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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">74DhFhwxqT3sVTCMz3RTbwP</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000300307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230558</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Seguran&#231;a Cardiovascular da Terapia de Reposi&#231;&#227;o da Testosterona: Avalia&#231;&#227;o Cr&#237;tica de um Ensaio Cl&#237;nico Publicado Recentemente</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-6790-2224</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Muller</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela Tramontini</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Decker</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Renato da Rosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Regis Goulart</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rollin</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Moinhos de Vento</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina Interna</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Moinhos de Vento &#8211; Departamento de Medicina Interna, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211;Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Moinhos de Vento</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Endocrinologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Moinhos de Vento &#8211; Departamento de Endocrinologia, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Isabela Tramontini Muller &#8226;</bold> Hospital Moinhos de Vento &#8211; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 910. CEP <postal-code>90035-001</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>isabela.tramontinim@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230558</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/preven&#231;&#227;o e controle</kwd>
        <kwd>Endocrinologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Testosterona/tratamento farmacol&#243;gico</kwd>
        <kwd>Seguran&#231;a do Paciente</kwd>
        <kwd>Ensaios de Equival&#234;ncia como Assunto</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Na &#250;ltima edi&#231;&#227;o de 16 de junho do <italic>New England Journal of Medicin</italic>, A. Michael Lincoff et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> publicaram um estudo de n&#227;o inferioridade, denominado "Seguran&#231;a cardiovascular da terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o da testosterona" com o objetivo de determinar os resultados de seguran&#231;a da terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o da testosterona em homens de meia-idade e idosos com hipogonadismo e doen&#231;a cardiovascular pr&#233;-existente. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o para hipogonadismo foram sintomas e dois n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de testosterona em jejum inferiores a 300 ng/dL em amostras de sangue obtidas entre 5:00 h e 11:00 h. A interven&#231;&#227;o foi a aplica&#231;&#227;o di&#225;ria de gel transd&#233;rmico de testosterona a 1,62% com ajustes para manter os n&#237;veis de testosterona entre 350 e 750 ng/dL ou responder a um hemat&#243;crito superior a 54%.</p>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas de linha de base inclu&#237;am homens, com idade m&#233;dia de 63 anos, dos quais 80% eram brancos, com &#237;ndice de massa corporal m&#233;dio de 35, e entre os quais 55% tinham doen&#231;a cardiovascular pr&#233;-existente. O n&#237;vel mediano de testosterona foi de 227 ng/dL em ambos os grupos, e o aumento m&#233;dio em rela&#231;&#227;o ao valor de linha de base foi de 148 ng/dL no grupo de testosterona, em compara&#231;&#227;o com um aumento m&#233;dio de 14 ng/dL no grupo de placebo. O estudo concluiu a n&#227;o inferioridade para eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores (MACE) comparando a reposi&#231;&#227;o de testosterona com placebo, e uma margem de n&#227;o inferioridade pr&#233;-especificada de 1,5. Os resultados finais mostraram uma raz&#227;o de risco para o desfecho prim&#225;rio de 0,96 (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%, 0,78-1,17; p-valor para n&#227;o inferioridade &lt;0,001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No entanto, temos preocupa&#231;&#245;es em rela&#231;&#227;o a essa alega&#231;&#227;o de n&#227;o inferioridade, principalmente devido a dois pontos: a margem de n&#227;o inferioridade e a escolha de um MACE de tr&#234;s pontos em vez de um MACE de cinco pontos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O MACE como desfecho composto melhora o poder de detectar diferen&#231;as em ensaios cl&#237;nicos e tem sido defendido pela Federal Drug Administration para ensaios envolvendo medicamentos para diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Contudo, para obter maior sensibilidade, devem ser considerados os desfechos que compreendem altera&#231;&#245;es nos MACE, levando em considera&#231;&#227;o o efeito esperado por meio de um MACE de cinco pontos (morte, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular cerebral, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo ou eventos tromboemb&#243;licos e interna&#231;&#245;es por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca).</p>
        <p>As evid&#234;ncias sugerem que, para determinar com seguran&#231;a uma margem de n&#227;o inferioridade, ela deve ser estabelecida com base em resultados anteriores sugeridos por estudos de superioridade sobre o mesmo tema.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O que foi estabelecido &#233; que as margens de n&#227;o inferioridade devem abranger eventos considerados importantes em estudos de superioridade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Em uma coorte retrospectiva publicada no JAMA em 2013, que avaliou um MACE de tr&#234;s pontos comparando testosterona com placebo, observou-se que o grupo testosterona teve um risco aumentado de mortalidade global, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e acidente vascular cerebral (RC 1,29; IC 95% 1,05-1,58; p = 0,02).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> No entanto, as evid&#234;ncias de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados que avaliam a reposi&#231;&#227;o de testosterona s&#227;o escassas, e, portanto, os autores utilizaram suposi&#231;&#245;es para a margem de n&#227;o inferioridade, escolhendo uma raz&#227;o de risco de 1,5 como margem. Nesse caso, num exemplo fict&#237;cio, se a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada tiver uma taxa de incid&#234;ncia de MACE de 10% a margem de 1,5, uma taxa de at&#233; 15% (10% + 5%) seria considerada aceit&#225;vel como "segura" em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; n&#227;o inferioridade do novo medicamento; esse valor foi superior ao normalmente utilizado em ensaios de n&#227;o inferioridade em cardiologia, que geralmente apresentam uma m&#233;dia de 1,3 (IC 95% 1,2-1,4) em termos relativos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Na publica&#231;&#227;o, as vari&#225;veis consideradas para MACE foram as tr&#234;s seguintes: primeira ocorr&#234;ncia de qualquer componente de um composto de morte cardiovascular, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal ou acidente vascular cerebral n&#227;o fatal. Uma revis&#227;o publicada descobriu que apenas alguns estudos utilizam o MACE tradicional de tr&#234;s pontos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Como o resultado composto ocorre com mais frequ&#234;ncia do que os seus componentes individuais, um resultado composto pode reduzir o n&#250;mero de participantes necess&#225;rios num estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Especialmente num ensaio de n&#227;o inferioridade, o poder de detectar resultados &#233; crucial. No caso do ensaio sobre testosterona, as hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o urgente e eventos tromboemb&#243;licos s&#227;o importantes e ofereceriam uma vis&#227;o mais abrangente dos resultados cardiovasculares, incluindo eventos clinicamente relevantes. Na realidade, a incid&#234;ncia de embolia pulmonar foi mais alta com a testosterona do que com placebo (RR 1,46 (0,92 - 2,32).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Em 2010, o estudo TOM, que randomizou homens com mais de 65 anos com limita&#231;&#245;es de mobilidade e n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos totais de testosterona entre 100 e 350 ng/dL ou n&#237;veis de testosterona livre inferiores a 50 pg/mL para receber placebo ou gel de testosterona com o objetivo de demonstrar ganho de massa muscular no grupo testosterona, teve que ser interrompido prematuramente devido a uma maior incid&#234;ncia de eventos adversos cardiovasculares no grupo da interven&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Este estudo utilizou um MACE mais abrangente, incluindo infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda, arritmias, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva e morte s&#250;bita. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o de cada evento adverso, o estudo n&#227;o teve poder suficiente para mostrar um risco aumentado para o grupo da testosterona. Entretanto, ao considerar o resultado card&#237;aco composto, houve 22% versus 5% mais eventos no grupo da testosterona (p&lt;0,001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Isso destaca a import&#226;ncia de abordar as principais configura&#231;&#245;es de resultados dos estudos, principalmente no que diz respeito a quest&#245;es de seguran&#231;a.</p>
        <p>Finalmente, ao incorporar esses resultados no MACE composto e usar uma margem de n&#227;o inferioridade mais conservadora (RR 1,3), provavelmente a terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o hormonal com testosterona seria inferior ao placebo e seu uso deve ser considerado com cautela.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230558i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiovascular Safety of Testosterone-Replacement Therapy: Critical Appraisal of a Currently Published Clinical Trial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-6790-2224</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Muller</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela Tramontini</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Decker</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Renato da Rosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Regis Goulart</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rollin</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Moinhos de Vento &#8211; Departamento de Medicina Interna, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Moinhos de Vento &#8211; Departamento de Endocrinologia, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Isabela Tramontini Muller &#8226;</bold> Hospital Moinhos de Vento &#8211; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 910. Postal Code <postal-code>90035-001</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>isabela.tramontinim@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Testosterone</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Outcomes</kwd>
        <kwd>Non-inferiority</kwd>
        <kwd>Safety</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>In the last edition on June 16 of the New England Journal of Medicine, A. Michael Lincoff et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> published a non-inferiority trial, entitled "Cardiovascular Safety of Testosterone-Replacement Therapy", aiming to determine the safety outcomes of testosterone replacement therapy in middle-aged and older men with hypogonadism and pre-existing cardiovascular disease. The inclusion criteria for hypogonadism were symptoms and two fasting serum testosterone levels of less than 300 ng/dL in blood samples obtained between 5:00 a.m. and 11:00 a.m. The intervention was daily transdermal 1.62% testosterone gel with adjustments to maintain testosterone levels between 350 and 750 ng/dL or to respond to a hematocrit greater than 54%.</p>
        <p>The baseline characteristics were men, with a mean age of 63 years, 80% were white, with a mean body-mass index of 35, and 55% had preexisting cardiovascular disease. The median testosterone level was 227 ng/dL in both groups, and the median increase from baseline was 148 ng/dL in the testosterone group, as compared to a median increase of 14 ng/dL in the placebo group. The study concluded non-inferiority for major adverse cardiac events (MACE) by comparing testosterone replacement to placebo, and a prespecified non-inferiority margin of 1.5. The final results showed a hazard ratio for the primary end-point of 0.96 (95% confidence interval, 0.78-1.17; p-value for non-inferiority &lt;0.001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> However, we have concerns regarding this claim of non-inferiority mainly because of two points: the margin of non-inferiority and the choice of a three-point MACE over a five-point MACE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>MACE as a composite endpoint improves the power to detect differences in clinical trials and has been advocated by the Federal Drug Administration for trials involving diabetes medications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> However, to achieve enhanced sensitivity, the outcomes comprising changes in MACE should be considered, taking into account the expected effect through a five-point MACE (death, myocardial infarction, stroke, target lesion revascularization or thromboembolic events, and heart failure hospitalizations).</p>
          <p>Evidence suggests that to safely determine a margin of non-inferiority, it should be established based on previous results suggested by superiority studies on the same topic.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> What has been established is that non-inferiority margins should encompass events considered important in superiority studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In a retrospective cohort published in JAMA in 2013, which evaluated a three-point MACE comparing testosterone with placebo, it was observed that the testosterone group had an increased risk of all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, and stroke (OR 1.29; 95% CI 1.05-1.58; p = 0.02).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> However, the evidence from randomized clinical trials assessing testosterone replacement is scarce; thus, the authors used assumptions for non-inferiority margin, choosing a hazard ratio of 1.5 as the margin. In this case, in a fictitious example, if the studied population has an incidence rate of MACE of 10% the margin of 1.5, a rate of up to 15% (10% + 5%) would be considered acceptable as "safe" concerning the non-inferiority of the new medication; this was higher than the one typically used in non-inferiority trials in cardiology, which generally present an average of 1.3 (95% CI 1.2-1.4) in relative terms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In the publication, the variables considered for MACE were the following three: the first occurrence of any component of a composite of cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, or non-fatal stroke. A published review found that only a few studies use the traditional three-point MACE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> As the composite outcome occurs more frequently than its individual components, a composite can reduce the number of participants needed in a study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Especially in a non-inferiority trial, the power to detect outcomes is crucial. In the case of the testosterone trial, hospitalizations for heart failure, urgent revascularization, and thromboembolic events are important and would provide a more comprehensive view of cardiovascular outcomes, including clinically relevant events. Indeed, the incidence of pulmonary embolism was higher with testosterone than with the placebo (HR 1.46 (0.92 - 2.32).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In 2010, the TOM study, which randomized men over 65 years with mobility limitations and total serum testosterone levels between 100 and 350 ng/dL or free testosterone levels less than 50 pg/mL to receive either a placebo or testosterone gel with the aim of demonstrating muscle mass gain in the testosterone group, had to be prematurely terminated due to a higher incidence of cardiovascular adverse events in the intervention group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> This study had used a more comprehensive MACE, including myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome, arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, and sudden death. When evaluating each adverse event, the study was underpowered to show an increased risk for the testosterone group. However, when considering the composite cardiac outcome, there were 22% versus 5% more events in the testosterone group (p&lt;0.001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> This underscores the significance of addressing studies&#8217; core outcome settings, mainly regarding safety concerns.</p>
          <p>Finally, by incorporating these outcomes into the composite MACE and using a more conservative non-inferiority margin (OR 1.3), testosterone hormone replacement therapy would most likely be inferior to placebo and its use should be considered with caution.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Study association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
