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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">XCMSsH4xZLn9MLvgGHB3rHr</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000400310</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00310</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230060</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Al&#233;m do Escore GRACE SCA: &#201; Necess&#225;rio um Modelo Diferente para Homens e Mulheres ap&#243;s IAMCSST?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9227-8832</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Sergio Nascimento</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8975-3812</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Isly Maria Lucena de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4888-5920</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Augusto Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cao</surname>
            <given-names>Davide</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3093-9743</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>S&#237;lvia Marinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Tawanna Xavier Marques de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farias</surname>
            <given-names>Rayssa Santana de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0732-9920</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lemke</surname>
            <given-names>Viviana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mehran</surname>
            <given-names>Roxana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9078-3296</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Pernambuco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">PROCAPE</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Pernambuco &#8211; PROCAPE, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Agamenon Magalh&#227;es</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Agamenon Magalh&#227;es, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">New York</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Real Hospital Portugu&#234;s de Benefic&#234;ncia em Pernambuco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Real Hospital Portugu&#234;s de Benefic&#234;ncia em Pernambuco &#8211; Realcor, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cardiocare Cl&#237;nica Cardiol&#243;gica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiocare Cl&#237;nica Cardiol&#243;gica, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Zena</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Michael A Wiener Cardiovascular Institute</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">New York</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Zena and Michael A Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, New York &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Jos&#233; Sergio Nascimento Silva &#8226; Universidade de Pernambuco &#8211; PROCAPE &#8211; Rua dos Palmares, s/n. CEP 50100-010, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>sergio_m1@hotmail.com</email>, <email>sergio.nascimento@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230060</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Al&#233;m do Escore de GRACE SCA: &#201; Necess&#225;rio um Modelo Diferente para Homens e Mulheres ap&#243;s IAMCSST?</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/XCMSsH4xZLn9MLvgGHB3rHr/9e410c4a6c792beff5883d9d6532b2245203871c.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/XCMSsH4xZLn9MLvgGHB3rHr/46d59328d22e798c027af37479ce69a3e16088d2.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/XCMSsH4xZLn9MLvgGHB3rHr/e151f2aad796c0333872633e0c4518e34f1c90e5.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> As mulheres, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos homens, apresentam piores resultados ap&#243;s a s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA). No entanto, ainda n&#227;o est&#225; claro se o sexo feminino em si &#233; um preditor independente de tais eventos adversos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o sexo feminino e a mortalidade hospitalar ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Conduzimos um estudo de coorte retrospectivo, recrutando pacientes consecutivos com IAMCSST, internados em um hospital terci&#225;rio de janeiro de 2018 a fevereiro de 2019. Todos os pacientes foram tratados de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes atuais. Modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada foram aplicados para avaliar a mortalidade hospitalar utilizando vari&#225;veis de GRACE. A precis&#227;o do modelo foi avaliada usando o &#237;ndice c. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Dos 1.678 pacientes com SCA, 709 apresentaram IAMCSST. A popula&#231;&#227;o era composta por 36% de mulheres e a idade m&#233;dia era de 61 anos. As mulheres tinham maior idade (63,13 anos vs. 60,53 anos, p = 0,011); apresentavam hipertens&#227;o (75,1% vs. 62,4%, p = 0,001), diabetes (42,2% vs. 27,8%, p &lt; 0,001) e hiperlipidemia (34,1% vs. 23,9%, p = 0,004) mais frequentemente; e apresentaram menor probabilidade de serem submetidas a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) por acesso radial (23,7% vs. 46,1%, p &lt; 0,001). A taxa de mortalidade hospitalar foi significativamente maior em mulheres (13,2% vs. 5,6%, p = 0,001), e o sexo feminino permaneceu em maior risco de mortalidade hospitalar (OR 2,79, IC de 95% 1,15&#8211;6,76, p = 0,023). Um modelo multivariado incluindo idade, sexo, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, parada card&#237;aca e classe de Killip atingiu 94,1% de precis&#227;o na previs&#227;o de mortalidade hospitalar, e o &#237;ndice c foi de 0,85 (IC de 95% 0,77&#8211;0,93).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Ap&#243;s ajuste para os fatores de risco no modelo de previs&#227;o do GRACE, as mulheres continuam em maior risco de mortalidade hospitalar.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Sexo</kwd>
        <kwd>Mulheres</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="26"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As mulheres apresentam resultados piores ap&#243;s um infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (IAMCSST) em compara&#231;&#227;o com os homens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Este fen&#244;meno tem sido parcialmente atribu&#237;do a fatores como idade avan&#231;ada na apresenta&#231;&#227;o e maior preval&#234;ncia de comorbidades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> No entanto, ainda n&#227;o est&#225; claro se as diferen&#231;as nos resultados relacionadas ao sexo tamb&#233;m se devem a uma diferen&#231;a real na biologia da doen&#231;a ou s&#227;o apenas secund&#225;rias aos desequil&#237;brios iniciais e &#224;s disparidades relacionadas ao sexo no tratamento e no acesso a cuidados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O escore <italic>Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events</italic> para S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda (GRACE SCA) foi proposto pela primeira vez em 2003,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> e ainda &#233; recomendado pelas diretrizes mais atuais para prever a mortalidade ap&#243;s SCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> No entanto, apesar do modelo de risco GRACE SCA ser amplamente usado em todo o mundo, ele n&#227;o considera o sexo um preditor de risco. Al&#233;m disso, nas &#250;ltimas duas d&#233;cadas, diversos aspectos do tratamento da SCA evolu&#237;ram e a precis&#227;o dos modelos de predi&#231;&#227;o anteriores diminuiu na pr&#225;tica atual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Sendo assim, a fim de abordar as controv&#233;rsias em torno dos piores desfechos observados em mulheres com SCA, procuramos investigar se o sexo feminino est&#225; associado a maior risco de mortalidade hospitalar entre pacientes com IAMCSST.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo, localiza&#231;&#227;o e pacientes</title>
        <p>Realizamos um estudo de coorte retrospectivo em um hospital terci&#225;rio de cardiologia vinculado a um sistema p&#250;blico nacional de sa&#250;de, uma refer&#234;ncia regional em doen&#231;as card&#237;acas para uma ampla &#225;rea geogr&#225;fica e popula&#231;&#227;o, que oferece instala&#231;&#245;es de cateterismo card&#237;aco de emerg&#234;ncia 24 horas e interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP). A popula&#231;&#227;o consistiu de pacientes consecutivos maiores de 18 anos e internados com IAMCSST entre janeiro de 2018 e fevereiro de 2019.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados</title>
        <p>Planejamos padronizar todas as vari&#225;veis coletadas de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do Cons&#243;rcio Internacional para Medi&#231;&#227;o de Resultados de Sa&#250;de (ICHOM).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Os dados foram inseridos em um banco de dados por pessoal dedicado ap&#243;s consulta di&#225;ria aos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos eletr&#244;nicos. Todos os pacientes com IAMCSST foram inclu&#237;dos e seus eletrocardiogramas (ECG) foram revisados por um cardiologista cl&#237;nico experiente e um cardiologista intervencionista.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Defini&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico de IAMCSST foi considerado se o ECG mostrasse eleva&#231;&#227;o de ST nova ou presumivelmente nova em duas ou mais deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas ou um novo bloqueio de ramo esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O n&#237;vel de troponina T de alta sensibilidade foi considerado anormal se &gt; 0,014 ng/mL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Eventos hemorr&#225;gicos maiores relacionados &#224; ICP (definidos como uma diminui&#231;&#227;o de dois pontos na hemoglobina basal ou duas transfus&#245;es unit&#225;rias de concentrado de gl&#243;bulos vermelhos) dentro de 72 horas ap&#243;s a apresenta&#231;&#227;o do IAM, dissec&#231;&#227;o coronariana, perfura&#231;&#227;o coronariana, cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio de emerg&#234;ncia para ICP com falha e complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares que necessitaram de interven&#231;&#227;o durante a interna&#231;&#227;o foram consideradas complica&#231;&#245;es da ICP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O sucesso da ICP foi definido quando foi obtido fluxo grau 3 do TIMI (tromb&#243;lise no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica</title>
        <p>Todos os procedimentos realizados neste estudo estavam de acordo com os padr&#245;es &#233;ticos do comit&#234; institucional de pesquisa e com a declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque de 1964 e suas altera&#231;&#245;es posteriores ou padr&#245;es &#233;ticos equivalentes. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os pacientes. O Comit&#234; de &#201;tica local aprovou o protocolo do estudo (n&#250;mero de aprova&#231;&#227;o: 37458520.0.0000.5192 em 21 de junho de 2017).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>O tamanho da amostra foi calculado com base em uma frequ&#234;ncia de mortalidade hospitalar de 7,5% ap&#243;s IAMCSST, com risco relativo de 1,98<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> e considerando um erro alfa de 5% com poder do estudo de 80%; e foi considerado necess&#225;rio um tamanho amostral de 110 pacientes (55 homens e 55 mulheres).</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal foram apresentadas como mediana e intervalo interquartil devido &#224; n&#227;o normalidade dos dados, enquanto as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas em n&#250;meros absolutos e percentuais, com os respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a. Os testes de Mann-Whitney e qui-quadrado foram utilizados para comparar as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e categ&#243;ricas entre os grupos. A distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foi avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk.</p>
        <p>Uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o univariada foi realizada e, em seguida, uma regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada por <italic>stepwise</italic>, com sele&#231;&#227;o retrospectiva para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre sexo feminino e maior risco de mortalidade hospitalar. As covari&#225;veis candidatas para inclus&#227;o no modelo final foram aquelas do escore de risco GRACE SCA (idade, creatinina, frequ&#234;ncia/pulso card&#237;aco, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, parada card&#237;aca na interna&#231;&#227;o, troponina anormal e classe Killip) e sexo. Os n&#237;veis de signific&#226;ncia para inclus&#227;o ou exclus&#227;o das covari&#225;veis do modelo foram de 0,2. A qualidade de ajuste do modelo foi avaliada pelo teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow e o &#237;ndice c foi obtido. O valor de p foi considerado estatisticamente significativo quando &lt; 0,05. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando o pacote estat&#237;stico IBM SPSS 21.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
        <p>De um total de 1.678 pacientes admitidos com SCA, 709 (255 mulheres e 454 homens) apresentaram IAMCSST e foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. As caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. As mulheres tinham maior idade e tinham diabetes, hipertens&#227;o e hiperlipidemia com mais frequ&#234;ncia do que os homens. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os sexos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ra&#231;a/etnia/cor da pele, tabagismo, hist&#243;rico familiar de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), hist&#243;rico de acidente vascular encef&#225;lico ou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM), doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais de todos os pacientes da coorte, estratificados por sexo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th>Masculino (n = 454)</th>
                  <th>Feminino (n = 255)</th>
                  <th>Todos (n = 709)</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (mediana, IIQ*, anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (52 - 69)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (54 - 73)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (53 - 70)</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,011*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Ra&#231;a/etnia/cor da pele (n, %)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,238<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Brancos</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (16)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (11,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">91 (14,5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pretos</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (10,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (13,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (11,5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Parda</td>
                  <td align="center">290 (72,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">163 (72,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">453 (72,2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Amarelo</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (1,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (2,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (1,8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Fatores de risco (n, %)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">274 (62,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">187 (75,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">461 (67)</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,001<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">122 (27,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">105 (42,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">227 (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">174 (39,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">103 (41,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">277 (40,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,657<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hiperlipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">105 (23,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">85 (34,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">190 (27,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,004<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DAC<sup>&#8224;</sup> hist&#243;rico familiar</td>
                  <td align="center">129 (29,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (28,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">201 (29,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,897<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Hist&#243;rico (n, %)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (14,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (11,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">93 (13,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,280<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVC</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (6,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (6,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (6,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,764<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica oclusiva</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (3,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (3,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (3,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,765<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (3,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (2,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (3,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,376<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICP<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">41 (10,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (8,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (9,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,492<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CRM<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">8 (2,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (1,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (2,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 1,000<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#225;lise</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (1,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (2,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (1,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 1,000<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Medicamentos nos &#250;ltimos 7 dias (n, %)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aspirina</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (17,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (19,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">107 (17,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,529<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Estatina</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (17,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (16,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">101 (16,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,814<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Clopidogrel</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (6,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (3,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (5,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,239<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insulina</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (4,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (10,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (6,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,008<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas de apresenta&#231;&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (mediana, IIQ, batimentos/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">78 (70 - 90)</td>
                  <td align="center">81,5 (72 - 96)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (70 - 92)</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,007*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (mediana, IIQ, mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">130 (110 - 150)</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (110 - 140)</td>
                  <td align="center">130 (110 - 140)</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,027*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Parada card&#237;aca (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (4,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (5,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (4,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,722<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#237;vel de creatinina (mediana, IIQ, mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94 (0,80 &#8211;1,13)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,79 (0,65 - 1,06)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90 (0,74 - 1,11)</td>
                  <td align="center">p &lt; 0,001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o Killip (n, %)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,148<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Classe I</td>
                  <td align="center">286 (81,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">150 (76,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">436 (79,0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Classe &gt; I</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (18,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (23,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">110 (20,1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Marcador de necrose (mediana, IIQ, ng/ml)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Troponina T card&#237;aca de alta sensibilidade</td>
                  <td align="center">3,51 (0,87 - 8,93)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,50 (0,59 - 6,64)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,20 (0,77 - 8,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,062*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Localiza&#231;&#227;o da eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (n, %)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">p = 0,645<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anterior</td>
                  <td align="center">211 (54,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">108 (49,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">319 (52,8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Inferior</td>
                  <td align="center">159 (41,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">94 (43,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">253 (41,9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lateral</td>
                  <td align="center">88 (22,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (27,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">147 (24,3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Posterior</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (2,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (2,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (2,6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>*IIQ: intervalo interquartil; <sup>&#8224;</sup>DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; <sup>&#8225;</sup>ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; <sup>&#167;</sup>CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. *Valores de p se referem ao teste de Mann-Whitney. <sup>&#8224;</sup>Os valores de p referem-se ao teste qui-quadrado de Pearson. <sup>&#8225;</sup> Valores de p referem-se ao teste Exato de Fisher.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis e condi&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;-hospitalares</title>
        <p>Antes da interna&#231;&#227;o na institui&#231;&#227;o terci&#225;ria, a maioria dos pacientes havia recebido atendimento em hospital de emerg&#234;ncia geral, dos quais 61,4% foram tratados principalmente dentro de tr&#234;s horas desde o in&#237;cio da dor tor&#225;cica. Comparativamente, 45,9% foram encaminhados para cuidados terci&#225;rios ap&#243;s cinco horas do in&#237;cio dos sintomas e 24% ap&#243;s mais de dez horas. No entanto, quando avaliados os tempos do in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; o atendimento hospitalar (tempo dor-porta), at&#233; a aquisi&#231;&#227;o do ECG (tempo dor-ECG) e da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar terci&#225;ria at&#233; a ICP (tempo porta-bal&#227;o), constatou-se que esses per&#237;odos n&#227;o foram significativamente diferentes em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sexo. Entretanto, observamos um tempo total de isquemia diferente (tempo entre in&#237;cio dos sintomas e o bal&#227;o), mostrando que os homens foram submetidos &#224; ICP prim&#225;ria mais rapidamente que as mulheres (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Diferen&#231;as e semelhan&#231;as entre os sexos quanto ao tratamento cl&#237;nico e invasivo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th>Masculino</th>
                  <th>Feminino</th>
                  <th>Todos</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="3" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>n (%)</th>
                  <th>n (%)</th>
                  <th>n (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo total de isquemia (mediana, IIQ*, horas)</td>
                  <td align="center">13,86 (8,81 - 17,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">18,00 (10,5 - 20,33)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,77 (9,30 - 19,68)</td>
                  <td align="center">p&lt;0,001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Tempo dor-porta (horas)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">p=0,416*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>At&#233; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (17,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (13,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (16,2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2&#8211;5</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (27,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (24,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">150 (26,5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>5&#8211;10</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (26,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (28,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">155 (27,3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">103 (28,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (32,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">170 (30)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Tempo dor-ECG<sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup> (horas)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">p=0,265*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 1</td>
                  <td align="center">117 (37,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (29,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">162 (34,9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1&#8211;3</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (29,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (37,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">149 (32,1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3&#8211;10</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (21,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (21,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">101 (21,8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (11,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (10,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (11,2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Tempo porta-bal&#227;o (horas)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">p=0,174*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 1</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (31,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (23,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">86 (28,0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1&#8211;4</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (30,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (28,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">91 (29,6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4&#8211;10</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (22,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (23,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">69 (22,5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (16,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (25,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (19,9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Terapia fibrinol&#237;tica</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (4,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (2,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (3,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0,304<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uso de inibidor de glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (5,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (5,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (5,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0,802<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IM espont&#226;neo<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">372 (96,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">209 (97,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">581 (96,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0,836<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IM relacionado &#224; trombose de stent<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">10 (2,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (1,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (2,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0,836<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Achados relacionados ao cateterismo card&#237;aco</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">p=0,515<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Envolvimento uniarterial</td>
                  <td align="center">172 (41,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (36,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">256 (39,5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Envolvimento bi ou triarterial</td>
                  <td align="center">104 (54,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">130 (56,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">356 (55,0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Envolvimento de doen&#231;a principal esquerda</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (5,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (6,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (6,0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nenhuma obstru&#231;&#227;o significativa</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (4,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (7,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (5,6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Detalhes do ICP<sup><bold>&#167;</bold></sup></bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acesso radial</td>
                  <td align="center">155 (46,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (23,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">200 (38)</td>
                  <td align="center">p&lt;0,001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1 ou 2 stents implantados</td>
                  <td align="center">309 (91,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">176 (91,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">485 (91,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0,996<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stent convencional implantado</td>
                  <td align="center">302 (92,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">172 (92,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">474 (92,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0,849<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Taxa de procedimento de sucesso</td>
                  <td align="center">311 (96,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">176 (94,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">487 (95,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0,336<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TIM <sup>//</sup> 3 fluxo final</td>
                  <td align="center">254 (89,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">146 (87,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">400 (88,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0,671<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Principais complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (1,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (3,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (2,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0,344<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Indica&#231;&#227;o para CRM<sup>&#182;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">9 (2,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (3,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (2,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0,705<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mortalidade geral intra-hospitalar</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (5,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (13,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (8,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">p=0,001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>*IIQ: intervalo interquartil; <sup>&#8224;</sup>ECG: eletrocardiograma; <sup>&#8225;</sup>IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; <sup>&#167;</sup>ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; <sup>//</sup>TIM: tromb&#243;lise no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; <sup>&#182;</sup>CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. <sup>*</sup>Os valores de p referem-se ao teste de Mann-Whitney. <sup>&#8224;</sup>Os valores de p referem-se ao teste qui-quadrado de Pearson. <sup>&#8225;</sup>Os valores de p referem-se ao teste Exato de Fisher.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e eletrocardiograma</title>
        <p>A maioria dos pacientes apresentou IM espont&#226;neo. Na interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, as vari&#225;veis de dor tor&#225;cica, choque cardiog&#234;nico, parada card&#237;aca, classe Killip e indica&#231;&#227;o de tratamento invasivo n&#227;o foram diferentes entre mulheres e homens. Cerca de um ter&#231;o dos pacientes realizou um ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es na primeira hora ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e a maioria dos indiv&#237;duos recebeu um diagn&#243;stico de ECG dentro de tr&#234;s horas, sem diferen&#231;as significativas entre os sexos.</p>
        <p>Ritmo sinusal e supradesnivelamento do segmento ST da parede anterior, seguido de supradesnivelamento do segmento ST da parede inferior, foram as apresenta&#231;&#245;es mais comuns e semelhantes entre os sexos, enquanto o supradesnivelamento do segmento ST isolado em deriva&#231;&#227;o vetorial aumentada direita (aVR) e bloqueio completo de ramo esquerdo ou direito foram incomuns.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cateterismo card&#237;aco e ICP prim&#225;ria</title>
        <p>Cateterismo card&#237;aco de emerg&#234;ncia seguido de ICP prim&#225;ria foram realizados na maioria dos pacientes. Alguns pacientes foram submetidos a ICP eletiva e uma minoria n&#227;o teve indica&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gia invasiva devido a complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas n&#227;o card&#237;acas, como hemorragia g&#225;strica ou fragilidade, especialmente em pacientes muito idosos, a crit&#233;rio do m&#233;dico respons&#225;vel. DAC n&#227;o obstrutiva foi encontrada em 36 pacientes, independentemente do sexo.</p>
        <p>O acometimento da doen&#231;a uni, bi ou multiarterial e do tronco da corn&#225;ria esquerda n&#227;o diferiu entre os sexos. O acesso radial teve maior probabilidade de ser realizado em homens em compara&#231;&#227;o com mulheres. O n&#250;mero e tipo de <italic>stent</italic> (n&#227;o-farmacol&#243;gico ou farmacol&#243;gico), o sucesso da ICP e o fluxo final TIMI (Tromb&#243;lise no Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio) n&#227;o foram diferentes entre os grupos.</p>
        <p>A grande maioria dos pacientes recebeu um <italic>stent</italic> n&#227;o-farmacol&#243;gico. Qualquer complica&#231;&#227;o relacionada &#224; ICP ocorreu em um pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes e foi causada principalmente por sangramento. N&#237;veis basais de creatinina e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica foram mais baixos nas mulheres do que nos homens, enquanto a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi mais alta nas mulheres do que nos homens.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Mortalidade hospitalar</title>
        <p>Cinquenta e um pacientes morreram. Mulheres tiveram uma taxa de mortalidade significativamente maior, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os homens. Os resultados do modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>. Idade, parada card&#237;aca na interna&#231;&#227;o, classe de Killip &gt; I e sexo feminino foram preditores independentes de mortalidade hospitalar. O modelo final (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>) teve 94,1% de precis&#227;o (c<sup>2</sup> = 12,45, p = 0,132) na previs&#227;o da mortalidade hospitalar geral com um bom ajuste do modelo, e o &#237;ndice c foi de 0,85, com IC de 95% 0,77&#8211;0,93.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Regress&#245;es log&#237;sticas univariadas e multivariadas para predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade hospitalar</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Regress&#227;o univariada</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Regress&#227;o multivariada</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>OR<sup><bold>*</bold></sup> (IC de 95%)</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                  <th>OR<sup><bold>*</bold></sup> (IC de 95%<sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup>)</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (por incremento de 1 ano)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,06 (1,04&#8211;1,09)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1,06 (1,02&#8211;1,09)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">2,66 (1,48&#8211;4,65)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">2,79 (1,15&#8211;6,76)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,023</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#237;vel de troponina T</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03 (0,99&#8211;1,07)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,185</td>
                  <td align="center">1,05 (0,99&#8211;1,11)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,143</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#237;vel inicial de creatinina</td>
                  <td align="center">1,17 (1,00&#8211;1,14)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,047</td>
                  <td align="center">1,48 (0,96&#8211;2,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,079</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca/pulso</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02 (1,00&#8211;1,04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02 (1,00&#8211;1,04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,055</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97 (0,96&#8211;0,98)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97 (0,96&#8211;0,99)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Parada card&#237;aca na interna&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">10,45 (4,10&#8211;26,58)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">6,77 (1,25&#8211;36,63)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,027</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Classe de Killip &gt; I</td>
                  <td align="center">4,74 (2,58&#8211;8,71)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">3,09 (1,22&#8211;7,81)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,017</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>O modelo log&#237;stico final foi estatisticamente significativo e a estat&#237;stica qui-quadrado de Hosmer-Lemeshow (uma medida da qualidade de ajuste) foi c<sup>2</sup> = 12,45, com valor de p de 0,132. <sup>*</sup>OR: raz&#227;o de chances; <sup>&#8224;</sup>IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Modelo multivariado final para mortalidade hospitalar ap&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230060-30060-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>At&#233; o momento, o presente estudo &#233; a maior coorte proposta especificamente para avaliar o impacto das diferen&#231;as entre sexos ap&#243;s IAMCSST no Brasil. Al&#233;m disso, mostramos que o sexo feminino permaneceu em maior risco de mortalidade hospitalar ap&#243;s IAMCSST, em contraste com o escore de risco GRACE SCA, no qual o sexo n&#227;o &#233; um preditor. Apesar de as mulheres terem maior idade que os homens em nosso estudo, o sexo feminino permaneceu associado &#224; sobrevida prejudicada mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste multivari&#225;vel (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>), que incluiu a idade em linha com os achados do estudo de-Miguel-Balsa E et al. Ao validar o GRACE, o sexo feminino foi considerado preditor independente de mortalidade hospitalar na subpopula&#231;&#227;o com IAMCSST e o sexo n&#227;o melhorou substancialmente a capacidade discriminativa do escore de GRACE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, embora as mulheres apresentassem maior preval&#234;ncia de comorbidades, como hipertens&#227;o, diabetes e dislipidemia, o GRACE SCA n&#227;o as considera na predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade ap&#243;s SCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Ainda assim, o &#237;ndice de comorbidade de Charlson foi semelhante em ambos os sexos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, outros importantes fatores de risco cardiovascular (tabagismo, hist&#243;rico familiar de DAC, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico ou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica), que demonstraram maior impacto na mortalidade mais elevada, n&#227;o foram significativamente diferentes entre homens e mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Ademais, sugeriu-se que sintomas at&#237;picos poderiam atrasar o tratamento da SCA e levar a um manejo menos invasivo em mulheres em compara&#231;&#227;o aos homens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Alinhado ao tempo total de isquemia diferente encontrado em nosso estudo, um per&#237;odo de espera mais longo para ICP prim&#225;ria &#233; desfavor&#225;vel para mulheres. Mesmo n&#227;o sendo parte do modelo de predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade GRACE, isso pode ter contribu&#237;do para uma maior mortalidade entre as mulheres deste estudo. No entanto, n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;as significativas nos tempos dor-porta, dor-ECG e dor-bal&#227;o, ou na taxa de indica&#231;&#227;o de ICP entre os sexos.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao acesso para cateterismo card&#237;aco e procedimentos de ICP, nosso estudo mostrou uma diferen&#231;a significativa na escolha do acesso arterial, sendo o acesso radial menos frequente em mulheres. Taxas de mortalidade mais altas podem estar relacionadas ao aumento do uso de acesso femoral para ICP de SCA entre mulheres devido a hemorragias mais significativas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> No entanto, complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas foram incomuns em nosso estudo e n&#227;o encontramos qualquer diferen&#231;a com base no sexo. Al&#233;m disso, o IAMCSST foi a apresenta&#231;&#227;o mais comum em nossa coorte de estudo e geralmente est&#225; associado a piores resultados em compara&#231;&#227;o com outras apresenta&#231;&#245;es de SCA. No entanto, a localiza&#231;&#227;o do IM n&#227;o foi diferente entre homens e mulheres.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, embora a ICP prim&#225;ria tenha sido indicada para 85,6% dos pacientes, um n&#250;mero consider&#225;vel de pacientes com DAC n&#227;o obstrutiva, indica&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM) e fase subaguda de IAMCSST teve contraindica&#231;&#227;o de ICP, independentemente do sexo.</p>
      <p>&#201; amplamente reconhecido que mulheres s&#227;o menos frequentemente diagnosticadas e tratadas ap&#243;s SCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> No entanto, isto n&#227;o foi demonstrado no nosso estudo, uma vez que mulheres e homens tiveram prescri&#231;&#245;es de medicamentos, indica&#231;&#245;es de ICP e taxas de sucesso semelhantes. Embora a percentagem de <italic>stents</italic> n&#227;o-farmacol&#243;gicos fosse elevada quando se comparavam os relat&#243;rios atuais, esta era independente do sexo e refletia o financiamento limitado do sistema nacional de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Mortalidade e um modelo multivariado</title>
        <p>A taxa de mortalidade hospitalar aumentada observada em mulheres est&#225; de acordo com relatos anteriores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Esse achado tem sido atribu&#237;do &#224; idade avan&#231;ada e &#224; maior carga de comorbidades das mulheres. Entretanto, v&#225;rios estudos mostraram aumento da mortalidade em mulheres mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para esses fatores de confus&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Sendo assim, ap&#243;s adicionar o sexo feminino ao escore GRACE SCA estabeleceu que vari&#225;veis como idade, parada card&#237;aca na interna&#231;&#227;o e classe de Killip &gt; I permaneceram preditores independentes de mortalidade hospitalar. Por outro lado, a troponina, o n&#237;vel de creatinina e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca anormais foram exclu&#237;dos do modelo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo est&#227;o relacionadas ao desenho observacional. N&#227;o podemos descartar o vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o e todos os fatores de confus&#227;o residuais e/ou n&#227;o mensurados. Al&#233;m disso, a amostra &#233; derivada de uma experi&#234;ncia unic&#234;ntrica, que analisa apenas a mortalidade intra-hospitalar, podendo subestimar a preval&#234;ncia de determinados fatores de risco cardiovascular, podendo ter ocorrido classifica&#231;&#227;o incorreta de diagn&#243;stico. Para esta an&#225;lise, foram considerados apenas pacientes internados, e a possibilidade de maiores taxas de mortalidade ap&#243;s IAMCSST em homens do que em mulheres antes da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar pode ter sido um vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s medidas relacionadas &#224; poss&#237;vel influ&#234;ncia do sexo sobre o tratamento, acreditamos que, ao incluirmos todos os pacientes consecutivos e realizarmos a coleta de dados de forma intra-hospitalar ap&#243;s o tratamento padr&#227;o do IAMCSST, minimizamos esse vi&#233;s, embora ele n&#227;o tenha sido exclu&#237;do. Al&#233;m disso, o poder estat&#237;stico limitado do estudo pode ter afetado a sele&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis em nosso modelo multivariado.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Implica&#231;&#245;es para a pr&#225;tica e/ou pol&#237;tica</title>
        <p>Este achado destaca as disparidades de resultados ap&#243;s SCA em mulheres, em compara&#231;&#227;o com homens, e deve ser um aspecto considerado na implementa&#231;&#227;o de pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de para minimizar a mortalidade de mulheres ap&#243;s SCA. Os profissionais cl&#237;nicos devem ser constantemente treinados para observar particularidades relacionadas ao sexo em cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos, tais como descri&#231;&#245;es de sintomas, fatores de risco e evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica ap&#243;s IAMCSST.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Concluindo, o sexo feminino, adicionado ao escore GRACE, permaneceu associado a maior risco de mortalidade hospitalar ap&#243;s IAMCSST. Al&#233;m disso, as diretrizes de tratamento recomendadas e seguidas para todos os pacientes com IAMCSST neste estudo podem n&#227;o ser apropriadas para mulheres. Ainda, o sexo feminino deve ser reconsiderado em futuras itera&#231;&#245;es da pontua&#231;&#227;o de risco de mortalidade.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Gostar&#237;amos de agradecer a valiosa ajuda do professor Edmilson Mazza durante a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e de Pedro Raposo de Aquino, Beatriz Lima C. de Ara&#250;jo, &#205;talo Mafra de Oliveira, Marcela Moury F. da Rosa Borges, Gabriela Baltar Ferreira Gomes, Bruna Barbosa Galindo, Arthur Henrique de O. Silva, Rafael Felipe F. de Aguiar, Gutemberg Alves da Silva Filho, Hugo Coimbra Ribeiro Alves, Maria Luiza Freire Bezerra de Souza, Pedro Rio Leal Moraes de Melo e Taciana Andrade de Abreu pelo aux&#237;lio na coleta de dados.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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              <surname>Chiostri</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
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              <surname>Giglioli</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
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              <surname>Zucchini</surname>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Jos&#233; Sergio Nascimento Silva pela Universidade de Pernambuco.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do PROCAPE sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 37458520.0.0000.5192. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado por FACEPE e CNPq.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230060i</article-id>
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          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Beyond the GRACE ACS Score: Do We Need a Different Model for Men and Women after STEMI?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9227-8832</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Sergio Nascimento</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8975-3812</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Isly Maria Lucena de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4888-5920</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Augusto Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cao</surname>
            <given-names>Davide</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3093-9743</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>S&#237;lvia Marinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Tawanna Xavier Marques de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farias</surname>
            <given-names>Rayssa Santana de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0732-9920</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lemke</surname>
            <given-names>Viviana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mehran</surname>
            <given-names>Roxana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9078-3296</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
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        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Pernambuco &#8211; PROCAPE, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
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      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Agamenon Magalh&#227;es, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
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      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York &#8211; USA</institution>
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      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Real Hospital Portugu&#234;s de Benefic&#234;ncia em Pernambuco &#8211; Realcor, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiocare Cl&#237;nica Cardiol&#243;gica, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Zena and Michael A Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, New York &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Jos&#233; Sergio Nascimento Silva &#8226; Universidade de Pernambuco &#8211; PROCAPE &#8211; Rua dos Palmares, s/n. Postal Code 50100-010, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil E-mail: sergio_m1@hotmail.com, sergio.nascimento@cardiol.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Beyond the GRACE ACS Score: Do We Need a Different Model for Men and Women after STEMI?</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230060-30060-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Women, in comparison to men, experience worse outcomes after acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, whether the female sex per se is an independent predictor of such adverse events remains unclear.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> This study aims to assess the association between the female sex and in-hospital mortality after ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> We conducted a retrospective cohort study by enrolling consecutive STEMI patients admitted to a tertiary hospital from January 2018 to February 2019. All patients were treated per current guideline recommendations. Multivariable logistic regression models were applied to evaluate in-hospital mortality using GRACE variables. Model accuracy was evaluated using c-index. A p-value &lt; 0.05 was statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Out of the 1678 ACS patients, 709 presented with STEMI. The population consisted of 36% women, and the median age was 61 years. Women were older (63.13 years vs. 60.53 years, p = 0.011); more often presented with hypertension (75.1% vs. 62.4%, p = 0.001), diabetes (42.2% vs. 27.8%, p &lt; 0.001), and hyperlipidemia (34.1% vs. 23.9%, p = 0.004); and were less likely to undergo percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) via radial access (23.7% vs. 46.1%, p &lt; 0.001). In-hospital mortality rate was significantly higher in women (13.2% vs. 5.6%, p = 0.001), and the female sex remained at higher risk for in-hospital mortality (OR 2.79, 95% CI 1.15&#8211;6.76, p = 0.023). A multivariate model including age, sex, systolic blood pressure, cardiac arrest, and Killip class was 94.1% accurate in predicting in-hospital mortality, and the c-index was 0.85 (95% CI 0.77&#8211;0.93).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> After adjusting for the risk factors in the GRACE prediction model, women remain at higher risk for in-hospital mortality.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Sex</kwd>
        <kwd>Women</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Women have been shown to have poorer outcomes after ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) compared to men.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> This phenomenon has been partly attributed to factors such as older age at presentation and higher prevalence of comorbidities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Yet, it remains unclear whether sex-related differences in outcomes are also due to an actual difference in the biology of the disease or only secondary to baseline imbalances and sex-related disparities in treatment and access to care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events for Acute Coronary Syndrome (GRACE ACS) score was first proposed in 2003,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> and is still recommended by current guidelines for predicting mortality after ACS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> However, despite the GRACE ACS risk model being widely used around the world, it does not consider sex a risk predictor. Furthermore, over the last two decades, several aspects of ACS treatment have evolved, and the accuracy of previous prediction models has decreased in current practice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Therefore, in order to address the controversies surrounding the worse outcomes experienced by women with ACS, we sought to investigate whether the female sex is associated with a higher risk for in-hospital mortality among STEMI patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design, location, and patients</title>
          <p>We conducted a retrospective cohort study in a tertiary cardiology hospital of a national public healthcare system, which serves as a regional heart disease reference for a large geographical area and population, with 24-hour emergency cardiac catheterization and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) facilities. The population consisted of consecutive patients older than 18 years and admitted with STEMI between January 2018 and February 2019.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection</title>
          <p>We planned to standardize all collected variables according to the recommendations of the International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement (ICHOM).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Data were entered into a prospective database by dedicated personnel after consulting electronic medical records on a daily basis. All patients with STEMI were enrolled and their electrocardiograms (ECG) were reviewed by an experienced clinical cardiologist and an interventional cardiologist.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Definitions</title>
          <p>The diagnosis of STEMI was considered if the ECG showed new or presumably new ST-elevation in two or more contiguous leads or a new left bundle-branch block.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
          <p>High-sensitivity troponin T level was considered abnormal at &gt; 0.014 ng/mL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Major bleeding events related to PCI (defined as a decrease of two points in basal hemoglobin or two packed red blood cells unit transfusions) within 72 hours of index presentation, coronary dissection, coronary perforation, emergent coronary artery bypass grafting for failed PCI, and vascular complications requiring intervention during hospitalization were considered PCI complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
          <p>PCI success was defined when thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) grade flow 3 was obtained.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical approval</title>
          <p>All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee, and the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all patients. The local Ethics Committee approved the study protocol (approval number: 37458520.0.0000.5192 on June 21, 2017).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Sample size was calculated based on a 7.5% in-hospital mortality frequency after STEMI with a 1.98 relative risk,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> considering a 5% alfa error and 80% study power; and a sample size of 110 patients was found necessary (55 men and 55 women).</p>
          <p>Continuous variables with non-normal distribution were presented as median and interquartile range due to the non-normality of the data, while categorical variables were presented by absolute numbers and percentages, with the relevant confidence intervals. The Mann-Whitney and chi-squared tests were used to compare the continuous and categorical variables between the groups. Normal distribution was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test.</p>
          <p>A univariate regression analysis was performed, and then a multivariable stepwise logistic regression with backward selection was used to evaluate the association between the female sex and higher risk for in-hospital mortality. Candidate covariates for inclusion into the final model were those from the GRACE ACS risk score (age, creatinine, heart rate/pulse, systolic blood pressure, cardiac arrest at admission, abnormal troponin, and Killip class) and sex. The significance levels for inclusion or exclusion of the covariates from the model were 0.2. The model&#8217;s goodness-of-fit was assessed with the Hosmer-Lemeshow test, and the c-index was obtained. The P-value was considered statistically significant when &lt; 0,05. Statistical analysis was performed using the IBM SPSS 21 statistical package.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline characteristics</title>
          <p>From a total of 1,678 patients admitted with ACS, 709 (255 women and 454 men) presented with STEMI and were enrolled in the study. The baseline characteristics of the patients are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. Women were older and had diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia more often than men. There were no significant differences between the sexes with respect to race/ethnicity/skin color, smoking status, coronary artery disease (CAD) family history, history of stroke or myocardial infarction (MI), peripheral artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and chronic kidney disease.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics of all cohort patients stratified by sex</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variable</th>
                    <th>Male (n = 454)</th>
                    <th>Female (n = 255)</th>
                    <th>All (n = 709)</th>
                    <th>p Value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (median, IQR*, years)</td>
                    <td align="center">60 (52 - 69)</td>
                    <td align="center">62 (54 - 73)</td>
                    <td align="center">61 (53 - 70)</td>
                    <td align="center">p = 0.011*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Race/ethnicity/skin color (n, %)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">p = 0.238<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Caucasian</td>
                    <td align="center">64 (16)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (11.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">91 (14.5)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Black</td>
                    <td align="center">42 (10.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (13.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">72 (11.5)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Brown</td>
                    <td align="center">290 (72.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">163 (72.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">453 (72.2)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yellow</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (1.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (2.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (1.8)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Risk factors (n, %)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">274 (62.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">187 (75.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">461 (67)</td>
                    <td align="center">p = 0.001<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes</td>
                    <td align="center">122 (27.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">105 (42.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">227 (33)</td>
                    <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoking</td>
                    <td align="center">174 (39.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">103 (41.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">277 (40.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">p = 0.657<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hyperlipidemia</td>
                    <td align="center">105 (23.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">85 (34.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">190 (27.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">p = 0.004<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CAD<sup>&#8224;</sup> family history</td>
                    <td align="center">129 (29.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">72 (28.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">201 (29.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">p = 0.897<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Previous history (n, %)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Myocardial infarction</td>
                    <td align="center">64 (14.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (11.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">93 (13.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">p = 0.280<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Stroke</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (6.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (6.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">44 (6.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">p = 0.764<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Occlusive peripheral arterial disease</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (3.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (3.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (3.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">p = 0.765<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Chronic kidney disease</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (3.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (2.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (3.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">p = 0.376<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PCI<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">41 (10.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (8.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">60 (9.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">p = 0.492<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CABG<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">8 (2.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (1.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (2.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">p = 1.000<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dialysis</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (1.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (2.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (1.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">p = 1.000<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Medications in last 7 days (n, %)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Aspirin</td>
                    <td align="center">66 (17.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">41 (19.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">107 (17.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">p = 0.529<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Statin</td>
                    <td align="center">66 (17.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">35 (16.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">101 (16.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">p = 0.814<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Clopidogrel</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (6.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (3.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">31 (5.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">p = 0.239<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Insulin</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (4.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (10.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (6.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">p = 0.008<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Presentation characteristics</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Heart rate (median, IQR, beats/min)</td>
                    <td align="center">78 (70 - 90)</td>
                    <td align="center">81.5 (72 - 96)</td>
                    <td align="center">80 (70 - 92)</td>
                    <td align="center">p = 0.007*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Systolic blood pressure (median, IQR, mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">130 (110 - 150)</td>
                    <td align="center">120 (110 - 140)</td>
                    <td align="center">130 (110 - 140)</td>
                    <td align="center">p = 0.027*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cardiac arrest (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (4.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (5.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">31 (4.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">p = 0.722<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Creatinine level (median, IQR, mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.94 (0.80 &#8211;1.13)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.79 (0.65 - 1.06)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.90 (0.74 - 1.11)</td>
                    <td align="center">p &lt; 0.001*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Killip classification (n, %)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">p = 0.148<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Class I</td>
                    <td align="center">286 (81.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">150 (76.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">436 (79.0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Class &gt; I</td>
                    <td align="center">65 (18.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">45 (23.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">110 (20.1)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Necrosis marker (median, IQR, ng/ml)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>High-sensitive cardiac troponin T</td>
                    <td align="center">3.51 (0.87 - 8.93)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.50 (0.59 - 6.64)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.20 (0.77 - 8.20)</td>
                    <td align="center">p = 0.062*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>ST-segment elevation location (n, %)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">p = 0.645<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Anterior</td>
                    <td align="center">211 (54.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">108 (49.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">319 (52.8)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Inferior</td>
                    <td align="center">159 (41.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">94 (43.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">253 (41.9)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lateral</td>
                    <td align="center">88 (22.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">59 (27.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">147 (24.3)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Posterior</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (2.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (2.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (2.6)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>*IQR: interquartile range; <sup>&#8224;</sup>CAD: coronary artery disease; <sup>&#8225;</sup>PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; <sup>&#167;</sup>CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting. *p-values refers to Mann-Whitney test. <sup>&#8224;</sup>p-values refers to Pearson&#180;s chi-square test.<sup>&#8225;</sup> p-values refers to Exact Fisher&#180;s test.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Prehospital conditions and variables</title>
          <p>Before admission to the tertiary institution, most of the patients had received care in a general emergency hospital, of which 61.4% were primarily treated within three hours of chest pain onset. Meanwhile, 45.9% were referred to tertiary care after five hours of symptom onset, and 24% after more than ten hours. Nevertheless, when symptoms onset to hospital care (pain-to-door time), to ECG acquisition (pain-to-ECG time), and from tertiary hospital admission to PCI (door-to-balloon time) were evaluated, it was found that these timings were not significantly different according to sex. However, we found a different total ischemia time (symptoms onset to balloon time), showing that men underwent primary PCI more quickly than women (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Sex differences and similarities regarding clinical and invasive treatment</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="3">Variable</th>
                    <th>Male</th>
                    <th>Female</th>
                    <th>All</th>
                    <th rowspan="3">p Value</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="3" rowspan="1">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>n (%)</th>
                    <th>n (%)</th>
                    <th>n (%)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Clinical scenario</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total ischemia time (median, IQR*, hours)</td>
                    <td align="center">13.86 (8.81 - 17.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">18.00 (10.5 - 20.33)</td>
                    <td align="center">14.77 (9.30 - 19.68)</td>
                    <td align="center">p&lt;0.001*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Pain-to-door time (hours)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">p=0.416*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Until 2</td>
                    <td align="center">64 (17.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (13.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">92 (16.2)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>2&#8211;5</td>
                    <td align="center">100 (27.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">50 (24.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">150 (26.5)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>5&#8211;10</td>
                    <td align="center">96 (26.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">59 (28.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">155 (27.3)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&gt; 10</td>
                    <td align="center">103 (28.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">67 (32.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">170 (30)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Pain-to-ECG&#8224; time (hours)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">p=0.265*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&lt; 1</td>
                    <td align="center">117 (37.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">45 (29.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">162 (34.9)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>1&#8211;3</td>
                    <td align="center">92 (29.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">57 (37.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">149 (32.1)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>3&#8211;10</td>
                    <td align="center">68 (21.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">33 (21.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">101 (21.8)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&gt; 10</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (11.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (10.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">52 (11.2)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Door-to-balloon time (hours)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">p=0.174*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&lt; 1</td>
                    <td align="center">59 (31.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (23.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">86 (28.0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>1&#8211;4</td>
                    <td align="center">58 (30.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">33 (28.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">91 (29.6)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>4&#8211;10</td>
                    <td align="center">42 (22.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (23.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">69 (22.5)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&gt; 10</td>
                    <td align="center">31 (16.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (25.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">61 (19.9)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fibrinolytic therapy</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (4.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (2.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (3.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">p=0.304<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IIb/IIIa glycoprotein inhibitor use</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (5.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (5.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">41 (5.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">p=0.802<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Spontaneous MI<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">372 (96.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">209 (97.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">581 (96.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">p=0.836<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Stent thrombosis-related MI<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">10 (2.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (1.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (2.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">p=0.836<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Cardiac catheterization findings</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">p=0.515<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Uni-arterial involvement</td>
                    <td align="center">172 (41.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">84 (36.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">256 (39.5)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Bi- or tri-arterial involvement</td>
                    <td align="center">104 (54.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">130 (56.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">356 (55.0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left main disease involvement</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (5.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (6.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">38 (6.0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No significant obstruction</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (4.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (7.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (5.6)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>PCI<sup><bold>&#167;</bold></sup> details</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Radial access</td>
                    <td align="center">155 (46.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">45 (23.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">200 (38)</td>
                    <td align="center">p&lt;0.001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>1 or 2 implanted stents</td>
                    <td align="center">309 (91.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">176 (91.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">485 (91.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">p=0.996<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Bare-metal stent implanted</td>
                    <td align="center">302 (92.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">172 (92.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">474 (92.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">p=0.849<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Success procedure rate</td>
                    <td align="center">311 (96.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">176 (94.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">487 (95.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">p=0.336<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TIMI<sup>//</sup> 3 final flow</td>
                    <td align="center">254 (89.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">146 (87.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">400 (88.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">p=0.671<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Major bleeding complications</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (1.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (3.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (2.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">p=0.344<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CABG<sup>&#182;</sup> indication</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (2.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (3.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (2.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">p=0.705<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>In-hospital overall mortality</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (5.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (13.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">51 (8.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">p=0.001<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>*IQR: interquartile range; <sup>&#8224;</sup>ECG: electrocardiogram; <sup>&#8225;</sup>MI: myocardial infarction; <sup>&#167;</sup>PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; <sup>//</sup>TIMI: thrombolysis in myocardial infarction; <sup>&#182;</sup>CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting. *p-values refer to the Mann-Whitney test. <sup>&#8224;</sup>p-values refers to Pearson&#180;s chi-square test. <sup>&#8225;</sup>p-values refer to Exact Fisher&#180;s test.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical evaluation and electrocardiogram</title>
          <p>The majority of patients had a spontaneous MI. At hospital admission, chest pain, cardiogenic shock, cardiac arrest, Killip class, and the indication for an invasive treatment were not different between women and men. Around one-third of patients had a 12-lead ECG performed within the first hour of symptoms onset, and most individuals had received an ECG diagnosis within three hours, without significant differences between sexes.</p>
          <p>Sinus rhythm and anterior wall ST-elevation followed by inferior wall ST-elevation were the most common presentations and similar between sexes, while isolated ST-elevation in augmented vector right (aVR) lead and left-or-right complete-branch block were uncommon.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiac catheterization and primary PCI</title>
          <p>Emergency cardiac catheterization followed by primary PCI was performed in most patients. Some patients underwent elective PCI, and a minority had no indication for an invasive strategy due to non-cardiac clinical complications such as gastric bleeding or frailty, especially in very elderly patients, at the attending physician&#8217;s discretion. Non-obstructive CAD was found in 36 patients, irrespective of their sex.</p>
          <p>Uni-, bi-, or multi-arterial and left main disease involvement did not differ between the sexes. Radial access was more likely to be performed in men compared to women. Stent number and type (bare metal or drug-eluting), PCI success, and Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) final flow were not different between the groups.</p>
          <p>The vast majority of patients received a bare-metal stent. Any complication related to PCI occurred in a small number of patients and was mostly due to bleeding. Baseline creatinine levels and systolic blood pressure were lower in women than in men, while heart rate was higher in women than in men.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>In-hospital mortality</title>
          <p>Fifty-one patients died. Women had a significantly worse mortality rate, compared with men. The results of the multivariate logistic regression model are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>. Age, cardiac arrest at admission, Killip class &gt; I, and the female sex were independent predictors of in-hospital mortality. The final model (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>) was 94.1% accurate (c<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> = 12.45, p = 0.132) in predicting overall in-hospital mortality with a good model adjustment, and the c-index was 0.85, 95% CI 0.77&#8211;0.93.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions for in-hospital mortality prediction</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Variable</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Univariate regression</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Multivariate regression</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="2">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                    <th colspan="2">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>OR* (CI 95%)</th>
                    <th>p Value</th>
                    <th>OR* (95% CI<sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup>)</th>
                    <th>p Value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (per 1 year increase)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.06 (1.04&#8211;1.09)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1.06 (1.02&#8211;1.09)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female sex</td>
                    <td align="center">2.66 (1.48&#8211;4.65)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">2.79 (1.15&#8211;6.76)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.023</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Troponin T level</td>
                    <td align="center">1.03 (0.99&#8211;1.07)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.185</td>
                    <td align="center">1.05 (0.99&#8211;1.11)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.143</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Initial creatinine level</td>
                    <td align="center">1.17 (1.00&#8211;1.14)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.047</td>
                    <td align="center">1.48 (0.96&#8211;2.20)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.079</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Heart rate/pulse</td>
                    <td align="center">1.02 (1.00&#8211;1.04)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                    <td align="center">1.02 (1.00&#8211;1.04)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.055</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Systolic blood pressure</td>
                    <td align="center">0.97 (0.96&#8211;0.98)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.97 (0.96&#8211;0.99)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cardiac arrest at admission</td>
                    <td align="center">10.45 (4.10&#8211;26.58)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">6.77 (1.25&#8211;36.63)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.027</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Killip class &gt; I</td>
                    <td align="center">4.74 (2.58&#8211;8.71)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">3.09 (1.22&#8211;7.81)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.017</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>The final logistic model was statically significant and the Hosmer-Lemeshow chi-square statistic (a measure of the goodness-of-fit) was c<sup>2</sup> = 12.45 and had a p value of 0.132. <sup>*</sup>OR: odds ratio; <sup>&#8224;</sup>CI: confidence interval.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Final multivariate model for in-hospital mortality after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-04-e20230060-30060-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>As far as we are concerned, our study is the largest cohort proposed specifically to evaluate sex differences after STEMI in Brazil. It showed that the female sex remained at higher risk for in-hospital mortality after STEMI in contrast to GRACE ACS risk score, in which sex is not a predictor. Despite that women were older than men in our study, the female sex remained associated with impaired survival even after multivariable adjustment (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>), which included age in line with de-Miguel-Balsa E et al. study findings. When validating GRACE, they found the female sex as an independent predictor of hospital mortality in the STEMI subpopulation, and sex did not substantially improve the discriminative ability of the GRACE score.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Furthermore, although women displayed a higher prevalence of comorbidities, such as hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia, the GRACE ACS does not account for these in the prediction of mortality after ACS,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> even though the Charlson comorbidity index was similar in both sexes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> In addition, other important cardiovascular risk factors (smoking, CAD family history, prior stroke or MI, peripheral artery disease, and chronic kidney disease) that have a greater demonstrated impact on higher mortality were not significantly different between men and women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Further, it has been suggested that atypical symptoms could delay ACS treatment and lead to less invasive management in women compared to men.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> In line with the different total ischemia time found in our study, a longer waiting period for primary PCI is unfavorable for women. Even though it was not part of the GRACE mortality prediction model, it may have contributed to higher mortality among women in this study. However, we did not find significant differences in the pain-to-door, pain-to-ECG, and pain-to-balloon times or the indication to PCI rate between sexes.</p>
        <p>Regarding access to cardiac catheterization and PCI procedures, our study showed a significant difference in artery access choice, with radial access being less frequent in women. Higher mortality rates may be related to increased use of femoral access for ACS PCI among women due to major bleeding.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Yet, bleeding complications were uncommon in our study, and we did not find any difference based on sex. Further, anterior STEMI was the most common presentation in our study cohort and is generally associated with worse outcomes compared with other ACS presentations. Nonetheless, MI location was not different between men and women.</p>
        <p>Furthermore, although primary PCI was indicated for 85.6% of patients, a considerable number of patients presenting with non-obstructive CAD, indication for coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG), and a subacute phase of STEMI had PCI contraindicated, irrespective of their sex.</p>
        <p>It is widely recognized that women are less frequently diagnosed and treated after ACS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> However, this was not demonstrated in our study, as women and men had similar drug prescriptions, PCI indications, and success rates. Although the percentage of bare metal stents was high when comparing current reports, it was irrespective of sex and reflected the limited financing for the national public health system.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Mortality and a multivariate model</title>
          <p>The higher rate of in-hospital mortality observed in women is in line with previous reports.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> This finding has been attributed to older age and higher burden of comorbidities of women. However, several studies showed increased mortality in women even after adjustment for these confounders.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Therefore, after adding the female sex to our model, the GRACE ACS score established that variables such as age, cardiac arrest at admission, and Killip class &gt; I have remained independent in-hospital mortality predictors. On the other hand, abnormal troponin, creatinine level, and heart rate were excluded from the model.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>Limitations to this study relate to the observational design. We cannot rule out selection bias and all residual and/or unmeasured confounding. Moreover, the sample is derived from a single-center experience analyzing only in-hospital mortality, which may underestimate the prevalence of some cardiovascular risk factors, and misclassification of sex and diagnosis may have occurred. For this analysis, only hospitalized patients were considered, and the possibility of having higher mortality rates after STEMI in men than women before hospital admission may have been a selection bias. Regarding measurements related to the possible influence of sex in the treatment, we believe that by including all consecutive patients and performing in-hospital data collection after standard STEMI treatment, we minimized this bias, although it was not excluded. Moreover, the limited statistical power of the study may have affected the variable selection in our multivariate model.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Implications for practice and/or policy</title>
          <p>This finding highlights the outcome disparities after ACS in women, compared with men, and should be a prominent factor in the implementation of health policies to minimize women&#8217;s mortality following ACS. Clinical practitioners should be constantly trained to observe sex-related particularities in clinical scenarios, such as symptom descriptions, risk factors, and clinical evolution after STEMI.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In conclusion, the female sex, in addition to the GRACE score, remained associated with a higher risk for in-hospital mortality after STEMI. Besides, treatment guidelines that are recommended and followed for all STEMI patients in this study may not be appropriate for women. Still, the female sex should be reconsidered in future mortality risk score iterations.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>We would like to thank the valuable help from Professor Edmilson Mazza during statistical analysis and Pedro Raposo de Aquino, Beatriz Lima C. de Ara&#250;jo, &#205;talo Mafra de Oliveira, Marcela Moury F. da Rosa Borges, Gabriela Baltar Ferreira Gomes, Bruna Barbosa Galindo, Arthur Henrique de O. Silva, Rafael Felipe F. de Aguiar, Gutemberg Alves da Silva Filho, Hugo Coimbra Ribeiro Alves, Maria Luiza Freire Bezerra de Souza, Pedro Rio Leal Moraes de Melo, and Taciana Andrade de Abreu for their help in data collection.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Jos&#233; Sergio Nascimento Silva, from Universidade de Pernambuco.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the PROCAPE under the protocol number 37458520.0.0000.5192. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding: This study was partially funded by FACEPE and CNPq.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
