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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">gZ3j73SkjfrfbfDQNmQJtGL</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000300501</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00501</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230757</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Interpretando o Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio 40 Anos Depois. Evolu&#231;&#227;o do Conhecimento: Qual a Melhor Explica&#231;&#227;o?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Coutinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rezende</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Cury</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3166-6054</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hueb</surname>
            <given-names>Whady</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Antonio Franchini</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Whady Hueb</bold> &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho Aguiar, 44 AB Bl 1 Sala 114. CEP <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>whady.hueb@incor.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230757</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Mioc&#225;rdio Atordoado</kwd>
        <kwd>Vaso Espamo Coron&#225;rio</kwd>
        <kwd>Dislipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Ruptura e eros&#227;o da placa s&#227;o as patologias imediatas mais comuns associadas ao infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. No entanto, outros mecanismos devem ser considerados. O caso relatado ocorreu em um momento em que a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea ou farmacol&#243;gica n&#227;o era o tratamento padr&#227;o, levando &#224; discuss&#227;o sobre esses outros mecanismos, bem como ao poss&#237;vel benef&#237;cio atribu&#237;do ao procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Homem de 58 anos, previamente assintom&#225;tico e portador de hipertens&#227;o arterial e dislipidemia, foi avaliado no pronto-socorro (25/mar&#231;o/1983) com dor retroesternal t&#237;pica com irradia&#231;&#227;o para o bra&#231;o esquerdo, acompanhada de sudorese e palidez, iniciados 1 hora atr&#225;s. Na apresenta&#231;&#227;o, os sinais vitais eram est&#225;veis e o exame f&#237;sico era normal. A hip&#243;tese principal foi de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), corroborada pelo eletrocardiograma (ECG) de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es que mostrava supradesnivelamento do segmento ST com posterior forma&#231;&#227;o de onda Q nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). A coronariografia mostrou um padr&#227;o uniarterial com suboclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria descendente anterior e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda grave (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). Os exames laboratoriais s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. A dor tor&#225;cica foi aliviada com o uso de nitroglicerina endovenosa e analgesia com an&#225;logo de morfina. Ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o, o paciente recebeu alta hospitalar.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Imagens de cineangiocoronariografia e ECG imediata e tardia. Quadro superior esquerdo: Suboclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria descendente anterior. Art&#233;rias circunflexa e coron&#225;ria direita: aus&#234;ncia de obstru&#231;&#245;es. Ventr&#237;culo esquerdo: disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica grave. Quadro superior direito (tr&#234;s meses depois). Angiografia semelhante com recupera&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. ECG (A): supradesnivelamento do segmento ST nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais. ECG (B): apenas recupera&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST e invers&#227;o da onda T. ECG (C): Tr&#234;s anos depois: pr&#243;ximo ao normal.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-03-e20230757-30757-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas laboratoriais na admiss&#227;o</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="49%">
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Hemoglobina</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">14 g/dL</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                <bold>Hemat&#243;crito</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">43%</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                <bold>Leuc&#243;citos</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">6,510 mm&#179;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                <bold>S&#243;dio</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">142 mEq/L</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                <bold>Pot&#225;ssio</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">4,1 mEq/L</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                <bold>Ureia</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">41 mg/dL</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                <bold>Creatinina</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,9mg/dL</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                <bold>PCR</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;5 mg/L</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                <bold>CK-MB</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">988 U/L</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="3" valign="top">
                <bold>Gasometria Arterial</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">pH</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">6,98</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">pCO<sub>2</sub></td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">16,02 mmHg</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">pO<sub>2</sub></td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">21,70 mmHg</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">HCO<sub>3</sub></td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">27,8 mEq/L</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Excesso de base</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-7,5 mEq/L</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Lactato</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2,7 mg/dL</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Tr&#234;s meses depois, (14/julho/1983), a paciente retornou &#224; emerg&#234;ncia com sintomas anginosos, mas sem sudorese ou palidez. Na apresenta&#231;&#227;o, os sinais vitais tamb&#233;m estavam est&#225;veis e o exame f&#237;sico inalterado. O ECG mostrava recupera&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST e apenas invers&#227;o da onda T, al&#233;m das mesmas caracter&#237;sticas angiogr&#225;ficas encontradas no exame inicial (persist&#234;ncia do padr&#227;o uniarterial com suboclus&#227;o proximal da art&#233;ria descendente anterior), exceto pela ventriculografia demonstrando recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). Recebeu alta hospitalar com seguimento ambulatorial, onde persistiu sem sintomas anginosos ou sinais de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca por anos. Em 1986, tr&#234;s anos ap&#243;s o evento &#237;ndice, realizou novo ECG em car&#225;ter ambulatorial, que demonstrou normaliza&#231;&#227;o do mesmo, com aus&#234;ncia de onda Q em deriva&#231;&#245;es anteriores, sugerindo aus&#234;ncia de fibrose ventricular nesta regi&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Sabe-se que a ruptura e a eros&#227;o da placa s&#227;o as patologias imediatas mais comuns associadas ao IAM. No entanto, outros mecanismos devem ser considerados:</p>
      <sec>
        <title>A- Espasmo da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria</title>
        <p>O IAM por espasmo &#233; subdiagnosticado e refere-se a uma vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o s&#250;bita e intensa de uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica que causa oclus&#227;o ou quase oclus&#227;o do vaso que, se prolongada, pode evoluir para les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica irrevers&#237;vel. Os mecanismos propostos incluem disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e hiper-reatividade prim&#225;ria das c&#233;lulas musculares lisas vasculares. No presente caso, a possibilidade de um mecanismo de espasmo coronariano n&#227;o deve ser ignorada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>B- IAM com art&#233;ria "fechada/aberta"</title>
        <p>Muitas evid&#234;ncias confirmaram a fissura da placa ateroscler&#243;tica seguida pela forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo como o processo patol&#243;gico subjacente que causa a oclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, resultando em IAM. DeWood et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> demonstraram a ocorr&#234;ncia de trombo oclusivo em 86% dos pacientes na angiografia dentro de 4 horas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do IAM e essa propor&#231;&#227;o diminuiu significativamente para 65% quando os pacientes foram estudados 12 a 24 horas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas. A oclus&#227;o coronariana resulta em isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, levando a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e necrose mioc&#225;rdica. A restaura&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea do fluxo anter&#243;grado durante este per&#237;odo inicial do IAM pode interromper a progress&#227;o da morte celular mioc&#225;rdica e salvar a fun&#231;&#227;o no mioc&#225;rdio comprometido. Nesse caso, a lise espont&#226;nea e precoce do trombo parece ser uma possibilidade.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>C- Tromb&#243;lise e reperfus&#227;o espont&#226;neas.</title>
        <p>Em procedimento pioneiro, Galiano et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> realizaram reperfus&#227;o mec&#226;nica na fase aguda do IAM. Ap&#243;s identificar um trombo na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita de um paciente com choque cardiog&#234;nico, o cardiologista intervencionista "fraturou" o trombo oclusivo, proporcionando a reperfus&#227;o e a revers&#227;o do choque cardiog&#234;nico. Durante a angiografia realizada na fase aguda, n&#227;o foi observado nenhum trombo intraluminal. No entanto, a ocorr&#234;ncia de tromb&#243;lise espont&#226;nea e reperfus&#227;o parece ser um modelo racional de oclus&#227;o coronariana completa rapidamente aliviada por mecanismos trombol&#237;ticos intr&#237;nsecos, que podem ser dif&#237;ceis de diagnosticar pela angiografia, mas n&#227;o podem ser descartados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>D-S&#237;ndrome de Takotsubo</title>
        <p>A cardiomiopatia de estresse ocorre em aproximadamente 1 a 2 por cento dos pacientes que apresentam IAM com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A patog&#234;nese desse dist&#250;rbio n&#227;o &#233; bem compreendida. V&#225;rias caracter&#237;sticas da cardiomiopatia de estresse sugerem que esse dist&#250;rbio pode ser causado por espasmo ou disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular difusa induzida por catecolaminas, resultando em atordoamento mioc&#225;rdico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> ou por toxicidade mioc&#225;rdica direta associada a catecolaminas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O suporte para um poss&#237;vel papel patog&#234;nico das catecolaminas vem de estudos nos quais as catecolaminas plasm&#225;ticas foram medidas na apresenta&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> No presente caso, a possibilidade de cardiomiopatia de Takotsubo tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi descartada, embora menos prov&#225;vel ap&#243;s a evid&#234;ncia angiogr&#225;fica de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana obstrutiva.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>E- Mioc&#225;rdio atordoado</title>
        <p>O atordoamento do mioc&#225;rdio foi estabelecido nos experimentos pioneiros de Heyndrickx et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> que demonstraram em modelo canino que uma breve oclus&#227;o coron&#225;ria era seguida de disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til p&#243;s-isqu&#234;mica regional sustentada que se recuperava totalmente ap&#243;s horas, sendo essa recupera&#231;&#227;o mais lenta naqueles expostos a maior tempo de isquemia.</p>
        <p>Assim, o entendimento do mioc&#225;rdio atordoado caracteriza-se por uma disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til desproporcionalmente duradoura (horas a dias), por&#233;m revers&#237;vel, que se segue a um breve surto de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica quando o fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano &#233; totalmente restaurado, compat&#237;vel com a recupera&#231;&#227;o ventricular evidenciada neste caso.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Mensagem Final</title>
      <p>O caso relatado ocorreu em um momento em que a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea n&#227;o era o tratamento padr&#227;o na s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda. Apenas em 1986, com a publica&#231;&#227;o do estudo GISSI,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> inaugurou-se a era da reperfus&#227;o qu&#237;mica. Assim, a recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular ocorreu mesmo com a limita&#231;&#227;o do fluxo coronariano causada pela suboclus&#227;o da art&#233;ria. Atualmente, a recupera&#231;&#227;o ventricular observada neste caso provavelmente seria atribu&#237;da &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o de restaura&#231;&#227;o do fluxo coronariano, por&#233;m este racioc&#237;nio n&#227;o &#233; sempre correto. Al&#233;m disso, ao observar uma placa coron&#225;ria suboclusiva, devemos sempre questionar a ocorr&#234;ncia de mecanismos n&#227;o ateroscler&#243;ticos adjuvantes para a ocorr&#234;ncia de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda. Como mostrado acima, apesar de v&#225;rios mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos poss&#237;veis, defini-la nem sempre &#233; uma tarefa f&#225;cil.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>O apoio para o presente estudo foi fornecido em parte pela Funda&#231;&#227;o Zerbini, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil. Os autores s&#227;o os &#250;nicos respons&#225;veis pelo desenho e condu&#231;&#227;o deste estudo e todas as an&#225;lises, a reda&#231;&#227;o e edi&#231;&#227;o do artigo e seu conte&#250;do final.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>DeWood</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spores</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Notske</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.2023-0757i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Interpreting Acute Myocardial Infarction 40 Years Later. Evolution of Knowledge: What is the Best Explanation?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Coutinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rezende</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Cury</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3166-6054</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hueb</surname>
            <given-names>Whady</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Antonio Franchini</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Whady Hueb</bold> &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho Aguiar, 44 AB Bl 1 Sala 114. Postal Code <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>whady.hueb@incor.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Stunning</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Vasoespasm</kwd>
        <kwd>Dyslipidemias</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic, Imaging/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Plaque rupture and erosion are the most common immediate pathologies associated with acute myocardial infarction. However, other mechanisms must be considered. The reported case occurred at a time when percutaneous or pharmacological coronary revascularization were not the standard treatment, which sparked discussion about these other mechanisms, as well as the possible advantages associated with the myocardial revascularization procedures.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Description</title>
        <p>A 58-year-old man, previously asymptomatic and diagnosed with arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia, was evaluated in the emergency room (March 25, 1983) with severe retrosternal chest pain radiating to the left arm, accompanied by sweating and pallor, which had begun one hour before he arrived at the hospital. On presentation, vital signs were stable, and physical examination was unremarkable. The primary diagnosis was acute myocardial infarction (MI), supported by a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) showing ST-segment elevation with subsequent formation of Q waves in precordial leads (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>). Coronary angiography revealed a single-vessel pattern with subtotal occlusion of the left anterior descending artery and severe left ventricular dysfunction (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>). Laboratory findings are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>. Chest pain was relieved with intravenous nitroglycerin and analgesia with a morphine analog. Following a recovery period, the patient was discharged.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Immediate and late coronary cineangiography and ECG images. CAPTION: Upper left frame: Sub occlusion of the anterior descending artery. Circumflex and right coronary arteries: absence of obstructions. Left ventricle: severe systolic dysfunction. Upper right frame (three months later). Similar angiogram with recovery of the left ventricle function. ECG (A): ST-segment elevation in precordial leads. ECG (B): ST-segment recovery and T wave inversion only. ECG (C): Three years later: Close to normal.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-03-e20230757-30757-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Laboratory characteristics on admission</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="49%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C7DEEC" valign="top">
                  <bold>Hemoglobin</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" style="background-color:#C7DEEC" valign="top">14 g/dL</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C7DEEC" valign="top">
                  <bold>Hematocrit</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" style="background-color:#C7DEEC" valign="top">43%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C7DEEC" valign="top">
                  <bold>White cells count</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" style="background-color:#C7DEEC" valign="top">6.510 mm<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C7DEEC" valign="top">
                  <bold>Sodium</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" style="background-color:#C7DEEC" valign="top">142 mEq/L</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C7DEEC" valign="top">
                  <bold>Potassium</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" style="background-color:#C7DEEC" valign="top">4.1 mEq/L</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C7DEEC" valign="top">
                  <bold>Urea</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" style="background-color:#C7DEEC" valign="top">41 mg/dL</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C7DEEC" valign="top">
                  <bold>Creatinine</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" style="background-color:#C7DEEC" valign="top">0.9mg/dL</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C7DEEC" valign="top">
                  <bold>C reactive protein</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" style="background-color:#C7DEEC" valign="top">&lt;5 mg/L</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C7DEEC" valign="top">
                  <bold>CK-MB (peak)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" style="background-color:#C7DEEC" valign="top">988 U/L</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="top">
                  <bold>Arterial blood gas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">pH</td>
                <td align="left" valign="top">6,98</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">pCO<sub>2</sub></td>
                <td align="left" valign="top">16.02 mmHg</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">pO<sub>2</sub></td>
                <td align="left" valign="top">21.70 mmHg</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">HCO<sub>3</sub></td>
                <td align="left" valign="top">27.8 mEq/L</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Base excess</td>
                <td align="left" valign="top">-7.5 mEq/L</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Lactate</td>
                <td align="left" valign="top">2.7 mg/dL</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Three months later (July 14, 1983), the patient returned to the emergency department with anginal symptoms, but without sweating or pallor. On presentation, vital signs were again stable, and the physical examination was unchanged. The ECG showed recovery of the ST segment and only T wave inversion, along with the same angiographic characteristics as the initial examination (persistent single-vessel pattern with proximal sub occlusion of the left anterior descending artery), except for ventriculography demonstrating recovery of ventricular function (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>). The patient was discharged with outpatient follow-up, remaining asymptomatic for angina or signs of heart failure for years. In 1986, three years after the index event, a subsequent ambulatory ECG showed normalization, with the absence of Q waves in anterior leads, suggesting the absence of ventricular fibrosis in this region.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>It is known that plaque rupture and erosion are the most common immediate pathologies associated with acute MI. However, other mechanisms must be considered:</p>
        <sec>
          <title>A- Coronary artery spasm</title>
          <p>MI due to spasm is underdiagnosed and refers to a sudden and intense vasoconstriction of an epicardial coronary artery that causes vessel occlusion or near occlusion that, if prolonged, can progress to irreversible myocardial injury. Proposed mechanisms include endothelial dysfunction and primary hyperreactivity of vascular smooth muscle cells. In the present case, the possibility of a coronary spasm mechanism should not be ignored.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>B- Acute MI with "close/open" artery</title>
          <p>Much evidence has confirmed atherosclerotic plaque fissuring followed by thrombus formation as the underlying pathologic process causing coronary artery occlusion resulting in acute MI. DeWood et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> showed occlusive thrombus in 86 percent of the patients in angiography within 4 hours of the onset of acute MI and this proportion decreased significantly to 65 percent when patients were studied 12 to 24 hours after the onset of symptoms. Coronary occlusion results in myocardial ischemia, leading to ventricular dysfunction and myocardial necrosis. Spontaneous restoration of antegrade flow during this early period of acute MI can arrest the progression of myocardial cell death and salvage function in jeopardized myocardium. In this case, spontaneous and early lysis of the thrombus seems to be an attractive possibility.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>C- Spontaneous thrombolysis and reperfusion</title>
          <p>In a pioneering procedure, Galiano et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> performed mechanical reperfusion in the acute phase of MI. After identifying a thrombus in the right coronary artery of a patient with cardiogenic shock, the interventional cardiologist "fractured" the occlusive thrombus, providing reperfusion and reversing the cardiogenic shock. During the angiography performed in the acute phase of the myocardium, no intraluminal thrombus was observed. However, the occurrence of spontaneous thrombolysis and reperfusion seems to be a rational model of complete coronary occlusion quickly relieved by intrinsic thrombolytic mechanisms, which can be difficult to diagnose by angiography but cannot be ruled out.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>D- Takotsubo Syndrome</title>
          <p>Stress cardiomyopathy occurs in approximately 1 to 2 percent of patients presenting with ST-elevation MI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The pathogenesis of this disorder is not well understood. Several features of stress cardiomyopathy suggest that this disorder may be caused by diffuse catecholamine-induced microvascular spasm or dysfunction, resulting in myocardial stunning,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> or by direct catecholamine-associated myocardial toxicity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Support for a possible pathogenic role for catecholamines comes from studies in which plasma catecholamines were measured at presentation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In the present case, the possibility of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy could also not be ruled out, although less likely after the angiographic evidence of obstructive coronary artery disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>E- Stunning Myocardium</title>
          <p>Myocardial stunning was established in the pioneering experiments of Heyndrickx et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>, who demonstrated in a canine model that brief coronary occlusion was followed by sustained regional post-ischemic contractile dysfunction that fully recovered after hours, with this recovery being slower in those exposed to longer ischemia time.</p>
          <p>So, the understanding of the stunned myocardium is characterized by a disproportionately long-lasting (hours to days), yet reversible, contractile dysfunction that follows a brief bout of myocardial ischemia when coronary blood flow is fully restored, compatible with the ventricular recovery evidenced in this case.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Final message</title>
        <p>The reported case occurred at a time when percutaneous coronary revascularization was not the standard treatment for acute coronary syndrome. It was only in 1986, with the publication of the GISSI<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> study, that the era of chemical reperfusion began. Thus, ventricular function recovery occurred despite coronary flow limitation caused by artery subocclusion. Presently, ventricular recovery observed in this case would likely be attributed to coronary flow restoration intervention; however, this reasoning is not always accurate. Additionally, when observing a subocclusive coronary plaque, we must always question the occurrence of adjunct non-atherosclerotic mechanisms for acute coronary syndrome. As demonstrated above, despite several possible pathophysiological mechanisms, defining it is not always an easy task.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>The support for the present study was provided in part by the Zerbini Foundation, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil. The authors are solely responsible for the design and conduct of this study, all study analyses, the drafting and editing of the paper, and its final contents.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
