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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">c8YzHkndsKj4SJRsB4PfSJH</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000300303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230487</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Adequa&#231;&#227;o do Consumo de &#193;cidos Graxos entre Pacientes em Preven&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular Secund&#225;ria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1994-4610</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marcadenti</surname>
            <given-names>Aline</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Rachel H. Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Hideo Nakagawa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kasai</surname>
            <given-names>Caio Cesar dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kovacs</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiane</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bello</surname>
            <given-names>Annie</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>de Matos</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bertacco</surname>
            <given-names>Renata Torres Abib</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schirmann</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela da S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0318-9331</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nagano</surname>
            <given-names>Francisca Eugenia Zaina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Poloni</surname>
            <given-names>Soraia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kik</surname>
            <given-names>Raquel Milani El</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feres</surname>
            <given-names>Naoel Hassan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Isa G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4158-9726</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Josilene M. F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra Mary Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">
            <sup>16</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carlos</surname>
            <given-names>Daniele Maria de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">
            <sup>17</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane Sahade</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">
            <sup>18</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1903-2892</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3739-7702</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Albuquerque de</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19">
            <sup>19</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2681-0936</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moriguchi</surname>
            <given-names>Emilio Hideyuki</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>S&#244;nia Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bressan</surname>
            <given-names>Josefina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">
            <sup>22</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>de Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Simone Raimondi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23">
            <sup>23</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kumbier</surname>
            <given-names>Magali C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24">
            <sup>24</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>de Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Celme Barroncas Passos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25">
            <sup>25</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Torreglosa</surname>
            <given-names>Camila R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Weber</surname>
            <given-names>Bernardete</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff26">
            <sup>26</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bersch-Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>&#194;ngela Cristine</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff26">
            <sup>26</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Pesquisa do Hcor</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Pesquisa do Hcor, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225;</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Medicina C&#226;mpus Londrina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Londrina</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; &#8211; Escola de Medicina C&#226;mpus Londrina, Londrina, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Vale do Itaja&#237;</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Itaja&#237;</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Vale do Itaja&#237;, Itaja&#237;, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>6</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pelotas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Pelotas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>7</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>8</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade da Regi&#227;o da Campanha</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bag&#233;</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade da Regi&#227;o da Campanha, Bag&#233;, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff9">
          <label>9</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; &#8211; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff10">
          <label>10</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff11">
          <label>11</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff12">
          <label>12</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Cuiab&#225;</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MT</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiab&#225;, MT &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff13">
          <label>13</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico Universit&#225;rio de Pernambuco</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico Universit&#225;rio de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff14">
          <label>14</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff15">
          <label>15</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ana Bezerra</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Santa Cruz</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RN</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ana Bezerra, Santa Cruz, RN &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff16">
          <label>16</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Alagoas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Macei&#243;, AL &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff17">
          <label>17</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Messejana</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Messejana, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff18">
          <label>18</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff19">
          <label>19</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Lu&#237;s</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff20">
          <label>20</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff21">
          <label>21</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Tocantins</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Palmas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">TO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Palmas, TO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff22">
          <label>22</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Vi&#231;osa</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa, Vi&#231;osa, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff23">
          <label>23</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff24">
          <label>24</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Consultoria Terapia Nutricional</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Consultoria Terapia Nutricional &#8211; COTENUT, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff25">
          <label>25</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Francisca Mendes</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Manaus</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">AM</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Francisca Mendes, Manaus, AM &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff26">
          <label>26</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Real e Benem&#233;rita Associa&#231;&#227;o Portuguesa de Benefic&#234;ncia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Real e Benem&#233;rita Associa&#231;&#227;o Portuguesa de Benefic&#234;ncia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Aline Marcadenti</bold> &#8226; Instituto de Pesquisa do Hcor &#8211; Rua Desembargador Eliseu Guilherme, 200, 8&#186; andar. CEP <postal-code>04004-030</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>amarcaden@hcor.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230487</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A ades&#227;o &#224; uma alimenta&#231;&#227;o adequada em macronutrientes &#233; fundamental para a preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a preval&#234;ncia de ades&#227;o &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es de consumo de &#225;cidos graxos para preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, e estimar se a presen&#231;a de determinados fatores de risco cardiovascular estaria associada &#224; ades&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal com os dados de linha de base de 2358 participantes do estudo <italic>"Brazilian Cardioprotective Nutritional Program Trial"</italic>. Dados de consumo alimentar, e fatores de risco cardiovascular foram avaliados. Foi considerada, de acordo com a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, uma ingest&#227;o adequada de &#225;cidos graxos poli-insaturados (AGPI) &#8805;10% do consumo total de energia di&#225;ria, para &#225;cidos graxos monoinsaturados (AGM), 20% e para &#225;cidos graxos saturados (AGS), &lt;7%. Na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi considerando n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Nenhum participante aderiu a todas as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de forma simult&#226;nea e mais da metade (1482 [62,9%]) n&#227;o aderiu a nenhuma recomenda&#231;&#227;o. A ades&#227;o exclusivamente &#224; recomenda&#231;&#227;o de AGS foi a mais prevalente, sendo cumprida por 659 (28%) dos participantes, seguida da ades&#227;o exclusivamente &#224; recomenda&#231;&#227;o de AGP (178 [7,6%]) e de AGM (5 [0,2%]). N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre o n&#250;mero de comorbidades e a ades&#227;o &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es nutricionais (p =0,269). Os participantes da regi&#227;o Nordeste do pa&#237;s apresentaram maior propor&#231;&#227;o de ades&#227;o &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es para consumo de AGS (38,42%), e menor para ingest&#227;o de AGPI (3,52%) (p &lt;0,001) em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s demais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Na amostra avaliada, evidenciou-se baixa ades&#227;o &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es nutricionais para consumo de &#225;cidos graxos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>&#193;cidos Graxos</kwd>
        <kwd>Dieta</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Preven&#231;&#227;o Secund&#225;ria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="32"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <fig id="f4">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-03-e20230487-30487-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) s&#227;o consideradas a principal causa de morbimortalidade no Brasil e no mundo, sendo respons&#225;veis por cerca de sete milh&#245;es de mortes por ano, principalmente em grupos vulner&#225;veis, como idosos, pessoas de menor renda e baixa escolaridade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os fatores de risco para as DCV s&#227;o alvo de preven&#231;&#227;o para a ocorr&#234;ncia dessas doen&#231;as. Por&#233;m, aten&#231;&#227;o maior ao tratamento deve ser dada aos indiv&#237;duos em preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular secund&#225;ria, uma vez que &#233; estabelecido maior risco para recorr&#234;ncia de eventos nesta popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Esses fatores de risco podem ser modific&#225;veis ou n&#227;o. Os fatores modific&#225;veis incluem hiperlipidemia, tabagismo, consumo de &#225;lcool, hiperglicemia, obesidade, sedentarismo, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) e m&#225; qualidade da dieta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Diretrizes cl&#237;nicas referentes a abordagem nutricional s&#227;o desenvolvidas por sociedades m&#233;dicas para orientar o consumo de nutrientes e padr&#245;es alimentares relacionados a prote&#231;&#227;o e ao risco para o desenvolvimento de DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Uma das recomenda&#231;&#245;es nutricionais em destaque nas diretrizes &#233; referente &#224; import&#226;ncia da propor&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o de diferentes &#225;cidos graxos: saturados (AGS), monoinsaturados (AGM), poli-insaturados (AGPI) e trans-insaturados (AGT).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> As diretrizes recomendam que os profissionais de sa&#250;de orientem seus pacientes a terem um consumo alimentar seguindo padr&#245;es diet&#233;ticos saud&#225;veis incluindo uma propor&#231;&#227;o adequada de &#225;cidos graxos; entretanto, n&#227;o descrevem como essa orienta&#231;&#227;o deve ser realizada. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; necess&#225;rio adaptar essas orienta&#231;&#245;es para o contexto cultural e financeiro nos quais o indiv&#237;duo se encontra.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre o consumo de diferentes &#225;cidos graxos, principalmente AGS, com a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral ainda n&#227;o est&#225; estabelecida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> No que diz respeito &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular secund&#225;ria, pouco se sabe sobre o consumo desses nutrientes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> e informa&#231;&#245;es nacionais em grande escala sobre a ades&#227;o desses pacientes da comunidade (n&#227;o hospitalizados) &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es de consumo de &#225;cidos graxos n&#227;o s&#227;o conhecidas. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar, na linha de base de um ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado multic&#234;ntrico nacional, a preval&#234;ncia de ades&#227;o &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es de consumo de &#225;cidos graxos, bem como estimar se a presen&#231;a de determinados fatores de risco cardiovascular (dislipidemia, HAS ou diabetes mellitus tipo 2 [DM2]) estaria associada &#224; ades&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Trata-se de uma an&#225;lise explorat&#243;ria dos dados de linha de base dos participantes do estudo "<italic>Brasilian Cardioprotective Nutritional Program Trial - (BALANCE Program Trial. ClinTrials:</italic> NCT01620398). Este foi um estudo multic&#234;ntrico, com a participa&#231;&#227;o de 2534 indiv&#237;duos em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares provenientes de 35 centros distribu&#237;dos entre as 5 regi&#245;es brasileiras.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> O objetivo do ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado foi avaliar a efetividade de uma interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional educativa, pautada nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es nutricionais preconizadas pelas diretrizes brasileiras para preven&#231;&#227;o das DCV, sobre a preven&#231;&#227;o de novos eventos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Todos os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade est&#227;o relatados no protocolo do estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Foram inclu&#237;dos participantes com 45 anos ou mais que apresentaram um ou mais dos indicadores de DCV estabelecida nos &#250;ltimos 10 anos: doen&#231;a coronariana, acidente vascular cerebral, e doen&#231;a vascular perif&#233;rica. Todos os volunt&#225;rios leram e assinaram o termo de consentimento antes de sua sele&#231;&#227;o final como sujeitos de pesquisa. O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelos Comit&#234;s de &#201;tica locais.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados</title>
        <p>Entrevistadores treinados aplicaram um question&#225;rio estruturado contendo quest&#245;es sobre caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> e cl&#237;nicas. Os participantes foram classificados como fumantes atuais, n&#227;o fumantes ou ex-fumantes, e o n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica foi classificado de acordo com o question&#225;rio <italic>International Physical Activity Questionnaire</italic> (IPAQ) vers&#227;o curta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi calculado de acordo com a f&#243;rmula massa corporal (kg)/altura (m<sup>2</sup>). A press&#227;o arterial foi obtida por um profissional treinado, seguindo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Heart Association</italic>,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> e os dados referentes ao uso de medica&#231;&#245;es foram obtidos a partir de prescri&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas. Os diagn&#243;sticos de DM2, HAS e dislipidemia foram obtidos dos prontu&#225;rios. Todos os dados foram registrados em um formul&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico de relato de caso (<italic>case report form</italic>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Consumo alimentar</title>
        <p>Os dados de consumo alimentar foram obtidos por meio de dois recordat&#243;rios alimentares de 24 horas, sendo a m&#233;dia entre os dois recordat&#243;rios utilizada para a an&#225;lise proposta. Participantes com relato de consumo alimentar &gt;4000 kcal/dia ou &lt; 500 kcal/dia (separar kcal/dia de 500) foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise por representarem poss&#237;vel relato inconsistente. O m&#233;todo de passagem m&#250;ltipla (<italic>Multiple Pass Method</italic>) foi usado para padronizar a coleta de dados de consumo alimentar e permitir a captura do m&#225;ximo de informa&#231;&#245;es sobre os alimentos consumidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Os dados de consumo alimentar foram registrados no programa Vivanda (S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brasil), software brasileiro que prioriza tabelas brasileiras e americanas de composi&#231;&#227;o de alimentos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Um &#225;lbum de fotos contendo imagens de por&#231;&#245;es padronizadas de alimentos, especificamente preparado pelo BALANCE Program Trial, foi utilizado para auxiliar na avalia&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o alimentar. Todos os pesquisadores envolvidos na coleta dos dados foram treinados tanto para a obten&#231;&#227;o das informa&#231;&#245;es quanto para a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do software.</p>
        <p>Para verificar se o participante atingiu a recomenda&#231;&#227;o de AGPI, foi considerada uma ingest&#227;o maior ou igual a 10% do consumo total de energia di&#225;ria (CTE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O participante foi considerado como ter atingido a recomenda&#231;&#227;o de ingest&#227;o de AGM caso tivesse reportado consumo maior ou igual a 20% do CTE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Por fim, para verificar se o sujeito atingiu a recomenda&#231;&#227;o de AGS, foi considerada uma ingest&#227;o menor ou igual a 7% do CTE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados foram apresentados em frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e estat&#237;sticas de posi&#231;&#227;o (m&#233;dia ou mediana) e de dispers&#227;o (desvio padr&#227;o e intervalos interquartis) para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, conforme normalidade dos dados avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre os participantes que atingiram ao menos uma das recomenda&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas atrav&#233;s do teste qui-quadrado de Pearson ou teste exato de Fisher quando apropriado, para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e teste t-student n&#227;o pareado para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. Para a ingest&#227;o de macronutrientes os pacientes que atingiram uma determinada recomenda&#231;&#227;o (ingest&#227;o de AGS, AGM e AGPI) foram comparados por meio do teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney. O diagrama de Venn foi utilizado para representar graficamente a ocorr&#234;ncia da ades&#227;o simult&#226;nea das recomenda&#231;&#245;es de ingest&#227;o dos &#225;cidos graxos. Todas as an&#225;lises consideraram um alfa bicaudal de 5% e foram realizadas com o aux&#237;lio do software R (R foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>No estudo BALANCE, 2534 indiv&#237;duos em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria para doen&#231;a cardiovascular foram inclu&#237;dos; por&#233;m, para a presente an&#225;lise, foram considerados apenas aqueles com registro alimentar completo. Participantes com relato de consumo alimentar &gt;4000kcal ou &lt; 500kcal/dia foram exclu&#237;dos por representarem poss&#237;vel relato inconsistente do participante. Assim, a amostra total do estudo foi composta por 2358 indiv&#237;duos. Destes, 144 (6,1%) eram da regi&#227;o Norte do pa&#237;s, 169 (7,2%) da regi&#227;o Centro-Oeste, 596 (25,3%) da regi&#227;o Nordeste, 639 (27,1%) da regi&#227;o Sul e 810 (34,5%) da regi&#227;o Sudeste (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo BALANCE por estado nacional.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-03-e20230487-30487-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s porcentagens medianas de ingest&#227;o dos &#225;cidos graxos, identificou-se 8,7% (intervalo interquartil 6,6 - 10,7) de AGS, 7,8% (6,1 - 9,7) de AGM e 6,3% (4,9 &#8211; 8,0) de AGPI. Nenhum indiv&#237;duo aderiu totalmente as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de consumo de &#225;cidos graxos e mais da metade (1482 [62,9%]) n&#227;o aderiu a nenhuma recomenda&#231;&#227;o (Figura Central). A ades&#227;o exclusivamente &#224; recomenda&#231;&#227;o de AGS foi a mais prevalente, sendo cumprida por 659 (28%) participantes, seguida da ades&#227;o exclusivamente &#224; recomenda&#231;&#227;o de AGPI (178 [7,6%]) e de AGM (5 [0,2%]). Ainda, 30 indiv&#237;duos (1,3%) adeririam &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es de AGPI e AGS de forma concomitante, tr&#234;s indiv&#237;duos &#224; recomenda&#231;&#227;o de AGPI e AGM (0,1%) e apenas um indiv&#237;duo (0,04%) &#224; recomenda&#231;&#227;o de AGM e AGS simultaneamente.</p>
      <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> est&#227;o descritas as caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes que aderiam a pelo menos uma recomenda&#231;&#227;o (AGPI, AGM ou AGS) e daqueles que n&#227;o aderiam a nenhuma das recomenda&#231;&#245;es. Destaca-se que indiv&#237;duos de classes sociais inferiores pelo crit&#233;rio ABEP e com menor escolaridade apresentaram maior ades&#227;o &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;stica dos participantes que aderiam a alguma recomenda&#231;&#227;o nutricional para consumo de &#225;cidos graxos e daqueles que n&#227;o aderiam a nenhuma recomenda&#231;&#227;o</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="19%">
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">N&#227;o adere a nenhuma recomenda&#231;&#227;o (n=1482)</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Adere a pelo menos 1 recomenda&#231;&#227;o (n=876)</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Total (n=2358)</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="6">
                <bold>Dados demogr&#225;ficos</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Idade (anos) - m&#233;dia &#177; dp</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">63,3 &#177; 9,1</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">62,9 &#177; 8,7 (n=876)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">63,2 &#177; 9</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,259</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Sexo Feminino</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">606/1482 (40,9%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">374/876 (42,7%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">980/2358 (41,6%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,411</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="6">
                <bold>Classe social</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">D/E</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">175/1375 (12,7%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">128/787 (16,3%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">303/2162 (14%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>0,014</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">C</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">778/1375 (56,6%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">455/787 (57,8%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1233/2162 (57%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">A/B</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">422/1375 (30,7%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">204/787 (25,9%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">626/2162 (29%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="6">
                <bold>Escolaridade</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Ensino fundamental</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">803/1375 (58,4%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">515/791 (65,1%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1318/2166 (60,8%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>0,004</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Ensino m&#233;dio</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">451/1375 (32,8%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">228/791 (28,8%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">679/2166 (31,3%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Ensino superior</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">121/1375 (8,8%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">48/791 (6,1%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">169/2166 (7,8%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="6">
                <bold>Dados cl&#237;nicos</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="6">
                <bold>Atividade F&#237;sica</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Sedent&#225;rio</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">964/1470 (65,6%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">581/867 (67%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1545/2337 (66,1%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,334</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Leve</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">419/1470 (28,5%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">246/867 (28,4%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">665/2337 (28,5%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Moderada</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">79/1470 (5,4%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">39/867 (4,5%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">118/2337 (5%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Intensa</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">8/1470 (0,5%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1/867 (0,1%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">9/2337 (0,4%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Tabagismo Atual</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">109/1481 (7,4%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">73/873 (8,4%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">182/2354 (7,7%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,381</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) - m&#233;dia &#177; dp</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">29,2 &#177; 4,9 (n=1478)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">28,9 &#177; 5 (n=873)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">29,1 &#177; 5 (n=2351)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,117</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="6">
                <bold>N&#250;mero de Comorbidades Presentes</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">59/1482 (4%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">26/876 (3%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">85/2358 (3,6%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,257</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">1</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">239/1482 (16,1%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">148/876 (16,9%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">387/2358 (16,4%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">2</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">670/1482 (45,2%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">372/876 (42,5%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1042/2358 (44,2%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">3</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">514/1482 (34,7%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">330/876 (37,7%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">844/2358 (35,8%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="6">
                <bold>Comorbidades Presentes</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1330/1482 (89,7%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">796/876 (90,9%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2126/2358 (90,2%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,391</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">642/1482 (43,3%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">401/876 (45,8%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1043/2358 (44,2%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,247</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Dislipidemia</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1149/1482 (77,5%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">685/876 (78,2%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1834/2358 (77,8%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,72</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <attrib>Fonte: Pr&#243;prio autor.</attrib>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Dados expressos em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o ou frequ&#234;ncia. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Apesar de n&#227;o se tratar de uma amostra representativa das cinco regi&#245;es brasileiras, avaliamos a hip&#243;tese de que a ades&#227;o &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es poderia ser diferente entre as regi&#245;es do pa&#237;s. Como &#233; poss&#237;vel ver na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>, em todas as regi&#245;es a ades&#227;o a uma dieta com reduzida concentra&#231;&#227;o de AGS foi maior que a ades&#227;o &#224;s demais recomenda&#231;&#245;es. Entretanto, &#233; observada uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre ades&#227;o &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es e as regi&#245;es brasileiras, isto &#233;, a ades&#227;o diferiu entre as regi&#245;es (p&lt; 0,001). Na regi&#227;o Nordeste do pa&#237;s, observou-se uma maior propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que aderiram &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es de consumo de AGS quando comparada com as outras regi&#245;es. Por outro lado, a ades&#227;o &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es do consumo de AGPI foi menor.</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o da ades&#227;o &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es de ingest&#227;o de &#225;cidos graxos de acordo com as regi&#245;es brasileiras.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-03-e20230487-30487-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Uma vez que recomenda&#231;&#245;es nutricionais podem ser orientadas a partir da presen&#231;a dos fatores de risco para DCV, verificou-se se a presen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplas comorbidades poderia estar associada &#224; ades&#227;o dessas recomenda&#231;&#245;es, uma vez que o indiv&#237;duo pode ter recebido orienta&#231;&#245;es para cada uma das comorbidades de forma individualizada ou ela foi intensificada pela presen&#231;a de mais de um fator de risco. Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref> observamos, por&#233;m, que que n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre o n&#250;mero de comorbidades e a ades&#227;o &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es nutricionais (p = 0,269).</p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Representa&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica da ades&#227;o &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es nutricionais de consumo de &#225;cidos graxos de acordo com o n&#250;mero de fatores de risco cardiovascular.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-03-e20230487-30487-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Considerando que alguma comorbidade poderia ter maior impacto na ades&#227;o &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es em detrimento &#224; outra, foi avaliada a ades&#227;o segundo a presen&#231;a de cada um dos fatores de risco separadamente (DM2, HAS e dislipidemia). Os resultados (<italic>dados n&#227;o publicados</italic>) confirmam que a presen&#231;a de qualquer comorbidade n&#227;o influenciou a ades&#227;o, sendo ela igual &#224; dos indiv&#237;duos sem alguma comorbidade espec&#237;fica.</p>
      <p>Nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabelas 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">4</xref> est&#225; descrito o consumo alimentar dos participantes de acordo com a ades&#227;o &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es dos diferentes &#225;cidos graxos. Aqueles que atingiram as orienta&#231;&#245;es de ingest&#227;o para AGS apresentaram menor consumo energ&#233;tico total da dieta, maior consumo de carboidratos e fibra alimentar e menor ingest&#227;o de s&#243;dio e colesterol diet&#233;tico; por outro lado, aqueles que atingiram as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de AGPI apresentaram menor consumo de carboidratos e maior consumo de s&#243;dio e fibras. J&#225; entre os participantes com consumo adequado de AGM, observou-se menor ingest&#227;o de carboidratos e maior ingest&#227;o de colesterol na dieta.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o de macronutrientes de acordo com a ades&#227;o (sim ou n&#227;o) &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es de &#225;cidos graxos saturados</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="20%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">N&#227;o adere &#224; recomenda&#231;&#227;o de AGS (n=1668)</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Adere &#224; recomenda&#231;&#227;o de AGS (n=690)</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Total (n=2358)</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Energia (Kcal)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1408,3 [1115,5 - 1787,7]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1225,5 [979,2 - 1532,3]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1359,7 [1067,5 - 1714,6]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;<bold>0,001</bold></td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Carboidrato (%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">50,6 [44,7 - 55,6]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">60,5 [55,1 - 65,7]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">53,2 [47 - 59,2]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;<bold>0,001</bold></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Prote&#237;na (%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">19,2 [16 - 23,1]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">18,9 [15,1 - 23,2]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">19,1 [15,7 - 23,1]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,107</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Lip&#237;dios (%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">29,4 [25,6 - 33,6]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">19,8 [17,1 - 22,7]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">26,9 [21,9 - 31,8]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;<bold>0,001</bold></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">AGS (%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">9,9 [8,4 - 11,7]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">5,7 [4,8 - 6,4]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">8,7 [6,6 - 10,7]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;<bold>0,001</bold></td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">AGM (%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">8,7 [7,4 - 10,5]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">5,4 [4,5 - 6,4]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">7,8 [6,1 - 9,7]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;<bold>0,001</bold></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">AGPI (%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">6,6 [5,2 - 8,3]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">5,7 [4,5 - 7,1]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">6,3 [4,9 - 8]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;<bold>0,001</bold></td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">S&#243;dio (mg)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2634 [1947,5 - 3500,7]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2304 [1731,9 - 3040,1]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2545,5 [1880,3 - 3340,4]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;<bold>0,001</bold></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Colesterol diet&#233;tico (mg)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">193,6 [128 - 290,5]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">111,2 [67,2 - 187,6]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">168,9 [106 - 262,2]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;<bold>0,001</bold></td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Fibra alimentar (g)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">16,7 [11,5 - 23,9]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">18,8 [13,8 - 26,4]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">17,3 [12,2 - 24,5]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;<bold>0,001</bold></td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <attrib>Fonte: Pr&#243;prio autor.</attrib>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>Dados expressos em mediana e intervalo interquartil. AGS: &#225;cido graxos saturados; AGPI: &#225;cidos graxos poli-insaturados; AGM: &#225;cidos graxos monoinsaturados.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o de macronutrientes de acordo com a ades&#227;o (sim ou n&#227;o) &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es de &#225;cidos graxos poli-insaturados</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="20%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">N&#227;o adere &#224; recomenda&#231;&#227;o de AGPI (n=2147)</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Adere &#224; recomenda&#231;&#227;o de AGPI(n=211)</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Total (n=2358)</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Energia (Kcal)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1354 [1060,1 - 1715,4]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1391,4 [1091,2 - 1713,4]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1359,7 [1067,5 - 1714,6]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,376</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Carboidrato (%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">53,7 [47,7 - 59,7]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">46,7 [40 - 53,1]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">53,2 [47 - 59,2]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;<bold>0,001</bold></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Prote&#237;na (%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">19,2 [15,8 - 23,1]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">18,8 [15,6 - 22,2]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">19,1 [15,7 - 23,1]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,293</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Lip&#237;dios (%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">26,2 [21,4 - 31]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">33,4 [29,5 - 38,7]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">26,9 [21,9 - 31,8]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;<bold>0,001</bold></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">AGS (%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">8,5 [6,5 - 10,7]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">9,6 [8,1 - 11,6]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">8,7 [6,6 - 10,7]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;<bold>0,001</bold></td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">AGM (%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">7,6 [5,9 - 9,5]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">10 [8,3 - 12,3]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">7,8 [6,1 - 9,7]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;<bold>0,001</bold></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">AGPI (%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">6,1 [4,8 - 7,5]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">11,5 [10,6 - 12,7]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">6,3 [4,9 - 8]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;<bold>0,001</bold></td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">S&#243;dio (mg)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2498,6 [1857,5 - 3297,6]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2832,9 [2230,6 - 3726]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2545,5 [1880,3 - 3340,4]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;<bold>0,001</bold></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Colesterol diet&#233;tico (mg)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">164,9 [104,2 - 253,9]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">228,5 [145,7 - 352,5]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">168,9 [106 - 262,2]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Fibra alimentar (g)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">17,2 [12,2 - 24,4]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">18 [12,5 - 26,9]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">17,3 [12,2 - 24,5]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,2</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <attrib>Fonte: Pr&#243;prio autor.</attrib>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>Dados expressos em mediana e intervalo interquartil. AGS: &#225;cido graxos saturados; AGPI: &#225;cidos graxos poli-insaturados; AGM: &#225;cidos graxos monoinsaturados.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Tabela 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o de macronutrientes de acordo com a ades&#227;o (sim ou n&#227;o) &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es de &#225;cidos graxos monoinsaturados</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="20%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">N&#227;o adere &#224; recomenda&#231;&#227;o de AGM (n=2349)</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Adere &#224; recomenda&#231;&#227;o de AGM (n=9)</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Total (n=2358)</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Energia (Kcal)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1360,4 [1067,3 - 1714,9]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1324,4 [1077,3 - 1590,1]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1359,7 [1067,5 - 1714,6]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,742</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Carboidrato (%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">53,2 [47 - 59,2]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">29,2 [21,9 - 50,3]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">53,2 [47 - 59,2]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>0,001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Prote&#237;na (%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">19,1 [15,8 - 23,1]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">21,1 [14,8 - 26,2]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">19,1 [15,7 - 23,1]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,694</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Lip&#237;dios (%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">26,8 [21,9 - 31,7]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">46,4 [39,6 - 50,3]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">26,9 [21,9 - 31,8]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;<bold>0,001</bold></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">AGS (%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">8,7 [6,6 - 10,7]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">17,1 [13,2 - 20,9]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">8,7 [6,6 - 10,7]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;<bold>0,001</bold></td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">AGM (%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">7,8 [6,1 - 9,7]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">22 [21,8 - 24,7]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">7,8 [6,1 - 9,7]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;<bold>0,001</bold></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">AGPI (%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">6,3 [4,9 - 8]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">8 [7,6 - 10,8]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">6,3 [4,9 - 8]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>0,004</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">S&#243;dio (mg)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2545,2 [1881,6 - 3340,8]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2743 [1583,2 - 3291,8]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2545,5 [1880,3 - 3340,4]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,881</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Colesterol diet&#233;tico (mg)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">168,8 [106 - 261,2]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">500,6 [230,5 - 634]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">168,9 [106 - 262,2]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,024</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Fibra alimentar (g)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">17,3 [12,3 - 24,5]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">10,2 [7,2 - 20,9]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">17,3 [12,2 - 24,5]</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,073</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <attrib>Fonte: Pr&#243;prio autor.</attrib>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>Dados expressos em mediana e intervalo interquartil. AGS: &#225;cido graxos saturados; AGPI: &#225;cidos graxos poli-insaturados; AGM: &#225;cidos graxos monoinsaturados.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, a ades&#227;o &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es para ingest&#227;o de diferentes &#225;cidos graxos diet&#233;ticos foi avaliada entre 2358 indiv&#237;duos em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria para DCV com idade m&#233;dia de 63,2 &#177; 9 oriundos das cinco regi&#245;es brasileiras. Observou-se que nenhum indiv&#237;duo apresentou ades&#227;o a recomenda&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o dos tr&#234;s &#225;cidos graxos (AGS, AGM e AGPI) de forma concomitante. A ades&#227;o &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es de ingest&#227;o do AGS foi a mais prevalente (27,95%) e a presen&#231;a de diversas comorbidades n&#227;o influenciou na ades&#227;o &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>A ades&#227;o &#224; recomenda&#231;&#227;o de ingest&#227;o inferior a 7% das calorias di&#225;rias proveniente de AGS, apesar de ser maior que a ades&#227;o &#224;s demais recomenda&#231;&#245;es, ainda foi baixa na popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada. A recomenda&#231;&#227;o de consumo de AGS para a popula&#231;&#227;o geral &#233; de at&#233; 10% do CET di&#225;rio. Nos Estados Unidos, observa-se que mais de 60% da popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o atinge essa recomenda&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> No Brasil, o consumo m&#233;dio de AGS pela popula&#231;&#227;o geral &#233; de 8,9% do CET (intervalo de incerteza (UI) de 95% 7,5 a 10,3),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> percentual considerado adequado quando comparado &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es. Entretanto, o presente estudo mostra que a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira especificamente em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria para DCV apresenta um consumo m&#233;dio de AGS superior ao esperado. Resultados similares foram identificados em outros estudos transversais com pacientes p&#243;s s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda nos quais o consumo m&#233;dio de AGS foi de 9,3%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> e o percentual de indiv&#237;duos com consumo considerado adequado foi de aproximadamente 23%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Estima-se que limitar o consumo deste tipo de &#225;cido graxo entre a popula&#231;&#227;o em geral esteja associado com a redu&#231;&#227;o de 21% (risco relativo [RR] de 0,79; Intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% [IC 95%] de 0,66 a 0,93) de eventos cardiovasculares combinados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Ao reduzir o consumo de AGS, outro macronutriente deve proporcionalmente aumentar para substitui-lo. Revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas com metan&#225;lises frequentemente apresentam resultados discrepantes referente ao efeito da redu&#231;&#227;o do AGS na preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, por agregar artigos que diferem com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fonte dos nutrientes que substitui o AGS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Recomenda-se que a substitui&#231;&#227;o seja feita por um &#225;cido graxo insaturado;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> por&#233;m, como visto neste estudo, a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira em preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular secund&#225;ria parece reduzir o AGS substituindo-o por carboidrato. A substitui&#231;&#227;o do AGS por carboidrato n&#227;o confere aumento no risco e ainda alguns autores discutem o tipo de carboidrato que estes estudos referem estar substituindo o AGS, podendo ter um efeito quando substitu&#237;do por fontes alimentares ricas em fibras e outro quando substitu&#237;do por fontes alimentares ricas em a&#231;&#250;cares simples.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A substitui&#231;&#227;o do AGS por AGPI parece reduzir em 22% (RR =0,78; IC 95% 0,62 a 0,97) e o benef&#237;cio da substitui&#231;&#227;o por AGM ainda n&#227;o est&#225; claro;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> destaca-se que na amostra avaliada o pequeno percentual de indiv&#237;duos que atingiu as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de ingest&#227;o de AGM s&#243; o fez em detrimento do aumento global da ingest&#227;o de gorduras totais, inclusive ultrapassando a recomenda&#231;&#227;o de AGS.</p>
      <p>Na popula&#231;&#227;o avaliada, AGPI foi consumido muito aqu&#233;m ao esperado, reflexo do baixo consumo de alimento fonte desta gordura como peixes e &#243;leos vegetais, como tamb&#233;m &#233; visto em outras popula&#231;&#245;es (brasileiras e n&#227;o) em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria para DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> O efeito pelo qual o AGPI confere prote&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular estaria associado &#224; sua participa&#231;&#227;o na redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-colesterol e na inflama&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Em 2010, o consumo inadequado de AGPI contribuiu com 711.800 (95% UI 680.700 a 745.000) mortes por causa cardiovascular, representando 10,3% (95% UI 9,9% a 10,6%) da mortalidade global, e o consumo inadequado de AGS contribuiu com 250.900 (95% UI 236.900 a 265.800), representando 3,6%, (95% UI 3,5% a 3,6%) da mortalidade global.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Devido &#224; intera&#231;&#227;o in vivo dos macronutrientes na sa&#250;de, a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos componentes diet&#233;ticos por si s&#243; pode n&#227;o ser um bom indicador de sa&#250;de. Concentrar-se nos padr&#245;es alimentares e considerar todos os aspectos da ingest&#227;o alimentar de um indiv&#237;duo fornece mais precis&#227;o para determinar o risco de doen&#231;a. Com base em estudos anteriores, o padr&#227;o alimentar `ocidental&#8217; foi associado a um maior risco de DCV e padr&#245;es alimentares como a dieta do Mediterr&#226;neo e a dieta DASH vem sendo destacados e ganhando mais destaque nas diretrizes cl&#237;nicas de preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Exatamente por terem uma composi&#231;&#227;o reduzida de AGS e alto em AGPI e AGM, al&#233;m de outras caracter&#237;sticas nutricionais como alto teor de fibras, antioxidantes e compostos bioativos, estes padr&#245;es alimentares saud&#225;veis devem ser fortemente recomendados. Al&#233;m disso, a orienta&#231;&#227;o desses padr&#245;es de forma global parece ser mais fact&#237;vel para a compreens&#227;o do paciente (e consequentemente para a ades&#227;o) em compara&#231;&#227;o a simples recomenda&#231;&#227;o para redu&#231;&#227;o do consumo de alimentos fonte de AGS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Destaca-se que no momento da alta para o domic&#237;lio, entre indiv&#237;duos hospitalizados por um evento cardiovascular agudo, as orienta&#231;&#245;es referentes a ingest&#227;o de nutrientes e de padr&#245;es alimentares parecem diferir de acordo com o sistema de sa&#250;de hospitalar: no Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (realidade da maioria dos participantes alocados no estudo BALANCE) parecem prevalecer orienta&#231;&#245;es para redu&#231;&#227;o de gorduras, frituras e de s&#243;dio diet&#233;tico; j&#225; no sistema privado, al&#233;m dessas recomenda&#231;&#245;es, prevalecem tamb&#233;m orienta&#231;&#245;es com rela&#231;&#227;o ao consumo de l&#225;cteos, prepara&#231;&#245;es culin&#225;rias grelhadas e cozidas no vapor, peixes, azeite de oliva extra virgem, frutas e verduras, e gr&#227;os integrais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os resultados deste estudo enfatizam a baixa ades&#227;o dos participantes &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es estabelecidas para a ingest&#227;o de nutrientes. Podemos levantar a hip&#243;tese de que os pacientes em preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular secund&#225;ria enfrentam os seguintes desafios: a) acesso limitado a informa&#231;&#245;es, devido &#224; dificuldade para agendamento com profissionais de sa&#250;de especializados, &#224; falta de orienta&#231;&#245;es adequadas por parte dos profissionais de sa&#250;de devido &#224; alta demanda (pouco tempo para atendimento) ou &#224; falta de atualiza&#231;&#227;o; b) dificuldade de compreens&#227;o das orienta&#231;&#245;es, pois traduzir as diretrizes em orienta&#231;&#245;es pr&#225;ticas e compreens&#237;veis n&#227;o &#233; uma tarefa simples; e c) dificuldade na ades&#227;o influenciada por quest&#245;es financeiras, econ&#244;micas ou pela falta de acesso a alimentos frescos e minimamente processados. Independentemente das raz&#245;es, &#233; crucial entender esse cen&#225;rio e propor estrat&#233;gias para superar os desafios na mudan&#231;a de comportamento alimentar. Nesse contexto, o BALANCE Trial buscou traduzir as recomenda&#231;&#245;es nutricionais das diretrizes da SBC em orienta&#231;&#245;es pr&#225;ticas que respeitassem os h&#225;bitos e a cultura alimentar regional. Essa estrat&#233;gia foi publicada pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de (<italic>Alimenta&#231;&#227;o Cardioprotetora: Manual de orienta&#231;&#245;es para profissionais de Sa&#250;de da Aten&#231;&#227;o B&#225;sica</italic>) e est&#225; amplamente dispon&#237;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> No estudo BALANCE,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> ap&#243;s um seguimento de tr&#234;s anos, observou-se melhora na qualidade global da dieta, representada pelo aumento no consumo de vegetais e redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no consumo de AGS. Essas recomenda&#231;&#245;es, entretanto, n&#227;o refletiram na redu&#231;&#227;o de novos eventos cardiovasculares no per&#237;odo.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo possui algumas limita&#231;&#245;es como a n&#227;o inclus&#227;o de uma amostra representativa por estado brasileiro, al&#233;m do m&#233;todo de inqu&#233;rito alimentar (recordat&#243;rio alimentar de 24h) apresentar vieses como de mem&#243;ria e de sub relato. Al&#233;m disso, trata-se de uma an&#225;lise explorat&#243;ria que n&#227;o estava prevista originalmente no protocolo de pesquisa. N&#227;o coletamos informa&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas referentes a orienta&#231;&#245;es nutricionais previamente recebidas pelos participantes; por&#233;m, acreditamos que os dados apresentados em nosso estudo destacam a import&#226;ncia de que, mesmo que tal orienta&#231;&#227;o tenha sido realizada por algum profissional de sa&#250;de, ela pode n&#227;o ter sido suficiente para mudar o comportamento alimentar do indiv&#237;duo. Nosso estudo tamb&#233;m tem pontos fortes, como o tamanho amostral desta an&#225;lise transversal e o cuidado metodol&#243;gico como o treinamento minucioso para a coleta de dados oferecido &#224;s equipes de pesquisa de cada centro participante.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Na amostra de brasileiros em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria avaliada, identificou-se uma ades&#227;o insuficiente &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es nutricionais para o consumo de diferentes &#225;cidos graxos. &#201; importante ressaltar que nenhum dos participantes demonstrou ades&#227;o &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es de ingest&#227;o para os diversos &#225;cidos graxos simultaneamente, refor&#231;ando a import&#226;ncia da implementa&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias de sensibiliza&#231;&#227;o para promover mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Programa de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Institucional do Sistema &#218;nico de S&#225;ude &#8211; PROADI/SUS.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do HCor sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE 03218512.0.1001.0060. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>GMM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brant</surname>
              <given-names>LCC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Polanczyk</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Malta</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Biolo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nascimento</surname>
              <given-names>BR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular Statistics - Brazil 2021</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>118</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>115</fpage>
          <lpage>373</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20211012</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 Oliveira GMM, Brant LCC, Polanczyk CA, Malta DC, Biolo A, Nascimento BR, et al. Cardiovascular Statistics - Brazil 2021. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2022;118(1):115-373. doi: 10.36660/abc.20211012.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
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      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230487i</article-id>
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          <subject>Original Article</subject>
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      </article-categories>
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        <article-title>Adequacy of Fatty Acids Consumption Among Individuals in Secondary Cardiovascular Prevention</article-title>
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          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kasai</surname>
            <given-names>Caio Cesar dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kovacs</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiane</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff29">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bello</surname>
            <given-names>Annie</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff30">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>de Matos</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina H.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff31">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bertacco</surname>
            <given-names>Renata Torres Abib</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff32">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff33">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schirmann</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela da S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff34">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0318-9331</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nagano</surname>
            <given-names>Francisca Eugenia Zaina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff35">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Poloni</surname>
            <given-names>Soraia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff36">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kik</surname>
            <given-names>Raquel Milani El</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff37">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feres</surname>
            <given-names>Naoel Hassan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff38">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Isa G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff39">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4158-9726</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff40">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Josilene M. F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff41">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra Mary Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff42">
            <sup>16</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carlos</surname>
            <given-names>Daniele Maria de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff43">
            <sup>17</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane Sahade</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff44">
            <sup>18</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1903-2892</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff40">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3739-7702</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Albuquerque de</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff45">
            <sup>19</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2681-0936</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moriguchi</surname>
            <given-names>Emilio Hideyuki</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff33">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Izar</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff46">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinto</surname>
            <given-names>S&#244;nia Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff47">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bressan</surname>
            <given-names>Josefina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff48">
            <sup>22</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>de Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Simone Raimondi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff49">
            <sup>23</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kumbier</surname>
            <given-names>Magali C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff50">
            <sup>24</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>de Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Celme Barroncas Passos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff51">
            <sup>25</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Torreglosa</surname>
            <given-names>Camila R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff27">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Weber</surname>
            <given-names>Bernardete</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff52">
            <sup>26</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bersch-Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>&#194;ngela Cristine</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff52">
            <sup>26</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff27">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Pesquisa do Hcor, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff28">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Londrina</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Paran&#225; &#8211; Escola de Medicina C&#226;mpus Londrina, Londrina, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff29">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff30">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff31">
          <label>5</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Itaja&#237;</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Vale do Itaja&#237;, Itaja&#237;, SC &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff32">
          <label>6</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Pelotas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff33">
          <label>7</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff34">
          <label>8</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bag&#233;</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade da Regi&#227;o da Campanha, Bag&#233;, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff35">
          <label>9</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225; &#8211; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff36">
          <label>10</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff37">
          <label>11</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff38">
          <label>12</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Cuiab&#225;</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MT</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiab&#225;, MT &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff39">
          <label>13</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Pronto Socorro Cardiol&#243;gico Universit&#225;rio de Pernambuco, Recife, PE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff40">
          <label>14</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff41">
          <label>15</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Santa Cruz</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RN</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ana Bezerra, Santa Cruz, RN &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff42">
          <label>16</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Macei&#243;, AL &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff43">
          <label>17</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Messejana, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff44">
          <label>18</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff45">
          <label>19</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Lu&#237;s</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o, S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff46">
          <label>20</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff47">
          <label>21</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Palmas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">TO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Palmas, TO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff48">
          <label>22</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Vi&#231;osa</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa, Vi&#231;osa, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff49">
          <label>23</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Estadual de Cardiologia Aloysio de Castro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff50">
          <label>24</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Consultoria Terapia Nutricional &#8211; COTENUT, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff51">
          <label>25</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Manaus</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">AM</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Francisca Mendes, Manaus, AM &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff52">
          <label>26</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Real e Benem&#233;rita Associa&#231;&#227;o Portuguesa de Benefic&#234;ncia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Aline Marcadenti</bold> &#8226; Instituto de Pesquisa do Hcor &#8211; Rua Desembargador Eliseu Guilherme, 200, 8&#186; andar. Postal Code <postal-code>04004-030</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>amarcaden@hcor.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Adhering to a diet adequate in macronutrients is crucial for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To assess the prevalence of adherence to recommendations for the consumption of dietary fatty acids for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases and to estimate whether the presence of certain cardiovascular risk factors would be associated with adherence.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cross-sectional study using baseline data from 2,358 participants included in the "Brazilian Cardioprotective Nutritional Program Trial". Dietary intake and cardiovascular risk factors were assessed. Adequate intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was considered as &#8805;10% of total daily energy intake; for monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), 20%; and for saturated fatty acids (SFA), &lt;7% according to the Brazilian Society of Cardiology. A significance level of 5% was considered in the statistical analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>No participant adhered to all recommendations simultaneously, and more than half (1,482 [62.9%]) did not adhere to any recommendation. Adherence exclusively to the SFA recommendation was the most prevalent, fulfilled by 659 (28%) participants, followed by adherence exclusively to the PUFA (178 [7.6%]) and MUFA (5 [0.2%]) recommendations. There was no association between the number of comorbidities and adherence to nutritional recommendations (p = 0.269). Participants from the Brazilian Northeast region showed a higher proportion of adherence to SFA consumption recommendations (38.42%) and lower adherence to PUFA intake (3.52%) (p &lt;0.001) compared to other regions.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Among the evaluated sample, there was low adherence to nutritional recommendations for dietary fatty acid consumption.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Fatty Acids</kwd>
        <kwd>Diet</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Secondary Prevention</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <fig id="f8">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-03-e20230487-30487-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are considered the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Brazil and worldwide, accounting for about seven million deaths annually. Particularly, CVD affects vulnerable groups such as the elderly, individuals with lower income, and limited education.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Risk factors for CVD are targeted for the prevention of these diseases. However, greater attention in terms of treatment should be given to individuals undergoing secondary cardiovascular prevention, as a greater risk for the recurrence of cardiovascular events is established in this population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> These risk factors can be modifiable or non-modifiable; modifiable factors include hyperlipidemia, smoking, alcohol consumption, hyperglycemia, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, hypertension (HTN), and poor diet quality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Medical societies develop clinical guidelines regarding nutritional approaches to guide nutrient consumption and dietary patterns related to protection and risk for the development of CVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> One of the nutritional recommendations highlighted in the guidelines refers to the importance of the proportion of different dietary fatty acids intake: saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), polyunsaturated (PUFA), and trans-unsaturated (TFA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The guidelines recommend that healthcare professionals advise their patients to have a dietary intake following healthy dietary patterns, including an adequate proportion of fatty acids; however, they do not describe how this guidance should be implemented. Additionally, it is necessary to adapt these guidelines to the cultural and financial context in which the individual is situated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The relationship between the consumption of different fatty acids, especially SFA, and the occurrence of cardiovascular events in the general population is still not established.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In terms of secondary cardiovascular prevention, little is known about the consumption of these nutrients,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> and national-scale information on the adherence of these community-dwelling (non-hospitalized) patients to fatty acid consumption recommendations is not known. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate, at the baseline of a national multicenter randomized clinical trial, the prevalence of adherence to recommendations for dietary fatty acid consumption, as well as to estimate whether the presence of certain cardiovascular risk factors (dyslipidemia, HTN, or type 2 diabetes mellitus [T2DM]) was associated with adherence.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This is an exploratory analysis of baseline data from participants in the "Brazilian Cardioprotective Nutritional Program Trial" - (BALANCE Program Trial, ClinicalTrials: NCT01620398). This was a multicenter study involving 2,534 individuals in secondary prevention for cardiovascular diseases from 35 centers distributed across the 5 regions of Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The randomized clinical trial aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an educational nutritional intervention based on the nutritional recommendations advocated by Brazilian guidelines for the prevention of CVD on the prevention of new cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>All eligibility criteria are reported in the study protocol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Participants aged 45 years or older who presented one or more of the following established CVD in the last 10 years were included: coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. All volunteers read and signed the informed consent form before their final selection as research subjects. The Local Ethics Committees approved the study protocol.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Data Collection</title>
          <p>Trained interviewers administered a structured questionnaire containing questions about sociodemographic<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> and clinical characteristics. Participants were classified as current smokers, non-smokers, or ex-smokers, and the level of physical activity was categorized according to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) short version.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated using the formula body mass (kg)/height (m<sup>2</sup>). Blood pressure was obtained by a trained professional following the recommendations of the American Heart Association,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> and medication data were obtained from medical prescriptions. Diagnoses of T2DM, HTN, and dyslipidemia were obtained from medical records. All data were recorded on an electronic case report form.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Dietary Intake</title>
          <p>Data on dietary intake were obtained through two 24-hour dietary recalls, and the average between the two recalls was used for the proposed analysis. Participants reporting dietary intake &gt;4000 kcal/day or &lt;500 kcal/day were excluded due to potential inconsistency in reporting. The Multiple Pass Method was used to standardize the collection of dietary intake data and to capture maximum information about consumed foods.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Dietary intake data were recorded using the Vivanda program (S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil), a Brazilian software that prioritizes Brazilian and American food composition tables.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> A photo album containing images of standardized food portions, specifically prepared by the BALANCE Program Trial, was used to assist in the assessment of food intake. All researchers involved in data collection were trained both in obtaining information and using the software.</p>
          <p>To verify if the participant achieved the recommendation for PUFA intake, a proportion equal to or greater than 10% of the total daily energy intake (TDEI) was considered.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The participant was considered to have achieved the recommendation for MUFA intake if they reported consumption equal to or greater than 20% of the TDEI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Finally, to verify if the subject achieved the recommendation for SFA intake, an intake equal to or less than 7% of the TDEI was considered.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>The data were presented as absolute and relative frequencies for categorical variables and as position statistics (mean or median) and dispersion statistics (standard deviation and interquartile ranges) for continuous variables, depending on the normality of the data assessed by the Shapiro-Wilk test. Comparisons between participants who achieved at least one of the recommendations were conducted using Pearson's chi-square test or Fisher's exact test when appropriate for categorical variables and unpaired t-test for continuous variables. For macronutrient intake, patients who achieved a specific recommendation (SFA, MUFA, and PUFA intake) were compared using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. The Venn diagram was used to graphically represent the occurrence of simultaneous adherence to the recommendations for fatty acid intake. All analyses considered a two-tailed alpha of 5% and were performed using the R software (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>In the BALANCE study, 2,534 individuals in secondary prevention for cardiovascular disease were initially included; however, for the present analysis, only those with complete dietary records were considered. After excluding participants who reported dietary intake &gt;4000 kcal or &lt;500 kcal/day, the total sample of the study consisted of 2,358 individuals. Of these, 144 (6.1%) were from the Northern region of the country, 169 (7.2%) from the Midwest region, 596 (25.3%) from the Northeast region, 639 (27.1%) from the South region and 810 (34.5%) from the Southeast region (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of participants included in the BALANCE study by national state.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-03-e20230487-30487-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Regarding the median percentages of fatty acid intake, it was identified as 8.7% (interquartile range 6.6 - 10.7) for SFA, 7.8% (6.1 - 9.7) for MUFA, and 6.3% (4.9 - 8.0) for PUFA. None of the individuals fully adhered to the recommendations for fatty acid consumption, and more than half (1,482 [62.9%]) did not adhere to any recommendation (Central Illustration). Adherence exclusively to the SFA recommendation was the most prevalent, being followed by 659 (28%) participants, followed by exclusive adherence to the PUFA recommendation (178 [7.6%]) and MUFA (5 [0.2%]). Additionally, 30 individuals (1.3%) adhered to both PUFA and SFA recommendations concurrently, three individuals to the PUFA and MUFA recommendations (0.1%), and only one individual (0.04%) to the MUFA and SFA recommendations simultaneously.</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref> describes the characteristics of participants who adhered to at least one recommendation (PUFA, MUFA, or SFA) and those who did not adhere to any of the recommendations. It is noteworthy that individuals from lower socioeconomic classes, according to the <italic>Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa</italic> (ABEP) criteria and with lower education levels, showed greater adherence to the recommendations.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of participants adhering to any nutritional recommendation for fatty acid consumption and those not adhering to any recommendation</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="19%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Features</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Do not adhere to any recommendation (n=1482)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Adheres to at least 1 recommendation (n=876)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Total (n=2358)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Demographic data</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Age (years) - mean &#177; SD</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">63.3 &#177; 9.1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">62.9 &#177; 8.7 (n=876)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">63.2 &#177; 9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.259</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Female sex</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">606/1482 (40.9%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">374/876 (42.7%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">980/2358 (41.6%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.411</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Social class</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">D/E</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">175/1375 (12.7%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">128/787 (16.3%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">303/2162 (14%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <italic>0.014</italic>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">C</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">778/1375 (56.6%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">455/787 (57.8%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1233/2162 (57%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">A/B</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">422/1375 (30.7%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">204/787 (25.9%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">626/2162 (29%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Education</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Elementary School</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">803/1375 (58.4%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">515/791 (65.1%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1318/2166 (60.8%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <italic>0.004</italic>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">High School</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">451/1375 (32.8%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">228/791 (28.8%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">679/2166 (31.3%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Higher Education</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">121/1375 (8.8%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">48/791 (6.1%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">169/2166 (7.8%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Clinical data</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Physical Activity Level</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Sedentary</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">964/1470 (65.6%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">581/867 (67%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1545/2337 (66.1%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.334</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Low</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">419/1470 (28.5%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">246/867 (28.4%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">665/2337 (28.5%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Moderate</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">79/1470 (5.4%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">39/867 (4.5%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">118/2337 (5%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Vigorous</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">8/1470 (0.5%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1/867 (0.1%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">9/2337 (0.4%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Current Smoking</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">109/1481 (7.4%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">73/873 (8.4%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">182/2354 (7.7%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.381</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) - mean &#177; SD</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">29.2 &#177; 4.9 (n=1478)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">28.9 &#177; 5 (n=873)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">29.1 &#177; 5 (n=2351)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.117</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Number of Comorbidities</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">59/1482 (4%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">26/876 (3%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">85/2358 (3.6%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.257</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">239/1482 (16.1%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">148/876 (16.9%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">387/2358 (16.4%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">670/1482 (45.2%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">372/876 (42.5%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1042/2358 (44.2%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">514/1482 (34.7%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">330/876 (37.7%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">844/2358 (35.8%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Comorbidities</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Hypertension</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1330/1482 (89.7%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">796/876 (90.9%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2126/2358 (90.2%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.391</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">642/1482 (43.3%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">401/876 (45.8%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1043/2358 (44.2%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.247</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Dyslipidemia</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1149/1482 (77.5%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">685/876 (78.2%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1834/2358 (77.8%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.72</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>Data are expressed as mean and standard deviation (SD) or frequency. BMI: body mass index.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Although this is not a representative sample of the five Brazilian regions, we evaluated the hypothesis that adherence to recommendations could differ among the regions of the country. As seen in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>, adherence to a diet with reduced SFA concentration was higher in all regions compared to adherence to other recommendations. However, an association between adherence to recommendations and Brazilian regions was observed, meaning that adherence differed among regions (p &lt; 0.001). In the Northeast region of the country, a higher proportion of patients adhered to SFA consumption recommendations compared to other regions. On the other hand, adherence to PUFA consumption recommendations was lower.</p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of adherence to recommendations for dietary fatty acid intake according to Brazilian regions.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-03-e20230487-30487-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Since nutritional recommendations can be tailored based on the presence of risk factors for CVD, we investigated whether the presence of multiple comorbidities could be associated with adherence to these recommendations, as individuals may have received guidance for each comorbidity individually or it was intensified by the presence of more than one risk factor. In <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3</xref>, however, we observed that there was no association between the number of comorbidities and adherence to nutritional recommendations (p = 0.269).</p>
        <fig id="f7">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Graphical representation of adherence to nutritional recommendations for dietary fatty acid consumption according to the number of cardiovascular risk factors.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-03-e20230487-30487-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Considering that some comorbidity could have a greater impact on adherence to recommendations over another, adherence was evaluated according to the presence of each individual risk factor separately (T2DM, HTN, and dyslipidemia). The results (unpublished data) confirm that the presence of any comorbidity did not influence adherence, which was equal to that of individuals without any specific comorbidity.</p>
        <p>In <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tables 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">3</xref>, and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">4</xref>, the dietary intake of participants is described according to adherence to recommendations for different fatty acids. Those who achieved the intake guidelines for SFA showed lower TDEI consumption, higher carbohydrate and dietary fiber consumption, and lower sodium and dietary cholesterol intake; on the other hand, those who achieved PUFA recommendations had lower carbohydrate consumption and higher sodium and dietary fiber intake. Meanwhile, among participants with adequate MUFA consumption, lower carbohydrate intake, and higher dietary cholesterol intake were observed.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of macronutrient intake according to adherence (yes or no) to saturated fatty acid recommendations</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Does not adhere to the recommendation for SFA (n=1668)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">adhere to the recommendation for SFA (n=690)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Total (n=2358)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Energy (kcal)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1408.3 [1115.5 - 1787.7]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1225.5 [979.2 - 1532.3]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1359.7 [1067.5 - 1714.6]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Carbohydrate (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">50.6 [44.7 - 55.6]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">60.5 [55.1 - 65.7]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">53.2 [47 - 59.2]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Protein (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">19.2 [16 - 23.1]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">18.9 [15.1 - 23.2]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">19.1 [15.7 - 23.1]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.107</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Total fats (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">29.4 [25.6 - 33.6]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">19.8 [17.1 - 22.7]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">26.9 [21.9 - 31.8]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">SFA (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">9.9 [8.4 - 11.7]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">5.7 [4.8 - 6.4]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">8.7 [6.6 - 10.7]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">MUFA (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">8.7 [7.4 - 10.5]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">5.4 [4.5 - 6.4]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">7.8 [6.1 - 9.7]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">PUFA (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">6.6 [5.2 - 8.3]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">5.7 [4.5 - 7.1]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">6.3 [4.9 - 8]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Sodium (mg)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2634 [1947.5 - 3500.7]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2304 [1731.9 - 3040.1]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2545.5 [1880.3 - 3340.4]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Dietary Cholesterol (mg)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">193.6 [128 - 290.5]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">111.2 [67.2 - 187.6]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">168.9 [106 - 262.2]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Dietary Fiber (g)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">16.7 [11.5 - 23.9]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">18.8 [13.8 - 26.4]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">17.3 [12.2 - 24.5]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>Data are expressed as median and interquartile range. SFA: saturated fatty acids; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids; MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of macronutrient intake according to adherence (yes or no) to polyunsaturated fatty acids recommendations</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Does not adhere to the recommendation for PUFA (n=2147)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">adhere to the recommendation for PUFA (n=211)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Total (n=2358)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Energy (kcal)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1354 [1060.1 - 1715.4]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1391.4 [1091.2 - 1713.4]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1359.7 [1067.5 - 1714.6]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.376</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Carbohydrate (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">53.7 [47.7 - 59.7]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">46.7 [40 - 53.1]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">53.2 [47 - 59.2]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Protein (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">19.2 [15.8 - 23.1]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">18.8 [15.6 - 22.2]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">19.1 [15.7 - 23.1]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.293</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Total fats (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">26.2 [21.4 - 31]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">33.4 [29.5 - 38.7]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">26.9 [21.9 - 31.8]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">SFA (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">8.5 [6.5 - 10.7]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">9.6 [8.1 - 11.6]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">8.7 [6.6 - 10.7]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">MUFA (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">7.6 [5.9 - 9.5]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">10 [8.3 - 12.3]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">7.8 [6.1 - 9.7]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">PUFA (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">6.1 [4.8 - 7.5]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">11.5 [10.6 - 12.7]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">6.3 [4.9 - 8]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Sodium (mg)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2498.6 [1857.5 - 3297.6]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2832.9 [2230.6 - 3726]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2545.5 [1880.3 - 3340.4]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Dietary Cholesterol (mg)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">164.9 [104.2 - 253.9]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">228.5 [145.7 - 352.5]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">168.9 [106 - 262.2]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Dietary Fiber (g)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">17.2 [12.2 - 24.4]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">18 [12.5 - 26.9]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">17.3 [12.2 - 24.5]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.2</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>Data are expressed as median and interquartile range. SFA: saturated fatty acids; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids; MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of macronutrient intake according to adherence (yes or no) to monounsaturated fatty acids recommendations</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Does not adhere to the recommendation for MUFA (n=2349)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">adhere to the recommendation for MUFA (n=9)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Total (n=2358)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Energy (kcal)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1360.4 [1067.3 - 1714.9]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1324.4 [1077.3 - 1590.1]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1359.7 [1067.5 - 1714.6]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.742</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Carbohydrate (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">53.2 [47 - 59.2]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">29.2 [21.9 - 50.3]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">53.2 [47 - 59.2]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Protein (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">19.1 [15.8 - 23.1]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">21.1 [14.8 - 26.2]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">19.1 [15.7 - 23.1]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.694</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Total fats (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">26.8 [21.9 - 31.7]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">46.4 [39.6 - 50.3]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">26.9 [21.9 - 31.8]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">SFA (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">8.7 [6.6 - 10.7]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">17.1 [13.2 - 20.9]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">8.7 [6.6 - 10.7]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">MUFA (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">7.8 [6.1 - 9.7]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">22 [21.8 - 24.7]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">7.8 [6.1 - 9.7]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">PUFA (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">6.3 [4.9 - 8]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">8 [7.6 - 10.8]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">6.3 [4.9 - 8]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Sodium (mg)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2545.2 [1881.6 - 3340.8]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2743 [1583.2 - 3291.8]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2545.5 [1880.3 - 3340.4]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.881</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Dietary Cholesterol (mg)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">168.8 [106 - 261.2]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">500.6 [230.5 - 634]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">168.9 [106 - 262.2]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.024</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Dietary Fiber (g)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">17.3 [12.3 - 24.5]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">10.2 [7.2 - 20.9]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">17.3 [12.2 - 24.5]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.073</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>Data are expressed as median and interquartile range. SFA: saturated fatty acids; PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids; MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this study, adherence to recommendations for the intake of different dietary fatty acids was evaluated among 2,358 individuals in secondary prevention for CVD with a mean age of 63.2 &#177; 9 years from the five Brazilian regions. It was observed that no individual adhered to the recommendation for the intake of all three fatty acids (SFA, MUFA, and PUFA) simultaneously. Adherence to SFA intake recommendations was the most prevalent (27.95%), and the presence of multiple comorbidities did not influence adherence to the recommendations.</p>
        <p>Adherence to the recommendation of intake of &lt;7% of daily calories from SFA, although higher than adherence to other recommendations, was still low in the evaluated population. The recommendation for SFA consumption for the general population is up to 10% of the daily total energy intake. In the United States, it is observed that over 60% of the population does not meet this recommendation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> In Brazil, the average consumption of SFA by the general population is 8.9% of the total energy intake (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 7.5 to 10.3),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> a percentage considered adequate when compared to recommendations. However, this study shows that the Brazilian population, specifically in secondary prevention for CVD, presents a higher average consumption of SFA than expected. Similar results were identified in other cross-sectional studies with post-acute coronary syndrome patients, where the average consumption of SFA was 9.3%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> and the percentage of individuals with considered adequate consumption was approximately 23%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> It is estimated that limiting the consumption of this type of fatty acid among the general population is associated with a 21% reduction (relative risk [RR] of 0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.66 to 0.93) in combined cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>When reducing SFA consumption, another macronutrient should proportionally increase to replace it. Systematic reviews with meta-analyses often present discrepant results regarding the effect of reducing SFA on cardiovascular prevention, as they aggregate articles that differ in terms of the source of nutrients replacing SFA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> It is recommended that an unsaturated fatty acid make that replacement;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> however, as seen in this study, the Brazilian population in secondary cardiovascular prevention seems to reduce SFA by replacing it with carbohydrates. The replacement of SFA with carbohydrates does not confer an increased risk, and some authors discuss the type of carbohydrate that these studies refer to when replacing SFA, which may have an effect when replaced by fiber-rich food sources and another when replaced by sources rich in simple sugars.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The substitution of SFA with PUFA seems to reduce by 22% (RR = 0.78; 95% CI 0.62 to 0.97), and the benefit of substitution with MUFA is still unclear.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> It should be noted that in the evaluated sample, the small percentage of individuals who met the recommendations for MUFA intake only did so at the expense of an overall increase in total fat intake, including exceeding the SFA recommendation.</p>
        <p>In the evaluated population, PUFA was consumed well below expectations, reflecting the low consumption of foods rich in this fat, such as fish and vegetable oils, as also seen in other populations (Brazilian and non-Brazilian) in secondary prevention for CVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> The protective cardiovascular effect conferred by PUFA would be associated with its participation in reducing LDL cholesterol and inflammation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> In 2010, inadequate PUFA consumption contributed to 711,800 (95% UI 680,700 to 745,000) cardiovascular deaths, representing 10.3% (95% UI 9.9% to 10.6%) of global mortality, and inadequate SFA consumption contributed to 250,900 (95% UI 236,900 to 265,800), representing 3.6% (95% UI 3.5% to 3.6%) of global mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Due to the <italic>in vivo</italic> interaction of macronutrients in health, the assessment of dietary components alone may not be a good health indicator. Focusing on dietary patterns and considering all aspects of an individual's dietary intake provides more accuracy in determining disease risk. Based on previous studies, the `Western&#8217; dietary pattern has been associated with a higher risk of CVD. In contrast, dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean diet and the DASH diet have been highlighted and are gaining more attention in cardiovascular prevention clinical guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> These healthy dietary patterns should be strongly recommended because they have a reduced composition of SFA and are high in PUFA and MUFA, in addition to other nutritional characteristics such as high fiber content, antioxidants, and bioactive compounds. Furthermore, guidance on these patterns globally seems to be more feasible for patient understanding (and consequently for adherence) compared to simple recommendations to reduce the consumption of SFA-rich foods.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> It should be noted that at the time of discharge to home, among individuals hospitalized for an acute cardiovascular event, the guidance regarding nutrient intake and dietary patterns seems to differ according to the hospital healthcare system: in the Unified Health System (the reality of most participants allocated in the BALANCE study), guidance for reducing fats, fried foods, and dietary sodium seems to prevail; in the private system, in addition to these recommendations, guidance regarding dairy consumption, grilled and steamed culinary preparations, fish, extra virgin olive oil, fruits and vegetables, and whole grains also prevail.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The results of this study underscore the low adherence of participants to established recommendations for nutrient intake. We can hypothesize that patients in secondary cardiovascular prevention face the following challenges: a) limited access to information due to difficulty scheduling appointments with specialized healthcare professionals or inadequate guidance from healthcare professionals due to high demand (limited time for consultations) or lack of updates; b) difficulty understanding the guidance, as translating guidelines into practical and understandable recommendations is not a simple task; and c) adherence difficulties influenced by financial, economic issues, or lack of access to fresh and minimally processed foods. Regardless of the reasons, it is crucial to understand this scenario and propose strategies to overcome the challenges in dietary behavior change. In this context, the BALANCE Trial sought to translate the nutritional recommendations from the Brazilian Society of Cardiology guidelines into practical guidance that respects regional dietary habits and culture. This strategy was published by the Ministry of Health (Cardioprotective Nutrition: Guidance Manual for Basic Healthcare Professionals) and is widely available.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> In the BALANCE study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> after a three-year follow-up, an improvement in the overall diet quality was observed, represented by an increase in vegetable consumption and a significant reduction in SFA consumption. However, these recommendations did not reflect in the reduction of new cardiovascular events during the period.</p>
        <p>Our study has some limitations, such as the lack of inclusion of a representative sample from each Brazilian state, as well as the method of dietary assessment (24-hour dietary recall), which may introduce biases such as memory and underreporting. Additionally, it is an exploratory analysis that was not originally planned in the research protocol. We did not collect specific information regarding previous nutritional guidance received by participants; however, we believe that the data presented in our study highlight the importance that, even if a healthcare professional provided such guidance, it may not have been sufficient to change the individual's dietary behavior. Our study also has strengths, such as the sample size of this cross-sectional analysis and the methodological care taken, including thorough training provided to the research teams at each participating center for data collection.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In the sample of Brazilians in secondary prevention evaluated, insufficient adherence to nutritional recommendations for the consumption of different fatty acids was identified. It is important to note that none of the participants demonstrated adherence to intake recommendations for various fatty acids simultaneously, emphasizing the importance of implementing awareness strategies to promote lifestyle changes in this population.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>The present study was financed by the Programa de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Institucional do Sistema &#218;nico de S&#225;ude &#8211; PROADI/SUS.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Study association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the HCor under the protocol number CAAE 03218512.0.1001.0060. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
