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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">C3rcmvRWTpGdcGBMk3ffBgH</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000400312</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00312</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230216</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Cintilogr&#225;fica e Ecocardiogr&#225;fica em Portadores de Variantes Patog&#234;nicas ou Provavelmente Patog&#234;nicas do Gene TTR sem Envolvimento Card&#237;aco Manifesto</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9983-6438</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Tonnison de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darz&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Sahade</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Marcela Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jos&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-7644-2889</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ximenes</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio A. B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9323-8805</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rio de Seixas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6800-8100</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Noya-Rabelo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9320-7999</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ritt</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo Fonteles</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Cardio Pulmonar</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto D'Or de Ensino e Pesquisa</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Cardio Pulmonar - Instituto D'Or de Ensino e Pesquisa &#8211; IDOR, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e S&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e S&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto D'Or de Ensino e Pesquisa</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael - Instituto D'Or de Ensino e Pesquisa &#8211; IDOR, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Tonnison de Oliveira Silva</bold> &#8226; Hospital Cardio Pulmonar &#8211; Centro de Estudos em Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Anita Garibaldi, 2199. CEP <postal-code>40170130</postal-code>, Ondina, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>tonnisonsilva@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Nat&#225;lia Olivetti</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230216</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <related-article related-article-type="letter" id="r01" xlink:href="10.36660/abc.20240107" ext-link-type="doi"/>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A amiloidose por transtirretina (ATTR) &#233; uma doen&#231;a infiltrativa causada pela deposi&#231;&#227;o anormal de prote&#237;na principalmente no cora&#231;&#227;o e no sistema nervoso perif&#233;rico. Quando acomete o cora&#231;&#227;o, a doen&#231;a manifesta-se como uma cardiomiopatia restritiva e, quando afeta o sistema nervoso perif&#233;rico e aut&#244;nomo, apresenta-se como uma polineuropatia, podendo ser chamada de Polineuropatia Amiloid&#243;tica Familiar (PAF). Existem dois subtipos de ATTR, a ATTR selvagem, em que n&#227;o h&#225; variantes gen&#233;ticas, e a ATTR heredit&#225;ria, caracterizada por uma variante no gene que codifica a prote&#237;na transtirretina (T\TR). Em ambos os subtipos, o envolvimento card&#237;aco &#233; o principal marcador progn&#243;stico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a preval&#234;ncia do envolvimento card&#237;aco subcl&#237;nico em uma amostra de pacientes com variantes gen&#233;ticas no gene TTR usando a cintilografia com pirofosfato e o ecocardiograma com <italic>strain</italic>; comparar os achados cintilogr&#225;ficos e as medidas de <italic>strain</italic>; avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre PAF e o envolvimento subcl&#237;nico; e analisar se existe uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre uma variante gen&#233;tica espec&#237;fica e o envolvimento card&#237;aco.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal com carreadores de variantes no gene TTR sem sintomas cardiovasculares e sem altera&#231;&#245;es nos par&#226;metros da eletrocardiografia ou do ecocardiograma convencional. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; cintilografia com pirofosfato e &#224; ecocardiografia com an&#225;lise de <italic>strain</italic>. O envolvimento card&#237;aco subcl&#237;nico, definido como um escore de Perugini &#8805; 2, raz&#227;o Cora&#231;&#227;o (C)/ Hemit&#243;rax Contralateral (CL) &#8805; 1,5 em uma hora, C/CL &#8805; 1,3 na terceira hora, ou um <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global (SGL) &#8804; &#8722;17%. Realizadas an&#225;lises descritiva e anal&#237;tica, e aplicados o teste exato de Fisher e o teste de Mann-Whitney. Um valor de p&lt;0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Os 23 pacientes avaliados apresentavam uma idade mediana de 51 (37-57) anos, 15 (65,2%) eram do sexo feminino, 12 (52,2%) eram pardos, nove (39,1%) apresentavam hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, e nove (39,1%) tinham um diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de PAF. Dos nove pacientes com PAF, oito (34,8%) usavam tafamidis. As variantes gen&#233;ticas identificadas foram Val142IIe, Val50Met e IIe127Val. O valor mediano do SGL foi &#8722;19% (-16% &#8211; &#8722;20%). Dos 23 pacientes, nove (39,1%; 95% CI = 29&#8211;49%) preencheram os crit&#233;rios de envolvimento card&#237;aco, seis (26%) somente pelo crit&#233;rio do SGL. N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre PAF e um carreador assintom&#225;tico avaliado por ecocardiograma com an&#225;lise de <italic>strain</italic> e pela cintilografia com pirofostato (p=0,19). A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemia, tabagismo e SGL reduzido n&#227;o foi diferente entre os grupos. A velocidade da onda e&#8217; septal foi a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel que apresentou diferen&#231;a significativa entre os indiv&#237;duos com e sem SGL reduzido, com uma &#225;rea sob a curva ROC de 0,80 (IC95% = 0,61&#8211;0,98, p = 0,027). A melhor acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica foi alcan&#231;ada com uma velocidade e&#8217; septal &#8804; 8,5 cm/s. N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre o tipo de variante gen&#233;tica e o envolvimento card&#237;aco pr&#233;-cl&#237;nico, nem entre o uso de tafamidis e este mesmo envolvimento (37,5% versus 40,0%, p = 0,90).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O envolvimento card&#237;aco subcl&#237;nico foi frequente em uma amostra de carreadores da variante gen&#233;tica do gene TTR. Um valor do SGL reduzido foi o achado mais comum. N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de polineuropatia amiloid&#243;tica e o envolvimento subcl&#237;nico. O tipo de variante gen&#233;tica n&#227;o foi associado com envolvimento card&#237;aco precoce. Nesta amostra, o uso de tafamidis (20mg/dia) n&#227;o foi associado com uma menor preval&#234;ncia de envolvimento card&#237;aco subcl&#237;nico.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Envolvimento Card&#237;aco Precoce</kwd>
        <kwd>Amiloidose por Transtirretina</kwd>
        <kwd>Cintilografia com Pirofosfato</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia com <italic>Strain</italic></kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="14"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="20"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Amiloidose por transtirretina (ATTR) &#233; uma doen&#231;a infiltrativa e grave causada pela deposi&#231;&#227;o anormal de prote&#237;na que pode acometer diversos &#243;rg&#227;os e sistemas, principalmente o cora&#231;&#227;o e o sistema nervoso perif&#233;rico e auton&#244;mico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Existem dois subtipos de ATTR, a ATTR selvagem e amiloidose por transtirretina heredit&#225;ria (ATTRh). A ATTRh est&#225; relacionada a uma variante gen&#233;tica espec&#237;fica de uma prote&#237;na chamada de transtirretina (TTR), com transmiss&#227;o autoss&#244;mica dominante. Trata-se de uma doen&#231;a progressiva e degenerativa, que ocorre pela deposi&#231;&#227;o insidiosa da prote&#237;na TTR no espa&#231;o extracelular com o espectro fenot&#237;pico amplo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Na ATTRh, foco dessa pesquisa, os portadores da variante gen&#233;tica podem evoluir durante anos de forma assintom&#225;tica. Uma parcela apresenta-se com sua forma neurol&#243;gica, a Polineuropatia Amiloid&#243;tica Familiar (PAF) ou um fen&#243;tipo cardiol&#243;gico, a cardiomiopatia por ATTR (CM ATTR). Outros, no entanto, manifestam-se atrav&#233;s de um fen&#243;tipo misto de envolvimento card&#237;aco e do sistema nervoso perif&#233;rico e aut&#244;nomo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O acometimento do sistema cardiovascular pode manifestar-se como uma cardiomiopatia restritiva com sinais e sintomas de uma cl&#225;ssica insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) com ou sem fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Bloqueios atrioventriculares, bloqueios de ramo, arritmias atriais e ventriculares, aumento dos &#225;trios e "hipertrofia" ventricular esquerda e, menos frequentemente direita, s&#227;o as principais manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. At&#233; recentemente esta entidade cl&#237;nica n&#227;o possu&#237;a tratamento farmacol&#243;gico espec&#237;fico, o que inexoravelmente levava estes pacientes a um progn&#243;stico muito desfavor&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em um artigo publicado em 2018 e em 2021 (sua extens&#227;o), ficou demonstrada a efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a da droga tafamidis, um estabilizador da prote&#237;na TTR, com relevante tamanho de efeito em reduzir mortalidade total e de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IC associado &#224; Amiloidose Card&#237;aca (AC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O envolvimento card&#237;aco &#233; o principal marcador de mal progn&#243;stico com sobrevida m&#233;dia de 2-4 anos se n&#227;o tratado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Dessa forma, a identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce da infiltra&#231;&#227;o amiloide no mioc&#225;rdio, com posterior acompanhamento cl&#237;nico rigoroso, e foco na vigil&#226;ncia para o surgimento de sinais e sintomas se justifica na atualidade. Ferramentas acuradas para este fim ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o estabelecidas na literatura e, diante dessa lacuna no conhecimento atual, desenvolvemos esta pesquisa. O seu objetivo prim&#225;rio foi o de avaliar a preval&#234;ncia do envolvimento card&#237;aco subcl&#237;nico em uma amostra de pacientes portadores da variante gen&#233;tica no gene TTR, com base no PYP e pela an&#225;lise do strain mioc&#225;rdico. Comparar os achados entre o PYP e o strain, avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre PAF e o envolvimento cardiol&#243;gico subcl&#237;nco e analisar se h&#225; associa&#231;&#227;o entre alguma variante gen&#233;tica espec&#237;fica e a detec&#231;&#227;o de envolvimento card&#237;aco, foram ent&#227;o definidos como sendo os objetivos secund&#225;rios.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Estudo descritivo e anal&#237;tico, corte transversal conduzido em um centro especializado em tratamento de ATTR na Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica (EBMSP), em Salvador &#8211; Bahia &#8211; Brasil. O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa da EBMSP, cumprindo os pr&#233;-requisitos das leis nacionais (Resolu&#231;&#227;o 466/2012) e internacionais para condu&#231;&#227;o de pesquisa em seres humanos. Todos os participantes leram, concordaram e assinaram o TCLE espec&#237;fico do estudo.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho de estudo</title>
        <p>Amostra de conveni&#234;ncia onde todos os participantes do estudo eram acompanhados no ambulat&#243;rio de doen&#231;as raras da EBMSP, com diagn&#243;stico de PAF ou por serem familiares do caso &#237;ndice da forma neurol&#243;gica da doen&#231;a. A realiza&#231;&#227;o da pesquisa da variante gen&#233;tica da TTR a partir da coleta de saliva era uma op&#231;&#227;o pessoal e livre, oferecida aos maiores de 18 anos, realizada ap&#243;s aconselhamento gen&#233;tico e com disponibilidade de suporte psicol&#243;gico gratuito. O diagn&#243;stico de PAF era realizado por dois neurologistas com expertise em PAF, a partir da hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, hist&#243;ria familiar de PAF, exame f&#237;sico, utiliza&#231;&#227;o da eletroneuromiografia e bi&#243;psia de gl&#226;ndula salivar, quando indicada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Pacientes</title>
        <p>Os participantes eleg&#237;veis para a pesquisa foram aqueles com PAF e os carreadores da variante do gene TTR, ambos os grupos assintom&#225;ticos do ponto de vista cardiovascular.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Pacientes maiores de 18 anos, assintom&#225;ticos do ponto de vista cardiovascular e com a variante do gene da TTR identificados pela da an&#225;lise do DNA da saliva.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Pacientes ao ecocardiograma com dilata&#231;&#227;o atrial, remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico, hipertrofia ventricular ou disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, definida como fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FEVE) &#8804; 50% pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson, foram exclu&#237;dos. N&#227;o foram eleg&#237;veis tamb&#233;m aqueles com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (maior do que grau I), janelas ac&#250;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas inadequadas, presen&#231;a de bloqueio atrioventricular (BAV), bloqueio do ramo direito (BRD), bloqueio do ramo esquerdo (BRE), sobrecarga de c&#226;maras, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) ao eletrocardiograma (ECG) de repouso e gestantes ou com suspeita de gravidez.</p>
          <p>Todos passaram por uma consulta cl&#237;nica pr&#233;via, preenchimento de uma ficha com dados antropom&#233;tricos, demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e caracteriza&#231;&#227;o das respectivas variantes gen&#233;ticas. Ap&#243;s revisados quanto aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o, os pacientes eram encaminhados para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da cintilografia com PYP e o ecocardiograma com <italic>strain.</italic> Quarenta e dois potenciais candidatos a participar da pesquisa foram inicialmente submetidos a uma triagem por meio de revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rio quanto a sintomas cardiovasculares. Ap&#243;s isso, eram submetidos &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de um ECG de repouso de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es e a um ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico. Dos candidatos avaliados, 19 foram exclu&#237;dos por serem sintom&#225;ticos, por possu&#237;rem achados no ECG de repouso ou limita&#231;&#245;es de janelas ac&#250;sticas ao ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fluxograma da sele&#231;&#227;o da amostra.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230216-30216-gf01.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Ap&#243;s isso, em um segundo dia, eram encaminhados para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma com <italic>speckle tracking</italic> e para a cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com PYP.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolo da Cintilografia com pirofosfato (PYP)</title>
        <p>Os participantes foram submetidos &#224; cintilografia com PYP utilizando o equipamento da Siemens (<italic>Symbia Evo Excel</italic>) e seguindo-se os protocolos internacionais de investiga&#231;&#227;o da AC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> As imagens planares do t&#243;rax em proje&#231;&#245;es anterior e lateral esquerda eram adquiridas uma e tr&#234;s horas ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o venosa de 20mCi de PYP<sup>99m</sup> Tc, seguidas de imagens tomogr&#225;ficas (SPECT) do mioc&#225;rdio para afastar a presen&#231;a de pool sangu&#237;neo. As regi&#245;es de interesse foram definidas sobre a proje&#231;&#227;o do Cora&#231;&#227;o (C) e no Hemit&#243;rax Contralateral (CL) para determina&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o C/CL. Os crit&#233;rios de positividade foram assim definidos: grau de capta&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o aos arcos costais maior ou igual a 2 e/ou rela&#231;&#227;o C/CL &#8805; 1,5 na primeira hora ou &#8805; 1,3 na terceira hora.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolo do Ecocardiograma com <italic>speckle tracking</italic></title>
        <p>Os exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos eram realizados em equipamento port&#225;til da Philips, modeloCX 50, vers&#227;o 5.0.2, sistema iE33 (<italic>Phillips Medical Systems</italic>), equipado com uma sonda setorial S 4-2. As imagens foram adquiridas por um investigador com experi&#234;ncia na realiza&#231;&#227;o da metodologia de avalia&#231;&#227;o da deformidade mioc&#225;rdica (<italic>strain</italic>) de forma cega em rela&#231;&#227;o aos resultados da cintilografia. Foi utilizada a quantifica&#231;&#227;o automatizada de movimento card&#237;aco (aCMQ - <italic>Automated Cardiac Motion Quantification</italic>) e a ferramenta QLAB do aparelho CX 50 para calcular a deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A aquisi&#231;&#227;o e interpreta&#231;&#227;o das imagens seguiram as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> As janelas de duas c&#226;maras, tr&#234;s c&#226;maras e quatro c&#226;maras foram usadas para medir o <italic>strain</italic> global longitudinal (SGL) e avaliar a presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o da imagem conhecida como <italic>apical sparing.</italic> O valor considerado normal para o SGL foi de &#8805; &#8722; 18%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Envolvimento card&#237;aco subcl&#237;nico</title>
        <p>Envolvimento subcl&#237;nico foi definido por: escore visual (semi-quantitativo) &#8805; 2 e/ou rela&#231;&#227;o C/CL &#8805; 1,5 em 1 hora ou &#8805; 1,3 na terceira ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o do radiotra&#231;ador (escore quantitativo) e /ou SGL &#8804; &#8722;17% pelo ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados foram coletados e tabulados. O programa <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS), vers&#227;o 25.0 (IBM) foi usado para as an&#225;lises. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas por percentual (propor&#231;&#227;o) e as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas por mediana e intervalo interquartil (n&#227;o param&#233;tricas). Dados categ&#243;ricos foram comparados pelo teste Exato de Fisher e os cont&#237;nuos pelo Mann Whitney (n&#227;o param&#233;tricas). O teste de Shapiro-Wilk foi usado para verificar a normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados. Uma curva ROC foi utilizada para comparar a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica entre uma vari&#225;vel num&#233;rica e uma categ&#243;rica. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi utilizado como par&#226;metro de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica em todas as an&#225;lises.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A amostra consistiu em 23 participantes, todos assintom&#225;ticos do ponto de vista cardiovascular (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas dos participantes</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="49%">
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
              <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Tamanho amostral (n=23)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">51 (IQ<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> 37-57)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="4" valign="top">
                <bold>Sexo, n&#176; (%)</bold>
                <break/>
                <bold>Ra&#231;a, n&#176; (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Feminino, 15 (65)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Parda, 12 (52,2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Negra, 7 (30,4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Branca, 4(17,4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="3" valign="top">
                <bold>Tipo de muta&#231;&#227;o, n&#176; (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Val142IIe, 9 (43)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Val50met, 8 (35)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IIe127Val, 5 (22)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Portadores assintom&#225;ticos, n&#176; (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>14 (61)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">PAF, n&#176; (%)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">9 (39,1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">HAS, n&#176; (%)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">9 (39,1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">DM, n&#176; (%)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">4 (17,4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">DLP, n&#176; (%)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">6 (26)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Tabagismo atual, n&#176; (%)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">2 (8,7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Uso de tafamidis, n&#176; (%)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">8 (34,8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>FE (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>69 (IQ 66 - 72)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE (mm)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">44 (IQ 40 - 48)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do VE (mm)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">27(IQ 26 - 30)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Septo interventricular (mm)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">9 (IQ 8 - 10)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Parede posterior (mm)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">8 (IQ 8 - 9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>&#205;ndice de massa do VE (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>72 (IQ 62 - 81)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Volume atrial esquerdo (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">29 (IQ 26 - 31)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Velocidade da onda E mitral (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">80 (IQ 61 &#8211; 92)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Velocidade da onda A mitral (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">68 (IQ 59 &#8211; 80)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Rela&#231;&#227;o E/A</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">1,0 (IQ 0,9 &#8211; 1,6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Velocidade da onda e septal do Doppler tecidual (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">9,0 (IQ 8 &#8211; 10)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Velocidade da onda e lateral do Doppler tecidual (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">11 (IQ 10 &#8211; 12)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; m&#233;dia</td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">8,1 (IQ 6,8 &#8211; 9,0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Strain global longitudinal (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">- 19 (IQ &#8211; 16% a &#8211; 20%)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>IQ: Intervalo interquartil; FAP: polineuropatia amiloid&#243;tica familiar; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DM: diabetes mellitus; DLP: dislipidemia; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Com base nos resultados da cintilografia com PYP e do ecocardiograma com <italic>strain</italic>, 14 participantes (60,9%) n&#227;o demonstraram altera&#231;&#245;es nos exames cardiol&#243;gicos. Nove (39,1%; 95%IC 29% - 49%) apresentaram crit&#233;rios de envolvimento card&#237;aco, sendo seis (26%) com crit&#233;rio pelo <italic>strain</italic> isoladamente, um (4,3%) com PYP isoladamente e dois (8,7%) com altera&#231;&#227;o tanto ao PYP quanto ao <italic>strain</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Preval&#234;ncia de envolvimento card&#237;aco subcl&#237;nico por m&#233;todo diagn&#243;stico: cintilografia com pirofosfato e ecocardiograma com <italic>strain</italic>.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230216-30216-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>A presen&#231;a de <italic>blood pool</italic> foi constatada em tr&#234;s participantes (SPECT realizado na primeira e terceira horas ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o do PYP).</p>
      <p>N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre ter PAF e ser um carreador assintom&#225;tico quando se avaliou a presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de envolvimento card&#237;aco pelo ecocardiograma com <italic>strain</italic> ou pela cintilografia com PYP (p = 0,19). Dentre os 14 carreadores assintom&#225;ticos, quatro (17,4%) tinham evid&#234;ncias de envolvimento card&#237;aco pr&#233;-cl&#237;nico, enquanto dentre os nove pacientes com PAF, cinco (21,7%) apresentavam achados sugestivos de comprometimento subcl&#237;nico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Gr&#225;fico de barras representando a presen&#231;a de envolvimento card&#237;aco nos assintom&#225;ticos e nos portadores de Polineuropatia Amiloid&#243;tica Familiar, teste exato de Fisher.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230216-30216-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      <p>N&#227;o foi encontrada diferen&#231;a na preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), diabetes mellitus (DM), dislipidemia (DLP) e tabagismo quando se comparou os pacientes com e sem <italic>strain</italic> reduzido (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes por valor do strain global longitudinal (SGL)</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="24%">
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
              <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">SGL &#8805; &#8722;18%</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">SGL &#8804; &#8722;17%</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor de p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">HAS, n&#176; (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (43,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (25,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,41</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">DM, n&#176; (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (25,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,27</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">DLP, n&#176; (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (37,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Tabagismo ativo, n&#176; (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (12,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="5" valign="middle">
                <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
                <bold>Par&#226;metros da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Volume do &#225;trio esquerdo (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">29 (26-31)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">29 (28-31)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,62</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Velocidade E (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">84,5 (64,2-97,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">68,0 (61-86)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,37</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Velocidade A (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">67,5 (59-79,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">69,0 (59-92)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,82</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Rela&#231;&#227;o E/A</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,1 (0,96-1,77)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,0 (0,87-1,19)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,37</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Velocidade da onda e' septal (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9,0 (8,3-11)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8,0 (8-8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">
                <bold>0,027</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Velocidade da onda e' lateral (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11 (10-13,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10 (10-11)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Rela&#231;&#227;o E/e' m&#233;dia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8,1 (6,8-9,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7,4(6,8-9,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,99</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>As vari&#225;veis da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foram descritas em mediana e intervalo interquartil; diferen&#231;a entre os grupos foi analisada usando o teste exato de Fisher para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e o teste de Mann-Whitney para as cont&#237;nuas; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, DM: Diabetes Mellitus; DLP: Dislipidemia.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>As vari&#225;veis determinantes da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (velocidade da onda E e A do Doppler mitral, rela&#231;&#227;o onda E/A, onda e&#8217; do Doppler tecidual septal e lateral e valor m&#233;dio da E/e&#8217;) foram comparadas entre os pacientes com e sem strain reduzido (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>A &#250;nica vari&#225;vel que diferiu de forma significativa entre os grupos foi a velocidade da onda e&#8217; septal do Doppler tecidual, com uma &#225;rea abaixo da curva ROC de 0,80 (IC 95% 0,61 &#8211; 0,98; p = 0,027). Uma velocidade menor ou igual a 8,5 cm/s foi a que atingiu a melhor acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica para predizer a presen&#231;a de um <italic>strain</italic> reduzido (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f4">
        <label>Figura 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Curva ROC representando a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica entre a velocidade da onda e'septal e <italic>strain</italic> mioc&#225;rdico. *AUC: area under the curve; ROC: Receiver Operating Characteristic.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230216-30216-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre o tipo de variante gen&#233;tica e a presen&#231;a de envolvimento card&#237;aco pr&#233;-cl&#237;nico n&#227;o foi encontrada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5</xref>), assim como n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre o uso de tafamidis e um menor grau de envolvimento card&#237;aco (p = 0,90) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 6</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f5">
        <label>Figura 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o das variantes gen&#233;ticas nos pacientes com envolvimento card&#237;aco e sem envolvimento card&#237;aco. Teste Exato de Fischer.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230216-30216-gf05.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f6">
        <label>Figura 6</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Frequ&#234;ncia da presen&#231;a de envolvimento card&#237;aco em pacientes com e sem uso de tafamidis. Teste Exato de Fischer.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230216-30216-gf06.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O envolvimento card&#237;aco subcl&#237;nico foi verificado em 39% (n=9) do total dos participantes. Seis sujeitos da pesquisa apresentaram o valor do SGL alterado de forma isolada, dois preencheram os crit&#233;rios cintilogr&#225;ficos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e um participante exclusivamente pelo crit&#233;rio do PYP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura Central</xref>). Em tr&#234;s participantes o <italic>blood pool</italic>, que &#233; sabidamente uma das causas de falso-positivo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> foi constatado ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o do <italic>SPECT</italic>.</p>
      <fig id="f7">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230216-30216-gf07.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Quando se comparou a presen&#231;a de envolvimento card&#237;aco entre os pacientes com PAF (n=5) e os portadores assintom&#225;ticos (n=4), n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,19). Foram identificadas nessa pesquisa tr&#234;s tipos de variantes gen&#233;ticas, uma delas classicamente mais relacionada ao polo card&#237;aco de manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica (Val142IIe).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Quando da an&#225;lise destas variantes gen&#233;ticas com a vari&#225;vel envolvimento card&#237;aco, n&#227;o foi identificado diferen&#231;a entre elas. O sexo feminino foi o mais prevalente (65%) na nossa amostragem; este achado pode ter alguma relev&#226;ncia, visto que classicamente a TTR variante ou heredit&#225;ria envolve predominantemente o sexo masculino.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> O par&#226;metro ecocardiogr&#225;fico da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica que demostrou associa&#231;&#227;o positiva com <italic>strain</italic> mioc&#225;rdico alterado foi a velocidade da onda e&#8217; septal do Doppler tecidual. O valor &#8804; 8,5 cm/s foi o que atingiu a melhor acur&#225;cia, com uma &#225;rea abaixo da curva ROC de 0,80 (IC 95% 0,61- 0,98) valor de p = 0,027. Este &#233; um dado ainda explorat&#243;rio, valendo destacar que &lt; 7cm/s &#233; considerado reduzido para a popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, mas pode sugerir que um valor &#8804; 8,5cm/s da onda e&#8217; septal esteja associado a um envolvimento card&#237;aco pr&#233;-sintom&#225;tico, podendo ser &#250;til, por exemplo, para triagem de pacientes quando o <italic>strain</italic> n&#227;o for dispon&#237;vel. Por ser uma medida ecocardiogr&#225;fica feita de forma rotineira, r&#225;pida e f&#225;cil, acreditamos que esta informa&#231;&#227;o possa ter, em um futuro pr&#243;ximo, potencial aplicabilidade pr&#225;tica.</p>
      <p>Nesta amostra n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na preval&#234;ncia de HAS, DM, DLP e tabagismo, quando se comparou os pacientes com e sem <italic>strain</italic> reduzido. N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre o tipo de variante gen&#233;tica e a presen&#231;a de envolvimento card&#237;aco pr&#233;-cl&#237;nico, assim como n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre o uso de tafamidis 20mg/dia e uma menor preval&#234;ncia de envolvimento card&#237;aco (37,5% versus 40,0%, p = 0,90). &#201; importante ressaltar que o per&#237;odo de uso de Tafamidis foi de apenas 6 meses, podendo n&#227;o representar um tempo adequado para a demonstra&#231;&#227;o de algum benef&#237;cio do ponto de vista cardiovascular.</p>
      <p>Dentre os crit&#233;rios pr&#233;-estabelecidos para a identifica&#231;&#227;o do envolvimento mioc&#225;rdico subcl&#237;nico, o valor do SGL foi o par&#226;metro mais comumente alterado, no entanto a imagem cl&#225;ssica em AC conhecida como <italic>apical sparing</italic> n&#227;o foi vista em nenhum dos sujeitos da pesquisa.</p>
      <p>A ecocardiografia com <italic>strain</italic> &#233; sabidamente um m&#233;todo sens&#237;vel para o diagn&#243;stico de acometimento card&#237;aco pr&#233;-cl&#237;nico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A t&#233;cnica alicer&#231;a-se como ferramenta de an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, notadamente em cardio-oncologia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> por&#233;m com dados menos robustos em AC-ATTR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Estudos da literatura vem tentando demonstrar a import&#226;ncia do diagn&#243;stico precoce na AC utilizando-se o pr&#243;prio <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal e o circunferencial, al&#233;m da cintilografia com marcadores &#243;sseos e a resson&#226;ncia card&#237;aca pelo mapa T1 e pelo volume extracelular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A hist&#243;ria natural dos portadores assintom&#225;ticos da variante gen&#233;tica da TTR e daqueles com a forma "exclusivamente" neurol&#243;gica ainda n&#227;o est&#225; completamente definida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Tipos de variantes gen&#233;ticas, graus de penetr&#226;ncia, expressividade e fatores ambientais interagem ativamente nesse processo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O exame n&#227;o invasivo mais sens&#237;vel para a pesquisa de envolvimento subcl&#237;nico &#233; um campo com opini&#245;es divergentes, de certa forma ainda incerto e consequentemente de intensa pesquisa e interesse. Biomarcadores como troponina e BNP, eletrocardiograma de repouso e ecocardiograma convencional s&#227;o ferramentas pouco acuradas nesse perfil de pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Em estudo publicado recentemente utilizou-se a dosagem da prote&#237;na ligada ao retinol 4 (RBP4 &#8211; <italic>retinol binding protein</italic> 4) e a dosagem s&#233;rica da TTR mal dobrada, na tentativa de discriminar o "doente" subcl&#237;nico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> J&#225; Quarta et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> demonstraram que existiam altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas mais prevalentes nos carreadores da variante gen&#233;tica Val142Ie, como aumento da espessura da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; e anormalidade do valor do SGL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Sinha et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> em 2020, mostraram um valor do <italic>strain</italic> circunferencial sist&#243;lico reduzido nos portadores da variante gen&#233;tica Val142Ie em rela&#231;&#227;o aos controles. No entanto, ambos os estudos tiveram com importantes limita&#231;&#245;es a n&#227;o realiza&#231;&#227;o de outras modalidades para o diagn&#243;stico desse comprometimento subcl&#237;nico, como por exemplo bi&#243;psia, resson&#226;ncia card&#237;aca ou cintilografia com PYP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Em 2017, Haq et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> avaliaram 40 pacientes, com objetivo de determinar o valor do dep&#243;sito de PYP como marcador muito precoce de dep&#243;sito amiloide no cora&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com gen&#243;tipo positivo, mas sem IC. Al&#233;m do PYP, foram realizadas a dosagem de troponina I e BNP e realizado o ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico. Na an&#225;lise dos 12 carreadores da variante gen&#233;tica, 10 (84%) tinham algum grau de capta&#231;&#227;o e sete casos (58%) demostraram grau 2 ou 3 de capta&#231;&#227;o do PYP. A rela&#231;&#227;o C/CL nos assintom&#225;ticos foi 1,5 +/- 0,4 versus 1,2 +/- 0,1 nos com ICFEp n&#227;o amiloide, com valor de p=0,02. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que a capta&#231;&#227;o anormal de PYP pode ser a primeira manifesta&#231;&#227;o detect&#225;vel dos carreadores assintom&#225;ticos, antes mesmo dos biomarcadores, do eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma. Nesta publica&#231;&#227;o, a resson&#226;ncia card&#237;aca e o ecocardiograma com <italic>strain</italic> n&#227;o foram analisados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em nossa pesquisa, tanto o PYP quanto o strain foram realizados, sendo ent&#227;o, talvez, uma abordagem mais acurada em rela&#231;&#227;o as publica&#231;&#245;es anteriores. Dada a praticidade, seguran&#231;a e n&#227;o necessidade da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de radia&#231;&#227;o no exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico com <italic>strain</italic>, a proposta de inserir este procedimento no diagn&#243;stico dos assintom&#225;ticos do ponto de vista cardiovascular, parece-nos promissora. Apesar do PYP ter sido positivo em tr&#234;s participantes, a redu&#231;&#227;o do SGL foi mais comumente observada. Estes dados agregam novas informa&#231;&#245;es a respeito da utilidade e relev&#226;ncia do <italic>strain</italic> mioc&#225;rdico no manejo desse grupo de pacientes, fazendo com que a deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica possa ser vista como mais uma, ou quem sabe, a mais sens&#237;vel ferramenta no estudo das pessoas sem sintomas cardiovasculares manifestos.</p>
      <p>&#201; importante salientar tamb&#233;m que em tr&#234;s pacientes completamente assintom&#225;ticos, com eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma normais, a cintilografia com PYP mostrou-se alterada, sugerindo a exist&#234;ncia de dep&#243;sitos de material amiloide no cora&#231;&#227;o. Tomando como base a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica atual, carreadores assintom&#225;ticos e at&#233; os com PAF n&#227;o s&#227;o investigados rotineiramente quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de deposi&#231;&#227;o de amiloide no mioc&#225;rdio, o que possivelmente precisa ser revisto. Na nossa amostragem, no entanto, nos portadores de PAF, o envolvimento cad&#237;aco subcl&#237;nico concomitante n&#227;o foi observado. Isto pode ser justificado pelo pouco tempo, na nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, para que tenha ocorrido a infiltra&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na TTR no mioc&#225;rdio, ou at&#233; mesmo porque trata-se de doen&#231;as distintas, o que vai de encontro a outros dados na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>&#192; medida que mais se investiga, mais pessoas s&#227;o diagnosticadas e mais familiares do caso &#237;ndice apresentam-se nos consult&#243;rios m&#233;dicos com suas ang&#250;stias e questionamentos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Assim, &#233; fundamental que tenhamos uma resposta de como segui-los e quais s&#227;o os exames de <italic>screening</italic> mais sens&#237;veis. Podemos dizer ent&#227;o que este estudo coloca-se na vanguarda deste tema.</p>
      <p>Os portadores da variante gen&#233;tica da TTR est&#227;o sob risco de desenvolver em algum momento da vida um quadro de IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Comportamentos proativos, respaldados em ci&#234;ncia de boa qualidade podem modificar a hist&#243;ria natural desta doen&#231;a de curso progressivo e muitas vezes inexor&#225;vel,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> e &#233; justamente essa a nossa proposta e ponto de maior destaque.</p>
      <p>Apresentamos aqui um trabalho que tem como perspectiva o potencial de ajudar a discriminar indiv&#237;duos efetivamente sem envolvimento mioc&#225;rdico subcl&#237;nico daqueles com algum grau de dep&#243;sito amiloide no cora&#231;&#227;o. Com isso um acompanhamento mais regular e focado no aparecimento dos sinais e sintomas desta entidade cl&#237;nica poder&#225; ser institu&#237;do. No entanto, ainda hoje n&#227;o sabemos com precis&#227;o qual o exame n&#227;o invasivo mais sens&#237;vel para diagnosticar esse envolvimento, e mais, diante dos resultados, qual a melhor conduta a ser seguida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Apesar do grande avan&#231;o na consolida&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o invasivo da AC-ATTR,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> o cap&#237;tulo final da melhor abordagem quando estamos diante dos portadores assintom&#225;ticos ainda n&#227;o foi devidamente escrito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Estudos maiores devem ser realizados para que SGL e/ou a cintilografia com PYP possam se consolidar, assumindo uma posi&#231;&#227;o de protagonismo no fluxo diagn&#243;stico dos carreadores assintom&#225;ticos e tamb&#233;m naqueles com a forma neurol&#243;gica da doen&#231;a.</p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma com <italic>strain</italic> necessita, assim como qualquer t&#233;cnica ecocardiogr&#225;fica, de uma adequada janela ac&#250;stica, al&#233;m de ser examinador e equipamento dependentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> &#201; conhecida tamb&#233;m e considerada um fator limitante do m&#233;todo e por consequente deste estudo, a sua variabilidade entre observadores e intraobservador,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> o que de certa forma reduz a precis&#227;o e a reprodutibilidade desta ferramenta. Apesar da experi&#234;ncia na realiza&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo, este procedimento foi realizado por um &#250;nico ecocardiografista, o que pode ser considerado uma limita&#231;&#227;o em sua metodologia. O n&#250;mero de 23 participantes sinaliza para que tenhamos cuidado em rela&#231;&#227;o a extrapola&#231;&#245;es dos seus resultados finais. Em amostras pequenas, o acaso encontra-se muito mais presente e o risco de conclus&#245;es precipitadas est&#227;o intrinsicamente relacionadas ao erro tipo 1. Vale salientar que, apesar da limita&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de participantes no estudo, a amiloidose por TTR &#233; uma doen&#231;a rara ou infrequente, gerando inerentes limita&#231;&#245;es amostrais.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em uma amostra de pacientes portadores de variantes gen&#233;ticas da TTR, assintom&#225;ticos do ponto de vista cardiovascular e com exames cardiol&#243;gicos de triagem sem altera&#231;&#245;es, o envolvimento card&#237;aco subcl&#237;nico foi frequente. A redu&#231;&#227;o do valor do SGL do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi o par&#226;metro mais comumente verificado. N&#227;o houve rela&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de PAF e o envolvimento card&#237;aco subcl&#237;nico. O tipo de variante gen&#233;tica n&#227;o se associou a um envolvimento card&#237;aco precoce e, na amostra estudada, o uso pr&#233;vio de tafamidis n&#227;o se associou com uma menor preval&#234;ncia de envolvimento card&#237;aco subcl&#237;nico.</p>
      <p>Estudos maiores devem ser realizados para que o <italic>strain</italic> global e a cintilografia com PYP possam assumir uma posi&#231;&#227;o de protagonismo na investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica dos carreadores assintom&#225;ticos e naqueles com a forma neurol&#243;gica da doen&#231;a.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Tonnison de Oliveira Silva pela Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 28196619.0.0000.5544. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230216i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Scintigraphic and Echocardiographic Study of Patients with Pathogenic or Probably Pathogenic Variants of the TTR Gene without Overt Cardiac Involvement</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9983-6438</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Tonnison de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darz&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Sahade</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Marcela Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jos&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-7644-2889</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ximenes</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio A. B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9323-8805</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rio de Seixas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6800-8100</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Noya-Rabelo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9320-7999</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ritt</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo Fonteles</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Cardio Pulmonar - Instituto D'Or de Ensino e Pesquisa &#8211; IDOR, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e S&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael - Instituto D'Or de Ensino e Pesquisa &#8211; IDOR, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Tonnison de Oliveira Silva</bold> &#8226; Hospital Cardio Pulmonar &#8211; Centro de Estudos em Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Anita Garibaldi, 2199. Postal Code <postal-code>40170130</postal-code>, Ondina, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>tonnisonsilva@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Nat&#225;lia Olivetti</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <related-article related-article-type="letter" id="r02" xlink:href="10.36660/abc.20240107i" ext-link-type="doi"/>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) is an infiltrative disease caused by abnormal protein deposition mainly in the heart and peripheral nervous system. When it affects the heart, the disease presents as restrictive cardiomyopathy; when it affects the peripheral and autonomic nervous system, it manifests as polyneuropathy, and is called familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP). There are two ATTR subtypes: wild-type ATTR, where there is no mutation, and mutant ATTR (ATTRm), which is characterized by a mutation in the gene encoding the transthyretin protein (TTR). In both subtypes, cardiac involvement is the major marker of poor prognosis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To assess the prevalence of subclinical cardiac involvement in a sample of patients with TTR gene mutation by using pyrophosphate scintigraphy and strain echocardiography; to compare scintigraphy and strain findings; to evaluate the association between neurological manifestations (FAP) and subclinical cardiac involvement; and to analyze whether there is an association between any specific mutation and cardiac involvement.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This is a cross-sectional study with carriers of the TTR gene mutation, without cardiovascular symptoms or changes in electrocardiographic or conventional echocardiographic parameters. All patients underwent pyrophosphate scintigraphy and strain echocardiography. Subclinical cardiac involvement was defined as a Perugini score &#8805; 2, heart-to-contralateral lung (H/CL) ratio &#8805; 1.5 at 1 h, H/CL &#8805;1.3 at 3 h, or global longitudinal strain (GLS) &#8804; &#8722;17%. Descriptive and analytical analyses were performed and Fisher's exact test and Mann&#8211;Whitney test were applied. A value of p &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The 23 patients evaluated had a median age of 51 years (IQR 37&#8211;57 years), 15 (65.2%) were female, 12 (52.2%) were Pardo, nine (39.1%) had systemic arterial hypertension, and nine (39.1%) had a previous diagnosis of FAP. Of the nine patients with FAP, 8 (34.8%) were on tafamidis. The associated mutations were Val142IIe, Val50Met, and IIe127Val. The median GLS in the sample was &#8722;19% (&#8722;16% to &#8722;20%). Of the 23 patients, nine (39.1%; 95% CI = 29&#8211;49%) met criteria for cardiac involvement, six (26%) by the GLS-based criteria only. There was no association between having FAP and being an asymptomatic carrier, as assessed by strain echocardiography and pyrophosphate scintigraphy (p = 0.19). The prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, smoking, and reduced GLS did not differ between groups. Septal e&#8217; wave velocity was the only variable that significantly differed between individuals with and without reduced GLS, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.80 (95% CI = 0.61&#8211;0.98, p = 0.027). The best diagnostic accuracy was achieved with a septal e&#8217; velocity &#8804; 8.5 cm/s. There was no association between mutation type and preclinical cardiac involvement, nor between tafamidis use and lower degree of cardiac involvement (37.5% versus 40.0%, p = 0.90).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Subclinical cardiac involvement was common in a sample of TTR mutation carriers without cardiac involvement. Reduced left ventricular GLS was the most frequent finding. There was no association between the presence of amyloid polyneuropathy and subclinical cardiac involvement. Type of mutation was not associated with early cardiac involvement. In this sample, the use of tafamidis 20 mg/day was not associated with a lower prevalence of subclinical cardiac involvement.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Amiloidose</kwd>
        <kwd>Familial Amyloid Neuropathies</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Radionuclide Imaging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) is a severe infiltrative disease caused by abnormal protein deposition that may affect several organs and systems, especially the heart and the peripheral and autonomous nervous system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> There are two ATTR subtypes: a wild-type ATTR and hereditary ATTR amyloidosis (hATTR). hATTR is related to a specific protein, called transthyretin (TTR), and is transmitted in an autosomal dominant mode. It is a progressive degenerative disease that results from the gradual deposition of TTR in the extracellular space, with a wide phenotypical spectrum.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In hATTR, the focus of this study, the carriers of TTR mutation may be asymptomatic for years; a small proportion of patients develop the neurological disease, familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP), the cardiac phenotype (TTR amyloid cardiomyopathy), or a mixed form, with the involvement of both cardiovascular and (peripheral and autonomic) nervous system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>When the cardiovascular system is affected, manifestations include restrictive cardiomyopathy with signs and symptoms of classic heart failure (HF) with or without reduced ejection fraction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Atrioventricular blocks, branch blocks, atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, atrial enlargement, left ventricular "hypertrophy" and, less frequently, right ventricular hypertrophy are the main clinical manifestations. Until recently, this clinical entity did not have specific pharmacological treatment, which inevitably led to a very poor prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In an article published in 2018 and in 2021 (its extension), the efficacy and safety of tafamidis, a TTR stabilizer, was demonstrated, with a significant size effect in reducing all-cause mortality and cardiovascular-related hospitalizations for HF associated with cardiac amyloidosis (CA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Cardiac involvement is the main marker of poor prognosis, with a mean survival time of 2-4 years if untreated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Thus, an early identification of myocardial amyloid infiltration, followed by a close clinical follow-up focusing on surveillance for signs and symptoms is currently justified. Accurate tools for this purpose have not been defined in the literature. Based on this gap in the current knowledge, the aims of the present study were to assess the prevalence of subclinical cardiac involvement in a sample of patients with TTR gene mutation by using pyrophosphate (PYP) scintigraphy and strain echocardiography; to compare scintigraphic and strain analysis findings; to evaluate the association between the presence of neurological manifestations (FAP) and subclinical cardiac involvement; and to evaluate whether there is an association between any specific mutation and the presence of cardiac involvement.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This was a descriptive, analytical, cross-sectional study conducted in a referral center for ATTR treatment, located at Bahiana Medical and Public Health School (EBMSP) in Salvador, Brazil. The study was designed according to the Brazilian 466/2012 Resolution and the international criteria for research with human beings and was approved by the EBMSP ethics committee.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>This was a convenience sample of patients seen in the outpatient clinic for rare disease at EBMSP, with diagnosis of FAP, or family members of the index case of the neurological form of the disease. The screening for TTR mutation with saliva samples was offered for patients older than 18 years old, who were free to decide whether or not to participate. With their consent, the screening was performed after genetic counseling, and psychological services were also provided without charge. The diagnosis of FAP was made by two experienced neurologists using patients&#8217; clinical history, family history of FAP, physical examination, electroneuromyography, and biopsy of the salivary glands when indicated.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients</title>
          <p>Patients with neurological manifestations of TTR mutation, without cardiovascular symptoms, and asymptomatic TTR mutation carriers with the disease were considered eligible for the study.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>Inclusion criteria</title>
            <p>Patients aged older than 18 years with TRR gene mutation (confirmed by salivary DNA analysis), and no cardiovascular symptoms.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Exclusion criteria</title>
            <p>Patients with atrial dilatation, concentric remodeling, ventricular hypertrophy or left ventricular systolic dysfunction, defined as left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &#8804; 50% by the Simpson's method; patients with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (diastolic dysfunction grade 1); patients with poor echocardiogram acoustic window; presence of atrioventricular block (AVB), right bundle branch block (RBBB), left bundle branch block (LBBB), and atrial fibrillation (AF) on resting electrocardiogram (ECG); and pregnancy or suspected pregnancy.</p>
            <p>All patients attended a medical appointment, filled out a questionnaire containing questions on anthropometric, demographic, and clinical data, and characterization of respective mutations. After the inclusion and exclusion criteria were reviewed, patients were referred to PYP scintigraphy and strain echocardiogram. Forty-two potential candidates for the study were initially screened by medical record review for cardiovascular symptoms. Subsequently, the patients underwent a resting 12-lead ECG and a transthoracic echocardiogram. Nineteen candidates were excluded for being symptomatic, or for their ECG findings or due to technical limitations of transthoracic echocardiogram that met the exclusion criteria (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
            <fig id="f8">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Flowchart of patient selection.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230216-30216-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
            <p>On the second day, patients were referred to speckle tracking echocardiography and PYP myocardial scintigraphy.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pyrophosphate (PYP) scintigraphy protocol</title>
          <p>Participants underwent PYP scintigraphy using a Simens Symbia Evo Excel, following the international protocols for CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Anterior and lateral planar images of the chest were acquired one and three hours after venous administration of 20 mCi of <sup>99m</sup>Tc-PYP, followed by SPECT computed tomography of the myocardium to rule out the presence of blood pool. Regions of interest were drawn over the heart (H) and contralateral lung (CL) to establish the H/CL ratio. Positivity criteria were defined as follows: cardiac uptake to costal arch uptake equal to or greater than two and/or heart/CL &#8805;1.5 in the first hour or &#8805; 1.3 in the third hour.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Speckle tracking echocardiography protocol</title>
          <p>Patients underwent echocardiographic examination using a Philips CX50 portable machine, version 5.0.2 (IE 33 system, Philips Medical System), with a S4-2 sector probe. The images were acquired by an investigator experienced in the method of strain assessment, who was blinded for the PYP scintigraphy results. The Automated Cardiac Motion Quantification (aCMQ) and the QLAB tool of the CX50 were used to calculate left ventricular global longitudinal strain. Image acquisition and interpretation were carried out according to the American Society of Echocardiography recommendations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Global longitudinal strain (GLS) measurements and analysis for an image known as apical sparing were performed in the two-, three-, and four-chamber views. GLS values &#8805;-18% were considered normal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Subclinical cardiac involvement</title>
          <p>Subclinical involvement was defined as visual score (semiquantitative) &#8805;2 and/or a H/CL ratio &#8805; 1.5 at one hour or &#8805; 1.3 three hours after radiotracer infusion (quantitative score) and/or GLS &#8804; &#8722;17%by transthoracic echocardiogram.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data were collected and tabulated. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 25.0 (IBM) was used for the analyses. Categorical variables were described as percentage (proportion), and nonparametric continuous variables as median and interquartile. Categorical variables were compared by Fisher's exact test and nonparametric continuous variables by Mann-Whitney test. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess the normality of data distribution. A ROC curve was used to compare the diagnostic accuracy between a numerical and a categorical variable. A p&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant in all analyses.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The sample was composed of 23 patients with no cardiovascular symptoms (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Demographic and echocardiographic characteristics of participants</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Characteristics</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Sample size (n=23)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Age (years)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">51 (IQR<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref> 37-57)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="4" valign="top">
                  <bold>Sex, n (%)</bold>
                  <break/>
                  <bold>Race, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Female. 15 (65)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Pardo. 12 (52.2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Black. 7 (30.4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">White. 4(17.4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="3" valign="top">
                  <bold>Type of mutation, n&#176; (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Val142IIe. 9 (43)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Val50met. 8 (35)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">IIe127Val. 5 (22)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Asymptomatic carriers, n&#176; (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>14 (61)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">FAP, n (%)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">9 (39.1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">SAH, n (%)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">9 (39.1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">DM, n (%)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">4 (17.4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">DLP, n (%)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">6 (26)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Current smoker, n&#176; (%)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">2 (8.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Use of tafamidis, n&#176; (%)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">8 (34.8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>EF (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>69 (IQ 66 - 72)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LVEED (mm)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">44 (IQ 40 - 48)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LVESD (mm)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">27(IQ 26 - 30)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Interventricular septum (mm)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">9 (IQ 8 -10)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Posterior wall (mm)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">8 (IQ 8 - 9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>LVMI (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>72 (IQ 62 - 81)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Left atrial volume (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">29 (IQ 26 - 31)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Mitral E-wave velocity (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">80 (IQ 61 &#8211; 92)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Mitral A-wave velocity (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">68 (IQ 59 &#8211; 80)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">E/A ratio</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">1.0 (IQ 0.9 &#8211; 1.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Tissue Doppler septal e&#8217; velocity (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">9.0 (IQ 8 &#8211; 10)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Tissue Doppler lateral e&#8217; velocity (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">11 (IQ 10 &#8211; 12)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Mean E/e&#8217;</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">8.1 (IQ 6.8 &#8211; 9.0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Global longitudinal strain (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">- 19 (IQ &#8211; 16% a &#8211; 20%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>FAP: familial amyloid polyneuropathy; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; DLP: dyslipidemia; EF: ejection fraction; LVEED: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter: LVESD; left ventricular end-systolic diameter; LVMI: left ventricular mass index; *IQR: interquartile range.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Based on PYP scintigraphy and strain echocardiography results, 14 patients (60.9%) did not show abnormal cardiovascular findings. Nine (39.1%; 95%CI 29% - 49%) met the criteria for cardiac involvement, six (26%) using the strain criterion alone, one (4.3%) using the PYP criterion alone and two (8.7%) showed cardiac alterations based on both PYP and strain criteria (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f9">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Prevalence of subclinical cardiac involvement by diagnostic method: pyrophosphate scintigraphy and strain echocardiography.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230216-30216-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Nineteen (82.6%) showed indeterminate results by PYP scintigraphy (degree of uptake 1), 18 had a H/CL ratio &#8804; 1.4 in the first hour after PYP administration (non-diagnostic). The presence of blood pool was detected in three patients (SPECT carried out in the first and in the third hour after PYP injection).</p>
        <p>There was no association between having FAP and being an asymptomatic carrier in the assessment of the presence of cardiac involvement by strain echocardiography or PYP scintigraphy (p=0.19). Among the 14 asymptomatic carriers, four (17.45) had evidence of preclinical cardiac involvement, and among the patients with FAP (n=9), five (21.7%) had suggestive subclinical compromise (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f10">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Bar graph representing the presence of cardiac involvement in patients with familial amyloid polyneuropathy; Fisher's exact test.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230216-30216-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>There was no difference in the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), dyslipidemia (DLP), and smoking habit between patients with and without reduced strain (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of participants by global longitudinal strain (GLS) values</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Caracteristics</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">GLS &#8805; &#8722;18%</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">GLS &#8804; &#8722;17%</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p Value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">SAH, n&#176; (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (43.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (25.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.41</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">DM, n&#176; (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (25.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">DLP, n&#176; (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (37.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Current smoker, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (12.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="5" valign="middle">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref>
                  <bold>Diastolic function parameters</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Left atrial volume (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">29 (26-31)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">29 (28-31)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.62</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">E velocity (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">84.5 (64.2-97.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">68.0 (61-86)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.37</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">A velocity (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">67.5 (59-79.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">69.0 (59-92)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">E/A ratio</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.1 (0.96-1.77)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.0 (0.87-1.19)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.37</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Septal e&#8217; velocity (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9.0 (8.3-11)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8.0 (8-8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>0.027</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Lateral e&#8217; velocity(cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11 (10-13.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10 (10-11)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Mean E/e&#8217;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8.1 (6.8-9.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7.4(6.8-9.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.99</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Diastolic function variables were described as median and interquartile range; differences between the groups were assessed by Fisher's exact test for categorical variables and by Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; DLP: dyslipidemia.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The determinant variables of diastolic function (Doppler mitral E-wave velocity and A-wave velocity, E/A ratio, septal and lateral e&#8217; velocity by tissue Doppler and mean E/e&#8217;) were compared between patients with and without reduced strain (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>Tissue Doppler septal e&#8217; velocity was the only variable that showed statistically significant difference between the groups, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.80 (95%CI 0.61 &#8211; 0.98; p = 0.027). An e&#8217; velocity equal to or lower than 8.5 cm/s showed the best diagnostic accuracy in predicting reduced strain (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f11">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ROC curve representing the diagnostic accuracy between septal e&#8217; velocity and myocardial strain; *AUC: area under the curve; ROC: Receiver Operating Characteristic.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230216-30216-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>There was no significant association between the type of mutation and the presence of preclinical cardiac involvement (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 5</xref>). Also, there was no association between the use of tafamidis and a lower cardiac involvement degree (37.5% in patients who used tafamidis versus 40% in patients who did not use tafamidis, p = 0.90) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figure 6</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f12">
          <label>Figure 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of mutations in patients with and without cardiac involvement.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230216-30216-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f13">
          <label>Figure 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Frequency of cardiac involvement in patients using and not using Tafamidis.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230216-30216-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Subclinical cardiac involvement, defined as a GLS reduction &#8804; &#8722;17% and/or a visual score &#8805; 2 or a H/CL &#8805; 1.5 in one hour or &#8805; 1.3 three hours after PYP injection, was observed in 39% (n=9) of the 23 participants of the study. Six patients showed altered GLS values alone, two met the scintigraphic and echocardiographic criteria, and one using the PYP criterion alone (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Central Illustration</xref>). Blood pool, which is known the cause false-positive results,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> was found in three patients after SPECT.</p>
        <fig id="f14">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230216-30216-gf07-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>We found no significant association (p=0.19) in the analysis of the presence of cardiac involvement in patients with FAP (n=5) and in asymptomatic patients (n=4). In the present study, three types of mutation were identified, one of them (Val142lle) more commonly related to cardiac clinical manifestations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> However, in the analysis of the categorical variable cardiac involvement, there was no significant difference between the mutations. Most patients in our sample were women (65%), which must be highlighted since the TTR variant (or hereditary) has been predominantly found among men.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Septal e&#8217;-wave velocity, assessed by tissue Doppler echocardiography, was the echocardiographic diastolic function parameter found to be positively associated with altered myocardial strain. A value &#8804; 8.5 cm/s achieved the best accuracy, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.80 (95%CI 0.61-0.98) and a p-value of 0.027. Although this is a still exploratory result, it may indicate that septal e&#8217; velocity values &#8804; 8,5cm/s are associated with a presymptomatic cardiac involvement and may be helpful for patient screening when strain measurement is not available. Since septal e&#8217; velocity is an easy, fast, routine echocardiographic measure, we believe this information has potential practical applicability.</p>
        <p>In our sample, there was no difference in the prevalence of hypertension, DM, DLP, or smoking between the patients with and without reduced strain. There was no association between the type of mutation and the presence of preclinical cardiac involvement. Also, there was no association between the use of tafamidis (20mg/day) and a lower prevalence of cardiac involvement (37.5% versus 40.0%, p = 0.90). It is worth remembering that the dose of 20mg/day is well indicated in the neurological form of TTR amyloidosis. In addition, the treatment period with tafamidis was up to six months, which may not have been sufficient to demonstrate any cardiovascular benefit.</p>
        <p>Among the preestablished criteria to identify subclinical myocardial involvement, GLS was the most altered parameter; however, apical sparing, which is the typical image of CA, was not found in any of the subjects.</p>
        <p>Echocardiogram with strain is known to be sensitive method for the diagnosis of preclinical cardiac involvement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Although the technique has been consolidated as an analysis tool of systolic function, notably in cardio-oncology,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> data on its role in ATTR with cardiomyopathy are less robust.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Studies have tried to demonstrate the importance of an early diagnosis in CA using longitudinal and circumferential strain, scintigraphy with bone markers, and myocardial T1 mapping and extracellular volume quantification by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The natural history of asymptomatic carriers of the TTR mutation and of patients with the neurological disease alone has been fully elucidated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Types of mutation, degree of penetrance and environmental factors actively interact in this process.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> What noninvasive method is the most sensitive to detect subclinical involvement is debatable and still uncertain, and consequently, it is a subject of intense research and great interest. Biomarkers like troponin and BNP, resting electrocardiogram and conventional electrocardiogram are little accurate instruments in this population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A recently published study used measurements of retinol-binding protein 4 and misfolded TTR in attempt to detect subclinical TTR CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Quarta et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> showed that some echocardiographic changes, like increased left ventricular posterior wall, E/e&#8217; and abnormal GLS, are more prevalent in Val142Ile variant carriers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> In 2020, Sinha et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> showed that Val142Ie had lower systolic circumferential strain as compared with controls. However, important limitations of these studies include the fact that no other specific techniques were conducted for the diagnosis of this subclinical condition, such as biopsy, cardiac resonance, or PYP scintigraphy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> In 2017, Haq et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> investigated whether PYP scintigraphy could detect early amyloid deposit in the heart of 40 patients with mutant TTR genopositivity but without HF. In addition to measurements of troponin I and BNP, all patients underwent transthoracic echocardiogram. Of the TTR mutation carriers (n=12), 10 (84%) showed some degree of myocardial uptake, and seven (58%) revealed grade 2 or 3 of PYP uptake. The H/CL ratio was 1.5 &#177; 0.4 in asymptomatic carriers and 1.2 &#177; 0.1 in those with nonamyloid HF and preserved ejection fraction, with a p-value of 0.02. The authors concluded that abnormal PYP uptake may be the first detectable manifestation in asymptomatic carriers of TTR mutations, preceding changes in biomarkers levels, electrocardiogram and echocardiogram. In this study, cardiac magnetic resonance and echocardiogram with strain were not analyzed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In our study, both PYP and strain were analyzed concomitantly, which is a more contemporary approach as compared with previous publications. Due to its practicality, safety and no use of radiation, the proposal to add the echocardiogram in the diagnostic investigation of asymptomatic individuals seems promising. Although PYP was positive in three participants, a reduction in GLS was more common. These data add new information about the usefulness and importance of myocardial strain in the management of these patients and suggest the study of myocardial strain as one of, maybe the most sensitive, tool in the investigation of individuals without overt cardiovascular symptoms.</p>
        <p>In addition, it is worth pointing out that in three asymptomatic patients, although the electrocardiogram and echocardiogram results were normal, PYP scintigraphy findings were altered, indicating the presence of amyloid material in the heart. Based on the clinical practice, asymptomatic carriers of TTR mutations with FAP are not routinely investigated for the presence of myocardial amyloid deposition, which possibly should be revised.</p>
        <p>In addition, in FAP patients, a concomitant subclinical cardiac involvement was not observed. This may be explained either because of absence of amyloid material or because they are actually two different diseases, which contrasts with previous literature data.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> As investigations proceed, more people are diagnosed, and more relatives of the index cases have been seen in the offices, with their agonies and questions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Therefore, the best follow-up strategy of these patients, including the most sensitive screening tests, needs to be found and, in this regard, we believe this is a groundbreaking study.</p>
        <p>Carriers of TTR mutations are at risk to develop HF at any time of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Proactive behaviors, supported by high-quality science, can change the natural history of this progressive and often inevitable disease,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> and this is exactly our proposal and our man point.</p>
        <p>Here we present a study with the perspective of helping discriminating individuals without a subclinical myocardial involvement from those with some degree of myocardial amyloid deposit. A more regular follow-up, focused on the development of signs and symptoms of this condition should be implemented. However, we still do not know the most sensitive noninvasive method to diagnose this subclinical cardiac involvement and, based on the results, the best strategy to follow.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Despite considerable advances in the diagnosis of ATTR cardiomyopathy,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> the most effective management of asymptomatic TTR mutation carriers is still unclear.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Larger studies are needed to consolidate GLS and PYP scintigraphy as protagonists in the diagnosis of asymptomatic carriers and of neurological patients.</p>
        <p>Similarly to other echocardiographic techniques, strain echocardiography requires an adequate acoustic window in addition to being examiner- and device-dependent.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In addition, a limitation of the method, and consequently of this study, is its intra- and interobserver variability,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> which reduces both accuracy and reproducibility of this technique. Also, the technique was conducted by the same echocardiographist, which, despite his experience, may be considered another limitation of the study. Due to our sample of 23 patients, caution is needed in extrapolating our results. Results by chance are more common in small samples and the risk of hasty conclusions is intrinsic to type I error. Also, it is worth mentioning that, despite the sample size limitation, TTR amyloidosis is a rare or uncommon disease and hence with inherent sampling limitations.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Subclinical cardiac involvement was frequently observed in a sample of patients with TTR mutations, without cardiovascular symptoms or changes in cardiological screening tests. Reduced left ventricular GLS was the most common parameter in PYP scintigraphy. There was no relationship between the presence of amyloidotic polyneuropathy and subclinical involvement. The type of mutation was not associated with early cardiac involvement and, in our study sample, the use of tafamidis was not associated with a lower prevalence of subclinical cardiac involvement.</p>
        <p>Larger studies are needed to consolidate the global strain and PYP scintigraphy as protagonists in the diagnostic investigation of asymptomatic carriers of TTR mutations and those with the neurological form of the disease.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Tonnison de Oliveira Silva, from Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica under the protocol number 28196619.0.0000.5544. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
