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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">cdJvKynrcb37kgzHYJmvk4M</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000300701</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00701</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230538</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Infarto com Supra-ST em Adulto Jovem: Rara Apresenta&#231;&#227;o de Mixoma Atrial Gigante</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0428-0305</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Rufino Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-7431-5645</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Jer&#244;nimo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Silvestre Vieira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Giulia Antoni Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cavalcanti</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Ernando Ferraz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Montenegro</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Tavares</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco Professor Luiz Tavares</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco Professor Luiz Tavares (PROCAPE), Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Pernambuco</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Rodrigo Rufino Pereira Silva</bold> &#8226; Universidade de Pernambuco &#8211; PROCAPE &#8211; Rua dos Palmares, s/n. CEP <postal-code>50100-010</postal-code>, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>rd_ro@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by" id="fn1">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230538</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>Neoplasias card&#237;acas s&#227;o raras, tendo como principal representante o mixoma atrial (MA), que corresponde a cerca de metade de todos os casos. O MA tem incid&#234;ncia estimada entre 0.001% e 0.3% na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, no entanto apenas aproximadamente 0,06% desses cursam com eventos emb&#243;licos coronarianos.</p>
        <p>Homem de 33 anos, tabagista, admitido com quadro de precordialgia intensa e irradia&#231;&#227;o para membro superior esquerdo com dura&#231;&#227;o de uma hora. O eletrocardiograma evidenciou eleva&#231;&#227;o de segmento ST nas deriva&#231;&#245;es D2, D3 e aVF troponina s&#233;rica elevada, confirmando infarto com supra desnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST). Foi realizada cineangiocoronariografia, a qual revelou oclus&#227;o em ter&#231;o proximal de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita por trombo. Realizada tentativa de aspira&#231;&#227;o do trombo, sem sucesso, seguido por angioplastia prim&#225;ria com bal&#227;o sem coloca&#231;&#227;o de stent. Durante a investiga&#231;&#227;o do quadro, paciente realizou ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico o qual demonstrou massa homog&#234;nea de superf&#237;cie regular, de 5.2 cm x 2.3 cm, aderida ao septo interatrial, com lobula&#231;&#245;es de caracter&#237;sticas embolig&#234;nicas prolapsando para valva mitral e ventr&#237;culo esquerdo na di&#225;stole, compat&#237;vel com MA. Foi realizada ressec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica com paciente evoluindo assintom&#225;tico, recebendo alta para seguimento ambulatorial.</p>
        <p>O caso relatado difere em idade e sexo do perfil epidemiol&#243;gico t&#237;pico sendo um dos poucos descritos com acometimento da parede inferior apresentando a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita como culpada. Este relato ratifica a import&#226;ncia do diagn&#243;stico diferencial frente &#224;s apresenta&#231;&#245;es de IAMCSST em jovens.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST</kwd>
        <kwd>Adulto Jovem</kwd>
        <kwd>Mixoma</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Tumores card&#237;acos s&#227;o entidades raras quando considerada a totalidade dos casos, apresentando preval&#234;ncia aproximada de 0,001% a 0,3%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> na popula&#231;&#227;o geral. A maior parte dos tumores card&#237;acos &#233; de etiologia secund&#225;ria, sendo representados pelas met&#225;stases. Dentre os tumores prim&#225;rios, mais incomuns, aproximadamente 80% s&#227;o benignos, sendo seu principal representante o mixoma atrial (MA). O MA pode se originar em qualquer c&#226;mara card&#237;aca, mas aparece no &#225;trio esquerdo em mais de 75% dos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora biologicamente benigno, o MA tem potencial danoso associado &#224; sua capacidade tromboemb&#243;lica e/ou obstrutiva. Tromboembolismo por MA &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o reconhecida e relativamente comum, podendo ocorrer em at&#233; 40% dos casos. Quando ocorre, geralmente afeta o sistema nervoso central, sendo causa potencial de acidente vascular encef&#225;lico.&#179; Mais raramente, pode haver embolia coronariana, resultando em infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) em at&#233; 0,06% dos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Relatamos a seguir uma rara apresenta&#231;&#227;o de MA em paciente adulto jovem: IAM de parede inferior secund&#225;rio a processo de tromboembolismo coronariano.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de Caso</title>
      <p>Paciente de 33 anos, masculino, tabagista ativo (carga tab&#225;gica estimada em 40 ma&#231;os-ano), previamente h&#237;gido, foi admitido em emerg&#234;ncia cardiol&#243;gica de servi&#231;o terci&#225;rio de cardiologia em Recife-PE com quadro de precordialgia intensa com irradia&#231;&#227;o para membro superior esquerdo de in&#237;cio uma hora antes da admiss&#227;o, sem outros sintomas associados. O paciente negava comorbidades conhecidas e uso de quaisquer medica&#231;&#245;es ou il&#237;citos. Sinais vitais e exame f&#237;sico admissionais sem altera&#231;&#245;es. Na emerg&#234;ncia, foi realizado eletrocardiograma (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>) o qual evidenciava eleva&#231;&#227;o de segmento ST nas deriva&#231;&#245;es D2, D3 e aVF, com valor de troponina s&#233;rica de 20.350,00 ng/dL (valor de refer&#234;ncia &lt;40 ng/dL), confirmando diagn&#243;stico de IAM com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSSST) de parede inferior. Nesse momento, foi realizada dose de ataque com aspirina e clopidogrel.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Eletrocardiograma admissional de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es evidenciando supradesnivelamento do segmento ST em deriva&#231;&#245;es inferiores: D2, D3 e aVF e infradesnivelamento do segmento ST em parede lateral (D1 e aVL).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-03-e20230538-30538-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Posteriormente, o paciente seguiu para cineangiocoronariografia de emerg&#234;ncia a qual revelou oclus&#227;o em ter&#231;o proximal de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (ACD) com imagens negativas na luminografia, sugestivas de oclus&#227;o por trombo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). Nesse momento, foi realizada aspira&#231;&#227;o do trombo, sem sucesso. A seguir, deu-se seguimento &#224; angioplastia prim&#225;ria com bal&#227;o sem coloca&#231;&#227;o de stent. Ap&#243;s angioplastia houve emboliza&#231;&#227;o distal com oclus&#227;o do ramo ventricular posterior. Nesse contexto, foi administrado tirofiban. Paciente evoluiu hemodinamicamente est&#225;vel, sem novos epis&#243;dios de dor e sem intercorr&#234;ncias.</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Cineangiocoronariografia com oclus&#227;o em &#8531; proximal de ACD com imagem negativa sugestiva de trombo &#224; esquerda, e, &#224; direita, imagem de migra&#231;&#227;o distal do trombo ap&#243;s tentativa de recanaliza&#231;&#227;o.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-03-e20230538-30538-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Ap&#243;s a alta da unidade de terapia intensiva, ainda durante o internamento e para fins de investiga&#231;&#227;o do quadro, o paciente realizou ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico. O exame revelou uma massa homog&#234;nea de superf&#237;cie regular em &#225;trio esquerdo, medindo 5.2 cm x 2.3 cm, aderida ao septo interatrial, com lobula&#231;&#245;es de caracter&#237;sticas embolig&#234;nicas prolapsando para valva mitral e ventr&#237;culo esquerdo na di&#225;stole, sugestivo de MA. Havia, nesse momento, acinesia de parede inferior e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson de 45%, sem outras altera&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Como paciente era tabagista e apresentou quadro de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda com altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar ao ecocardiograma, foi realizada angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias com score de c&#225;lcio e reconstru&#231;&#227;o em 3D para descartar a possibilidade de doen&#231;a coronariana com poss&#237;veis les&#245;es inst&#225;veis menores como etiologia do IAM (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, a imagem auxiliaria na avalia&#231;&#227;o do grau de invasividade ventricular da massa e o acometimento da valva mitral, dado que contribuiria para programa&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica pela possibilidade de troca valvar.</p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>A: Reconstru&#231;&#227;o com renderiza&#231;&#227;o em 3D de angiotomografia evidenciando massa volumosa e multilobulada em &#225;trio esquerdo com invas&#227;o para ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e folheto anterior de v&#225;lvula mitral; B: Pe&#231;a cir&#250;rgica do mixoma atrial.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-03-e20230538-30538-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      <p>N&#227;o foram evidenciadas les&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas ao m&#233;todo, ratificando a causa tromboemb&#243;lica do IAMCSSST. Assim, foi realizada ressec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do MA, sem troca valvar e sem intercorr&#234;ncias. O paciente recebeu alta hospitalar no quinto dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio com bom estado geral e assintom&#225;tico, com programa&#231;&#227;o de acompanhamento ambulatorial.</p>
      <p>A pe&#231;a cir&#250;rgica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>) foi enviada para estudo histopatol&#243;gico, o qual revelou material amorfo envolto em estroma mixomatoso composto por endot&#233;lio e c&#233;lulas poligonais/estreladas, mal organizadas, com altera&#231;&#245;es degenerativas e sem outros processos malignos associados. Os achados foram compat&#237;veis com MA.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Embora o risco de emboliza&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica pelo MA exista, sua ocorr&#234;ncia em territ&#243;rio coronariano &#233; extremamente rara, estimando-se incid&#234;ncia aproximada de 0,06% em todos os casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A baixa ocorr&#234;ncia de embolia para as art&#233;rias coronarianas pode ser explicada pela sua angula&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; aorta, somada &#224; prote&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica durante a s&#237;stole e do reduzido di&#226;metro dessas art&#233;rias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Dentre os IAMs causados por MA, a maior parte dos relatos na literatura descreve casos de IAM sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST e, quando IAMCSSST, o acometimento da art&#233;ria descendente anterior &#233; o mais comum, possivelmente por motivos anat&#244;micos.</p>
      <p>Existem na literatura 18 artigos do tipo relato de caso que reportam IAMCSST decorrente de embolia por MA esquerdo. Dentre 18 pacientes, 8 eram homens e 10 mulheres. Houve acometimento de ACD apenas em 2 casos, sendo os dois pacientes do sexo masculino.</p>
      <p>N&#227;o houve complementa&#231;&#227;o de estudo com angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias em nenhum deles. Entre todos os casos de MA, o perfil t&#237;pico descrito &#233; de mulheres, incid&#234;ncia de 3:1, entre a quarta e s&#233;tima d&#233;cadas de vida, ocorrendo de forma espor&#225;dica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No compilado mais recente sobre o tema da revis&#227;o de Al Zahrani et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> foram estudados 17 casos relatados em l&#237;ngua inglesa entre 2003 e 2014. Nesta s&#233;rie de casos, dez dos 17 casos (59%) apresentavam angiografia de coron&#225;rias normais. Dentre esses, 70% tinham menos de 45 anos. A raz&#227;o para coronariografias normais em pacientes com IAM por complica&#231;&#227;o de MA ainda n&#227;o &#233; claramente compreendida. A recanaliza&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea ap&#243;s emboliza&#231;&#227;o do MA ou a demora em realizar o exame s&#227;o sugeridos como causas prov&#225;veis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> por&#233;m isso difere do caso relatado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>Na maior parte das vezes, n&#227;o &#233; recomendada a aspira&#231;&#227;o de trombos em cineangiocoronariografia de rotina. A trombectomia &#233; uma alternativa poss&#237;vel, mas carece de valida&#231;&#227;o na literatura com mais estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> No entanto, no contexto de emboliza&#231;&#227;o trombog&#234;nica secund&#225;ria &#224; processos tumorais como MA, essa abordagem j&#225; foi descrita com sucesso e foi a utilizada no caso descrito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A ressec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica completa &#233; a &#250;nica terapia efetiva para alterar o progn&#243;stico com tratamento curativo. Destaca-se a programa&#231;&#227;o do pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio a fim de planejamentos embasados e da diminui&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es inesperadas, o qual foi realizado no caso com exames de imagem.</p>
      <p>Para fechamento do defeito cir&#250;rgico p&#243;s excisional do MA, podem ser usados patch de peric&#225;rdio ou Dacron. No intraoperat&#243;rio &#233; essencial, para reduzir o risco de fragmenta&#231;&#227;o e poss&#237;veis novos epis&#243;dios de emboliza&#231;&#227;o, evitar palpa&#231;&#227;o vigorosa ou manipula&#231;&#227;o da massa, devendo estas serem realizadas apenas ap&#243;s cardioplegia pela friabilidade do tecido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Para os pacientes abordados com ressec&#231;&#227;o completa, a sobrevida em longo prazo &#233; excelente e a recorr&#234;ncia &#233; rara. O risco geral de recorr&#234;ncia &#233; entre 12% e 22% para mixoma familiar e complexo, respectivamente.</p>
      <p>Para tumores espor&#225;dicos &#233; de apenas 1 a 3%, como o caso do paciente relatado. Acompanhamento regular com ecocardiografia &#233; indicado em todos os casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este caso ressalta uma causa rara de IAM e a import&#226;ncia em explorar poss&#237;veis diagn&#243;sticos diferenciais para casos de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda em pacientes jovens sem fatores de risco para doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica. Denota-se A necessidade de tratamento cir&#250;rgico definitivo em casos de MA como melhor possibilidade terap&#234;utica. A celeridade da estrat&#233;gia invasiva precoce, quando indicada, &#233; fundamental para o sucesso na maior parte dos casos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Relatado raro caso de emboliza&#231;&#227;o coronariana por MA gigante, o qual se apresentou como IAMCSST em paciente jovem. Al&#233;m do quadro infrequente, o perfil epidemiol&#243;gico do paciente &#8211; homem jovem &#8211; e a art&#233;ria coronariana acometida &#8211; ACD &#8211; torna o caso ainda mais singular. Ademais, ressalta-se a import&#226;ncia do diagn&#243;stico diferencial de patologia de apresenta&#231;&#245;es incomuns de doen&#231;as prevalentes no dia a dia do cardiologista, como no caso do IAMCSST.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado por Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade de Pernambuco &#8211; PROCAPE sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE: 70573423.9.0000.5192. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230538i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Acute ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction in a Young Adult: Rare Presentation of Giant Atrial Myxoma</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0428-0305</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Rufino Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-7431-5645</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Jer&#244;nimo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Silvestre Vieira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Giulia Antoni Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cavalcanti</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Ernando Ferraz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Montenegro</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Tavares</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico de Pernambuco Professor Luiz Tavares (PROCAPE), Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Rodrigo Rufino Pereira Silva</bold> &#8226; Universidade de Pernambuco &#8211; PROCAPE &#8211; Rua dos Palmares, s/n. Postal Code <postal-code>50100-010</postal-code>, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>rd_ro@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by" id="fn5">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Cardiac tumors are rare entities, among which atrial myxoma (AM) stands as the most frequent, accounting for approximately half of all reported cases. The incidence of AM is estimated to range from 0.001% to 0.3% within the general population, yet only about 0.06% of these cases present with coronary embolic events.</p>
        <p>We report on a 33-year-old male smoker who experienced acute, severe precordial pain radiating to the left upper limb, lasting for one hour. The electrocardiographic evaluation demonstrated ST-segment elevation in leads D2, D3, and aVF, alongside significantly elevated serum troponin levels, confirming a diagnosis of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Subsequent coronary angiography revealed proximal occlusion of the right coronary artery due to thrombus. An initial attempt of thrombus aspiration was unsuccessful, followed by primary angioplasty with balloon inflation without stent placement. Further diagnostic exploration through transthoracic echocardiography identified a homogenous, smooth-surfaced mass measuring 5.2 cm x 2.3 cm attached to the interatrial septum. This mass, characterized by lobulations, prolapsed into the mitral valve and left ventricle during diastole, consistent with AM. Surgical resection of the mass was successfully performed, with the patient being discharged asymptomatic.</p>
        <p>In the reported case, the patient's profile, notably his age, and gender, diverges from the typical epidemiological characteristics associated with AM. This case adds to the limited number of reports where the inferior wall is affected by the right coronary artery being occluded. This report emphasizes the significance of differential diagnoses in younger patients presenting with STEMI.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Young Adult</kwd>
        <kwd>Myxoma</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Imaging/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiac tumors are rare entities, exhibiting a prevalence of approximately 0.001% to 0.3% in the general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The majority of cardiac tumors have secondary etiology, represented by metastases. Among primary tumors, which are more uncommon, about 80% are benign, with atrial myxoma (AM) being the most prominent representative. AM can originate in any cardiac chamber, but in over 75% of cases is found in the left atrium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although biologically benign, AM carries harmful potential due to its thromboembolic and/or obstructive capacity. Thromboembolism from AM is a recognized and relatively common complication, occurring in up to 40% of cases. When it occurs, it more commonly affects the central nervous system, potentially leading to strokes.&#179; Additionally, but more rarely, coronary embolism can occur and result in myocardial infarction (MI) in up to 0.06% of cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>We report a rare presentation of AM in a young adult patient: inferior wall ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI) secondary to coronary thromboembolism.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>A previously healthy 33-year-old male patient was admitted to the cardiac emergency department of a tertiary cardiology service, presenting with intense precordial pain radiating to the left upper limb starting one hour prior to admission. He had no other associated symptoms. The patient was an active smoker (estimated tobacco load of 40 pack-years), had no known comorbidities, and denied the use of any medications or narcotics. Vital signs and physical examination were unremarkable. In the emergency department, an electrocardiogram (ECG) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>) was performed, which showed ST-segment elevation in leads D2, D3, and aVF. Additionally, serum troponin levels were 20,350.00 ng/dL (reference value &lt;40 ng/dL), confirming the diagnosis of inferior wall STEMI. At this point, aspirin and clopidogrel were administered.</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>12-lead admission ECG showing ST-segment elevation in inferior leads: D2, D3, and aVF and ST-segment depression in the lateral wall (D1 and aVL).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-03-e20230538-30538-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Subsequently, the patient underwent emergency coronary angiography, which revealed a proximal occlusion of the right coronary artery (RCA) with negative images on luminescence, suggesting thrombotic occlusion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref>). Thrombus aspiration was unsuccessfully attempted. Furthermore, primary balloon angioplasty was performed without stent placement. Post-angioplasty, there was distal embolization with occlusion of the posterior ventricular artery, and tirofiban was administered. The patient was hemodynamically stable, without new episodes of pain or complications.</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Coronary angiography showing proximal occlusion of the RCA with a negative image suggestive of thrombus on the left, and on the right, an image of distal thrombus migration after recanalization attempt.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-03-e20230538-30538-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>After discharge from the intensive care unit, the patient underwent a transthoracic echocardiogram. It revealed a homogeneous mass with a regular surface in the left atrium, measuring 5.2 cm x 2.3 cm, adhered to the interatrial septum, with emboligenic lobulations prolapsing toward the mitral valve and left ventricle during diastole, suggestive of an AM. The echocardiogram additionally revealed inferior wall akinesia and an ejection fraction by the Simpson method of 45%; no other alterations were reported.</p>
        <p>A coronary CT angiography with calcium scoring and 3D reconstruction was performed to rule out the possibility of coronary artery disease with minor unstable lesions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3</xref>) since the patient smoked and presented with an acute coronary syndrome evolving to ventricular segmental dysfunction. Moreover, the imaging helped to assess the degree of ventricular invasiveness of the mass and the involvement of the mitral valve, contributing to surgical planning ofpotential valve replacement.</p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A: 3D rendering reconstruction of angiotomography highlighting a voluminous and multilobulated mass in the left atrium with invasion into the left ventricle and the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve; B: Surgical specimen of the atrial myxoma.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-03-e20230538-30538-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>No atherosclerotic lesions were identified, and the calcium score was zero, reaffirming the thromboembolic STEMI. Therefore, AM surgical resection (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3</xref>) was performed without valve replacement and complications. The patient was discharged on the fifth postoperative day, asymptomatic.</p>
        <p>Histopathological specimen study revealed amorphous material surrounded by a myxomatous stroma composed of endothelium and polygonal/stellate cells, poorly organized, with degenerative changes and no other associated malignant processes. These findings were consistent with an AM.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Although the risk of systemic embolization by AM exists, its occurrence in the coronary territory is exceedingly rare, with an estimated incidence of approximately 0.06%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Their angulation may explain the infrequent embolization of coronary arteries to the aorta, combined with the protection afforded by the aortic valve during systole and the small diameter of these arteries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Nonetheless, among MI caused by AM, there are more case reports in the literature of non-ST-elevation MI, and, in cases of STEMI, the involvement of the anterior descending artery is the most common, likely due to anatomical reasons.</p>
        <p>A literature review returns only 18 case report articles of STEMI due to left AM embolism. Among these 18 patients, 8 were men and 10 were women. Only 2 cases involved the RCA, and both patients were male. None of them had complemented the study with coronary CT angiography. Among all these AM cases, the typical profile described was: women &#8211; incidence ratio of 3:1 &#8211; between the fourth and seventh decades of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the most recent compilation on the topic, Al Zahrani et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> studied 17 cases reported in English between 2003 and 2014. In this case series, ten of the 17 cases (59%) presented with normal coronary angiography. Among these, 70% were under 45 years old. The reason for normal coronary angiographies in patients with MI due to AM complications is not yet clearly understood. Spontaneous recanalization after AM embolization or delay in performing the exam are suggested as probable causes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> yet this differs from the case reported (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>Generally, thrombus aspiration in routine coronary angiography is not recommended. Thrombectomy is a possible alternative, but it lacks validation in the literature with further studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> However, in the context of thrombogenic embolization secondary to tumoral processes like AM, this approach has been successfully described and was utilized in the reported case.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Complete surgical resection is the only effective therapy to alter the prognosis with curative treatment. Pre-operative planning is emphasized to enable well-founded plans and decrease unexpected complications, as was performed in the case using imaging tests.</p>
        <p>For the closure of the post-excisional surgical defect in the interatrial septum, pericardial or Dacron patches can be used. Intraoperatively, to reduce the risk of fragmentation and potential new embolization episodes, vigorous manipulation of the mass should be avoided and should only be performed after cardioplegia due to the tissue's friability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> For patients undergoing complete resection, long-term survival is excellent, and recurrence is rare. The overall risk of recurrence is between 12% and 22% for familial and complex myxoma, respectively. For sporadic tumors, it is only 1 to 3%, as in the reported patient's case. Regular follow-up with echocardiography is indicated in all cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This report highlights a rare cause of MI and the importance of exploring potential differential diagnoses for acute coronary syndrome in young patients without atherosclerotic risk factors. This case also denotes the importance of definitive surgical treatment in cases of AM as the best therapeutic possibility. The early invasive strategy, when indicated, is fundamental to success.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>We reported the rare case of coronary embolization by a giant AM, which presented as STEMI in a young patient. Beyond the infrequent presentation, the epidemiological profile of the patient &#8211; a young man &#8211; and the affected coronary artery &#8211; RCA &#8211; makes this case even more unique. Furthermore, the reported case underscores the importance of differential diagnosis in a scenario as common to cardiologists as MI.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <p>
            <bold>Study association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade de Pernambuco &#8211; PROCAPE under the protocol number CAAE: 70573423.9.0000.5192. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
