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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">NNn5c78KN79Pv3Rrw4yRD9w</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000300204</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00204</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240106</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Imenso Desafio de Buscar a Melhor Evid&#234;ncia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2849-1596</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Maurino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado &#8211; Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Estimulocor &#8211; Aval Clinica e Cardiol&#243;gica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Estimulocor &#8211; Aval Clinica e Cardiol&#243;gica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Luiz Maurino Abreu</bold> &#8226; Avenida Ataulfo de Paiva 135/1502. CEP <postal-code>22440-901</postal-code>. Leblon, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil E-mail: <email>maurinoabreu@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240106</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Infec&#231;&#245;es por Coronav&#237;rus</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulantes</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Para gerar a melhor evid&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica, &#233; crucial seguir m&#233;todos rigorosos de pesquisa, utilizar amostras representativas, aplicar an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas apropriadas e garantir a revis&#227;o por pares em publica&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas respeit&#225;veis. A transpar&#234;ncia e replicabilidade tamb&#233;m s&#227;o fundamentais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas e meta-an&#225;lises t&#234;m como objetivo sumarizar um conjunto de evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis para uma determinada quest&#227;o e fornecer uma resposta de alta qualidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Situa&#231;&#245;es novas acrescem vari&#225;veis n&#227;o analisadas anteriormente, e a pandemia de COVID-19 trouxe grandes quest&#245;es. A urg&#234;ncia em encontrar tratamentos eficazes e desenvolver vacinas incentivou uma mobiliza&#231;&#227;o global da comunidade cient&#237;fica. Foram fatores que contribu&#237;ram: a emerg&#234;ncia sanit&#225;ria global, a mobiliza&#231;&#227;o internacional, fontes de financiamento priorit&#225;rios, maior disponibilidade de redes de dados e alta tecnologia, que estimularam uma verdadeira corrida em busca de respostas. Essa converg&#234;ncia de fatores resultou em uma explos&#227;o de publica&#231;&#245;es, buscando melhor entender a fisiopatologia, op&#231;&#245;es de tratamento, medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o e impactos socioecon&#244;micos. Como seria de esperar, com a pressa, boa parte das publica&#231;&#245;es era de m&#225; qualidade, sendo que algumas geraram desinforma&#231;&#227;o com graves consequ&#234;ncias, pois muitas destas tiveram grande repercuss&#227;o na m&#237;dia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> No curso da pandemia in&#250;meras diretrizes foram geradas e alteradas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Houve discrep&#226;ncias not&#225;veis entre as diferentes orienta&#231;&#245;es em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es sobre a gest&#227;o da COVID-19 no Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O uso regular de anticoagulante oral (ACO) em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA), conforme seu perfil de risco, tem comprovado impacto na redu&#231;&#227;o do acidente vascular cerebral tromboemb&#243;lico e mortalidade, sendo indica&#231;&#227;o consagrada nas diretrizes com alto grau de evid&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O artigo de Landsteiner et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> neste n&#250;mero dos ABC Cardiol, busca responder qual &#233; a melhor conduta frente a um paciente portador de FA, em uso regular de ACO, e que &#233; acometido de COVID-19. Os autores produzem uma cuidadosa meta-an&#225;lise visando buscar a resposta quanto ao risco versus benef&#237;cio do uso do ACO neste contexto cl&#237;nico.</p>
    <p>Metan&#225;lises de qualidade, em que se pode incluir estudos prospectivos randomizados, constituem o padr&#227;o ouro para a melhor evid&#234;ncia. No entanto, deve-se levar em conta os grandes desafios a serem superados para produzir uma meta-an&#225;lise de qualidade com a sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos a serem inclu&#237;dos, identificar vieses potenciais, heterogeneidade, qualidade dos estudos, dados incompletos, vi&#233;s de relato (publica&#231;&#245;es s&#243; com dados favor&#225;veis), e a capacidade de generaliza&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os autores<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> fizeram busca sistem&#225;tica no PubMed, Embase e Cochrane Library por estudos eleg&#237;veis desde o in&#237;cio da pandemia at&#233; dezembro de 2022, incluindo aqueles que compararam desfechos de COVID-19 em pacientes com e sem anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral cr&#244;nica pr&#233;via para FA. O trabalho de sele&#231;&#227;o, empregou protocolo rigoroso buscando publica&#231;&#245;es com maior qualidade e menor chance de vieses, fundamental tratando-se de estudos observacionais. A descri&#231;&#227;o da "An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica" presente no artigo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> d&#225; a no&#231;&#227;o de qu&#227;o complexo &#233; o processo, com in&#250;meras ferramentas sendo utilizadas para buscar reduzir as potenciais limita&#231;&#245;es e assim, a melhor evid&#234;ncia. Inicialmente foram selecionados 596 estudos, com 493 exclu&#237;dos, 26 revisados e, s&#243; considerados 10 para an&#225;lise. Apesar do robusto n&#250;mero de casos inclu&#237;dos, a heterogeneidade sempre foi elemento a considerar.</p>
    <p>Para avaliar o risco de vieses no material selecionado, os autores usaram a ferramenta ROBINS-I (<italic>Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies of Interventions</italic>). Suas limita&#231;&#245;es incluem depend&#234;ncia da qualidade dos relatos, desafios na categoriza&#231;&#227;o de vi&#233;s e a necessidade de julgamento subjetivo por parte dos avaliadores. Al&#233;m disso, a ROBINS-I pode n&#227;o abordar completamente todas as fontes de vi&#233;s potencial em certos contextos. Esse &#233; um dos aspectos ressaltado no pr&#243;prio artigo nas limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Com todo isso, os autores na discuss&#227;o, reconhecem n&#227;o haver total seguran&#231;a dos resultados, principalmente pelo desconhecimento das condi&#231;&#245;es e quais foram os impedimentos para tratamento hospitalar, o que s&#243; valoriza o trabalho agora publicado.</p>
    <p>A conclus&#227;o est&#225; de acordo com a plausibilidade cient&#237;fica mais forte: a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o reduz o risco nos pacientes com FA.</p>
    <p>Como sempre, a melhor decis&#227;o ser&#225; aquela tomada caso a caso, onde riscos versus benef&#237;cios ser&#227;o avaliados e compartilhados com o paciente, de acordo com as evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o Cr&#244;nica em Pacientes com Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial e COVID-19: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240106i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Immense Challenge of Searching for the Best Evidence</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2849-1596</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abreu</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Maurino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <institution content-type="orgname">Estimulocor &#8211; Aval Clinica e Cardiol&#243;gica</institution>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado &#8211; Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <institution content-type="orgname">Estimulocor &#8211; Aval Clinica e Cardiol&#243;gica</institution>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Estimulocor &#8211; Aval Clinica e Cardiol&#243;gica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Luiz Maurino Abreu</bold> &#8226; Avenida Ataulfo de Paiva 135/1502. Postal Code <postal-code>22440-901</postal-code>, Leblon, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil E-mail: <email>maurinoabreu@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Arrhytmias, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronavirus, Infections</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulants</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>To generate the best scientific evidence, it is crucial to follow rigorous research methods, use representative samples, apply appropriate statistical analyses, and ensure peer review in reputable scientific publications. Transparency and replicability are also key.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Systematic reviews and meta-analyses aim to summarize a body of available evidence for a given question and provide a high-quality answer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>New situations add variables not previously analyzed, and the COVID-19 pandemic has raised big questions. The urgency to find effective treatments and develop vaccines has encouraged a global mobilization of the scientific community. Contributing factors were: the global health emergency, international mobilization, priority funding sources, greater availability of data networks, and high technology, which stimulated a real race in search of answers. This convergence of factors resulted in an explosion of publications, seeking to better understand the pathophysiology, treatment options, prevention measures, and socioeconomic impacts. As would be expected, in the rush, most of the publications were of poor quality, some of which generated misinformation with serious consequences, as many of these had great repercussions in the media.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> During the course of the pandemic, numerous guidelines were generated and changed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> There were notable discrepancies between different guidelines regarding recommendations on the management of COVID-19 in Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The regular use of oral anticoagulants (OAC) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), depending on their risk profile, has proven to have an impact on reducing thromboembolic stroke and mortality, being an indication enshrined in guidelines with a high degree of evidence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The article by Landsteiner et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> in this issue of the ABC Cardiol, seeks to answer what is the best approach for a patient with AF, who regularly uses OCP, and who is affected by COVID-19. The authors produce a careful meta-analysis aiming to find the answer regarding the risk versus benefit of using OAC in this clinical context.</p>
      <p>Quality meta-analyses, which can include prospective randomized studies, constitute the gold standard for the best evidence. However, one must take into account the major challenges to be overcome to produce a quality meta-analysis with the selection of studies to be included, identify potential biases, heterogeneity, quality of studies, incomplete data, reporting bias (publications only with favorable data), and the ability to generalize.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The authors<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library for eligible studies from the start of the pandemic until December 2022, including those that compared COVID-19 outcomes in patients with and without prior chronic oral anticoagulation for AF. The selection work used a rigorous protocol seeking publications with higher quality and less chance of bias, which is essential in the case of observational studies. The description of the "Statistical Analysis" present in the article<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> gives the notion of how complex the process is, with numerous tools being used to seek to reduce potential limitations and thus, the best evidence. Initially, 596 studies were selected, with 493 excluded, 26 reviewed, and only 10 considered for analysis. Despite the robust number of cases included, heterogeneity was always an element to consider.</p>
      <p>To assess the risk of bias in the selected material, the authors used the ROBINS-I (Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies of Interventions) tool. Its limitations include dependence on the quality of reports, challenges in categorizing bias, and the need for subjective judgment on the part of evaluators. Additionally, ROBINS-I may not fully address all sources of potential bias in certain contexts. This is one of the aspects highlighted in the article itself in the limitations of the study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>With all this, the authors in the discussion recognize that there is no complete certainty of the results, mainly due to the lack of knowledge of the conditions and what were the impediments to hospital treatment, which only adds value to the work now published.</p>
      <p>The conclusion is in line with the strongest scientific plausibility: anticoagulation reduces the risk in patients with atrial fibrillation.</p>
      <p>As always, the best decision will be made on a case-by-case basis, where risks versus benefits will be assessed and shared with the patient, according to the available evidence.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Chronic Anticoagulation in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
