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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">hbF87q3NBSrGBRSZ75SQt6M</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000300205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240138</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rela&#231;&#227;o da Testosterona com a Obesidade e a Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4295-9151</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>P&#243;voa</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Rui P&#243;voa &#8226;</bold> Rua Jos&#233; de Magalh&#227;es, 370. CEP <postal-code>04026-090</postal-code>, Vila Clementino, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>rmspovoa@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240138</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Testosterona</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A testosterona &#233; o principal horm&#244;nio masculino e &#233; respons&#225;vel pelo desenvolvimento dos &#243;rg&#227;os sexuais, tendo import&#226;ncia na libido e na fun&#231;&#227;o sexual de forma geral. Apesar de controverso, acredita-se que com a idade ocorra diminui&#231;&#227;o gradativa deste horm&#244;nio, e alguns trabalhos apontam a obesidade como principal fator da redu&#231;&#227;o hormonal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>As diferen&#231;as hormonais no homem e na mulher podem explicar algumas peculiaridades no comportamento de determinadas doen&#231;as, principalmente as cardiovasculares (CV). A testosterona, atinge um pico aos 30 anos de idade, com decl&#237;nio de 1-2% anualmente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Em idosos, o risco de apresentar defici&#234;ncia de testosterona (DT) aumenta sensivelmente, podendo levar a diversos sintomas. Entretanto o efeito desta redu&#231;&#227;o hormonal no risco CV ainda n&#227;o est&#225; bem definido, pois em fases mais avan&#231;adas da vida surgem diversas comorbidades, principalmente a obesidade. Nesta mescla de fatores de risco fica um pouco dif&#237;cil tipificar a import&#226;ncia da DT de forma objetiva. Alguns estudos como o de Laughlin et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> evidenciaram que a DT aumentava o risco CV. Outros como o "<italic>The Longitudinal Cardiovascular Health Study</italic>"<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> e o de Collet et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> n&#227;o encontraram nenhuma rela&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Apesar de n&#227;o haver uma conclus&#227;o objetiva entre a DT e o risco CV, a terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o da testosterona (TRT) &#233; amplamente utilizada, especialmente em idosos com baixos n&#237;veis deste horm&#244;nio e com alguma expressividade sintom&#225;tica. Entretanto a TRT apresenta resultados discrepantes em rela&#231;&#227;o aos eventos CV, podendo aumentar a mortalidade, apesar da significante melhora dos sintomas da defici&#234;ncia androg&#234;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Esta discrep&#226;ncia, prejudicando uma conclus&#227;o dos estudos, ocorre devido a exist&#234;ncia, nesta faixa et&#225;ria mais avan&#231;ada, de diversas comorbidades principalmente a obesidade, o diabetes mellitus, pr&#233;-exist&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e principalmente a hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA). Em rela&#231;&#227;o a HA alguns estudos associam a DT a aumentos dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos, por&#233;m ainda n&#227;o temos estudos robustos que confirmem esta afirma&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Este estudo transversal de Negreto et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> avaliou a preval&#234;ncia da DT em uma popula&#231;&#227;o hipertensa tendo o grande m&#233;rito de ser uma avalia&#231;&#227;o in&#233;dita na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A avalia&#231;&#227;o da DT em uma determinada doen&#231;a &#233; complexa em vista de diversos fatores de confus&#227;o. Em rela&#231;&#227;o a HA, a obesidade &#233; o fator de confus&#227;o mais presente visto que est&#225; relacionado tanto com a HA quanto com a DT. De todas as comorbidades analisadas neste estudo foi a obesidade a que teve a rela&#231;&#227;o com a DT, com estat&#237;stica significante. Encontraram nesta popula&#231;&#227;o hipertensa 24,5% de DT, entretanto n&#227;o sabemos qual a real preval&#234;ncia na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. Os estudos em outras popula&#231;&#245;es apresentam n&#250;meros muito vari&#225;veis. Mulligan et al estudando o hipogonadismo em 2.165 indiv&#237;duos com idade acima de 45 anos (m&#233;dia de 60,5 anos), encontraram preval&#234;ncia de 38,7%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Evidentemente que a composi&#231;&#227;o das popula&#231;&#245;es estudadas e a rela&#231;&#227;o multidirecional entre a hipertens&#227;o, DT e aumento de peso corp&#243;reo, impactam de forma expressiva em uma an&#225;lise correta de qualquer uma destas vari&#225;veis. Entretanto, apesar dos poss&#237;veis vieses envolvendo estas doen&#231;as e comorbidades, a DT teve associa&#231;&#227;o positiva como o &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea. Quanto mais obeso menor o n&#237;vel de testosterona. Nesta popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira hipertensa, o n&#237;vel de testosterona caiu um pouco mais de 8ng/dL para o aumento de 1Kg/m<sup>2</sup> e reduziu 3,7 ng/dL para cada ano a mais de idade. Estes n&#250;meros s&#227;o importantes na escassez de dados nacionais.</p>
    <p>A participa&#231;&#227;o dos horm&#244;nios no contexto cardiovascular &#233; bastante ampla e ainda complexa, principalmente esta rela&#231;&#227;o da testosterona com a HA, que &#233; uma doen&#231;a multifatorial, onde a obesidade participa de forma expressiva. A maioria dos fatores que elevam a press&#227;o arterial est&#227;o relacionados com a obesidade e vice-versa, e neste cen&#225;rio a DT se agrega a esta complexa dupla de fator de risco CV.</p>
    <p>Ainda necessitamos mais estudos com a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira para uma ideia da verdadeira preval&#234;ncia da DT e para que possamos decifrar com precis&#227;o qual o papel do horm&#244;nio e da obesidade no mecanismo da HA.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Defici&#234;ncia de Testosterona em Homens Hipertensos: Preval&#234;ncia e Fatores Associados</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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              <surname>McWhirter</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevalence of Hypogonadism in Males Aged at Least 45 Years: The HIM Study</article-title>
          <source>Int J Clin Pract</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>60</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>762</fpage>
          <lpage>769</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1742-1241.2006.00992.x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10 Mulligan T, Frick MF, Zuraw QC, Stemhagen A, McWhirter C. Prevalence of Hypogonadism in Males Aged at Least 45 Years: The HIM Study. Int J Clin Pract. 2006;60(7):762-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2006.00992.x.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240138i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Relationship of Testosterone with Obesity and Arterial Hypertension</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4295-9151</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>P&#243;voa</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Rui P&#243;voa &#8226;</bold> Rua Jos&#233; de Magalh&#227;es, 370. Postal Code <postal-code>04026-090</postal-code>, Vila Clementino, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>rmspovoa@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Testosterone</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Testosterone is the main male hormone and is responsible for the development of sexual organs, having importance in libido and sexual function in general. Although controversial, it is believed that this hormone gradually decreases with age, and some studies point to obesity as the main factor in hormonal reduction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Hormonal differences in men and women may explain some peculiarities in the behavior of certain diseases, especially cardiovascular (CV) diseases. Testosterone reaches a peak at 30 years of age, with a decline of 1-2% annually.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In the elderly, the risk of developing testosterone deficiency (TD) increases significantly, which can lead to several symptoms. However, the effect of this hormonal reduction on CV risk is not yet well defined, as various comorbidities arise at later stages of life, especially obesity. In this mix of risk factors, it is somewhat difficult to typify the importance of DT objectively. Some studies, such as that by Laughlin et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> showed that DT increased CV risk. Others, such as "The Longitudinal Cardiovascular Health Study"<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and that of Collet et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> found no relationship.</p>
      <p>Although there is no objective conclusion between TD and CV risk, testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is widely used, especially in elderly people with low levels of this hormone and with some expressive symptoms. However, TRT presents discrepant results concerning CV events and may increase mortality, despite the significant improvement in androgen deficiency symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>This discrepancy, hindering the conclusion of the studies, occurs due to the existence, in this older age group, of several comorbidities, mainly obesity, diabetes mellitus, pre-existence of cardiovascular diseases, and mainly arterial hypertension (AH). About AH, some studies associate DT with increased blood pressure levels, but we still do not have robust studies that confirm this statement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>This cross-sectional study by Negreto et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> evaluated the prevalence of TD in a hypertensive population, having the great merit of being an unprecedented assessment of the Brazilian population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The assessment of TD in a given disease is complex because of several confounding factors. Concerning AH, obesity is the most common confounding factor as it is related to both AH and TD. Of all the comorbidities analyzed in this study, obesity was the one that had a statistically significant relationship with TD. They found 24.5% of DT in this hypertensive population, however, we do not know the real prevalence in the Brazilian population. Studies in other populations present very variable numbers. Mulligan et al., studying hypogonadism in 2,165 individuals aged over 45 years (average of 60.5 years), found a prevalence of 38.7%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Evidently, the composition of the populations studied and the multidirectional relationship between hypertension, TD, and increase in body weight, have a significant impact on a correct analysis of any of these variables. However, despite the possible biases involving these diseases and comorbidities, DT had a positive association with body mass index. The more obese you are, the lower your testosterone level. In this hypertensive Brazilian population, the testosterone level fell a little more than 8ng/dL for an increase of 1kg/m<sup>2</sup> and reduced by 3.7 ng/dL for each additional year of age. These numbers are important given the scarcity of national data.</p>
      <p>The role of hormones in the cardiovascular context is quite broad and still complex, especially this relationship between testosterone and AH, which is a multifactorial disease, in which obesity plays a significant role. Most of the factors that increase blood pressure are related to obesity and vice versa, and in this scenario, TD is added to this complex duo of CV risk factors.</p>
      <p>We still need more studies with the Brazilian population to get an idea of the true prevalence of TD so that we can decipher precisely the role of the hormone and obesity in the mechanism of AH.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Testosterone Deficiency in Hypertensive Men: Prevalence and Associated Factors</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
