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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">gJdP8rJcTSWNsZLLrDPfZMG</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000300304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230514</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Papel da Rigidez A&#243;rtica na Previs&#227;o da Resposta aos Inibidores da Fosfodiesterase-5 no Tratamento da Disfun&#231;&#227;o Er&#233;til</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8912-674X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;i&#231;ek</surname>
            <given-names>&#214;mer Faruk</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4043-5597</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#214;ncel</surname>
            <given-names>Halil Ferat</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5078-9367</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Salar</surname>
            <given-names>Remzi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Mehmet Akif Inan Education and Research Hospital</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Sanliurfa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Mehmet Akif Inan Education and Research Hospital, Sanliurfa &#8211; Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Mehmet Akif Inan Education and Research Hospital</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Urology</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Sanliurfa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Urology, Mehmet Akif Inan Education and Research Hospital, Sanliurfa &#8211; Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: &#214;mer Faruk &#199;i&#231;ek</bold> &#8226; Department of Cardiology, Mehmet Akif Inan Education and Research Hospital, Sanliurfa, Turkey Phone box: <postal-code>63300</postal-code>. E-mail: <email>omerfarcic@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230514</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Sabe-se que a rigidez a&#243;rtica (RA) aumenta em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til (DE). Os inibidores da enzima fosfodiesterase tipo 5 (PDE-5) s&#227;o usados no tratamento da DE, e as respostas dos pacientes a esse tratamento podem variar.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Nosso objetivo foi investigar o papel da RA na previs&#227;o da resposta de pacientes planejados para tomar inibidores da enzima PDE-5 devido &#224; DE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Um total de 96 pacientes do sexo masculino com DE foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. O question&#225;rio do &#205;ndice Internacional de Fun&#231;&#227;o Er&#233;til (IIEF) foi utilizado para avaliar a presen&#231;a e gravidade da DE e a resposta ao tratamento. A ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica foi utilizada para avaliar RA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os valores de deforma&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica e distensibilidade a&#243;rtica dos grupos de estudo (p&lt;0,001). O escore delta IIEF apresentou alto n&#237;vel de correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com a deforma&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica (p&lt;0,01, r=0,758) e um n&#237;vel moderado de correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com a distensibilidade a&#243;rtica (p&lt;0,01, r=0,574).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Determinamos que em pacientes com DE, a deforma&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica e a distensibilidade a&#243;rtica medidas de forma n&#227;o invasiva por meio de ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica s&#227;o par&#226;metros importantes na previs&#227;o da resposta dos pacientes &#224; terapia com inibidores da PDE-5.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Er&#233;til</kwd>
        <kwd>Inibidores da Fosfodiesterase 5</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="29"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <fig id="f1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-03-e20230514-30514-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial ocorre devido a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio no &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO), resultando na progress&#227;o da aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Os efeitos da aterosclerose podem ser avaliados atrav&#233;s da rigidez a&#243;rtica (RA). Entre as condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas em que a RA est&#225; aumentada est&#227;o a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, diabetes mellitus, hipertens&#227;o e dist&#250;rbios da tireoide. O aumento da RA leva &#224; hipertens&#227;o sist&#243;lica, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e deteriora&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o coronariana, aumentando assim o risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Al&#233;m de m&#233;todos simples como press&#227;o de pulso, s&#227;o usados para avaliar RA muitos m&#233;todos pouco pr&#225;ticos e que exigem equipamentos caros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica &#233; um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo que tamb&#233;m pode avaliar a variabilidade puls&#225;til, tens&#227;o e distensibilidade na aorta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A interrup&#231;&#227;o da via do NO causa disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, o que pode ser importante para desencadear eventos vasculares, uma vez que a bioatividade prejudicada do NO &#233; preditiva da atividade da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica. O aumento da RA tamb&#233;m &#233; um indicador do desenvolvimento de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, doen&#231;a cerebrovascular e doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a disfun&#231;&#227;o que ocorre no endot&#233;lio vascular perif&#233;rico tamb&#233;m &#233; um indicador de disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til (DE). A DE foi definida como a incapacidade persistente de atingir e manter uma ere&#231;&#227;o suficiente para permitir um desempenho sexual satisfat&#243;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> O NO &#233; um dos mediadores mais importantes na fisiologia da ere&#231;&#227;o e &#233; conhecido por desempenhar um papel importante na RA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, estudos anteriores relataram que a RA est&#225; aumentada em pacientes com DE em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles sem DE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Os inibidores da enzima fosfodiesterase tipo 5 (PDE-5) usados no tratamento da DE proporcionam ere&#231;&#227;o peniana aumentando a concentra&#231;&#227;o de NO no tecido muscular liso e facilitam o esvaziamento da bexiga, causando relaxamento no colo da bexiga.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> As fosfodiesterases (PDEs) s&#227;o uma superfam&#237;lia de enzimas que catalisam a hidr&#243;lise de monofosfatos de nucleot&#237;deos, o monofosfato de adenosina c&#237;clico (AMPc) e o monofosfato de guanosina c&#237;clico (cGMP) aos seus monofosfatos 5' correspondentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> At&#233; o momento, v&#225;rios PDEs, incluindo PDE-5, PDE-7, PDE-8, PDE-9, PDE-10 e PDE-11, foram identificados e caracterizados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> A enzima PDE-5 &#233; amplamente distribu&#237;da por todo o corpo, incluindo o cora&#231;&#227;o e os vasos sangu&#237;neos. Os inibidores da PDE-5 s&#227;o inibidores seletivos da enzima PDE-5 que catalisam a hidr&#243;lise do cGMP, um potente vasodilatador e doador de NO, em seus metab&#243;litos correspondentes (monofosfatos).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>&#192; luz das informa&#231;&#245;es fornecidas acima, nosso objetivo foi investigar o papel da RA na previs&#227;o da resposta ao tratamento em pacientes programados para iniciar terapia com inibidor da PDE-5 devido &#224; DE.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Material e m&#233;todo</title>
      <p>Foi recebida para o protocolo do estudo a aprova&#231;&#227;o do Conselho de Revis&#227;o Institucional. O estudo foi desenhado prospectivamente e incluiu 96 pacientes do sexo masculino com idade superior a 18 anos que se apresentaram no ambulat&#243;rio de urologia do Hospital de Treinamento e Pesquisa Sanliurfa Mehmet Akif Inan e foram planejados para iniciar o tratamento com inibidor PDE-5 de acordo com sua anamnese, achados do exame f&#237;sico e n&#237;veis de glicemia de jejum (FBG), colesterol total, triglicer&#237;deos, colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL), testosterona total, horm&#244;nio estimulador da tireoide (TSH) e prolactina. Os pacientes n&#227;o tinham doen&#231;a card&#237;aca conhecida, diabetes ou hipertens&#227;o. Amostras de sangue venoso de todos os pacientes participantes do estudo foram coletadas em tubos de bioqu&#237;mica de gel e analisadas. A presen&#231;a e gravidade da DE e a resposta ao tratamento foram avaliadas usando o &#205;ndice Internacional de Fun&#231;&#227;o Er&#233;til (IIEF) de 15 itens, um question&#225;rio adotado globalmente desenvolvido por Rosen et al. De acordo com os escores do IIEF, os pacientes foram classificados nos seguintes grupos: Grupo 1 (0-10, grave); Grupo 2 (11-16 anos, DE moderada); Grupo 3 (17-21, DE leve a moderada); Grupo 4 (22-25, DE leve); e Grupo 5 (26-30, sem DE). A resposta dos pacientes ao tratamento foi avaliada pelo IIEF um m&#234;s ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos inibidores da PDE-5.</p>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica dos grupos de pacientes foi realizada por um cardiologista que desconhecia os achados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais. O exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico foi realizado no Vingmed System 5 (Vivid S5, GE, Horten, Noruega) com transdutor de 2,5-3,5 MHz. A an&#225;lise quantitativa com ecocardiografia modo M foi feita nas imagens paraesternais do eixo longo de acordo com os dados da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foram avaliadas por meio de ecocardiografia bidimensional (2D) padr&#227;o, ecocardiografia modo M, ecocardiografia de onda pulsada (OP) e ecocardiografia Doppler tecidual. O di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo, a espessura do septo interventricular (SIV), a espessura da parede posterior, o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE) e o di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DSVE) foram medidos, e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) foi calculada usando ecocardiografia 2D e ecocardiografia modo M. Os registros da aorta ascendente foram feitos no modo M sob a orienta&#231;&#227;o da ecocardiografia 2D. Os registros da aorta ascendente no modo M foram feitos 3 cm acima da valva a&#243;rtica. Os di&#226;metros a&#243;rticos foram calculados tomando as dist&#226;ncias entre as bordas internas das paredes anterior e posterior da aorta na s&#237;stole e na di&#225;stole. O di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico da aorta foi medido quando a v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica estava na posi&#231;&#227;o totalmente aberta. O di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico da aorta foi medido simultaneamente com o pico do QRS nos registros do eletrocardiograma. As medi&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas em cinco batimentos consecutivos e sua m&#233;dia foi obtida.</p>
      <p>Os valores de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) foram medidos com um esfigmoman&#244;metro externo. A press&#227;o de pulso foi calculada como PAS menos PAD. A deforma&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica (%) foi determinada como (di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico a&#243;rtico &#8211; di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico) x100/di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico a&#243;rtico. Por &#250;ltimo, a distensibilidade a&#243;rtica (106 cm<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>/dyn) foi calculada como (2 x deforma&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica)/press&#227;o de pulso.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise dos dados foi realizada com o programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) v. A conformidade das vari&#225;veis de medida cont&#237;nua com a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foi determinada por meio de valores de assimetria e curtose, al&#233;m do teste de Shapiro-Wilk. As estat&#237;sticas descritivas foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e n&#250;meros e porcentagens de observa&#231;&#245;es para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. A homogeneidade das caracter&#237;sticas obtidas pelas medidas entre os grupos controle e pacientes foi investigada pelo teste de Levene, e a signific&#226;ncia das diferen&#231;as foi determinada pelo teste de an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia unidirecional. A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi utilizada para calcular os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o. Um valor de p &lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa foi observada entre os grupos de DE em termos de caracter&#237;sticas basais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos grupos de DE</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="box" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="20%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo 1 (DE grave) n = 24</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo 2 (DE moderada) n = 40</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo 3 (DE leve a moderada) n = 32</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor de p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">49,83&#177;8,69</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">48,2&#177;10,39</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">45,18&#177;752</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Glicose sangu&#237;nea em jejum (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">93,25&#177;8,84</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">98,37&#177;15,79</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">96,96&#177;8,93</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,27</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Creatinina (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,90&#177;0,11</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,95&#177;0,18</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,89&#177;0,14</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,18</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Colesterol total (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">197,16&#177;18,65</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">189,62 &#177;27,22</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">185,90&#177;20,76</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">153&#177;43,63</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">154&#177;70,94</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">145&#177;38,76</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,76</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Colesterol LDL (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">134,87&#177;19,65</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">126,25 &#177;24,23</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">125,03&#177;17</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,17</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Testosterona total (ng/ml)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,94&#177;1,52</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,79&#177;1,34</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,81&#177;1,22</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,90</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Horm&#244;nio estimulador da tireoide</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,30&#177;0,55</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,69&#177;0,67</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,05&#177;0,46</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,14</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Horm&#244;nio prolactina</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">13,43&#177;4,39</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12,02&#177;5,50</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11,63&#177;3,23</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,32</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">111,66&#177;12,03</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">108,30 &#177; 9,11</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">109,70&#177;9,91</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,41</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">82,83&#177;9,14</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">79&#177;4,96</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">80,62&#177;8,95</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Fumante (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20,83%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">17,5%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">15,62%</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,68</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>DE: disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Entre os par&#226;metros calculados pela ecocardiografia modo M, o di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo, a espessura do SIV, o DDVE, o DSVE, a espessura da parede posterior e a FE n&#227;o diferiram estatisticamente significativamente entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Resultados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos convencionais dos grupos de DE</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="box" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="20%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo 1 (DE grave) n = 24</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo 2 (DE moderada) n = 40</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo 3 (DE leve a moderada) n = 32</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor de p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">AE (mm)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">31,37&#177;1,17</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">31,67&#177;1,09</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">32,0&#177;1,43</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,15</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">SIV (mm)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10,37&#177;0,82</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10,12&#177;0,72</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10,25&#177;0,67</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,41</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">DDVE (mm)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">44,37&#177;1,83</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">43,8&#177;1,87</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">44,12&#177;2,16</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,51</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">DSVE (mm)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">28,1&#177;1,09</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">28,6&#177;1,12</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">28,2&#177;1,56</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,23</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">PP (mm)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9,8&#177;1,09</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9,9&#177;0,70</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9,1&#177;1,37</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,08</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">FE (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">63,5&#177;1,53</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">62,7&#177;2,31</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">63,3&#177;1,01</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,14</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>DE: disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; SIV: septo interventricular; PP: parede posterior; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Os resultados dos par&#226;metros el&#225;sticos a&#243;rticos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>. Os valores de strain a&#243;rtico do Grupo 1, Grupo 2 e Grupo 3 foram 8,38, 11,63 e 14,57, respectivamente, indicando diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas (p &lt; 0,001). A distensibilidade a&#243;rtica apresentou varia&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente significativas entre os diferentes grupos de disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til (DE), com valores de 0,60, 0,90 e 1,05 registrados para o Grupo 1, Grupo 2 e Grupo 3, respectivamente. e 1,05 no Grupo 3 (p &lt; 0,001). Da mesma forma, houve diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas nos valores do di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico da aorta entre os grupos de DE (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos el&#225;sticos a&#243;rticos dos grupos DE</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="box" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="20%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
              <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo 1 (DE grave) n = 24</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo 2 (DE moderada) n = 40</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo 3 (DE leve a moderada) n = 32</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor de p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">DSAo (mm)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">28&#177;0,83</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">30,1 &#177;1,39</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">31,5&#177;0,71</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">DDAo (mm)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">25,83&#177;0,70</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">26,9&#177;1,31</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">27,5&#177;0,71</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Distens&#227;o a&#243;rtica (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8,38&#177;1,45</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11,93&#177;2,45</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">14,57&#177;2,01</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Distensibilidade a&#243;rtica 10-3 cm<sup>2</sup>/dyn</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,60&#177;0,18</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,90&#177;0,38</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,05&#177;0,28</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>DE: disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til; DSAo: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico a&#243;rtico; DDAo: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico a&#243;rtico.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Quando foram examinadas as altera&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-tratamento nos grupos de pacientes de acordo com a gravidade da DE, havia 24 pacientes no Grupo 1, 40 pacientes no Grupo 2 e 32 pacientes no Grupo 3 antes do tratamento, enquanto havia quatro pacientes no Grupo 1, 24 pacientes no Grupo 2, 16 pacientes no Grupo 3, 32 pacientes no Grupo 4 e 20 pacientes no Grupo 5 ap&#243;s o tratamento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Tabela 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes entre os grupos de disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til antes e depois do tratamento</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="box" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="12%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
              <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" colspan="5" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Grupos p&#243;s-tratamento</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Total</th>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo 1</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo 2</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo 3</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo 4</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo 5</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="middle">
                <bold>Grupos de pr&#233;-tratamento</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">
                <bold>Grupo 1</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">16</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">24</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">
                <bold>Grupo 2</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">40</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">
                <bold>Grupo 3</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">32</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Total</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">24</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">16</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">32</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">96</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>Grupo 1 (0-10, grave); Grupo 2 (11-16 anos, DE moderada); Grupo 3 (17-21, DE leve a moderada); Grupo 4 (22-25, DE leve); e Grupo 5 (26-30, sem DE).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A pontua&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do delta IIEF (diferen&#231;a entre as pontua&#231;&#245;es IIEF pr&#233;-tratamento e p&#243;s-tratamento) foi determinada como 5,13. Embora tenha havido uma alta correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre o escore delta IIEF dos pacientes e a deforma&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica (p &lt; 0,01, r = 0,758), uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva moderada foi observada com a distensibilidade a&#243;rtica (p &lt; 0,01, r = 0,574).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, nosso objetivo foi investigar o papel da RA na previs&#227;o da resposta ao tratamento em pacientes que iniciaram inibidores da PDE-5 para DE. A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e a aterosclerose s&#227;o os fatores etiol&#243;gicos mais importantes nas DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Sabe-se que a aterosclerose afeta os vasos cavernosos mais cedo do que as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias devido aos seus di&#226;metros menores. A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial tamb&#233;m pode causar o desenvolvimento de DE; portanto, a DE &#233; considerada uma manifesta&#231;&#227;o precoce de doen&#231;as vasculares sist&#234;micas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, a RA &#233; utilizada como m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo para detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de aterosclerose subcl&#237;nica. A diminui&#231;&#227;o da elasticidade da aorta e o aumento da sua rigidez s&#227;o aceitos como indicadores de altera&#231;&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Neste estudo, descobrimos que os valores dos par&#226;metros de elasticidade a&#243;rtica, deforma&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica e distensibilidade a&#243;rtica diminu&#237;ram paralelamente &#224; gravidade da DE, enquanto a RA aumentou. Em estudo de Demirelli et al. examinando a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a gravidade da DE e RA, houve um aumento na gravidade da DE &#224; medida que a RA aumentou.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> &#201; bem conhecido que o NO desempenha um papel importante na regula&#231;&#227;o da elasticidade arterial. Assim, a inibi&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ntese de NO aumenta a RA. O NO &#233; um dos mediadores mais importantes na fisiologia da ere&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> O envolvimento do NO na etiologia da DE e da aterosclerose sugere uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre essas duas condi&#231;&#245;es. Estudos tamb&#233;m demonstraram que pacientes com DE apresentam RA significativamente maior do que aqueles sem DE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Muitos estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos demonstraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre DE e DCV. Uma meta-an&#225;lise revelou que homens com DE apresentavam um risco significativamente aumentado de DCV, doen&#231;a coronariana e acidente vascular cerebral em compara&#231;&#227;o aos grupos de refer&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Essas associa&#231;&#245;es podem ser atribu&#237;das &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e &#224; hip&#243;tese do tamanho da art&#233;ria, que prop&#245;e que a aterosclerose afeta todos os principais leitos vasculares na mesma extens&#227;o e que as art&#233;rias penianas com di&#226;metro menor que os vasos coron&#225;rios e car&#243;tidos s&#227;o afetadas mais cedo por placas ateroscler&#243;ticas do mesmo tamanho. A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial sist&#234;mica pode fazer com que o p&#234;nis n&#227;o seja capaz de regular o fluxo sangu&#237;neo nos corpos cavernosos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> O achado mais importante do nosso estudo foi a correla&#231;&#227;o entre os escores delta IIEF dos pacientes e a distens&#227;o e distensibilidade a&#243;rtica, com um alto n&#237;vel de correla&#231;&#227;o positiva para o primeiro e uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva moderada para o segundo. Isto sugere que a RA &#233; um par&#226;metro que pode ser usado para prever a resposta ao tratamento antes do seu in&#237;cio em pacientes com DE.</p>
      <p>Os inibidores da PDE-5 ocupam um lugar importante no tratamento da DE. Ap&#243;s o tratamento da DE, a resposta &#233; avaliada pelo escore IIEF. O alto n&#237;vel de correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre o escore delta IIEF (ou seja, a diferen&#231;a entre os escores IIEF pr&#233;-tratamento e p&#243;s-tratamento) e a deforma&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica mostra que a RA pode ser avaliada com ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica, que &#233; facilmente aplic&#225;vel na previs&#227;o da resposta dos pacientes com DE para inibidores da PDE-5 antes do in&#237;cio do tratamento. Al&#233;m disso, como mencionado acima, uma vez que a DE pode ser um sinal precoce de doen&#231;as vasculares sist&#234;micas, uma avalia&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca nesses pacientes pode auxiliar o m&#233;dico na detec&#231;&#227;o de poss&#237;veis DCV e na previs&#227;o da resposta aos inibidores da enzima PDE-5.</p>
      <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es do nosso estudo s&#227;o que ele foi unic&#234;ntrico e o n&#250;mero de pacientes foi pequeno. H&#225; necessidade de estudos multic&#234;ntricos com s&#233;ries de casos maiores sobre esse assunto.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Determinamos que em pacientes com DE, a deforma&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica e a distensibilidade a&#243;rtica medidas de forma n&#227;o invasiva por meio de ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica s&#227;o par&#226;metros importantes na previs&#227;o das respostas dos pacientes &#224; terapia com inibidores da PDE-5.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Harran University sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo HR&#220;/23.06.10. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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            <name>
              <surname>Karag&#246;z</surname>
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            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>&#214;&#287;reden</surname>
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              <surname>O&#287;uz</surname>
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              <surname>Vural</surname>
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        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 Demirelli E, Karag&#246;z A, &#214;&#287;reden E, O&#287;uz U, Vural A, Aksu M, et al. The Relationship between the Severity of Erectile Dysfunction and Aortic Stiffness. Andrologia. 2020;52(4):e13544. doi: 10.1111/and.13544.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Mudau</surname>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Role of Aortic Stiffness in Predicting Response to Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitors in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8912-674X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;i&#231;ek</surname>
            <given-names>&#214;mer Faruk</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4043-5597</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#214;ncel</surname>
            <given-names>Halil Ferat</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5078-9367</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Salar</surname>
            <given-names>Remzi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Sanliurfa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Mehmet Akif Inan Education and Research Hospital, Sanliurfa &#8211; Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Sanliurfa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Urology, Mehmet Akif Inan Education and Research Hospital, Sanliurfa &#8211; Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: &#214;mer Faruk &#199;i&#231;ek</bold> &#8226; Department of Cardiology, Mehmet Akif Inan Education and Research Hospital, Sanliurfa, Turkey Phone box: <postal-code>63300</postal-code>. E-mail: <email>omerfarcic@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>It is known that aortic stiffness (AS) increases in patients with erectile dysfunction (ED). Phosphodiesterase type-5 (PDE-5) enzyme inhibitors are used in the treatment of ED, and patients' responses to this treatment may vary.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>We aimed to investigate the role of AS in predicting the response of patients planned to take PDE-5 enzyme inhibitors due to ED.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A total of 96 male patients with ED were included in the study. The International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire was used to evaluate the presence and severity of ED and the response to treatment. Transthoracic echocardiography was used to evaluate AS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>There was a statistically significant difference between the aortic strain and aortic distensibility values of the study groups (p&lt;0.001). The delta IIEF score had a high level of positive correlation with aortic strain (p&lt;0.01, r=0.758) and a moderate level of positive correlation with aortic distensibility (p&lt;0.01, r=0.574).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>We determined that in patients with ED, aortic strain and aortic distensibility measured non-invasively using transthoracic echocardiography are important parameters in predicting patients' response to PDE-5 inhibitor therapy.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Erectile Dysfunction</kwd>
        <kwd>Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Endothelial dysfunction occurs due to an endothelium-dependent decrease in nitric oxide (NO), resulting in the progression of atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The effects of atherosclerosis can be evaluated using aortic stiffness (AS). Among the clinical conditions in which AS is increased are coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and thyroid disorders. Increased AS leads to systolic hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, and deterioration in coronary perfusion, thereby raising the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Apart from simple methods like pulse pressure, many methods, which are unpractical and warrant expensive equipment, are used to evaluate AS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Transthoracic echocardiography is a non-invasive method that can also evaluate pulsatile variability, strain, and distensibility in the aorta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Disruption of the NO pathway causes endothelial dysfunction, which may be important for triggering vascular events as impaired NO bioactivity is predictive of atherosclerotic disease activity. Increased AS is also an indicator of the development of coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral artery disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In addition, dysfunction that occurs in the peripheral vascular endothelium is also an indicator of erectile dysfunction (ED). ED has been defined as the persistent inability to achieve and maintain an erection sufficient to allow satisfactory sexual performance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> NO is one of the most important mediators in the physiology of erection and is known to play an important role in AS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Furthermore, previous studies have reported that AS is increased in patients with ED compared to those without ED.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Phosphodiesterase type-5 (PDE-5) enzyme inhibitors used in the treatment of ED both provide penile erection by increasing the NO concentration in smooth muscle tissue and facilitate the emptying of the bladder by causing relaxation in the bladder neck.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a superfamily of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of nucleotide monophosphates, the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) to their corresponding 5' monophosphates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> To date, several PDEs, including PDE-5, PDE-7, PDE-8, PDE-9, PDE-10, and PDE-11, have been identified and characterized.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> The PDE-5 enzyme is widely distributed throughout the body, including the heart and blood vessels. PDE-5 inhibitors are selective PDE-5 enzyme inhibitors that catalyze the hydrolysis of cGMP, a potent vasodilator and NO donor, to its corresponding metabolites (monophosphates).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-03-e20230514-30514-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>In light of the information given above, we aimed to investigate the role of AS in predicting the response to treatment in patients scheduled to start PDE-5 inhibitor therapy due to ED.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Material and Method</title>
        <p>Approval of the Institutional Review Board was received for the study protocol. The study was designed prospectively and included 96 male patients aged over 18 years who presented to the urology outpatient clinic of the Sanliurfa Mehmet Akif Inan Training and Research Hospital and were planned to start PDE-5 inhibitor treatment in line with their anamnesis, physical examination findings, and fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, total testosterone, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and prolactin levels. The patients had no known cardiac disease, diabetes, or hypertension. Venous blood samples from all patients participating in the study were taken into gel biochemistry tubes and analyzed. The presence and severity of ED and the response to treatment were evaluated using the 15-item International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF), a globally adopted questionnaire developed by Rosen et al. According to the IIEF scores, the patients were classified into the following groups: Group 1 (0-10, severe); Group 2 (11-16, moderate ED); Group 3 (17-21, mild-moderate ED); Group 4 (22-25, mild ED); and Group 5 (26-30, no ED). The response of the patients to treatment was evaluated using the IIEF one month after PDE-5 inhibitors were started.</p>
        <p>The echocardiographic evaluation of the patient groups was performed by a cardiologist who was blinded to the clinical and laboratory findings. The echocardiographic examination was performed using the Vingmed System 5 (Vivid S5, GE, Horten, Norway) with a 2.5-3.5 MHz transducer. Quantitative analysis with M-Mode echocardiography was made on parasternal long-axis images according to the data of the American Society of Echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Left ventricular systolic and diastolic functions were evaluated using standard two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography, M-mode echocardiography, pulsed-wave (PW) echocardiography, and tissue Doppler echocardiography. Left atrial diameter, interventricular septum (IVS) thickness, posterior wall thickness, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), and left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD) were measured, and the ejection fraction (EF) was calculated using 2D echocardiography and M-mode echocardiography. Ascending aortic recordings were taken using M-mode under the guidance of 2D echocardiography. M-mode ascending aorta recordings were made 3 cm above the aortic valve. Aortic diameters were calculated by taking the distances between the anterior and posterior wall inner edges of the aorta in systole and diastole. The systolic diameter of the aorta was measured when the aortic valve was in the fully open position. The diastolic diameter of the aorta was measured simultaneously with the peak of the QRS in the electrocardiogram recordings. Measurements were performed on five consecutive beats, and their average was taken.</p>
        <p>Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) values were measured with an external sphygmomanometer. Pulse pressure was calculated as SBP minus DBP. Aortic strain (%) was determined as (aortic systolic diameter &#8211; diastolic diameter) x100/aortic diastolic diameter. Lastly, aortic distensibility (106 cm2/dyn) was calculated as (2 x aortic strain)/pulse pressure.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data analysis was performed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) v. 24 package program. The conformity of the continuous-measure variables to the normal distribution was determined using skewness and kurtosis values, as well as the Shapiro-Wilk test. Descriptive statistics were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation for continuous variables and numbers and percentages of observations for categorical variables. The homogeneity of the characteristics obtained by measurements between the control and patient groups was investigated with the Levene test, and the significance of differences was determined using the one-way analysis of variance test. Pearson correlation analysis was used to calculate correlation coefficients. A p-value of &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>No significant difference was observed between the ED groups in terms of baseline characteristics (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline characteristics of the ED groups</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="box" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Group 1 (severe ED) n = 24</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Group 2 (moderate ED) n = 40</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Group 3 (mild-moderate ED) n = 32</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Age</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">49.83&#177;8.69</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">48.2&#177;10.39</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">45.18&#177;752</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Fasting blood glucose (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">93.25&#177;8.84</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">98.37&#177;15.79</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">96.96&#177;8.93</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Creatinine (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.90&#177;0.11</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.95&#177;0.18</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.89&#177;0.14</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Total cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">197.16&#177;18.65</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">189.62 &#177;27.22</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">185.90&#177;20.76</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Triglyceride (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">153&#177;43.63</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">154&#177;70.94</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">145&#177;38.76</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.76</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LDL cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">134.87&#177;19.65</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">126.25 &#177;24.23</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">125.03&#177;17</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Total testosterone (ng/ml)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.94&#177;1.52</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.79&#177;1.34</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.81&#177;1.22</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.90</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Thyroid-stimulating hormone</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.30&#177;0.55</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.69&#177;0.67</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.05&#177;0.46</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Prolactin hormone</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13.43&#177;4.39</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12.02&#177;5.50</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11.63&#177;3.23</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">111.66&#177;12.03</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">108.30 &#177; 9.11</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">109.70&#177;9.91</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.41</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">82.83&#177;9.14</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">79&#177;4.96</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">80.62&#177;8.95</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Smoker (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20.83%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">17.5%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15.62%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.68</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>ED: erectile dysfunction; LDL: low-density lipoprotein.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Among the parameters calculated using M-mode echocardiography, left atrial diameter, IVS thickness, LVEDD, LVESD, posterior wall thickness, and EF did not statistically significantly differ between the groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Conventional echocardiographic results of the ED groups</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="box" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Group 1 (severe ED) n = 24</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Group 2 (moderate ED) n = 40</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Group 3 (mild-moderate ED) n = 32</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LA (mm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">31.37&#177;1.17</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">31.67&#177;1.09</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32.0&#177;1.43</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">IVS (mm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10.37&#177;0.82</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10.12&#177;0.72</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10.25&#177;0.67</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.41</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LVEDD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">44.37&#177;1.83</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">43.8&#177;1.87</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">44.12&#177;2.16</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LVESD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28.1&#177;1.09</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28.6&#177;1.12</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28.2&#177;1.56</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">PW (mm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9.8&#177;1.09</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9.9&#177;0.70</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9.1&#177;1.37</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">EF (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">63.5&#177;1.53</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">62.7&#177;2.31</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">63.3&#177;1.01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.14</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>ED: erectile dysfunction; LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVESD: left ventricular end-systolic diameter; LA: left atrium; IVS: interventricular septum; PW: posterior wall; EF: ejection fraction.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The results of echocardiographic aortic elastic parameters are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref>. The aortic strain values of Group 1, Group 2, and Group 3 were 8.38, 11.63, and 14.57, respectively, indicating statistically significant differences (p &lt; 0.001). Aortic distensibility exhibited statistically significant variations among the different ED groups, with values of 0.60, 0.90, and 1.05 recorded for Group 1, Group 2, and Group 3, respectively. and 1.05 in Group 3 (p &lt; 0.001). Similarly, there were statistically significant differences in both aortic systolic and diastolic diameter values between the ED groups (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Aortic elastic echocardiographic parameters of the ED groups</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="box" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Group 1 (severe ED) n = 24</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Group 2 (moderate ED) n = 40</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Group 3 (mild-moderate ED) n = 32</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">AoSD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28&#177;0.83</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">30.1 &#177;1.39</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">31.5&#177;0.71</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">AoDD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">25.83&#177;0.70</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26.9&#177;1.31</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">27.5&#177;0.71</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Aortic strain (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8.38&#177;1.45</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11.93&#177;2.45</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14.57&#177;2.01</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Aortic distensibility 10-3 cm<sup>2</sup>/dyn</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.60&#177;0.18</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.90&#177;0.38</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.05&#177;0.28</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>ED: erectile dysfunction; AoSD: aortic systolic diameter; AoDD: aortic diastolic diameter.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>When the post-treatment changes in patient groups according to the severity of ED were examined, there were 24 patients in Group 1, 40 patients in Group 2, and 32 patients in Group 3 before treatment, while there were four patients in Group 1, 24 patients in Group 2, 16 patients in Group 3, 32 patients in Group 4, and 20 patients in Group 5 after treatment (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of patients among erectile dysfunction groups before and after treatment</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="box" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="12%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" colspan="5" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Post-treatment groups</th>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Total</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Group 1</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Group 2</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Group 3</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Group 4</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Group 5</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Pre-treatment groups</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Group 1</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Group 2</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Group 3</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Total</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">24</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">96</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>Group 1 (0-10, severe); Group 2 (11-16, moderate ED); Group 3 (17-21, mild-moderate ED); Group 4 (22-25, mild ED); and Group 5 (26-30, no ED).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The average delta IIEF score (difference between the pre-treatment and post-treatment IIEF scores) was determined as 5.13. While there was a high positive correlation between the patients' delta IIEF score and aortic strain (p &lt; 0.01, r = 0.758), a moderate positive correlation was observed with aortic distensibility (p &lt; 0.01, r = 0.574).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of AS in predicting the response to treatment in patients who were started on PDE-5 inhibitors for ED. Endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis are the most important etiological factors in CVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> It is known that atherosclerosis affects cavernous vessels earlier than coronary arteries due to their smaller diameters. Endothelial dysfunction can also cause the development of ED; therefore, ED is considered an early manifestation of systemic vascular diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Similarly, AS is used as a non-invasive method for the early detection of subclinical atherosclerosis. A decrease in the elasticity of the aorta and an increase in its stiffness are accepted as indicators of atherosclerotic change.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In this study, we found that the values of aortic elasticity parameters, aortic strain, and aortic distensibility decreased in parallel with the severity of ED while AS increased. In a study by Demirelli et al. examining the relationship between the severity of ED and AS, there was an increase in the severity of ED as AS increased.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> It is well known that NO plays an important role in the regulation of arterial elasticity. Thus, inhibition of the synthesis of NO increases AS. NO is one of the most important mediators in the physiology of erection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The involvement of NO in the etiology of both ED and atherosclerosis suggests a relationship between these two conditions. Studies have also shown that patients with ED have a significantly higher AS than those without ED.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Many epidemiological studies have demonstrated an association between ED and CVD. A meta-analysis revealed that men with ED had a significantly increased risk of CVD, coronary heart disease, and stroke compared to reference groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> These associations can be attributed to endothelial dysfunction and the artery size hypothesis, which proposes that atherosclerosis affects all major vascular beds to the same extent and that penile arteries with a smaller diameter than the coronary and carotid vessels are affected earlier by atherosclerotic plaques of the same size. Systemic endothelial dysfunction may result in the penis not being able to regulate blood flow in the corpora cavernosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> The most important finding of our study was the correlation between the patients' delta IIEF scores and aortic strain and distensibility, with a high level of positive correlation for the former and a moderate positive correlation for the latter. This suggests that AS is a parameter that can be used to predict the response to treatment prior to its initiation in patients with ED.</p>
        <p>PDE-5 inhibitors have an important place in the treatment of ED. After the treatment of ED, the response is evaluated using the IIEF score. The high level of positive correlation between the delta IIEF score (i.e., the difference between the pre-treatment and post-treatment IIEF scores) and the aortic strain shows that AS can be evaluated with transthoracic echocardiography, which is easily applicable in predicting the response of patients with ED to PDE-5 inhibitors before the start of treatment. In addition, as mentioned above, since ED may be an early sign of systemic vascular diseases, a cardiac evaluation in these patients can assist the clinician in detecting possible CVD and predicting the response to PDE-5 enzyme inhibitors.</p>
        <p>The limitations of our study are that it was single-center and the number of patients was small. There is a need for multicenter studies with larger case series on this subject.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>We determined that in patients with ED, aortic strain and aortic distensibility measured non-invasively using transthoracic echocardiography are important parameters in predicting patients' responses to PDE-5 inhibitor therapy.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Study association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Harran University under the protocol number HR&#220;/23.06.10. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
