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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">QJQmKr9sQKcS4ZxFb7PWgjG</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000400304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230386</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fatores Associados aos Custos do Tratamento no Primeiro Ano ap&#243;s Implantes Iniciais ou Trocas de Geradores de Pulsos de Marca-passos Card&#237;acos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7227-2863</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Bassoli de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5723-8285</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Katia Regina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Jacson Venancio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Colugnati</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Antonio Basile</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4440-8078</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martinelli</surname>
            <given-names>Martino</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6104-9113</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa;</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Juiz de Fora</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Katia Regina Silva &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>katia.regina@incor.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230386</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Fatores Associados aos Custos do Tratamento no Primeiro Ano ap&#243;s Implantes Iniciais ou Trocas de Geradores de Pulsos de Marca-passos Card&#237;acos</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
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              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/QJQmKr9sQKcS4ZxFb7PWgjG/a23794acdeab3de4135aa00b03a8a34051bd56b5.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/QJQmKr9sQKcS4ZxFb7PWgjG/15923fc52d5d8efe59f5372f719fa4c3f14d41b2.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O uso de marca-passos card&#237;acos artificiais tem crescido constantemente, acompanhando o envelhecimento populacional.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Determinar as taxas de readmiss&#245;es hospitalares e complica&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s implante de marca-passo ou troca de gerador de pulsos e avaliar o impacto desses eventos nos custos anuais do tratamento sob a perspectiva do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Registro prospectivo, com dados derivados da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica assistencial, coletados na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o &#237;ndice e durante os primeiros 12 meses ap&#243;s o procedimento cir&#250;rgico. O custo da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o &#237;ndice, do procedimento e do seguimento cl&#237;nico foram estimados de acordo com os valores reembolsados pelo SUS e analisados ao n&#237;vel do paciente. Modelos lineares generalizados foram utilizados para estudar fatores associados ao custo total anual do tratamento, adotando-se um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> No total, 1.223 pacientes consecutivos foram submetidos a implante inicial (n= 634) ou troca do gerador de pulsos (n= 589). Foram observados 70 epis&#243;dios de complica&#231;&#227;o em 63 pacientes (5,1%). A incid&#234;ncia de readmiss&#245;es hospitalares em um ano foi de 16,4% (IC 95% 13,7% - 19,6%) ap&#243;s implantes iniciais e 10,6% (IC 95% 8,3% - 13,4%) ap&#243;s trocas de geradores. Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, hist&#243;rico de acidente vascular encef&#225;lico, tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar, necessidade de cuidados intensivos p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios, complica&#231;&#245;es e readmiss&#245;es hospitalares mostraram um impacto significativo sobre o custo anual total do tratamento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Os resultados confirmam a influ&#234;ncia da idade, comorbidades, complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias e readmiss&#245;es hospitalares como fatores associados ao incremento do custo total anual do tratamento de pacientes com marca-passo.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Marca-passo Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Complica&#231;&#245;es P&#243;s-operat&#243;rias</kwd>
        <kwd>Readmiss&#227;o Hospitalar</kwd>
        <kwd>Custos Hospitalares</kwd>
        <kwd>Avalia&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>401317/2013-7</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="24"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O uso de marca-passos card&#237;acos artificiais tem crescido constantemente, acompanhando o envelhecimento populacional. Este tipo de tratamento tem sido realizado com baixas taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es perioperat&#243;rias e com efeito comprovado para o aumento da sobreviv&#234;ncia e da remiss&#227;o dos sintomas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Estudos embasados em an&#225;lise de dados de sistemas administrativos, entretanto, t&#234;m demonstrado aumento progressivo das taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias e de readmiss&#245;es hospitalares, que t&#234;m sido explicados, principalmente, pela fragilidade e pelas comorbidades desta popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias e readmiss&#245;es hospitalares s&#227;o importantes indicadores da qualidade assistencial e, por isso, t&#234;m sido cada vez mais estudados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Al&#233;m dos impactos negativos que causam &#224; sa&#250;de dos pacientes, estes eventos s&#227;o uma das principais fontes de custos inesperados para o sistema de sa&#250;de, implicando na inefici&#234;ncia operacional dos leitos hospitalares e na redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade de atendimento dos servi&#231;os especializados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A principal lacuna dessa &#225;rea do conhecimento, entretanto, diz respeito &#224; falta de dados resultantes da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica real, visto que, a maioria dos estudos de avalia&#231;&#227;o econ&#244;mica em estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial t&#234;m sido embasados em m&#233;todos de modelagem estat&#237;stica a partir de dados de estudos cl&#237;nicos controlados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup>Embora esses estudos tenham grande valor cient&#237;fico, a extrapola&#231;&#227;o dos resultados para o nosso contexto nem sempre &#233; poss&#237;vel, especialmente, por envolverem amostras populacionais homog&#234;neas, com condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas restritas e tratamentos controlados, dificilmente reprodut&#237;veis no nosso modelo de assist&#234;ncia.</p>
      <p>A finalidade do presente estudo foi determinar as taxas de readmiss&#245;es hospitalares e complica&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s implante de marca-passo ou troca de gerador de pulsos e avaliar o impacto desses eventos nos custos anuais do tratamento de pacientes com marca-passo sob a perspectiva do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho e local do estudo</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um registro prospectivo com dados derivados da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica assistencial realizado em um hospital cardiol&#243;gico terci&#225;rio localizado na cidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        <p>Os dados foram coletados em quatro momentos distintos: na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o &#237;ndice relacionada ao procedimento cir&#250;rgico e aos 30 dias, 6 meses e 12 meses ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos, consecutivamente, todos os pacientes adultos submetidos a implante inicial de marca-passo ou troca de gerador de pulsos, independentemente da indica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e da t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica utilizada. N&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes que tiveram seu tratamento custeado por fontes privadas de financiamento ou que necessitavam de procedimentos associados &#224; troca do gerador de pulsos, como o implante ou a remo&#231;&#227;o de cabos-eletrodos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Estimativa dos custos do tratamento</title>
        <p>O m&#233;todo escolhido para a estimativa de custos foi o macrocusteio, considerando-se apenas os custos diretos do tratamento reembolsados pelo SUS para nossa institui&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Para o levantamento dos custos foi constru&#237;do um reposit&#243;rio com os dados individualizados de todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo provenientes das bases de faturamento do SUS. A Autoriza&#231;&#227;o de Interna&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar (AIH), foi a unidade b&#225;sica de apura&#231;&#227;o dos custos relacionados aos epis&#243;dios de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, enquanto a Autoriza&#231;&#227;o de Procedimento de Alto Custo (APAC) e o Boletim de Produ&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial (BPA), foram os sistemas utilizados para o levantamento dos custos em n&#237;vel ambulatorial.</p>
        <p>Para a estimativa do custo total da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o &#237;ndice foram considerados os servi&#231;os hospitalares (di&#225;rias de enfermaria ou unidade de intensiva, materiais hospitalares, exames de imagem e laboratoriais, medicamentos, terapias concomitantes) e os honor&#225;rios profissionais referentes aos servi&#231;os m&#233;dicos. Esses custos foram calculados com base em valores fixos que foram reembolsados pelo SUS a partir da apresenta&#231;&#227;o da AIH ap&#243;s a alta do paciente.</p>
        <p>O custo do procedimento, incluindo o dispositivo card&#237;aco, os cabos-eletrodos e outros insumos, foi calculado de acordo com a Tabela de Procedimentos, Medicamentos, &#211;rteses, Pr&#243;teses e Materiais Especiais (OPM) do SUS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os custos relacionados &#224; fase de seguimento cl&#237;nico inclu&#237;ram todos os atendimentos e procedimentos ambulatoriais, exames diagn&#243;sticos, exames laboratoriais, assim como, as readmiss&#245;es hospitalares e interven&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos do estudo</title>
        <p>Os desfechos estudados foram as readmiss&#245;es hospitalares, as complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias e os custos do tratamento.</p>
        <p>Foram considerados todos os epis&#243;dios de readmiss&#245;es, por qualquer motivo, ocorridos no primeiro ano ap&#243;s a alta da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o &#237;ndice. A incid&#234;ncia de readmiss&#245;es foi medida em dois momentos: em at&#233; 30 dias ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar (readmiss&#227;o precoce) e no final do seguimento de um ano (readmiss&#227;o tardia).</p>
        <p>As complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias inclu&#237;ram: pneumot&#243;rax, hemot&#243;rax, perfura&#231;&#245;es ou les&#245;es de estruturas card&#237;acas, problemas na loja do gerador de pulsos com necessidade de interven&#231;&#227;o, infec&#231;&#227;o local ou sist&#234;mica relacionada ao dispositivo, endocardite, trombose venosa do membro ipsilateral ao dispositivo e disfun&#231;&#227;o de cabos-eletrodos.</p>
        <p>Os custos do tratamento foram representados pela soma dos valores, em reais (R$), reembolsados pelo SUS para as despesas relacionadas &#224; hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o &#237;ndice, ao procedimento cir&#250;rgico, ao seguimento cl&#237;nico dos pacientes durante os primeiros 12 meses de tratamento e &#224;s eventuais readmiss&#245;es hospitalares ocorridas no per&#237;odo do estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta e gerenciamento dos dados</title>
        <p>Os dados do estudo foram coletados em formul&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos desenvolvidos no software REDCap (<italic>Research Electronic Data Capture</italic>)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> hospedado em nossa Institui&#231;&#227;o. Ao longo de todo o estudo, foram utilizadas funcionalidades espec&#237;ficas do REDCap para o monitoramento da qualidade dos dados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis estudadas e an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Para a an&#225;lise dos resultados foram consideradas as vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas (idade, sexo, escolaridade, estado empregat&#237;cio), pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias (tipo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural, medicamentos de uso regular, comorbidades, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo obtida por ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica bidimensional), cir&#250;rgicas (tipo de procedimento, indica&#231;&#227;o do marca-passo, tipo de marca-passo) e as caracter&#237;sticas da admiss&#227;o hospitalar &#237;ndice.</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas em mediana e intervalo interquartil (IQR) e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas em frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. Os testes qui-quadrado de Pearson, exato de Fisher e Mann-Whitney foram utilizados para a compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas basais dos dois grupos estudados.</p>
        <p>A incid&#234;ncia de readmiss&#227;o hospitalar foi descrita em probabilidade percentual e intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%, segundo o m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier. O teste de log-rank foi utilizado para compara&#231;&#227;o das estimativas entre os dois grupos estudados.</p>
        <p>Empregou-se o m&#233;todo de regress&#227;o de riscos proporcionais de Cox para estudar fatores associados &#224;s readmiss&#245;es hospitalares. As vari&#225;veis com valores de p &lt; 0,10 na an&#225;lise univariada foram selecionadas para o modelo multivariado final. Os resultados do modelo final foram apresentados em <italic>Hazard Ratio</italic> (HR) e seus respectivos IC 95%. O ajuste do modelo final foi avaliado pelo c&#225;lculo do &#237;ndice de concord&#226;ncia do modelo (&#237;ndice-C). Valores de &#237;ndice-C iguais ou superiores a 0,70 foram considerados satisfat&#243;rios.</p>
        <p>O custo do tratamento foi descrito segundo valores m&#233;dios n&#227;o ajustados (amostrais) e ajustados (preditos) seguidos do IC 95%, obtidos pela t&#233;cnica de <italic>bootstrap</italic> para 5.000 reamostragens n&#227;o-param&#233;tricas. Para identificar fatores associados ao custo total anual do tratamento, foram utilizados modelos lineares generalizados (<italic>GLM</italic>) simples e multivariados, utilizando a fun&#231;&#227;o <italic>log-link</italic> e a distribui&#231;&#227;o <italic>Gamma</italic> para modelagem do custo anual total do tratamento. Covari&#225;veis com p-valor inferior a 0,10 (na an&#225;lise univariada) foram inclu&#237;das no modelo multivariado final.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada no software R Studio, adotando-se um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% para todos os testes de hip&#243;teses realizados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
        <p>O estudo, realizado no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2014 a dezembro de 2018, foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Institui&#231;&#227;o. Por se tratar de um estudo observacional, com dados derivados da pr&#225;tica assistencial e obtidos diretamente dos sistemas hospitalares (prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico do paciente e sistemas de dados administrativos), o estudo isentou-se da necessidade de assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Composi&#231;&#227;o da amostra</title>
        <p>Durante o per&#237;odo do estudo, 1.418 pacientes foram submetidos a procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos para o implante inicial ou a troca do gerador de pulsos de marca-passos card&#237;acos convencionais. Destes, 44 pacientes possu&#237;am idade inferior a 18 anos e outros 151 pacientes tiveram seu tratamento custeado por fontes privadas de financiamento, sendo considerados n&#227;o eleg&#237;veis para o estudo. A amostra final foi composta por 1.223 pacientes, sendo 634 submetidos ao implante inicial e 589 a troca do gerador do marca-passo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
        <p>A amostra apresentou maior frequ&#234;ncia de mulheres e idade mediana de 73 anos (Q1-Q2: 63&#8211;81 anos). A propor&#231;&#227;o de mulheres e a idade mediana foram maiores entre os pacientes do grupo troca de gerador. A frequ&#234;ncia de comorbidades foi maior no grupo de implante de marca-passo, conforme descrito na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes submetidos a implante inicial ou troca de gerador de pulsos de marca-passos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas basais</th>
                  <th>Amostra total n= 1.223</th>
                  <th>Implante inicial n= 634</th>
                  <th>Troca de gerador n= 589</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo feminino, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">687 (56,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">334 (52,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">353 (59,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,010</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade (anos) mediana (IQR), n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">73,0 (63 &#8211; 81)</td>
                  <td align="center">72,0 (64 &#8211; 80)</td>
                  <td align="center">74,0 (63 &#8211; 82)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 60</td>
                  <td align="center">230 (18,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">112 (17,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">118 (20,0)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="5">0,030</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>60 &#8211; 69</td>
                  <td align="center">255 (20,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">149 (23,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">106 (18,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>70 &#8211; 79</td>
                  <td align="center">392 (32,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">213 (33,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">179 (30,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>80 &#8211; 89</td>
                  <td align="center">296 (24,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">137 (21,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1859 (27,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 90</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (4,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (3,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (4,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escolaridade elementar, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">864 (70,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">423 (66,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">441 (74,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,621</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aposentados, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">544 (44,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">267 (42,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">277 (47,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,087</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Comorbidades, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">872 (71,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">460 (72,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">412 (69,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,314</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">306 (25,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">180 (28,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">126 (21,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a valvar</td>
                  <td align="center">241 (19,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">141 (22,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (17,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,021</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                  <td align="center">259 (21,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">125 (19,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">134 (22,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,208</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</td>
                  <td align="center">173 (14,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">112 (17,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (10,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">110 (9,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (11,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (6,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acidente vascular encef&#225;lico</td>
                  <td align="center">91 (7,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (9,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (5,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,018</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">181 (14,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">93 (14,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">88 (14,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,852</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Isqu&#234;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (3,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (4,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (3,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,355</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chag&#225;sica</td>
                  <td align="center">199 (16,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">97 (15,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">102 (17,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,310</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE &lt; 40%, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (5,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (6,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (5,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,467</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Indica&#231;&#227;o do marca-passo, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a do n&#243; sinusal</td>
                  <td align="center">123 (10,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (9,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (10,5)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,102</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bloqueio atrioventricular avan&#231;ado</td>
                  <td align="center">1,028 (84,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">527 (83,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">501 (85,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Outras indica&#231;&#245;es</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (5,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (7,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (4,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas do procedimento cir&#250;rgico, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Marca-passo c&#226;mara dupla</td>
                  <td align="center">1,059 (86,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">549 (86,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">510 (86,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,998</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acesso transvenoso</td>
                  <td align="center">1,209 (98,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">624 (98,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">585 (99,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,962</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Procedimento eletivo</td>
                  <td align="center">217 (17,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (9,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">160 (27,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o em regime de urg&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">531 (43,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">473 (74,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (9,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cirurgia realizada no mesmo dia da admiss&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">217 (17,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (9,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">160 (27,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar &gt; 3 dias</td>
                  <td align="center">473 (38,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">409 (64,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (10,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de perman&#234;ncia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio &gt; 1 dia</td>
                  <td align="center">170 (13,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">154 (24,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (2,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#225;rias de UTI no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">101 (8,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">97 (15,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (0,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Medica&#231;&#227;o de uso regular, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Agentes antiplaquet&#225;rios</td>
                  <td align="center">470 (38,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">243 (38,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">227 (38,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,924</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anticoagulantes orais</td>
                  <td align="center">139 (11,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (9,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (13,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,084</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IECA/BRA</td>
                  <td align="center">837 (68,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">394 (62,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">443 (75,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beta-bloqueadores</td>
                  <td align="center">430 (35,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">130 (20,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">300 (50,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diur&#233;ticos</td>
                  <td align="center">609 (49,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">316 (49,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">293 (49,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,848</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antiarr&#237;tmicos</td>
                  <td align="center">94 (7,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (6,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (8,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,243</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>BRA: bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; IQR: intervalo interquartil; UTI: unidade de terapia intensiva; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Aproximadamente tr&#234;s em cada quatro implantes iniciais foram realizados em regime de urg&#234;ncia, enquanto uma pequena parcela dos procedimentos de troca de gerador ocorreu em car&#225;ter de urg&#234;ncia. A taxa de procedimento cir&#250;rgico realizado no mesmo dia da admiss&#227;o hospitalar foi aproximadamente significativamente maior no grupo de troca do gerador. Os dispositivos de c&#226;mara dupla implantados por acesso transvenoso foram os mais frequentes na amostra. A necessidade de cuidados intensivos e o tempo de perman&#234;ncia p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria foram significativamente maiores no grupo de implantes iniciais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>&#211;bitos, complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias e readmiss&#245;es hospitalares</title>
        <p>O tempo mediano de seguimento foi de 13,7 meses (Q1-Q2: 12,3-14,8 meses). Apenas um paciente foi perdido para seguimento.</p>
        <p>Foram observados 109 &#243;bitos durante o primeiro ano de seguimento, representando uma mortalidade cumulativa de 8,9% (IC 95% 7,4%-10,6%). As causas de &#243;bitos est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, readmiss&#245;es hospitalares e &#243;bitos ap&#243;s implante inicial ou troca de gerador de pulsos de marca-passos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Desfechos</th>
                  <th>Amostra total n= 1.223</th>
                  <th>Implante inicial n= 634</th>
                  <th>Troca de gerador n= 589</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pneumot&#243;rax</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (1,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (1,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tamponamento card&#237;aco</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (-)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Deslocamento de cabo-eletrodo</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (0,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (1,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Disfun&#231;&#227;o de cabo-eletrodo</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (0,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (1,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Problemas na conex&#227;o entre o gerador e os cabos-eletrodos</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (-)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Complica&#231;&#245;es de loja</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (1,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (1,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (2,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infec&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (0,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (0,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Trombose venosa profunda</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (0,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Estimula&#231;&#227;o muscular</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Qualquer complica&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (5,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (6,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (4,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Readmiss&#245;es hospitalares precoces, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Relacionada ao marca-passo</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (1,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (1,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (0,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (0,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (0,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (-)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Outras causas cardiovasculares</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (-)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o cardiovascular</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (1,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (2,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Readmiss&#245;es hospitalares tardias, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Relacionada ao marca-passo</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (1,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (0,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (2,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (1,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (2,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (1,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Outras causas cardiovasculares</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (2,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (1,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (3,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o cardiovascular</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (5,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (7,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (3,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>&#211;bitos, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Relacionado ao marca-passo</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (0,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (0,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (0,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Outras causas cardiovasculares</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (2,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (2,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (2,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o cardiovascular</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (5,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (7,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (2,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Causa indeterminada</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (0,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (0,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0,3)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Setenta epis&#243;dios de complica&#231;&#245;es foram detectados em 63 pacientes. Dentre as complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias, 27 ocorreram durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o &#237;ndice. Essas complica&#231;&#245;es aumentaram significativamente o tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar e a necessidade de cuidados intensivos. A mediana do tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o foi de 5,0 dias (Q1-Q2: 2,5-12) no grupo que apresentou complica&#231;&#245;es e de 1,0 dia (Q1-Q3: 0-1,0) no grupo que n&#227;o apresentou complica&#231;&#245;es. Os tipos de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>A incid&#234;ncia de readmiss&#245;es em at&#233; 30 dias foi de 4,3% (IC 95%: 3,0%-6,2%) para o grupo implante inicial e de 1,0% (IC 95%: 0,5%-2,3%) para o grupo troca do gerador. As readmiss&#245;es hospitalares ao final do primeiro ano de seguimento ocorreram em 16,4% (IC 95%: 13,7% - 19,6%) dos pacientes submetidos a implante inicial e em 10,6% (IC 95%: 8,3% - 13,4%), dos pacientes submetidos &#224; troca do gerador (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). As causas de readmiss&#245;es hospitalares est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> e os fatores independentes para a sua ocorr&#234;ncia est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Probabilidade de readmiss&#227;o em 12 meses, segundo o tipo de procedimento cir&#250;rgico realizado.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230386-30386-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Preditores de readmiss&#227;o hospitalar ap&#243;s implante inicial ou troca de gerador de pulsos de marca-passos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Fatores de risco</th>
                  <th>Hazard Ratio (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Implante de marca-passo<sup><bold>1</bold></sup></bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade &#8805; 90 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">1,29 (0,59 &#8211; 2,82)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,522</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">1,47 (0,94 &#8211; 2,29)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,087</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">2,02 (1,21 &#8211; 3,39)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                  <td align="center">1,72 (0,99 &#8211; 2,96)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,051</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acidente vascular encef&#225;lico pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">1,20 (0,64 &#8211; 2,21)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,566</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural</td>
                  <td align="center">1,56 (1,01 &#8211; 2,40)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,043</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">Indica&#231;&#227;o do implante de marca-passo</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bloqueio atrioventricular</td>
                  <td align="center">refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a do n&#243; sinusal</td>
                  <td align="center">0,75 (0,34 &#8211; 1,66)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,482</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Outras indica&#231;&#245;es</td>
                  <td align="center">1,24 (0,60 &#8211; 2,54)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,563</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uso regular de anticoagulantes orais</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70 (0,36 &#8211; 1,38)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,309</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Marca-passo de c&#226;mara &#250;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">2,61 (1,55 &#8211; 4,41)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio &gt; 1 dia</td>
                  <td align="center">1,07 (0,63 &#8211; 1,81)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,799</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar &gt; 3 dias</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90 (0,55 &#8211; 1,49)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,692</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Necessidade de UTI no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">1,14 (0,66 &#8211; 1,97)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,640</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao marca-passo</td>
                  <td align="center">5,94 (3,33 &#8211; 10,58)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Troca de gerador de pulsos de marca-passo <sup><bold>2</bold></sup></bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade &#8805; 80 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">2,52 (1,48 &#8211; 4,29)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">1,41 (0,82 &#8211; 2,42)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,214</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">2,17 (0,99 &#8211; 4,74)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,052</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                  <td align="center">1,18 (0,58 &#8211; 2,39)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,640</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acidente vascular encef&#225;lico pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">2,93 (1,36 &#8211; 6,28)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uso regular de anticoagulantes orais</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03 (0,45 &#8211; 2,37)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,935</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar &gt; 3 dias</td>
                  <td align="center">1,67 (0,78 &#8211; 3,56)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,181</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao marca-passo</td>
                  <td align="center">25,65 (12,70 &#8211; 51,60)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p><sup>1</sup> n = 596; &#237;ndice-C = 0,757; <sup>2</sup> n = 582; &#237;ndice-C = 0,815.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Custo do tratamento no primeiro ano ap&#243;s o procedimento</title>
        <p>Para o tratamento dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo, o SUS reembolsou a nossa institui&#231;&#227;o aproximadamente R$ 10,6 milh&#245;es. O dispositivo card&#237;aco, incluindo os cabos-eletrodos e o gerador de pulsos, foi o principal componente deste or&#231;amento e representou mais de 70% do gasto anual total. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> apresenta uma descri&#231;&#227;o detalhada dos custos atribu&#237;dos ao tratamento dos pacientes dos grupos implante inicial e troca de gerador de pulsos.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Descri&#231;&#227;o dos gastos atribu&#237;dos &#224; hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o &#237;ndice, seguimento cl&#237;nico e o montante total para o tratamento de pacientes com marca-passos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Componentes dos gastos</th>
                  <th>M&#233;dia</th>
                  <th>IC 95%</th>
                  <th>Montante Total</th>
                  <th>Total</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Implante de marca-passo</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Total anual</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 10.172</td>
                  <td align="center">(9.770 &#8211; 10.620)</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 6.449.363</td>
                  <td align="center">100%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Implante do Dispositivo</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Total</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 8.934</td>
                  <td align="center">(8.702 &#8211; 9.205)</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 5.664.163</td>
                  <td align="center">87,8%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dispositivo (OPM)</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 7.162</td>
                  <td align="center">(7.110 &#8211; 7.216)</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 4.540.877</td>
                  <td align="center">70,4%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Interna&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 1.224</td>
                  <td align="center">(1.155 &#8211; 1.307)</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 776.400</td>
                  <td align="center">12,0%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Unidade de terapia intensiva</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 547</td>
                  <td align="center">(366 &#8211; 750)</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 346.886</td>
                  <td align="center">5,4%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Seguimento ambulatorial</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Consultas ou Procedimentos</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 743</td>
                  <td align="center">(586 &#8211; 945)</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 471.157</td>
                  <td align="center">7,3%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Readmiss&#245;es hospitalares</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 495</td>
                  <td align="center">(276 &#8211; 754)</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 314.043</td>
                  <td align="center">4,9%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dispositivo (OPM)</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 53</td>
                  <td align="center">(19 &#8211; 97)</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 33.980</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Interna&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 442</td>
                  <td align="center">(242 &#8211; 680)</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 280.063</td>
                  <td align="center">4,4%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Troca de gerador de pulsos</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Total anual</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 7.092</td>
                  <td align="center">(6.750 &#8211; 7.514)</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 4.177.440</td>
                  <td align="center">100%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Troca do gerador</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 6.029</td>
                  <td align="center">(5.994 &#8211; 6.068)</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 3.551.176</td>
                  <td align="center">85,0%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dispositivo (OPM)</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 5.125</td>
                  <td align="center">(5.100 &#8211; 5.150)</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 3.018.836</td>
                  <td align="center">72,3%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Interna&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 886</td>
                  <td align="center">(871 &#8211; 904)</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 522.168</td>
                  <td align="center">12,5%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Unidade de terapia intensiva</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 17</td>
                  <td align="center">(0,86 &#8211; 42.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 10.172</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Seguimento ambulatorial</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Consultas ou Procedimentos</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 510</td>
                  <td align="center">(469 &#8211; 555)</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 300.350</td>
                  <td align="center">7,2%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Readmiss&#245;es hospitalares</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 553</td>
                  <td align="center">(235 &#8211; 956)</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 325.914</td>
                  <td align="center">7,8%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dispositivo (OPM)</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 300</td>
                  <td align="center">(77 &#8211; 593)</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 176.908</td>
                  <td align="center">4,2%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Interna&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 253</td>
                  <td align="center">(98 &#8211; 465)</td>
                  <td align="center">R$ 149.007</td>
                  <td align="center">3,6%</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>OPM: &#211;rtese e pr&#243;tese m&#233;dica.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>O modelo linear generalizado demonstrou que idade, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio, tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar maior que um dia, necessidade de cuidados intensivos p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios, complica&#231;&#245;es e readmiss&#245;es hospitalares foram significativamente associados aos custos totais anuais do tratamento. A idade foi a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel que se relacionou inversamente com o custo total do tratamento, independentemente do procedimento realizado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Modelo multivariado de fatores associados ao custo anual do tratamento de pacientes com marca-passo card&#237;aco</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Fatores de risco</th>
                  <th>Exp B (95% IC)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Idade grupos (anos)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 60</td>
                  <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">--</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>60 &#8211; 69</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97 (0,93 &#8211; 1,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,149</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>70 &#8211; 79</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96 (0,92 &#8211; 1,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,035</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>80 &#8211; 89</td>
                  <td align="center">0,92 (0,89 &#8211; 0,96)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 90</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87 (0,81 &#8211; 0,94)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03 (1,00 &#8211; 1,06)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,086</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a valvar</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00 (0,96 &#8211; 1,03)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,820</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                  <td align="center">1,04 (1,00 &#8211; 1,08)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,076</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01 (0,97 &#8211; 1,05)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,579</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">1,07 (1,02 &#8211; 1,12)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acidente vascular encef&#225;lico pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">1,08 (1,02 &#8211; 1,13)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca estrutural</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00 (0,97 &#8211; 1,03)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,899</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uso regular de anticoagulantes orais</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96 (0,91 &#8211; 1,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,097</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o em regime de urg&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00 (0,96 &#8211; 1,04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,990</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Procedimento realizado em car&#225;ter eletivo</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99 (0,96 &#8211; 1,03)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,787</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar &gt; 3 dias</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00 (0,98 &#8211; 1,07)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,298</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio &gt; 1 dia</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00 (0,98 &#8211; 1,07)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,298</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#225;rias de unidade de terapia intensiva no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">1,39 (1,31 &#8211; 1,47)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Complica&#231;&#227;o relacionada ao marca-passo</td>
                  <td align="center">1,17 (1,09 &#8211; 1,25)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Readmiss&#227;o hospitalar</td>
                  <td align="center">1,56 (1,48 &#8211; 1,66)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>Exp B: exponencial do coeficiente beta.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Readmiss&#227;o hospitalar durante o seguimento cl&#237;nico e a necessidade de cuidados intensivos p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o &#237;ndice foram os principais fatores associado ao incremento do custo do tratamento, conforme detalhado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fatores associados ao incremento m&#233;dio no custo total anual do tratamento de pacientes com marca-passo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230386-30386-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo prospectivo com dados do mundo real mostrou que complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias e readmiss&#245;es hospitalares s&#227;o frequentes ap&#243;s o implante inicial, assim como, ap&#243;s a troca do gerador de pulsos de marca-passos. Independentemente do motivo dessas readmiss&#245;es, o impacto econ&#244;mico sobre o custo total da sa&#250;de foi significativo para o sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de.</p>
      <p>Apesar de que pacientes submetidos a implante inicial ou &#224; troca do gerador de pulsos fa&#231;am parte da mesma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes, diferen&#231;as significativas foram observadas no perfil cl&#237;nico e demogr&#225;fico destes dois subgrupos, com maior propor&#231;&#227;o de mulheres, menor preval&#234;ncia de comorbidades e maior frequ&#234;ncia de uso de medicamentos cardiovasculares nos submetidos a troca de gerador de pulsos. Al&#233;m disso, a maioria das substitui&#231;&#245;es do gerador de pulsos foi realizada em interna&#231;&#245;es eletivas, enquanto implantes iniciais foram realizados em sua maioria em regime de urg&#234;ncia. Essas diferen&#231;as influenciaram o resultado dos procedimentos, implicando em maiores tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar, necessidade de cuidados em unidade de terapia intensiva e readmiss&#245;es hospitalares nos pacientes submetidos a implantes iniciais. Embora os geradores de pulso atuais tenham expectativa de vida &#250;til de aproximadamente 10 anos, a idade mediana dos pacientes no momento da substitui&#231;&#227;o do gerador de pulsos excedeu a idade do grupo de implante inicial em apenas dois anos. Esse achado pode ser explicado pela alta taxa de pacientes que n&#227;o chegam a ser submetidos &#224; troca do gerador de pulsos pela idade avan&#231;ada no momento do implante inicial.</p>
      <p>As taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias e de readmiss&#245;es hospitalares precoces relacionadas ao procedimento cir&#250;rgico ou ao dispositivo card&#237;aco encontradas neste estudo foram menores do que as reportadas nos estudos embasados em grandes bases de dados administrativos dos EUA, onde a taxa de readmiss&#227;o hospitalar de 30 dias variou de 8,5% a 11,3%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> No presente estudo, pneumot&#243;rax ou tamponamento card&#237;aco (2,2%) e complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao cabo-eletrodo (1,9%) foram mais frequentes no grupo de implante inicial e suas taxas foram semelhantes &#224;s relatadas no estudo FOLLOWPACE (2,7% e 3,3%, respectivamente).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar da menor taxa total de readmiss&#245;es no grupo troca de gerador, a frequ&#234;ncia de readmiss&#245;es relacionadas ao procedimento, foi maior neste subgrupo, principalmente ap&#243;s os primeiros 30 dias de seguimento. Essas readmiss&#245;es foram relacionadas a complica&#231;&#245;es no alojamento do gerador de pulsos, disfun&#231;&#245;es de cabos-eletrodos e infec&#231;&#227;o relacionados ao dispositivo. De maneira semelhante ao reportado em outros estudos, essas complica&#231;&#245;es geralmente ocorreram tardiamente com necessidade de readmiss&#227;o e revis&#227;o cir&#250;rgica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A taxa de readmiss&#227;o em um ano foi de 16,4% ap&#243;s implantes iniciais e de 10,6% no grupo troca de gerador. Idade, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, cardiopatia subjacente, marca-passo de c&#226;mara &#250;nica e complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias aumentaram significativamente o risco de readmiss&#245;es, em concord&#226;ncia com outras publica&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio, complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias e readmiss&#245;es foram associados a maiores custos de sa&#250;de no primeiro ano, tanto ap&#243;s implante inicial quanto ap&#243;s substitui&#231;&#227;o do gerador de pulsos. O monitoramento e o conhecimento das taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es pela equipe m&#233;dica, o treinamento cont&#237;nuo das equipes para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes sob maior risco, al&#233;m do seguimento multidisciplinar destes pacientes s&#227;o medidas potencialmente acess&#237;veis e que oferecem uma boa oportunidade de melhora nas taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es e readmiss&#245;es ap&#243;s o procedimento.</p>
      <p>Nossa an&#225;lise revelou um impacto econ&#244;mico significativo do custo do dispositivo no custo total do tratamento (cerca de 70%). Outras publica&#231;&#245;es j&#225; demonstraram a despropor&#231;&#227;o entre o custo do dispositivo card&#237;aco em rela&#231;&#227;o a outras despesas, como as taxas de interna&#231;&#227;o, exames laboratoriais, medicamentos e honor&#225;rios profissionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es que devem ser consideradas na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados. Embora tenha sido inclu&#237;da uma amostra muito representativa, esta an&#225;lise reflete as pr&#225;ticas assistenciais de um centro p&#250;blico de cardiologia terci&#225;ria, que tamb&#233;m &#233; um centro de treinamento para especialistas em estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial. Os custos diretos foram calculados com base em valores fixos, ou pacotes que foram reembolsados pelo SUS, n&#227;o tendo sido poss&#237;vel realizar a an&#225;lise do microcusteio com dados detalhados sobre cada recurso utilizado e os custos unit&#225;rios correspondentes a esses recursos. Finalmente, um acompanhamento a longo prazo dessa popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; especialmente importante para fornecer evid&#234;ncias mais robustas sobre o impacto potencial de complica&#231;&#245;es tardias nos custos de sa&#250;de, que muitas vezes s&#227;o subnotificados nesse cen&#225;rio.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>O seguimento por at&#233; um ano de pacientes submetidos a implante inicial ou &#224; troca de gerador de pulsos de marca-passo card&#237;aco artificial nos permitiu determinar a taxa de ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias e de readmiss&#245;es hospitalares, identificar fatores de risco para estes eventos e verificar que estes eventos implicaram aumento significativo do custo do tratamento. Os achados do presente estudo sugerem que a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes que est&#227;o sob maior risco de manifestar estes eventos e a implementa&#231;&#227;o de rotinas assistenciais espec&#237;ficas para seu seguimento ambulatorial pode resultar em redu&#231;&#227;o significativa dos gastos com estes tipos de procedimento.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230386i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Factors Associated with the Treatment Costs within the First Year after Pacemaker Implantation or Pulse Generator Replacement</article-title>
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          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Bassoli de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5723-8285</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Katia Regina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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          </name>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6104-9113</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (FMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Katia Regina Silva &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: katia.regina@incor.usp.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Factors Associated with the Treatment Costs within the First Year after Pacemaker Implantation or Pulse Generator Replacement</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230386-30386-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> The use of artificial cardiac pacemakers has grown steadily in line with the aging population.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To determine the rates of hospital readmissions and complications after pacemaker implantation or pulse generator replacement and to assess the impact of these events on annual treatment costs from the perspective of the Unified Health System (SUS).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> A prospective registry, with data derived from clinical practice, collected during index hospitalization and during the first 12 months after the surgical procedure. The cost of index hospitalization, the procedure, and clinical follow-up were estimated according to the values reimbursed by SUS and analyzed at the patient level. Generalized linear models were used to study factors associated with the total annual treatment cost, adopting a significance level of 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> A total of 1,223 consecutive patients underwent initial implantation (n=634) or pulse generator replacement (n=589). Seventy episodes of complication were observed in 63 patients (5.1%). The incidence of hospital readmissions within one year was 16.4% (95% CI 13.7% - 19.6%) after initial implants and 10.6% (95% CI 8.3% - 13.4%) after generator replacements. Chronic kidney disease, history of stroke, length of hospital stays, need for postoperative intensive care, complications, and hospital readmissions showed a significant impact on the total annual treatment cost.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> The results confirm the influence of age, comorbidities, postoperative complications, and hospital readmissions as factors associated with increased total annual treatment cost for patients with pacemakers.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Artificial Pacemaker</kwd>
        <kwd>Postoperative Complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Patient Readmission</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Evaluation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The use of artificial cardiac pacemakers has grown steadily in line with the aging population. This type of treatment has been performed with low rates of perioperative complications and with a proven effect in increasing survival and remission of symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> However, studies based on data analysis from administrative systems have demonstrated a progressive increase in the rates of postoperative complications and hospital readmissions, which have been mainly explained by the frailty and comorbidities of this population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Postoperative complications and hospital readmissions are important indicators of care quality and have therefore been increasingly studied.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> In addition to the negative impacts they cause on patients&#8217; health, these events are one of the main sources of unexpected costs for the health system, resulting in an operational inefficiency of hospital beds and a reduction in the capacity of specialized services.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Even so, the main gap in this knowledge area concerns the lack of data resulting from real clinical practice, since most economic evaluation studies on artificial cardiac pacing have been centered on statistical modeling methods based on data from controlled clinical studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Although these studies have great scientific value, extrapolating the results to our context in Brazil is not always possible, especially because they involve homogeneous population samples with restricted clinical conditions and controlled treatments, which are difficult to reproduce within the specific care model in Brazil.</p>
        <p>Thus, the purpose of the present study was to determine the rates of hospital readmissions and complications after pacemaker implantation or pulse generator replacement and to evaluate the impact of these events on the annual costs of treating patients with pacemakers from the perspective of the Unified Health System in Brazil (<italic>Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de - SUS</italic>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and location</title>
          <p>This is a prospective registry with data derived from clinical care practice carried out in a tertiary cardiology hospital located in the city of S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil.</p>
          <p>Data were collected at four different moments: at the index hospitalization related to the surgical procedure, and at 30 days, 6 months, and 12 months after hospital discharge (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>All adult patients undergoing initial pacemaker implantation or pulse generator replacement were consecutively included, regardless of the clinical indication and the surgical technique used. Patients who had their treatment paid for by private sources of financing or who required procedures associated with pulse generator replacement, such as implantation or removal of leads, were not included.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estimation of treatment costs</title>
          <p>The method chosen to estimate costs was macro-costing, considering only the direct costs of treatment reimbursed by the <italic>SUS</italic> for our institution.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A repository was built with individualized data from all patients included in the study from the <italic>SUS</italic> billing databases to assess the costs. The Hospital Admission Authorization (<italic>Autoriza&#231;&#227;o de Interna&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar - AIH</italic>) was the basic unit for calculating costs related to hospital admission episodes, while the High-Cost Procedure Authorization (<italic>Autoriza&#231;&#227;o de Procedimento de Alto Custo - APAC</italic>) and the Outpatient Production Bulletin (<italic>Boletim de Produ&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial - BPA</italic>) were the systems used to assess costs at an outpatient level.</p>
          <p>Hospital services (ward or intensive unit daily rates, hospital materials, imaging, laboratory tests, medications, concomitant therapies) and professional fees for medical services were considered to estimate the total cost of the index hospitalization. These costs were calculated based on fixed amounts that were reimbursed by the <italic>SUS</italic> upon presentation of the <italic>AIH</italic> after the patient&#8217;s discharge.</p>
          <p>The procedure cost, including the cardiac device (pulse generator and leads), and other supplies, was calculated following the Table of Procedures, Medications, Orthoses, Prostheses and Special Materials (Medical Orthoses and Prostheses) of the <italic>SUS</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Costs related to the clinical follow-up phase included all outpatient care and procedures, diagnostic tests, laboratory tests, as well as hospital readmissions and surgical interventions.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study outcomes</title>
          <p>The outcomes studied were hospital readmissions, postoperative complications, and treatment costs. All readmission episodes occurring for any reason in the first year after discharge from the index hospitalization were considered. The readmission incidence was measured at two moments: within 30 days after hospital discharge (early readmission) and at the end of the one-year follow-up (late readmission).</p>
          <p>Postoperative complications included: pneumothorax, hemothorax, perforations or injuries to cardiac structures, problems in the pulse generator pocket requiring intervention, local or systemic infection related to the device, endocarditis, upper extremity venous thrombosis ipsilaterally to the device, and lead dysfunction.</p>
          <p>Treatment costs were represented by the sum of the values in reais (R$), reimbursed by the <italic>SUS</italic> for expenses related to the index hospitalization, the surgical procedure, clinical follow-up of patients during the first 12 months of treatment, and eventual hospital readmissions that occurred during the study period.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection and management</title>
          <p>Study data were collected in electronic forms developed in the REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> software hosted at our Institution. Specific REDCap functions were used to monitor data quality throughout the study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Variables studied and statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Demographic variables (age, sex, education, employment status), preoperative variables (type of hospitalization, structural heart disease, regular medications, comorbidities, left ventricular ejection fraction obtained by two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography), surgical variables (type of procedure, pacemaker indication, type of pacemaker) and the index hospital admission characteristics were considered to analyze the results.</p>
          <p>Continuous variables were described as median and interquartile range (IQR) and categorical variables were described as absolute and relative frequencies. Pearson&#8217;s chi-squared, Fisher&#8217;s exact, and Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare the baseline characteristics of the two groups studied.</p>
          <p>The hospital readmission incidence was described in percentage probability and 95% confidence intervals (CI), according to the Kaplan-Meier method. The log-rank test was used to compare estimates between the two groups studied.</p>
          <p>The Cox proportional hazards regression method was used to study factors associated with hospital readmissions. Variables with p-values &lt; 0.10 in the univariate analysis were selected for the final multivariate model. The results of the final model are presented in Hazard Ratio (HR) and their respective 95%CI. The final model fit was assessed by calculating the model agreement index (C-index). C-index values equal to or greater than 0.70 were considered satisfactory.</p>
          <p>The treatment cost is described according to unadjusted (sample) and adjusted (predicted) mean values followed by the 95%CI, obtained using the bootstrap technique for 5,000 non-parametric resamples. Simple and multivariate generalized linear models (GLM) were implemented to identify factors associated with the total annual cost of treatment using the log-link function and the Gamma distribution to model the total annual cost of treatment. Covariates with a p-value less than 0.10 (in univariate analysis) were included in the final multivariate model. All statistical analyses were performed using the R Studio software program, adopting a significance level of 5% for all hypothesis tests.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical aspects</title>
          <p>The study was conducted from January 2014 to December 2018 and was approved by the Institution&#8217;s Research Ethics Committee. As this is an observational study with data derived from care practice and obtained directly from hospital systems (electronic patient records and administrative data systems), the study was exempt from the need to sign an Informed Consent Form.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample composition</title>
          <p>A total of 1,418 patients underwent surgical procedures for the initial implantation or replacement of the pulse generator of conventional cardiac pacemakers during the study period. Of these, 44 patients were under 18 years of age and another 151 patients had their treatment paid for by private financing sources and were therefore considered ineligible for the study. The final sample consisted of 1,223 patients, 634 of whom underwent initial implantation and 589 who underwent pacemaker pulse generator replacement.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline characteristics</title>
          <p>The sample had a higher frequency of women and a median age of 73 years (Q1-Q2: 63&#8211;81 years). The proportion of women and the median age were higher among patients in the generator replacement group. The frequency of comorbidities was higher in the pacemaker implantation group, as described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics of patients undergoing initial pacemaker implantation or pulse generator replacement</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Baseline characteristics</th>
                    <th>Total sample N = 1,223</th>
                    <th>Initial implant N = 634</th>
                    <th>Generator replacement N = 589</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">687 (56.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">334 (52.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">353 (59.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.010</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age (years) median (IQR), n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">73.0 (63 &#8211; 81)</td>
                    <td align="center">72.0 (64 &#8211; 80)</td>
                    <td align="center">74.0 (63 &#8211; 82)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&lt; 60</td>
                    <td align="center">230 (18.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">112 (17.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">118 (20.0)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="5">0.030</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>60 &#8211; 69</td>
                    <td align="center">255 (20.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">149 (23.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">106 (18.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>70 &#8211; 79</td>
                    <td align="center">392 (32.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">213 (33.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">179 (30.4)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>80 &#8211; 89</td>
                    <td align="center">296 (24.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">137 (21.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">1859 (27.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8805; 90</td>
                    <td align="center">50 (4.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (3.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (4.6)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Elementary education, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">864 (70.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">423 (66.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">441 (74.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.621</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Retired, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">544 (44.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">267 (42.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">277 (47.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.087</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Comorbidities, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">872 (71.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">460 (72.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">412 (69.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.314</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                    <td align="center">306 (25.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">180 (28.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">126 (21.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.005</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Valve disease</td>
                    <td align="center">241 (19.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">141 (22.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">100 (17.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.021</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atrial fibrillation</td>
                    <td align="center">259 (21.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">125 (19.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">134 (22.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.208</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Coronary artery disease</td>
                    <td align="center">173 (14.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">112 (17.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">61 (10.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Chronic kidney disease</td>
                    <td align="center">110 (9.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">72 (11.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">38 (6.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Brain stroke</td>
                    <td align="center">91 (7.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">58 (9.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">33 (5.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.018</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Structural heart disease, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Non-ischemic</td>
                    <td align="center">181 (14.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">93 (14.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">88 (14.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.852</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ischemic</td>
                    <td align="center">46 (3.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (4.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (3.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.355</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Chagasic</td>
                    <td align="center">199 (16.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">97 (15.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">102 (17.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.310</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV ejection fraction &lt; 40%, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">72 (5.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">38 (6.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (5.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.467</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Pacemaker indication, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sinus node disease</td>
                    <td align="center">123 (10.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">61 (9.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">62 (10.5)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.102</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Advanced atrioventricular @@block</td>
                    <td align="center">1.028 (84.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">527 (83.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">501 (85.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Other indications</td>
                    <td align="center">72 (5.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">46 (7.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (4.4)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Characteristics of the surgical procedure, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dual chamber pacemaker</td>
                    <td align="center">1.059 (86.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">549 (86.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">510 (86.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.998</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Transvenous access</td>
                    <td align="center">1.209 (98.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">624 (98.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">585 (99.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.962</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Elective procedure</td>
                    <td align="center">217 (17.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">57 (9.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">160 (27.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Hospitalization, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Emergency hospitalization</td>
                    <td align="center">531 (43.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">473 (74.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">58 (9.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Surgery performed on the same day of admission</td>
                    <td align="center">217 (17.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">57 (9.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">160 (27.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hospital stay &gt; 3 days</td>
                    <td align="center">473 (38.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">409 (64.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">64 (10.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Post-operative length of stay &gt; 1 day</td>
                    <td align="center">170 (13.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">154 (24.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (2.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Post-operative ICU daily rates</td>
                    <td align="center">101 (8.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">97 (15.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (0.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Regular medication use, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Antiplatelet agents</td>
                    <td align="center">470 (38.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">243 (38.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">227 (38.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.924</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Oral anticoagulants</td>
                    <td align="center">139 (11.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">62 (9.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">77 (13.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.084</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ACEI/ARB</td>
                    <td align="center">837 (68.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">394 (62.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">443 (75.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Beta blockers</td>
                    <td align="center">430 (35.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">130 (20.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">300 (50.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diuretics</td>
                    <td align="center">609 (49.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">316 (49.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">293 (49.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.848</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Antiarrhythmics</td>
                    <td align="center">94 (7.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">43 (6.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">51 (8.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.243</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; IQR: interquartile range; ICU: intensive care unit; LV: left ventricle.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Approximately three out of every four initial implants were performed urgently, while a small portion of generator replacement procedures occurred urgently. The rate of surgical procedures performed on the same day of hospital admission was just significantly higher in the generator replacement group. Dual-chamber devices implanted via transvenous access were the most common in the sample. The need for intensive care and postoperative length of stay were significantly higher in the initial implant group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Deaths, postoperative complications, and hospital readmissions</title>
          <p>The median follow-up time was 13.7 months (Q1-Q2: 12.3-14.8 months). Only one patient was lost to follow-up. A total of 109 deaths were observed during the first year of follow-up, representing a cumulative mortality of 8.9% (95%CI 7.4%-10.6%). The causes of death are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Rate of postoperative complications, hospital readmissions, and deaths after initial pacemaker implantation or pulse generator replacement</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Outcomes</th>
                    <th>Total sample N = 1,223</th>
                    <th>Initial implant N = 634</th>
                    <th>Generator replacement N = 589</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Postoperative complications, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pneumothorax</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (1.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (1.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0.2)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cardiac tamponade</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (0.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (0.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (-)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lead displacement</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (0.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (1.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0.2)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lead dysfunction</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (0.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (1.2)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Problems in the connection between the generator and the leads</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (-)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pocket complications</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (1.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (1.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (2.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Device infection</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (0.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (0.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (0.5)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Deep vein thrombosis</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (0.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (0.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0.2)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Muscle stimulation</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (0.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (0.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Any complications</td>
                    <td align="center">63 (5.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">38 (6.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (4.2)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Early hospital readmissions, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pacemaker related</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (1.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (1.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (0.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Heart failure</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (0.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (0.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (-)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Other cardiovascular causes</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (-)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0.2)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Non-cardiovascular</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (1.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (2.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0.2)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Late hospital readmissions, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pacemaker related</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (1.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (0.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (2.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Heart failure</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (1.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (2.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (1.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Other cardiovascular causes</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (2.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (1.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (3.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Non-cardiovascular</td>
                    <td align="center">64 (5.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">45 (7.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (3.2)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Deaths, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pacemaker related</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (0.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (0.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0.2)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Heart failure</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (0.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (0.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (0.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Other cardiovascular causes</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (2.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (2.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (2.5)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Non-cardiovascular</td>
                    <td align="center">63 (5.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">46 (7.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (2.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Undetermined cause</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (0.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (0.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (0.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>In addition, 70 episodes of complications were detected in 63 patients. Among the postoperative complications, 27 occurred during the index hospitalization. These complications significantly increased the length of hospital stay and the need for intensive care. The median length of stay was 5.0 days (Q1-Q2: 2.5-12) in the group that presented complications, and 1.0 days (Q1-Q3: 0-1.0) in the group that did not present complications. The types of postoperative complications are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>.</p>
          <p>The readmission incidence within 30 days was 4.3% (95%CI: 3.0%-6.2%) for the initial implant group and 1.0% (95%CI: 0.5%- 2.3%) for the generator replacement group. Hospital readmissions at the end of the first year of follow-up occurred in 16.4% (95%CI: 13.7%-19.6%) of patients undergoing initial implantation and in 10.6% (95%CI: 8.3%-13.4%) of patients undergoing generator replacement (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>). The causes of hospital readmissions are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> and the independent factors for their occurrence are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Probability of readmission within 12 months according to the type of surgical procedure performed.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230386-30386-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Predictors of hospital readmission after initial pacemaker implantation or pulse generator replacement</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Risk factors</th>
                    <th>Hazard Ratio (95%CI)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="3">
                      <bold>Pacemaker implant <sup><bold>1</bold></sup></bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age &#8805; 90 years</td>
                    <td align="center">1.29 (0.59 &#8211; 2.82)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.522</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                    <td align="center">1.47 (0.94 &#8211; 2.29)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.087</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Chronic kidney disease</td>
                    <td align="center">2.02 (1.21 &#8211; 3.39)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.007</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atrial fibrillation</td>
                    <td align="center">1.72 (0.99 &#8211; 2.96)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.051</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous stroke</td>
                    <td align="center">1.20 (0.64 &#8211; 2.21)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.566</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Structural heart disease</td>
                    <td align="center">1.56 (1.01 &#8211; 2.40)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.043</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="3">Indication for pacemaker implantation</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atrioventricular block</td>
                    <td align="center">reference</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sinus node disease</td>
                    <td align="center">0.75 (0.34 &#8211; 1.66)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.482</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Other indications</td>
                    <td align="center">1.24 (0.60 &#8211; 2.54)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.563</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Regular use of oral anticoagulants</td>
                    <td align="center">0.70 (0.36 &#8211; 1.38)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.309</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Single chamber pacemaker</td>
                    <td align="center">2.61 (1.55 &#8211; 4.41)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Postoperative hospital stay &gt; 1 day</td>
                    <td align="center">1.07 (0.63 &#8211; 1.81)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.799</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hospital stay &gt; 3 days</td>
                    <td align="center">0.90 (0.55 &#8211; 1.49)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.692</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Need for ICU in the postoperative period</td>
                    <td align="center">1.14 (0.66 &#8211; 1.97)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.640</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pacemaker-related complications</td>
                    <td align="center">5.94 (3.33 &#8211; 10.58)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="3">
                      <bold>Pacemaker pulse generator replacement <sup><bold>2</bold></sup></bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age &#8805; 80 years</td>
                    <td align="center">2.52 (1.48 &#8211; 4.29)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male</td>
                    <td align="center">1.41 (0.82 &#8211; 2.42)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.214</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Chronic kidney disease</td>
                    <td align="center">2.17 (0.99 &#8211; 4.74)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.052</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atrial fibrillation</td>
                    <td align="center">1.18 (0.58 &#8211; 2.39)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.640</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous stroke</td>
                    <td align="center">2.93 (1.36 &#8211; 6.28)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.006</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Regular use of oral anticoagulants</td>
                    <td align="center">1.03 (0.45 &#8211; 2.37)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.935</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hospital stay &gt; 3 days</td>
                    <td align="center">1.67 (0.78 &#8211; 3.56)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.181</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pacemaker-related complications</td>
                    <td align="center">25.65 (12.70 &#8211; 51.60)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p><sup>1</sup> n = 596; C-index = 0.757. <sup>2</sup> n = 582; C-index = 0.815.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cost of treatment in the first year after the procedure</title>
          <p>The <italic>SUS</italic> reimbursed our institution with approximately R$10.6 million for the treatment of patients included in the study. The cardiac device, including the leads and pulse generator, was the main component for these costs and represented more than 70 % of the total annual expenditure. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> presents a detailed description of the costs attributed to treating patients in the initial implant and pulse generator replacement groups.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Description of expenses attributed to the index hospitalization, clinical follow-up, and the total amount for the treatment of patients with pacemakers</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Expense components</th>
                    <th>Mean</th>
                    <th>95%CI</th>
                    <th>Total amount</th>
                    <th>Total</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Pacemaker implant</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Annual total</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">R$ 10,172</td>
                    <td align="center">(9,770 &#8211; 10,620)</td>
                    <td align="center">R$ 6,449,363</td>
                    <td align="center">100%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Device implant</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Total</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">R$ 8,934</td>
                    <td align="center">(8,702 &#8211; 9,205)</td>
                    <td align="center">R$ 5,664,163</td>
                    <td align="center">87.8%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Device (MOP)</td>
                    <td align="center">R$ 7,162</td>
                    <td align="center">(7,110 &#8211; 7,216)</td>
                    <td align="center">R$ 4,540,877</td>
                    <td align="center">70.4%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hospitalization</td>
                    <td align="center">R$ 1,224</td>
                    <td align="center">(1,155 &#8211; 1,307)</td>
                    <td align="center">R$ 776,400</td>
                    <td align="center">12.0%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Intensive Care Unit</td>
                    <td align="center">R$ 547</td>
                    <td align="center">(366 &#8211; 750)</td>
                    <td align="center">R$ 346,886</td>
                    <td align="center">5.4%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Outpatient follow-up</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Consultations or Procedures</td>
                    <td align="center">R$ 743</td>
                    <td align="center">(586 &#8211; 945)</td>
                    <td align="center">R$ 471,157</td>
                    <td align="center">7.3%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Hospital readmissions</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total</td>
                    <td align="center">R$ 495</td>
                    <td align="center">(276 &#8211; 754)</td>
                    <td align="center">R$ 314,043</td>
                    <td align="center">4.9%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Device (MOP)</td>
                    <td align="center">R$ 53</td>
                    <td align="center">(19 &#8211; 97)</td>
                    <td align="center">R$ 33,980</td>
                    <td align="center">0.5%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hospitalization</td>
                    <td align="center">R$ 442</td>
                    <td align="center">(242 &#8211; 680)</td>
                    <td align="center">R$ 280,063</td>
                    <td align="center">4.4%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Pulse generator replacement</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Annual total</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">R$ 7,092</td>
                    <td align="center">(6,750 &#8211; 7,514)</td>
                    <td align="center">R$ 4,177,440</td>
                    <td align="center">100%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Generator replacement</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total</td>
                    <td align="center">R$ 6,029</td>
                    <td align="center">(5,994 &#8211; 6,068)</td>
                    <td align="center">R$ 3,551,176</td>
                    <td align="center">85.0%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Device (MOP)</td>
                    <td align="center">R$ 5,125</td>
                    <td align="center">(5,100 &#8211; 5,150)</td>
                    <td align="center">R$ 3,018,836</td>
                    <td align="center">72.3%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hospitalization</td>
                    <td align="center">R$ 886</td>
                    <td align="center">(871 &#8211; 904)</td>
                    <td align="center">R$ 522,168</td>
                    <td align="center">12.5%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Intensive Care Unit</td>
                    <td align="center">R$ 17</td>
                    <td align="center">(0,86 &#8211; 42,3)</td>
                    <td align="center">R$ 10,172</td>
                    <td align="center">0.2%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Outpatient follow-up</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Consultations or Procedures</td>
                    <td align="center">R$ 510</td>
                    <td align="center">(469 &#8211; 555)</td>
                    <td align="center">R$ 300,350</td>
                    <td align="center">7.2%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Hospital readmissions</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total</td>
                    <td align="center">R$ 553</td>
                    <td align="center">(235 &#8211; 956)</td>
                    <td align="center">R$ 325,914</td>
                    <td align="center">7.8%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Device (MOP)</td>
                    <td align="center">R$ 300</td>
                    <td align="center">(77 &#8211; 593)</td>
                    <td align="center">R$ 176,908</td>
                    <td align="center">4.2%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hospitalization</td>
                    <td align="center">R$ 253</td>
                    <td align="center">(98 &#8211; 465)</td>
                    <td align="center">R$ 149,007</td>
                    <td align="center">3.6%</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>MOP: Medical Orthosis and Prosthetic.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>The generalized linear model demonstrated that age, chronic kidney disease, previous stroke, hospital stay longer than one day, need for postoperative intensive care, complications, and hospital readmissions were significantly associated with total annual treatment costs. Age was the only variable that was inversely related to the total cost of treatment, regardless of the procedure performed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5001">
              <label>Table 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Multivariate model of factors associated with the annual cost of treating patients with cardiac pacemakers</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Risk factors</th>
                    <th>Exp B (95%IC)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="3">
                      <bold>Age groups (years)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&lt; 60</td>
                    <td align="center">Reference</td>
                    <td align="center">--</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>60 &#8211; 69</td>
                    <td align="center">0.97 (0.93 &#8211; 1.01)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.149</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>70 &#8211; 79</td>
                    <td align="center">0.96 (0.92 &#8211; 1.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.035</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>80 &#8211; 89</td>
                    <td align="center">0.92 (0.89 &#8211; 0.96)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8805; 90</td>
                    <td align="center">0.87 (0.81 &#8211; 0.94)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                    <td align="center">1.03 (1.00 &#8211; 1.06)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.086</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Valve disease</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00 (0.96 &#8211; 1.03)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.820</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atrial fibrillation</td>
                    <td align="center">1.04 (1.00 &#8211; 1.08)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.076</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Coronary artery disease</td>
                    <td align="center">1.01 (0.97 &#8211; 1.05)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.579</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Chronic kidney disease</td>
                    <td align="center">1.07 (1.02 &#8211; 1.12)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.009</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous stroke</td>
                    <td align="center">1.08 (1.02 &#8211; 1.13)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.005</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Structural heart disease</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00 (0.97 &#8211; 1.03)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.899</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Regular use of oral anticoagulants</td>
                    <td align="center">0.96 (0.91 &#8211; 1.01)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.097</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Emergency hospitalization</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00 (0.96 &#8211; 1.04)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.990</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Procedure carried out on an elective basis</td>
                    <td align="center">0.99 (0.96 &#8211; 1.03)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.787</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hospital stay &gt; 3 days</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00 (0.98 &#8211; 1.07)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.298</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Post-operative hospital stay &gt; 1 day</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00 (0.98 &#8211; 1.07)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.298</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Postoperative intensive care unit daily rates</td>
                    <td align="center">1.39 (1.31 &#8211; 1.47)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pacemaker-related complication</td>
                    <td align="center">1.17 (1.09 &#8211; 1.25)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hospital readmission</td>
                    <td align="center">1.56 (1.48 &#8211; 1.66)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>Exp B: beta coefficient exponent.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Hospital readmission during clinical follow-up and the need for postoperative intensive care during the index hospitalization were the main factors associated with the increase in the treatment cost, as detailed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Factors associated with the average increase in the total annual cost of treating patients with a pacemaker.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230386-30386-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This prospective study with real-world data showed that postoperative complications and hospital readmissions are frequent after the initial implant, as well as after pacemaker pulse generator replacement. Regardless of the reason for these readmissions, the economic impact on the total cost of healthcare for the public healthcare system was significant.</p>
        <p>Although patients undergoing initial implantation or pulse generator replacement are part of the same patient population, significant differences were observed in the clinical and demographic profile of these two subgroups, with a higher proportion of women, lower prevalence of comorbidities, and a higher frequency of cardiovascular medication use in those undergoing pulse generator replacement. Furthermore, most pulse generator replacements were performed in elective admissions, while initial implants were mostly performed on an emergency basis. These differences influenced the outcome of the procedures, resulting in longer hospital stays, the need for intensive care unit admission, and hospital readmissions in patients undergoing initial implants. Although current pulse generators have a useful life expectancy of approximately 10 years, the median age of patients at the pulse generator replacement time exceeded the age of the initial implant group by only two years. This finding can be explained by the high rate of patients who do not undergo pulse generator replacement due to their advanced age at the initial implant time.</p>
        <p>The rates of postoperative complications and early hospital readmissions related to the surgical procedure or cardiac device found in this study were lower than those reported in studies based on large US administrative databases, in which the 30-day hospital readmission rate ranged from 8.5% to 11.3%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In the present study, pneumothorax or cardiac tamponade (2.2%) and lead-related complications (1.9%) were more frequent in the initial implant group, and their rates were similar to those reported in the FOLLOWPACE study (2.7% and 3.3%, respectively).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite the lower total readmission rate in the generator replacement group, the frequency of procedure-related readmissions was higher in this subgroup, especially after the first 30 days of follow-up. These readmissions were related to complications in the pulse generator pocket, lead dysfunctions, and device-related infection. Similar to what has been reported in other studies, these complications generally occurred late, requiring readmission and surgical revision.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The one-year readmission rate was 16.4% after initial implants and 10.6% in the generator replacement group. Age, chronic kidney disease, underlying heart disease, single-chamber pacemaker, and postoperative complications significantly increased the risk of readmissions, in agreement with other publications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Likewise, chronic kidney disease, previous stroke, postoperative complications, and readmissions were associated with higher healthcare costs in the first year, both after initial implantation and after pulse generator replacement. Monitoring and knowledge of complication rates by the medical team, continuous training of teams to identify patients at higher risk, in addition to multidisciplinary follow-up of these patients are potentially accessible measures that offer a good opportunity to improve complication rates and readmissions after the procedure.</p>
        <p>Our analysis revealed a significant economic impact of the device cost on the total treatment cost (around 70%). Other publications have already demonstrated the disproportion between the cost of the cardiac device concerning other expenses, such as hospitalization fees, laboratory tests, medications, and professional fees.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This study presents some limitations that must be considered when interpreting the results. Although a very representative sample was included, this analysis reflects the care practices of a public tertiary cardiology center, which is also a training center for specialists in artificial cardiac pacing. Direct costs were calculated based on fixed values, or packages that were reimbursed by the <italic>SUS</italic>, and it was not possible to conduct a micro-costing analysis with detailed data on each resource used and the unit costs corresponding to these resources. Finally, long-term follow-up of this population is especially important to provide more robust evidence on the potential impact of late complications on healthcare costs, which are often underreported in this setting.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Follow-up for up to one year of patients undergoing initial cardiac pacemaker implantation or a pulse generator replacement procedure allowed us to determine the occurrence rate of postoperative complications and hospital readmissions, identify risk factors for these events, and verify that these events resulted in a significant increase in the treatment cost. The findings of the present study suggest that identifying patients who are at greater risk of experiencing these events and implementing specific care routines for their outpatient follow-up can result in a significant reduction in spending on these types of procedures.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the doctoral thesis submitted by Lucas Bassoli de Oliveira Alves, from Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cirurgia Cardiovascular da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP under the protocol number 1.077.579. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of funding: This study was partially funded by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq 401317/2013-7).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
