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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">pr7stsnTStm74GyTvqNsrfC</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000300201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240092</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rigidez A&#243;rtica e Resposta aos Inibidores da Fosfodiesterase-5 em Pacientes em Tratamento para Disfun&#231;&#227;o Er&#233;til: Papel Preditivo ou Epifen&#244;meno?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3406-9300</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tibiri&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia - Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Ensino e Pesquisa</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia - Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Ensino e Pesquisa, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Eduardo Tibiri&#231;a</bold> &#8226; Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia &#8211; Rua da Laranjeiras, 374. CEP <postal-code>22240-006</postal-code>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>etibi@uol.com.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240092</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Rigidez Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Er&#233;til</kwd>
        <kwd>Inibidores da Fosfodiesterase 5</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til (DE), um problema de sa&#250;de com patog&#234;nese multifatorial e alta preval&#234;ncia, est&#225; diretamente correlacionada com a idade do paciente e est&#225; relacionada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e a um risco aumentado de doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial vascular atualmente &#233; considerada ser a liga&#231;&#227;o entre DE vasculog&#234;nica e doen&#231;as cardiometab&#243;licas, incluindo hipertens&#227;o, diabetes e aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A associa&#231;&#227;o entre DE e DCV &#233; reconhecida h&#225; muito tempo, e estudos sugerem que a DE pode ser um marcador independente de risco de DCV, incluindo a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana subcl&#237;nica em homens assintom&#225;ticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nesse contexto, o uso generalizado de inibidores da fosfodiesterase tipo 5 (iPDE-5) tem levado mais pacientes com DE a procurar ajuda m&#233;dica, proporcionando uma excelente oportunidade para a identifica&#231;&#227;o e corre&#231;&#227;o de poss&#237;veis fatores de risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Al&#233;m de problemas vasculares funcionais e estruturais acredita-se que altera&#231;&#245;es na circula&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica que ocorrem durante a DE, dist&#250;rbios microcirculat&#243;rios locais e fibrose contribuam para a patog&#234;nese da DE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, foi demonstrado que a fun&#231;&#227;o microvascular dependente do endot&#233;lio peniano melhora ap&#243;s o uso cont&#237;nuo de sildenafil em pacientes hipertensos com DE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o da revista, &#199;i&#231;ek et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> descreveram um estudo clinicamente relevante que foi conduzido para investigar o suposto valor preditivo da rigidez a&#243;rtica na avalia&#231;&#227;o das respostas cl&#237;nicas ao tratamento com iPDE-5 em pacientes com DE. A ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica &#233; um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo que pode ser usado para avaliar a variabilidade puls&#225;til, tens&#227;o e distensibilidade na aorta. Na verdade, a rigidez arterial pode ser facilmente avaliada calculando-se os par&#226;metros de elasticidade a&#243;rtica com a ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica, que &#233; um m&#233;todo de f&#225;cil aplica&#231;&#227;o e tempo eficiente, que n&#227;o requer nenhum outro equipamento ou software.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> No entanto, alguns aspectos do trabalho de &#199;i&#231;ek merecem uma discuss&#227;o mais aprofundada. Primeiro, os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo eram bastante jovens, com uma idade m&#233;dia de aproximadamente 45-50 anos. Notavelmente, a DE &#233; cada vez mais prevalente com a idade: aproximadamente 40% dos homens s&#227;o afetados aos 40 anos de idade, e quase 70% dos homens s&#227;o afetados aos 70 anos;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> al&#233;m disso, a idade &#233; o par&#226;metro mais fortemente associado &#224; DE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, embora n&#227;o tenha havido diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade entre os tr&#234;s grupos de pacientes quando analisados em conjunto com ANOVA, uma compara&#231;&#227;o separada da m&#233;dia de idade e desvio padr&#227;o (DP) (usando testes t de Student) entre os grupos com DE grave e leve a moderada mostraram uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre os dois grupos (p=0,0367), sugerindo que os pacientes com DE leve a moderada eram mais jovens do que aqueles com DE grave. Neste caso, a idade poderia ser considerada uma vari&#225;vel de confus&#227;o que poderia resultar na super ou subestima&#231;&#227;o do impacto da vari&#225;vel independente sobre a vari&#225;vel dependente. Esta desvantagem poderia ter sido resolvida pela inclus&#227;o de poss&#237;veis confundidores como vari&#225;veis de controle nos modelos de regress&#227;o; desta forma, teria sido poss&#237;vel controlar o impacto da vari&#225;vel de confus&#227;o. Qualquer efeito que a potencial vari&#225;vel de confus&#227;o tenha sobre a vari&#225;vel dependente seria observado nos resultados da regress&#227;o e permitiria a separa&#231;&#227;o do impacto da vari&#225;vel independente.</p>
    <p>Finalmente, na se&#231;&#227;o de Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo, os autores reconheceram que seriam necess&#225;rios estudos multic&#234;ntricos com s&#233;ries maiores de pacientes para confirmar os resultados do presente estudo.</p>
    <p>No entanto, os resultados de &#199;i&#231;ek et al<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> sugerem que a deforma&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica e a distensibilidade a&#243;rtica medidas de forma n&#227;o invasiva usando ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica poderiam ser marcadores adicionais para prever as respostas do paciente ao tratamento para DE com iPDE-5. Assim, estudos adicionais incluindo s&#233;ries maiores de pacientes e an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas robustas s&#227;o necess&#225;rios.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Papel da Rigidez A&#243;rtica na Previs&#227;o da Resposta aos Inibidores da Fosfodiesterase-5 no Tratamento da Disfun&#231;&#227;o Er&#233;til</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240092i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aortic Stiffness and the Response to Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitors in Patients Receiving Treatment for Erectile Dysfunction: Predictive Role or an Epiphenomenon?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3406-9300</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tibiri&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia - Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Ensino e Pesquisa, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Eduardo Tibiri&#231;a</bold> &#8226; Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia &#8211; Rua da Laranjeiras, 374. Postal Code <postal-code>22240-006</postal-code>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>etibi@uol.com.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Vascular Stiffness</kwd>
        <kwd>Erectile Dysfunction</kwd>
        <kwd>Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Erectile dysfunction (ED), a health problem with multifactorial pathogenesis and high prevalence, is directly correlated with patient age and is related to endothelial dysfunction and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Vascular endothelial dysfunction is currently considered to be the link between vasculogenic ED and cardiometabolic diseases, including hypertension, diabetes, and atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The association between ED and CVD has long been recognized, and studies suggest that ED may be an independent marker of CVD risk, including the presence of subclinical coronary artery disease in otherwise asymptomatic men.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this context, the general use of type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitors (iPDE-5) has led more patients with ED to seek medical help, providing an excellent opportunity for the identification and correction of possible cardiovascular risk factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In addition to functional and structural vascular alterations in the systemic circulation that occur during ED, local microcirculatory disturbances and fibrosis are thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of ED.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Moreover, penile endothelium-dependent microvascular function has been shown to improve after continuous use of sildenafil in hypertensive patients with ED.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this issue of the journal, &#199;i&#231;ek et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> described a clinically relevant study that was conducted to investigate the putative predictive value of aortic stiffness in the evaluation of clinical responses to treatment with iPDE-5 in patients with ED. Transthoracic echocardiography is a noninvasive method that can be used to assess pulsatile variability, strain, and distensibility in the aorta. In fact, arterial stiffness can easily be assessed by calculating aortic elasticity parameters with transthoracic echocardiography, which is an easy-to-apply and time-efficient method that does not require any other equipment or software.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Nevertheless, some aspects of &#199;i&#231;ek's work merit further discussion. First, the patients included in the study were quite young, with an average age of approximately 45-50 years. Notably, ED is increasingly prevalent with age: approximately 40% of men are affected at the age of 40 years, and nearly 70% of men are affected at the age of 70 years;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> moreover, age is the parameter that is most strongly associated with ED.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Moreover, even though there was no difference concerning age among the three groups of patients when analyzed together with ANOVA, a separate comparison of the mean age and standard deviation (SD) (using Student's t-tests) between the groups with severe and mild-moderate ED showed a significant difference between the two groups (p=0.0367), suggesting that patients with mild-moderate ED were younger than those with severe ED. In this case, age could be considered a confounding variable that could result in the over- or underestimation of the impact of the independent variable on the dependent variable. This drawback could have been solved by the inclusion of possible confounders as control variables in the regression models; in this way, it would have been possible to control for the impact of the confounding variable. Any effect that the potential confounding variable has on the dependent variable would be observed in the results of the regression and allow for the separation of the impact of the independent variable.</p>
      <p>Finally, in the Limitations section of the study, the authors acknowledged that multicenter studies with larger series of patients would be necessary to confirm the results of the present study.</p>
      <p>Nevertheless, the results of &#199;i&#231;ek et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> suggest that aortic strain and aortic distensibility measured noninvasively using transthoracic echocardiography could be additional markers for predicting patient responses to treatment for ED with iPDE-5. Thus, additional studies including larger series of patients and robust statistical analyses are warranted.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Role of Aortic Stiffness in Predicting Response to Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitors in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
