Markedly elevated troponin I (TnI 9.7 ng/ml, normal &lt; 0.034 ng/ml) prompted a transthoracic echocardiogram, which showed normal left ventricular (LV) size and systolic function (LVEF=60%), and no pericardial effusion. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) was performed in the 1.5T Siemens Aera using a clinical protocol including pre-contrast T1 and T2 mapping, cine imaging, late gadolinium enhancement (LGE), and extracellular volume (ECV) mapping. CMR study revealed normal LV size and preserved function (LVEF=54%) without regional wall motion abnormalities and normal right ventricular size and function (RVEF=61%). Pre-contrast elevation of myocardial native T1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1-A</xref>, T1&gt;1050 msec) suggested edema and/or increase of interstitial space (previous fibrosis), while elevation of myocardial T2 (Figure 1-B, T2&gt;55 msec) was consistent with edema predominantly involving the mid septum. LGE imaging showed a ring-like non-ischemic pattern involving the subepicardium and mid-myocardium in the mid and apical anterior, septum, and inferior segments (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1-C</xref>). Myocardial extracellular volume was remarkably high (46%, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1-D</xref>). There was no pericardial effusion and no pericardial enhancement. Overall findings were consistent with acute non-ischemic myocardial injury as described in the updated Lake-Louise myocarditis criteria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Viral panel examinations, including COVID-19, were negative.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; CMR myocardial imaging. Each image shows T1 mapping (1-A), T2 mapping (1-B), late gadolinium enhancement image (1-C), and extracellular volume (ECV) map (1-D). Figure1-E shows serial CMR changes over the course of one year, which demonstrate the transition from myocardial necrosis+edema at the initial presentation to overtime resolution of myocardial edema and transition to replacement myocardial fibrosis.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230541-30541-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) were seen on a cardiac monitor, for which a beta-blocker was initiated and uptitrated. Follow-up CMR imaging, at 3 and 12 months after initial presentation, revealed resolution of myocardial edema but persistency of myocardial fibrosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1-E</xref>). Because of her family history of myocarditis, genetic counseling was obtained. Her sister also presented with chest pain and Troponin I elevation (4.16 ng/ml) and was diagnosed with acute myocarditis as a possible phenotype of this variant. Although her LV function was normal (LVEF 56%, ECV 26%), LGE was identified in the mid-inferior septum and inferior wall. A genetic testing panel identified a missense mutation leading to a variant of unknown significance in the DSP gene, which is associated with dilated cardiomyopathy and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. The presence of the same DSP variant (c.860A&gt;G [p.Asn287Ser]) in the patient&#8217;s sister, who had already experienced myocarditis, substantially increased our suspicion that the variant was rather pathologic (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Family-Pedigree of Desmoplakin Mutation. Black box and circle show family members without mutation. Red indicates individuals with mutated genes, and red plus (+) indicates individuals with clinical symptoms. While the genetic panel test revealed the variant of uncertain significance (VUS) in the DSP gene (c.860A&gt;G [p.Asn287Ser]), the same mutation was found in her mother and sister.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230541-30541-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The patient was discharged home and received outpatient follow-up care in the electrophysiology clinic with further arrhythmic monitoring using with extended Holter electrocardiogram. She described significant improvement in her symptoms after her discharge. During the follow-up (3 years), extended Holter revealed one episode of NSVT (6 beats) and 1.1% burden of PVCs under beta-blocker (carvedilol 6.25mg two times a daily). However, recently, she presented again with chest pressure, presyncope, and troponin elevation, albeit with sinus rhythm on the electrocardiogram. Implantation of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) was performed for secondary prevention, given NSVT, presyncopal symptoms, and the high likelihood of recurrent VT.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Most cases of acute myocarditis are caused by a viral trigger or an autoimmune etiology. However, a genetic predisposition has also been reported.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In those patients, a positive family history of myocarditis or sudden cardiac death can lead to genetic testing. A recent study demonstrated that the distribution of LGE on CMR identified the higher-risk patients within those with preserved LVEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This case highlights the initial manifestation of DSP cardiomyopathy as an unusual cause of acute myocarditis. While the management of myocarditis secondary to DSP cardiomyopathy is not fully agreed upon, chest pain symptoms, along with troponin elevation and extensive non-ischemic fibrosis pattern on CMR, should prompt the consideration for this entity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Particularly, the ring-like subepicardial and midwall non-ischemic LGE pattern is associated with the possibility of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy and ventricular tachyarrhythmias, even with preserved LVEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> These findings should prompt the consideration of implanting an intracardiac defibrillator or subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator for primary prevention therapy. Finally, in this case, long-term follow-up and monitoring revealed the necessity for ICD implantation for secondary prevention. Longitudinal outpatient follow-up care and repeated CMR imaging can provide valuable insights into disease progression and guide further therapeutic interventions.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The genetic variant identified in the DSP gene is currently classified as a variant of uncertain significance (VUS), indicating insufficient evidence for the role of the mutation. Indeed, this mutation was detected in the patient, her sister, and her mother. However, clinical manifestations were observed only in the patient and her sister. An insufficient number of carriers and phenotypes within the family preclude a conclusive link between this VUS and the observed clinical phenotype. Given this limitation, a broader investigation of co-segregation in the family is needed in the future to provide stronger evidence supporting the pathogenicity of the variant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In this case, the CMR imaging protocol using myocardial maps and LGE was crucial not only for the diagnosis of myocarditis but also for the follow-up. Furthermore, the same genetic mutation was detected in her mother and sister, emphasizing the importance of family history information in patients presenting with myocarditis, given the potential genetic basis, particularly for DSP mutation.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Allina Institutional Review Board. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of funding : There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
