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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">VQvQhLkzhGBXFZ3RGphq4jd</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000300306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230470</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o Cr&#244;nica em Pacientes com Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial e COVID-19: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0323-7762</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Landsteiner</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Jonathan A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8174-3866</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Felix</surname>
            <given-names>Nicole</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9393-2445</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gewehr</surname>
            <given-names>Douglas Mesadri</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3622-7605</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Rhanderson</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Massachusetts General Hospital</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Massachusetts</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">EUA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts &#8211; EUA</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Fortaleza</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Campina Grande</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campina Grande</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campina Grande, PB &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Curitiba</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Curitiba, Curitiba, PR, Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Massachusetts</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">EUA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts &#8211; EUA</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Rhanderson Cardoso &#8226;</bold> Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston - EUA E-mail: <email>rcardoso2@bwh.harvard.edu</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230470</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A doen&#231;a por coronav&#237;rus 2019 (COVID-19) est&#225; associada &#224; hipercoagulabilidade. Permanece incerto se a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua para fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) em pacientes que posteriormente contraem COVID-19 melhora os desfechos cl&#237;nicos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Comparar a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral cr&#244;nica com aus&#234;ncia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via em pacientes com FA que contra&#237;ram uma infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19 em rela&#231;&#227;o aos desfechos de mortalidade por todas as causas, mortalidade por COVID-19, admiss&#227;o em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Buscamos sistematicamente no PubMed, Embase e Cochrane Library estudos eleg&#237;veis desde o in&#237;cio at&#233; dezembro de 2022. Inclu&#237;mos estudos que compararam desfechos de COVID-19 em pacientes com e sem anticoagula&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica pr&#233;via para FA. Foram agrupadas raz&#245;es de risco (RR) com intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% por meio de um modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi estabelecido em p &lt; 0,05. As avalia&#231;&#245;es da qualidade e do risco de vi&#233;s foram realizadas de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Cochrane.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram identificados 10 estudos abrangendo 1.177.858 pacientes com COVID-19 e FA, dos quais 893.772 (75,9%) estavam em anticoagula&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica pr&#233;via para FA. Em pacientes com COVID-19, a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica para FA reduziu significativamente a mortalidade por todas as causas (RR 0,75; IC 95% 0,57 a 0,99; p = 0,048; I<sup>2</sup> = 89%) e a mortalidade relacionada &#224; COVID-19 (RR 0,76; IC 95% 0,72 a 0,79; p &lt; 0,001; I<sup>2</sup> = 0%) quando comparada com a aus&#234;ncia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via. Em contrapartida, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (RR 1,08; IC 95% 0,82 a 1,41; p = 0,587; I<sup>2</sup> = 95%) ou interna&#231;&#227;o em UTI (RR 0,86; IC 95% 0,68 a 1,09; p = 0,216; I<sup>2</sup> = 69%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Nesta metan&#225;lise, a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica para pacientes com FA que contra&#237;ram COVID-19 foi associada a taxas significativamente mais baixas de mortalidade por todas as causas e mortalidade relacionada &#224; COVID-19 em compara&#231;&#227;o com a aus&#234;ncia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o anterior.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Anticoagulantes</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Inibidores do Fator Xa</kwd>
        <kwd>Vitamina K</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="52"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <fig id="f9">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-03-e20230470-30470-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a por coronav&#237;rus 2019 (COVID-19), causada pelo coronav&#237;rus 2 da s&#237;ndrome respirat&#243;ria aguda grave (SARS-CoV-2), surgiu em dezembro de 2019, levando a uma pandemia global com uma elevada carga de morbidade, mortalidade e dificuldades econ&#244;micas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de relatou um total de 767 milh&#245;es de casos confirmados e 6,9 milh&#245;es de mortes em todo o mundo at&#233; 5 de julho de 2023.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2 est&#225; associada a uma grande variedade de apresenta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas n&#227;o respirat&#243;rias, incluindo trombose microvascular pulmonar e coagula&#231;&#227;o anormal, mesmo em casos leves. A fisiopatologia por tr&#225;s disso refere-se principalmente &#224; hipercoagulabilidade imune-induzida secund&#225;ria &#224; resposta do paciente &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Levando isso em considera&#231;&#227;o, as diretrizes recomendam que os pacientes com COVID-19 em uso de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral para condi&#231;&#245;es subjacentes e sem quaisquer contraindica&#231;&#245;es com rela&#231;&#227;o a ela n&#227;o interrompam esses tratamentos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A terapia prolongada com anticoagulante oral (ACO) &#233; uma medida essencial para evitar eventos tromboemb&#243;licos em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA). A hipercoagulabilidade associada &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2 levanta preocupa&#231;&#245;es sobre como a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua em pacientes com FA que posteriormente contraem COVID-19 pode afetar os desfechos cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Portanto, realizamos uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise comparando os desfechos da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o versus a aus&#234;ncia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com FA que desenvolveram COVID-19.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise foram realizadas seguindo as diretrizes da Manual da Colabora&#231;&#227;o Cochrane para Revis&#245;es Sistem&#225;ticas de Interven&#231;&#245;es e da declara&#231;&#227;o dos Principais Itens para Relatar Revis&#245;es Sistem&#225;ticas e Metan&#225;lises (PRISMA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A metan&#225;lise foi registrada prospectivamente no Registro Prospectivo de Revis&#245;es Sistem&#225;ticas (PROSPERO) sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CRD42022341926.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Estrat&#233;gia de busca e extra&#231;&#227;o de dados</title>
        <p>Buscamos sistematicamente no PubMed, Embase e na Biblioteca Cochrane desde o in&#237;cio at&#233; dezembro de 2022. Depois de remover as duplicatas, dois autores (I.L. e N.F.) selecionaram t&#237;tulos e resumos e avaliaram independentemente os artigos de texto integral para inclus&#227;o com base em crit&#233;rios pr&#233;-especificados. As discrep&#226;ncias foram resolvidas por consenso entre os autores. Al&#233;m disso, utilizamos a t&#233;cnica de <italic>backward snowballing</italic> (isto &#233;, revis&#227;o de refer&#234;ncias) para identificar textos relevantes de artigos identificados na pesquisa original.</p>
        <p>Nossa estrat&#233;gia de pesquisa incluiu os seguintes descritores em ci&#234;ncias da sa&#250;de: "atrial fibrillation", "oral anticoagulant", "OACs", "NOAC", "non-vitamin K", "novel anticoagulant", "DOAC", "DOACs", "direct oral anticoagulant", "dabigatran", "apixaban", "edoxaban", "rivaroxaban", "VKA", "vitamin K antagonist", "warfarin", "LMWH", "low-molecular-weight heparin", "low molecular weight heparin", "enoxaparin", "bivalirudin", "dalteparin", "fondaparinux", "COVID-19", "coronavirus disease 19", "coronavirus disease-19", "SARS-CoV-2."</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade</title>
        <p>Esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise inclu&#237;ram estudos que (1) eram relat&#243;rios completos publicados em jornais indexados ou resumos de grandes confer&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas; (2) inclu&#237;ram pacientes adultos (idade &#8805; 18 anos) previamente diagnosticados com FA que posteriormente contra&#237;ram COVID-19 confirmada por teste validado; (3) estratificaram pacientes em uso ou n&#227;o de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica para FA; (4) relataram qualquer um dos nossos resultados de interesse, nomeadamente: mortalidade por todas as causas, mortalidade por COVID-19, interna&#231;&#227;o em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o; e (5) foram publicados em ingl&#234;s ou espanhol. Exclu&#237;mos (1) estudos com popula&#231;&#245;es sobrepostas; (2) relatos de casos, s&#233;ries de casos, cartas ao editor, coment&#225;rios ou editoriais; e (3) estudos sem grupo controle.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de qualidade</title>
        <p>Os estudos observacionais foram avaliados usando o risco de vi&#233;s de estudos de interven&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o randomizados (Risk of Bias Summary for Non-randomized Studies &#8211; ROBINS-I) para avaliar a qualidade metodol&#243;gica dos estudos inclu&#237;dos, uma ferramenta baseada em respostas &#224;s quest&#245;es de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lises para cada dom&#237;nio de vi&#233;s e para risco geral de vi&#233;s, o que permite classificar cada estudo como risco de vi&#233;s "baixo", "moderado", "grave" ou "cr&#237;tico".<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O efeito de estudos pequenos (vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o) foi avaliado com gr&#225;ficos de funil e teste de regress&#227;o de Egger.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os desfechos bin&#225;rios foram resumidos usando o modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios de Mantel-Haenszel (MH), com risco relativo (RR) e intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% como medida do tamanho do efeito. Utilizamos o estimador Sidik-Jonkman (m&#233;todo de vari&#226;ncia do erro do modelo) para calcular a vari&#226;ncia da heterogeneidade &#964;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>, uma vez que se esperava que o grau de heterogeneidade fosse substancial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O <italic>hazard ratio</italic> ajustado (HRa) para m&#250;ltiplos fatores de confus&#227;o, se relatados, foi agrupado usando o modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios de MH com IC de 95% e estimador de Paule-Mandel para c&#225;lculo de vari&#226;ncia de heterogeneidade. A heterogeneidade entre os estudos foi avaliada com a estat&#237;stica Q de Cochrane (e o qui-quadrado resultante), com p &#8804; 0,10 considerado estatisticamente significativo. O teste estat&#237;stico I<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> de Higgins e Thompson foi usado para medir a consist&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Um valor de 0% indica nenhuma heterogeneidade observada, e valores de 1% a 25%, 26% a 50% e &gt; 50% indicam heterogeneidade baixa, moderada e substancial, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecida em p &lt; 0,05 e todos os testes foram bicaudais. Realizamos todos os c&#225;lculos e gr&#225;ficos com o software R vers&#227;o 4.2.2 (R Core Team 2021) usando os pacotes de extens&#227;o "meta", "metafor" e "dmetar".<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Abordando a heterogeneidade</title>
        <p>Realizamos uma an&#225;lise de exibi&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica de heterogeneidade (GOSH) para mortalidade por todas as causas para identificar poss&#237;veis <italic>outliers</italic> e estudos influentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Primeiro, foi gerado um gr&#225;fico GOSH. Em seguida, foram aplicados 3 algoritmos de aprendizado de m&#225;quina (AM) n&#227;o supervisionados para detectar <italic>clusters</italic> nos dados do gr&#225;fico GOSH, da maneira seguinte: (1) o algoritmo <italic>k</italic>-means;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> (2) agrupamento espacial baseado em densidade de aplica&#231;&#245;es com ru&#237;do (DBSCAN);<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> e (3) modelos de mistura gaussiana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Alternativamente, aplicamos as fun&#231;&#245;es "find.outliers" e "InfluenceAnalysis" (pacote R dmetar) para mortalidade por todas as causas, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e interna&#231;&#227;o em UTI para auxiliar na identifica&#231;&#227;o de poss&#237;veis <italic>outliers</italic>. A fun&#231;&#227;o "find.outliers" define o estudo como um <italic>outlier</italic> se o intervalo de confian&#231;a do estudo n&#227;o se sobrepuser ao intervalo de confian&#231;a do efeito agrupado. A fun&#231;&#227;o "InfluenceAnalysis", por sua vez, gera 3 gr&#225;ficos de diagn&#243;stico: (1) o gr&#225;fico de Baujat, usado para identificar estudos que tiveram altas contribui&#231;&#245;es para a heterogeneidade nos dados meta-anal&#237;ticos;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> (2) a an&#225;lise de sensibilidade de exclus&#227;o, removendo iterativamente um estudo de cada vez para garantir que os resultados n&#227;o dependessem de um &#250;nico estudo; e (3) diagn&#243;sticos de influ&#234;ncia segundo Viechbauer e Cheung.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos e caracter&#237;sticas de linha de base</title>
        <p>Conforme ilustrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>, foram identificados 596 estudos, dos quais 493 foram exclu&#237;dos com base na revis&#227;o do t&#237;tulo ou do resumo. Foram completamente revisados 26 estudos, com base em nossos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. Ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o final, restaram 10 manuscritos eleg&#237;veis para inclus&#227;o nesta metan&#225;lise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Foram inclu&#237;dos 1.177.858 pacientes, dos quais 893.772 (75,9%) estavam em uso de anticoagulantes para FA antes da infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19. A m&#233;dia de idade variou de 71 a 82 anos e 629.628 pacientes eram do sexo masculino (55,5%). As caracter&#237;sticas individuais do estudo s&#227;o relatadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fluxograma PRISMA de triagem e sele&#231;&#227;o de estudos. ACO: anticoagulante oral; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-03-e20230470-30470-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas de linha de base dos estudos inclu&#237;dos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="8%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Estudo</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">N&#250;mero de pacientes ACO / sem ACO</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Sexo masculino, n (%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Idade m&#233;dia, (anos)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">HTN, n (%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">IC, n (%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">AVC, AIT ou embolia sist&#234;mica, n (%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Doen&#231;a renal, n (%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica, n (%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">DAP, n (%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">DM, n (%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Doen&#231;a pulmonar, n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Ageno, 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">43 / 111</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">91 (59,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">81,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">104 (67,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">52 (33,8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">24 (15,6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">30 (19,4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">43 (27,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Denas, 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">559 / 559</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">608 (54,4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">972 (86,9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">184 (16,4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">169 (15,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">96 (8,6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11 (1,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">27 (2,4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">298 (24,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Flam, 2020<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">103.703 / 36.875</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">87.508 (62,2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">73,6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">30.986 (22,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28.803 (20,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7.823 (5,6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.227 (1,6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">27.855 (19,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Fumagalli, 2022<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">91 / 85</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">91 (51,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">82,0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">125 (71,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">55 (31,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">23 (13,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">36 (20,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (1,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">37 (21,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">58 (32,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">37 (21,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">G&#243;mez, 2022<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.361 / 392</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.065 (59,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">78,1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.430 (79,4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">568 (31,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">174 (9,6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">555 (30,8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">269 (14,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Handy, 2022<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">722.737 / 187.133</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">480.676 (52,8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">79,0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">630.245 (69,2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">225.746 (24,8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">180.958 (19,9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">293.949 (32,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7.983 (0,9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">137.666 (15,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">245.195 (26,9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Louis, 2022<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">361 / 269</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">354 (56,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">77,4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">542 (86,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">310 (49,2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">92 (14,6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">229 (36,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">57 (9,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (1,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">280 (44,4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">83 (13,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Rivera-Caravaca, 2022<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">675 / 7.023</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.500 (58,4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">63,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.718 (48,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">174 (2,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">570 (7,4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">484 (6,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">271 (3,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">645 (8,4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.455 (18,9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">523 (6,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Wong, 2022<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">52.832 / 18.271</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">54.735 (76,9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">71,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">&#8224;</xref></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">29.683 (41,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7.124 (10,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.244 (3,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10.524 (14,8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">634 (0,9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9.190 (12,9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.815 (9,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Zadeh, 2022<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11.410 / 33.368</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">44.778 (100,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Dados referentes a pacientes n&#227;o falecidos.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Dados referentes a pacientes anticoagulados. ACO: anticoagulante oral; AIT: ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; DAP: doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica; DM: diabetes mellitus; HTN: hipertens&#227;o; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Dada a natureza n&#227;o randomizada dos estudos, relatamos caracter&#237;sticas basais estratificadas por uso versus n&#227;o uso de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o entre os 7 estudos que relataram esses dados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). Como esperado, houve uma carga maior de comorbidades em pacientes com FA em uso de ACO em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles n&#227;o em uso de ACO, incluindo hipertens&#227;o, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, doen&#231;a renal e eventos tromboemb&#243;licos pr&#233;vios. Os pacientes em uso de ACO tamb&#233;m eram mais velhos do que aqueles que n&#227;o estavam anticoagulados.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos individuais subdivididas por uso de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="8%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Estudo</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">N&#250;mero de pacientes ACO / sem ACO</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Sexo masculino, n (%) ACO / sem ACO</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Idade m&#233;dia, (anos) ACO / sem ACO</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">HTN, n (%) ACO / sem ACO</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">IC, n (%) ACO / sem ACO</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">AVC, AIT ou embolia sist&#234;mica, n (%) ACO / sem ACO</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Doen&#231;a renal, n (%) ACO / sem ACO</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica, n (%) ACO / sem ACO</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">DAP, n (%) ACO / sem ACO</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">DM, n (%) ACO / sem ACO</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Doen&#231;a pulmonar, n (%) ACO / sem ACO</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Ageno, 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">43 / <break/>111</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">23 (53,5) / <break/>68 (61,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">81,0 / <break/>80,0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">30 (69,8) / <break/>74 (66,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">24 (55,8) / <break/>28 (25,2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (18,6) / <break/>16 (14,4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10 (23,2) / <break/>20 (18,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11 (25,6) / <break/>32 (28,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Denas, 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">559 / <break/>559</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">303 (54,2) / <break/>306 (54,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">490 (87,7) / <break/>485 (86,8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">93 (16,6) / <break/>91 (16,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">78 (14,0) / <break/>91 (16,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">47 (8,4) / <break/>49 (8,8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (1,1) / <break/>5 (0,9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15 (2,7) / <break/>12 (2,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">132 (23,6) / <break/>137 (24,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Flam, 2020<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">103.703 / <break/>36.875</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">62.488 (60,3) / <break/>25.020 (67,9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">73,6 / <break/>66,4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26.544 (25,6) / <break/>4.442 (12)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">17.650 (17) / <break/>2.853 (7,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.082 (5,9) / <break/>1.741 (4,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.445 (1,4) / <break/>832 (2,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">21.762 (21) / <break/>6.093 (16,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Handy, 2022<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">722.737 / <break/>187.133</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">384.260 (53,2) / <break/>96.416 (10,6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">79,0 / <break/>79,0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">600.623 (83,1) / <break/>124.731 (66,6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">228.877 (31,6) / <break/>33.723 (18,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">183.140 (25,3) / <break/>30.370 (16,2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">284.379 (39,3) / <break/>55.984 (29,9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8.462 (1,17) / <break/>2.543 (1,40)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">159.892 (22,1) / 33.720 (18,0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">242.060 (33,5) / <break/>47.979 (25,6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Louis, 2022<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">361 / <break/>269</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">206 (57,1) / <break/>148 (55)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">78,5 / <break/>75,9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">311 (86,1) / <break/>231 (85,9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">200 (55,4) / <break/>110 (40,9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">62 (17,2) / <break/>30 (11,2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">113 (31,3) / <break/>65 (24,2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26 (7,2) / <break/>31 (11,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (1,1) / <break/>3 (1,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">158 (43,8) / <break/>122 (45,4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">55 (15,2) / <break/>28 (10,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Rivera-Caravaca, 2022<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">675 / <break/>7.023</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">403 (59,7) / <break/>4.097 (58,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">80,0 / <break/>63,0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">543 (80,3) / <break/>3.176 (45,2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">46 (6,8) / <break/>128 (1,8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">131 (19,4) / <break/>439 (6,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">115 (17) / <break/>369 (5,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">33 (4,9) / <break/>238 (3,4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">102 (15,1) / <break/>543 (7,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">198 (29,3) / <break/>1.257 (17,9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">104 (15,4) / <break/>419 (6,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Wong, 2022<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">52.832 / <break/>18.271</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">41.870 (79,2) / <break/>12.865 (70,4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">71,0 / <break/>69,0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22.061 (41,8) / <break/>7.622 (41,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.700 (10,8) / <break/>1.424 (7,8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.041 (2,0) / <break/>336 (1,8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8.477 (16,0) / <break/>2.047 (11,2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">426 (0,8) / <break/>208 (1,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.508 (12,3) / <break/>2.682 (14,6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7.372 (14) / <break/>2.302 (12,6)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>ACO: anticoagulante oral; AIT: ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; DAP: doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica; DM: diabetes mellitus; HTN: hipertens&#227;o; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise agrupada de todos os estudos</title>
        <p>Os desfechos de mortalidade est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2A-D</xref>. A mortalidade por todas as causas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2A</xref>) e a mortalidade relacionada &#224; COVID-19 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2B</xref>) foram significativamente reduzidas entre os pacientes que receberam terapia com ACO em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles sem uso pr&#233;vio de ACO. Realizamos uma an&#225;lise de subgrupo pr&#233;-especificada agrupando estudos que relataram HRa para mortalidade por COVID-19, levando em considera&#231;&#227;o v&#225;rios fatores de confus&#227;o. Na an&#225;lise de sensibilidade, a terapia com ACO permaneceu significativamente associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade relacionada &#224; COVID-19 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2C</xref>). Quando estratificado pelo tipo de terapia com ACO, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre a terapia com anticoagulantes oral n&#227;o-antagonistas da vitamina K (NOAC) versus a terapia com antagonistas da vitamina K (AVK) para mortalidade por todas as causas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2D</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Metan&#225;lise de desfechos de mortalidade em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em terapia com ACO. Gr&#225;ficos de floresta apresentando risco relativo (RR) ou hazard ratio (HR) e intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC) para (A) mortalidade por todas as causas, (B) mortalidade relacionada &#224; COVID-19, (C) mortalidade relacionada &#224; COVID-19 (HR ajustado) e (D) mortalidade por todas as causas com NOAC versus AVK. ACO: anticoagulantes orais; AVK: antagonista da vitamina K; EP: erro padr&#227;o; HR: hazard ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; MH: Mantel-Haenszel; NOAC: anticoagulante oral n&#227;o-antagonista da vitamina K; RR: risco relativo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-03-e20230470-30470-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        <p>As incid&#234;ncias de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3A</xref>) e interna&#231;&#227;o em UTI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3B</xref>) foram semelhantes entre a terapia com ACO versus sem ACO, com heterogeneidade substancial entre os estudos em ambos os resultados. Considerando isso, realizamos uma an&#225;lise de sensibilidade para o desfecho de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, incluindo apenas estudos que relataram HRa por modelos multivariados ou pareamento por escore de propens&#227;o, que obteve resultados consistentes com a an&#225;lise geral e eliminou a heterogeneidade entre os estudos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3C</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Metan&#225;lise de desfechos hospitalares em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em terapia com ACO. Gr&#225;ficos de floresta apresentando risco relativo (RR) ou hazard ratio (HR) e intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC) para (A) admiss&#227;o hospitalar, (B) interna&#231;&#227;o em unidade de terapia intensiva e (C) admiss&#227;o hospitalar (HR ajustado). ACO: anticoagulantes orais; HR: hazard ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; MH: Mantel-Haenszel; RR: risco relativo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-03-e20230470-30470-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Abordando a heterogeneidade</title>
        <p>Considerando a heterogeneidade significativa entre estudos obtida nos principais desfechos, realizamos an&#225;lises GOSH para mortalidade por todas as causas, nosso desfecho prim&#225;rio. O gr&#225;fico GOSH ilustra o tamanho do efeito plotado em rela&#231;&#227;o ao I<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> para todas as combina&#231;&#245;es poss&#237;veis de estudos. Os 255 subconjuntos poss&#237;veis de metan&#225;lise (2&#954; &#8211; 1 combina&#231;&#245;es poss&#237;veis) para mortalidade por todas as causas s&#227;o apresentados como um gr&#225;fico GOSH na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4A</xref>. Ao analisar o padr&#227;o dos nossos dados, descobrimos que a maioria dos valores est&#225; concentrada em um <italic>cluster</italic> com elevada heterogeneidade. A distribui&#231;&#227;o de I<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> &#233; relativamente unimodal, embora pare&#231;a haver algumas combina&#231;&#245;es de estudos esparsamente distribu&#237;das para as quais a heterogeneidade estimada &#233; levemente inferior, com um tamanho de efeito agrupado razoavelmente preservado, resultando em uma distribui&#231;&#227;o global de I<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> distorcida para baixo e para a esquerda.</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Abordando a heterogeneidade. (4A) Gr&#225;fico GOSH; (4B) Algoritmo K-means; (4C) Algoritmo DBSCAN; (4D) Modelo de mistura gaussiana; (4E) Gr&#225;fico GOSH com o subconjunto correspondente (Zadeh et al., 2022), incluindo os potenciais outliers coloridos em ciano; (4F) An&#225;lise de exclus&#227;o (leave-one-out); (4G) Gr&#225;fico de Baujat; (4H) Diagn&#243;sticos de influ&#234;ncia. ACO: anticoagulantes orais; DBSCAN: agrupamento espacial baseado em densidade de aplica&#231;&#245;es com ru&#237;do; GMM: modelo de mistura gaussiana; GOSH: exibi&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica de heterogeneidade; HR: hazard ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; MH: Mantel-Haenszel; RR: risco relativo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-03-e20230470-30470-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Para identificar quais estudos podem ter causado esse formato, aplicamos 3 algoritmos de AM n&#227;o supervisionados, detalhados nos M&#233;todos, para detectar <italic>clusters</italic> nos dados do gr&#225;fico GOSH (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figuras 4B-D</xref>). Em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, um potencial <italic>outlier</italic> foi identificado pelas ferramentas de AM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> O subconjunto correspondente, incluindo o nosso potencial <italic>outlier</italic>, &#233; demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4E</xref>. Em resumo, a an&#225;lise GOSH mostrou que a heterogeneidade n&#227;o mudou significativamente, independentemente da publica&#231;&#227;o que foi exclu&#237;da; o efeito geral tamb&#233;m n&#227;o mudou significativamente. Isso &#233; mais consistente com a interpreta&#231;&#227;o de que nossos resultados s&#227;o robustos e confi&#225;veis, embora a heterogeneidade geral entre os estudos possa ser significativa.</p>
        <p>Como a an&#225;lise GOSH permaneceu heterog&#234;nea para mortalidade por todas as causas, exploramos ainda mais a influ&#234;ncia de cada estudo realizando uma an&#225;lise de sensibilidade de exclus&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4F</xref>), tra&#231;ando o gr&#225;fico de Baujat (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4G</xref>) e realizando diagn&#243;sticos de influ&#234;ncia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4H</xref>). A an&#225;lise de exclus&#227;o e o gr&#225;fico de Baujat mostraram que Zadeh et al. teve a maior contribui&#231;&#227;o para a alta heterogeneidade, consistente com os resultados da an&#225;lise GOSH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, as estimativas de efeito agrupado (RR) na an&#225;lise de exclus&#227;o variaram de 0,70 a 0,85. Ao excluir Flam et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> G&#243;mez et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> e Rivera-Caravaca et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> o tamanho do efeito resultante permaneceu estatisticamente significativo. Paralelamente, aplicamos a fun&#231;&#227;o InfluenceAnalysis (pacote R dmetar) para verificar se outra abordagem para reconhecer casos influentes detectou os mesmos <italic>outliers</italic> encontrados nas an&#225;lises mencionadas. Diagn&#243;sticos de influ&#234;ncia caracterizaram quais estudos se enquadram bem em nosso modelo de metan&#225;lise e quais n&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de qualidade</title>
        <p>A ferramenta ROBINS-I identificou 7 estudos com risco geral moderado de vi&#233;s, enquanto 3 foram identificados como apresentando risco geral grave de vi&#233;s (Tabela Suplementar S1). Os gr&#225;ficos de funil para mortalidade por todas as causas, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e interna&#231;&#227;o na UTI foram levemente assim&#233;tricos (Tabela Suplementar S2A-C). No entanto, o teste de Egger para vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativo apenas para o desfecho de interna&#231;&#227;o em UTI (p = 0,04) (Tabela Suplementar S2C).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nesta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise de 10 estudos observacionais e 1.177.858 pacientes comparando a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral cr&#244;nica com aus&#234;ncia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via em pacientes com FA que contra&#237;ram COVID-19, nossos principais achados foram os seguintes: (1) a mortalidade por todas as causas e a mortalidade relacionada &#224; COVID-19 foram significativamente menores em pacientes em terapia cr&#244;nica com ACO; e (2) a associa&#231;&#227;o da terapia com ACO a uma redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade relacionada &#224; COVID-19 persistiu mesmo ap&#243;s uma an&#225;lise conjunta de <italic>hazard ratios</italic> ajustados para m&#250;ltiplos fatores de confus&#227;o.</p>
      <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre FA e desfechos adversos est&#225; bem documentada na literatura, uma vez que a FA aumenta significativamente o risco de acidente vascular cerebral, embolia sist&#234;mica e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Neste contexto, a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral melhora substancialmente os desfechos cardiovasculares e, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, a sobreviv&#234;ncia em pacientes com AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Especificamente, foi demonstrado que a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral reduz o risco de acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico em 64% e a mortalidade por todas as causas em 26%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Como a FA est&#225; associada a piores desfechos em pacientes com COVID-19, o benef&#237;cio da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o pode ser ainda maior em pacientes com FA infectados por COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Dentro do contexto do nosso desenho de estudo, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel avaliar quanto os benef&#237;cios mostrados s&#227;o espec&#237;ficos para pacientes infectados por COVID-19 versus os benef&#237;cios da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o na FA independentemente de COVID-19.</p>
      <p>Ensaios randomizados anteriores avaliaram o impacto da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Com base nesses estudos, tanto o F&#243;rum de Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o quanto o Painel de Diretrizes de Tratamento para COVID-19 sugerem fornecer aos pacientes hospitalizados com infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2 uma dose profil&#225;tica de heparina e uma dose terap&#234;utica, por exemplo, em situa&#231;&#245;es em que o paciente apresenta n&#237;veis elevados de d&#237;mero D e necessita de suporte de oxigenoterapia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> A Sociedade Americana de Hematologia, por&#233;m, aconselha o uso de uma dose terap&#234;utica em vez de uma dose profil&#225;tica para pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Mesmo assim, o regime e a dose ideais de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o para pacientes com COVID-19 permanecem controversos e seus efeitos sobre os resultados concretos s&#227;o incertos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Por exemplo, ainda n&#227;o foi determinado se a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o reduz a mortalidade em pacientes com COVID-19 internados em UTI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o perfil de seguran&#231;a dos ACOs nesta popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes ainda n&#227;o est&#225; claro, com dados observacionais sugerindo preocupa&#231;&#245;es em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s taxas de sangramento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a enoxaparina terap&#234;utica pode diminuir a necessidade de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, embora isso n&#227;o possa ser generalizado para anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral no momento presente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os pacientes que j&#225; est&#227;o em anticoagula&#231;&#227;o para condi&#231;&#245;es subjacentes, como FA, podem apresentar menor risco tromboemb&#243;lico ao desenvolverem infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Como n&#227;o h&#225; consenso sobre quando exatamente o risco de tromboembolismo aumenta ao longo do curso da doen&#231;a, aqueles que iniciam o tratamento com terap&#234;utica anticoagulante ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico de COVID-19 podem ainda ter uma janela de hipercoagulabilidade, com impacto pouco claro nos resultados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> Isso pode ser particularmente importante em doentes com FA, que j&#225; apresentam um risco tromboemb&#243;lico mais elevado devido &#224; carga da doen&#231;a e &#224;s comorbilidades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> Nossa metan&#225;lise aborda esse assunto comparando a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o antes da aquisi&#231;&#227;o da infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2 com aus&#234;ncia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via em pacientes com FA que posteriormente contraem COVID-19, indicando que a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua pode afetar positivamente os desfechos de mortalidade de todas as causas e mortalidade relacionada &#224; COVID-19.</p>
      <p>A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de um desfecho pode ser afetada por v&#225;rios fatores, por exemplo, tamanho da amostra, magnitude do efeito, variabilidade aleat&#243;ria dos dados e o n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a usado para testar a hip&#243;tese.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> Nesse caso, a mortalidade por todas as causas tem maior impacto cl&#237;nico e signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica em compara&#231;&#227;o com a interna&#231;&#227;o em UTI. Existem algumas explica&#231;&#245;es para esse efeito aparentemente discordante. Primeiro, os desfechos de mortalidade s&#227;o menos propensos a vieses de medi&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup> Em segundo lugar, a decis&#227;o de admitir um paciente na UTI &#233; frequentemente influenciada por fatores individuais e locais, tais como disponibilidade de leitos, comorbidades do paciente, progn&#243;stico geral e prioridade em rela&#231;&#227;o a outros pacientes com doen&#231;as agudas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A maior heterogeneidade em nossos resultados merece discuss&#227;o. Decidimos usar o modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios de MH porque previmos uma heterogeneidade consider&#225;vel entre os estudos. Al&#233;m disso, para abordar essa heterogeneidade, utilizamos 3 outros m&#233;todos: an&#225;lise de sensibilidade de exclus&#227;o, gr&#225;fico de Baujat e diagn&#243;stico de influ&#234;ncia. Um estudo, Zadeh et al., destacou-se como um <italic>outlier</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Este estudo incluiu apenas pacientes que apresentavam FA e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Dado o risco aumentado de eventos tromb&#243;ticos em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, isso pode explicar o benef&#237;cio exagerado do ACO neste estudo em rela&#231;&#227;o a outros estudos de pacientes com FA, mas predominantemente sem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Esta metan&#225;lise apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, devido &#224; natureza da compara&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a versus aus&#234;ncia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica no momento do diagn&#243;stico de COVID-19, apenas estudos observacionais puderam ser realizados e inclu&#237;dos, o que pode introduzir vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o inerente e fatores de confus&#227;o. No entanto, realizamos an&#225;lises multivariadas ajustadas, quando poss&#237;vel, com resultados globalmente concordantes. &#201; importante ressaltar que os pacientes em uso de ACO tiveram uma carga maior de comorbidades e ainda assim apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por todas as causas e da mortalidade relacionada &#224; COVID-19, o que aumenta a confian&#231;a nesses achados. Em segundo lugar, inclu&#237;mos diferentes classes de ACO na an&#225;lise conjunta, e n&#227;o se sabe se existem efeitos diferenciais entre eles nesta popula&#231;&#227;o. Terceiro, a maioria dos estudos n&#227;o mostrou nem comparou a dosagem de anticoagulantes tomados cronicamente, e as an&#225;lises de sensibilidade que abordam esta limita&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o puderam ser realizadas devido &#224; falta de dados individuais ao n&#237;vel do paciente. Al&#233;m disso, por causa da aus&#234;ncia de dados espec&#237;ficos, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel realizar an&#225;lises para avaliar o desfecho de mortalidade para cada interna&#231;&#227;o na UTI. Quarto, a heterogeneidade entre os estudos foi significativa nos principais resultados da nossa an&#225;lise. Diferentes m&#233;todos foram utilizados para avaliar essa heterogeneidade e os resultados permaneceram consistentes nessas an&#225;lises. Quinto, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel avaliar resultados que pudessem determinar a gravidade da doen&#231;a, como mortalidade para cada interna&#231;&#227;o na UTI, devido a relatos incompletos nos resultados individuais e &#224; aus&#234;ncia de dados no n&#237;vel do paciente. Finalmente, n&#227;o podemos atribuir os desfechos cl&#237;nicos apenas ao uso pr&#233;vio de terapia com ACO, uma vez que os pacientes frequentemente receberam terapias concomitantes antes e depois do diagn&#243;stico de COVID-19. Esses fatores, sem d&#250;vida, contribu&#237;ram para a heterogeneidade entre os estudos, limitando a nossa capacidade de analisar o efeito isolado dos anticoagulantes e de realizar metan&#225;lise de dados em subgrupos espec&#237;ficos.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pontos fortes, uma amostra consider&#225;vel de mais de 1.177.000 pacientes foi inclu&#237;da neste estudo. Al&#233;m disso, nossa metan&#225;lise est&#225; relacionada a uma &#225;rea essencial de pesquisa, pois aborda uma quest&#227;o cl&#237;nica significativa de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica em pacientes com FA e infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19. Realizamos ainda an&#225;lises ajustadas para avaliar os resultados controlando os fatores de confus&#227;o medidos, embora o risco de fatores de confus&#227;o residuais n&#227;o possa ser exclu&#237;do. No entanto, conforme apontado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>, os pacientes em uso de ACO apresentaram maior carga de comorbidades e ainda apresentaram menor mortalidade por todas as causas e mortalidade relacionada &#224; COVID-19, o que aumenta a confian&#231;a nesses achados. Em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, at&#233; onde sabemos, esta &#233; a primeira metan&#225;lise que avalia os efeitos da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica nesta popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Nesta metan&#225;lise de 10 estudos e 1.177.858 pacientes, a ACO cr&#244;nica para FA em pacientes que posteriormente contra&#237;ram COVID-19 foi associada a taxas significativamente mais baixas de mortalidade por todas as causas e mortalidade por COVID-19 em compara&#231;&#227;o com nenhuma anticoagula&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <app-group>
      <title>Material suplementar</title>
      <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12102/2023-0470_suplemento.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
    </app-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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        <mixed-citation>52 Lin AY, Dinatolo E, Metra M, Sbolli M, Dasseni N, Butler J, et al. Thromboembolism in Heart Failure Patients in Sinus Rhythm: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Clinical Trials, and Future Direction. JACC Heart Fail. 2021;9(4):243-53. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2021.01.009.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230470i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Chronic Anticoagulation in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0323-7762</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Landsteiner</surname>
            <given-names>Isabela</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
            <given-names>Jonathan A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8174-3866</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Felix</surname>
            <given-names>Nicole</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9393-2445</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gewehr</surname>
            <given-names>Douglas Mesadri</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3622-7605</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Rhanderson</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Massachusetts</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">USA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts &#8211; USA</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campina Grande</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campina Grande, PB &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff9">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o de Curitiba, Curitiba, PR, Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff10">
          <label>5</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Massachusetts</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">USA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts &#8211; USA</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Rhanderson Cardoso &#8226;</bold> Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston - USA E-mail: <email>rcardoso2@bwh.harvard.edu</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with hypercoagulability. It remains uncertain whether ongoing anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients who later contract COVID-19 improves clinical outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To compare chronic oral anticoagulation with no previous anticoagulation in patients with AF who contracted a COVID-19 infection concerning the outcomes of all-cause mortality, COVID-19 mortality, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and hospitalization.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library for eligible studies from inception to December 2022. We included studies comparing COVID-19 outcomes in patients with versus without prior chronic anticoagulation for AF. Risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were pooled with a random-effects model. The level of significance was set at p &lt; 0.05. Quality assessment and risk of bias were performed according to Cochrane recommendations.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Ten studies comprising 1,177,858 patients with COVID-19 and AF were identified, of whom 893,772 (75.9%) were on prior chronic anticoagulation for AF. In patients with COVID-19, being on chronic anticoagulation for AF significantly reduced all-cause mortality (RR 0.75; 95% CI 0.57 to 0.99; p = 0.048; I<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> = 89%) and COVID-19-related mortality (RR 0.76; 95% CI 0.72 to 0.79; p &lt; 0.001; I<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> = 0%) when compared with no prior anticoagulation. In contrast, there was no difference between groups regarding hospitalization (RR 1.08; 95% CI 0.82 to 1.41; p = 0.587; I<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> = 95%) or ICU admission (RR 0.86; 95% CI 0.68 to 1.09; p = 0.216; I<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> = 69%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>In this meta-analysis, chronic anticoagulation for patients with AF who contracted COVID-19 was associated with significantly lower rates of all-cause mortality and COVID-19-related mortality as compared with no previous anticoagulation.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Anticoagulants</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Factor Xa Inhibitors</kwd>
        <kwd>Vitamin K</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in December 2019, leading to a global pandemic with a high burden of morbidity, mortality, and economic hardship.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The World Health Organization reported a total of 767 million confirmed cases and 6.9 million deaths worldwide as of July 5th, 2023.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with a wide myriad of non-respiratory clinical presentations, including pulmonary microvascular thrombosis and abnormal coagulation function, even in mild cases. The pathophysiology behind this refers mainly to immune-induced hypercoagulability secondary to the host's response to the infection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Taking this into consideration, guidelines have recommended that patients with COVID-19 on oral anticoagulation for underlying conditions and without any contraindications for it do not discontinue these interventions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Long-term therapy with oral anticoagulant (OAC) is an essential measure to avoid thromboembolic events in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). The hypercoagulability associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection raises concerns about how ongoing anticoagulation in patients with AF who later contract COVID-19 can affect clinical outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing the outcomes of anticoagulation versus no anticoagulation in patients with AF who developed COVID-19.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This systematic review, meta-analysis, and reporting were performed following the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) Statement guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> This meta-analysis was prospectively registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) under the protocol number CRD42022341926.</p>
        <fig id="f10">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-03-e20230470-30470-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <sec>
          <title>Search strategy and data extraction</title>
          <p>We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library from inception to December 2022. After removing duplicates, two authors (I.L. and N.F.) screened titles and abstracts and independently assessed full-text articles for inclusion based on prespecified criteria. Discrepancies were resolved through consensus between the authors. Additionally, we used backward snowballing (i.e., review of references) to identify relevant texts from articles identified in the original search.</p>
          <p>Our search strategy included the following medical subject heading terms: "atrial fibrillation," "oral anticoagulant," "OACs," "NOAC," "non-vitamin K," "novel anticoagulant," "DOAC," "DOACs," "direct oral anticoagulant," "dabigatran," "apixaban," "edoxaban," "rivaroxaban," "VKA," "vitamin K antagonist," "warfarin," "LMWH," "low-molecular-weight heparin," "low molecular weight heparin," "enoxaparin," "bivalirudin," "dalteparin," "fondaparinux," "COVID-19," "coronavirus disease 19," "coronavirus disease-19," "SARS-CoV-2."</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Eligibility criteria</title>
          <p>This systematic review and meta-analysis included studies that: (1) were full-length reports published in indexed journals or abstracts from major scientific conferences; (2) included adult patients (aged &#8805; 18 years) previously diagnosed with AF who later contracted COVID-19 confirmed by a validated test; (3) stratified by patients on versus off chronic anticoagulation for AF; (4) reported of any of our outcomes of interest, namely all-cause mortality, COVID-19 mortality, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and hospitalization; and (5) were published in English or Spanish. We excluded (1) studies with overlapping populations; (2) case reports, case series, letters to the editor, comments, or editorials; and (3) studies without control groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quality assessment</title>
          <p>Observational studies were appraised using the Risk of Bias Summary for Non-randomized Studies (ROBINS-I) to assess the methodological quality of included studies, a tool based on answers to the signaling questions, judgments for each bias domain, and for overall risk of bias, which allows labeling each study as "low," "moderate," "serious," or "critical" risk of bias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Small study effect (publication bias) was assessed with funnel plots and Egger's regression test.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Binary endpoints were summarized using the Mantel-Haenszel (MH) random-effects model, with risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) as a measure of effect size. We used the Sidik-Jonkman estimator (model error variance method) to calculate the heterogeneity variance &#964; <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>, since the degree of heterogeneity was expected to be substantial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) for multiple confounding factors, if reported, was pooled using the MH random-effects model with 95% CI and Paule-Mandel estimator for heterogeneity variance calculation. The heterogeneity among studies was evaluated with Cochrane's Q statistic (and the resulting chi-squared), with p &#8804; 0.10 considered statistically significant. Higgins and Thompson's I<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> statistic test was used to measure consistency.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A value of 0% indicates no observed heterogeneity, and values of 1% to 25%, 26% to 50%, and &gt; 50% indicate low, moderate, and substantial heterogeneity, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05, and all tests were 2-tailed. We performed all calculations and graphics with R software version 4.2.2 (R Core Team 2021) using the extension packages "meta," "metafor," and "dmetar."<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Addressing heterogeneity</title>
          <p>We performed a graphic display of heterogeneity (GOSH) analysis for all-cause mortality to identify potential outliers and influential studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> First, a GOSH plot was generated. Then, three unsupervised machine learning (ML) algorithms were applied to detect clusters in the GOSH plot data, as follows: (1) the <italic>k</italic>-means algorithm;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> (2) density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN);<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> and (3) Gaussian mixture models.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Alternatively, we applied "find.outliers" and "InfluenceAnalysis" functions (R dmetar package) for all-cause mortality, hospital admission, and ICU admission to assist in identifying potential outlier(s). The "find.outliers" function defines the study as an outlier if the study's confidence interval does not overlap with the confidence interval of the pooled effect. The "InfluenceAnalysis" function, in turn, generates three diagnostic plots: (1) the Baujat plot, used to identify studies that had high contributions to the heterogeneity in the meta-analytic data;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> (2) the leave-one-out sensitivity analysis by iteratively removing one study at a time to ensure the results were not dependent on a single study; and (3) influence diagnostics according to Viechbauer and Cheung.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study selection and baseline characteristics</title>
          <p>As illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>, a total of 596 studies were identified, of which 493 were excluded based on title or abstract review. Twenty-six were fully reviewed based on our inclusion criteria. After the final appraisal, 10 manuscripts remained and were eligible for inclusion in this meta-analysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> A total of 1,177,858 patients were enrolled, of whom 893,772 (75.9%) were using anticoagulants for AF prior to a COVID-19 infection. The mean age ranged from 71 to 82 years, and 629,628 patients were male (55.5%). Individual study characteristics are reported in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>.</p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>PRISMA flow diagram of study screening and selection. AF: atrial fibrillation; OAC: oral anticoagulants.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-03-e20230470-30470-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Baseline characteristics of included studies</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="8%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Study</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Number of patients OAC / no OAC</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Male, n (%)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Mean age, (years)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">HTN, n (%)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">HF, n (%)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Stroke, TIA, or systemic embolism, n (%)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Renal disease, n (%)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Liver disease, n (%)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">PAD, n (%)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">DM, n (%)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Lung disease, n (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Ageno, 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">43 / 111</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">91 (59.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">81.0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">104 (67.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">52 (33.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">24 (15.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">30 (19.4)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">43 (27.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Denas, 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">559 / 559</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">608 (54.4)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">972 (86.9)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">184 (16.4)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">169 (15.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">96 (8.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">11 (1.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">27 (2.4)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">298 (24.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Flam, 2020<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">103,703 / 36,875</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">87,508 (62.2)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">73.6<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">30,986 (22.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">28,803 (20.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">7,823 (5.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2,227 (1.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">27,855 (19.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Fumagalli, 2022<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">91 / 85</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">91 (51.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">82.0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">125 (71.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">55 (31.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">23 (13.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">36 (20.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (1.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">37 (21.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">58 (32.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">37 (21.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">G&#243;mez, 2022<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1.361 / 392</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1,065 (59.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">78.1<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1,430 (79.4)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">568 (31.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">174 (9.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">555 (30.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">269 (14.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Handy, 2022<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">722,737 / 187,133</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">480,676 (52.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">79.0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">630,245 (69.2)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">225,746 (24.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">180,958 (19.9)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">293,949 (32.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">7,983 (0.9)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">137,666 (15.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">245,195 (26.9)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Louis, 2022<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">361 / 269</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">354 (56.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">77.4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">542 (86.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">310 (49.2)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">92 (14.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">229 (36.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">57 (9.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">7 (1.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">280 (44.4)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">83 (13.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Rivera-Caravaca, 2022<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">675 / 7.023</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4,500 (58.4)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">63.0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3,718 (48.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">174 (2.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">570 (7.4)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">484 (6.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">271 (3.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">645 (8.4)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1,455 (18.9)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">523 (6.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Wong, 2022<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">52,832 / 18,271</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">54,735 (76.9)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">71.0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">&#8224;</xref></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">29,683 (41.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">7,124 (10.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2,244 (3.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">10,524 (14.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">634 (0.9)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">9,190 (12.9)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">6,815 (9.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Zadeh, 2022<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">11,410 / 33,368</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">44,778 (100.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Data regarding non-deceased patients.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>Data regarding anticoagulated patients. OAC: oral anticoagulant; HTN: hypertension; HF: heart failure; TIA: transient ischemic attack; PAD: peripheral artery disease; DM: diabetes mellitus</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Given the non-randomized nature of the studies, we reported baseline characteristics stratified by use versus no use of anticoagulation among the 7 studies that reported such data (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>). As expected, there was a higher burden of comorbidities in patients with AF on OAC as compared with those not on OAC, including hypertension, heart failure, renal disease, and prior thromboembolic events. Patients on OAC were also older than those who were not anticoagulated.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Individual study characteristics subdivided by anticoagulation use</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="8%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Study</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Number of patients OAC / no OAC</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Male, n (%) OAC / no OAC</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Mean age, (years) OAC / no OAC</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">HTN, n (%) OAC / no OAC</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">HF, n (%) OAC / no OAC</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Stroke, TIA, or systemic embolism, n (%) OAC / no OAC</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Renal disease, n (%) OAC / no OAC</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Liver disease, n (%) OAC / no OAC</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">PAD, n (%) OAC / no OAC</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">DM, n (%) OAC / no OAC</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Lung disease, n (%) OAC / no OAC</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Ageno, 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">43 / <break/>111</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">23 (53.5) / <break/>68 (61.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">81.0 / <break/>80.0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">30 (69.8) / <break/>74 (66.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">24 (55.8) / <break/>28 (25.2)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (18.6) / <break/>16 (14.4)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">10 (23.2) / <break/>20 (18.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">11 (25.6) / <break/>32 (28.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Denas, 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">559 / <break/>559</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">303 (54.2) / <break/>306 (54.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">490 (87.7) / <break/>485 (86.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">93 (16.6) / <break/>91 (16.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">78 (14.0) / <break/>91 (16.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">47 (8.4) / <break/>49 (8.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (1.1) / <break/>5 (0.9)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">15 (2.7) / <break/>12 (2.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">132 (23.6) / <break/>137 (24.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Flam, 2020<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">103,703 / <break/>36,875</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">62,488 (60.3) / <break/>25,020 (67.9)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">73.6 / <break/>66.4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">26,544 (25.6) / <break/>4,442 (12)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">17,650 (17) / <break/>2,853 (7.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">6,082 (5.9) / <break/>1,741 (4.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1,445 (1.4) / <break/>832 (2.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">21,762 (21) / <break/>6,093 (16.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Handy, 2022<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">722,737 / <break/>187,133</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">384,260 (53.2) / <break/>96,416 (10.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">79.0 / <break/>79.0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">600,623 (83.1) / <break/>124,731 (66.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">228,877 (31.6) / <break/>33,723 (18.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">183,140 (25.3) / <break/>30,370 (16.2)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">284,379 (39.3) / <break/>55,984 (29.9)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">8,462 (1.17) / <break/>2,543 (1.40)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">159,892 (22.1) / <break/>33,720 (18.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">242,060 (33.5) / <break/>47,979 (25.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Louis, 2022<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">361 / <break/>269</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">206 (57.1) / <break/>148 (55)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">78.5 / <break/>75.9</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">311 (86.1) / <break/>231 (85.9)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">200 (55.4) / <break/>110 (40.9)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">62 (17.2) / <break/>30 (11.2)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">113 (31.3) / <break/>65 (24.2)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">26 (7.2) / <break/>31 (11.5)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4 (1.1) / <break/>3 (1.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">158 (43.8) / <break/>122 (45.4)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">55 (15.2) / <break/>28 (10.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Rivera-Caravaca, 2022<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">675 / <break/>7,023</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">403 (59.7) / <break/>4,097 (58.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">80.0 / <break/>63.0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">543 (80.3) / <break/>3,176 (45.2)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">46 (6.8) / <break/>128 (1.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">131 (19.4) / <break/>439 (6.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">115 (17) / <break/>369 (5.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">33 (4.9) / <break/>238 (3.4)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">102 (15.1) / <break/>543 (7.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">198 (29.3) / <break/>1,257 (17.9)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">104 (15.4) / <break/>419 (6.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Wong, 2022<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">52,832 / <break/>18,271</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">41,870 (79.2) / <break/>12,865 (70.4)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">71.0 / <break/>69.0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">22,061 (41.8) / <break/>7,622 (41.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">5,700 (10.8) / <break/>1,424 (7.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1,041 (2.0) / <break/>336 (1.8)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">8,477 (16.0) / <break/>2,047 (11.2)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NA</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">426 (0.8) / <break/>208 (1.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">6,508 (12.3) / <break/>2,682 (14.6)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">7,372 (14) / <break/>2,302 (12.6)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>OAC: oral anticoagulant; HTN: hypertension; HF: heart failure; TIA: transient ischemic attack; PAD: peripheral artery disease; DM: diabetes mellitus</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pooled analysis of all studies</title>
          <p>Mortality endpoints are summarized in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2A-D</xref>. All-cause mortality (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2A</xref>) and COVID-19-related mortality (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2B</xref>) were significantly reduced among patients receiving OAC therapy compared with those without prior use of OAC. We conducted a prespecified subgroup analysis by pooling studies that reported aHR for COVID-19 mortality while taking multiple confounding factors into account. In this sensitivity analysis, OAC therapy remained significantly associated with reduced COVID-19-related mortality (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2C</xref>). When stratified by the type of OAC therapy, there was no significant difference between non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC) therapy versus vitamin K antagonist (VKA) therapy for all-cause mortality (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2D</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Meta-analysis of mortality outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing OAC therapy. Forest plots presenting the risk ratio (RR), or hazard ratio (HR), and 95% confidence interval (CI) on (A) all-cause mortality, (B) COVID-19-related mortality, (C) COVID-19-related mortality (adjusted HR), and (D) all-cause mortality NOAC versus VKA. CI: confidence interval; HR: hazard ratio; MH: Mantel-Haenszel; NOAC: non-vitamin K oral antagonist; OAC: oral anticoagulants; RR: risk ratio; VKA: vitamin K antagonist.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-03-e20230470-30470-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>The incidences of hospital admission (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3A</xref>) and ICU admission (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3B</xref>) were similar between OAC versus non-OAC therapy, with substantial between-study heterogeneity in both outcomes. Considering this, we performed a sensitivity analysis for the endpoint of hospital admission by including only studies that reported aHR by multivariable models or propensity score matching, which retrieved results consistent with the overall analysis and eliminated between-study heterogeneity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3C</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Meta-analysis of hospital outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing OAC therapy. Forest plots presenting the risk ratio (RR), or hazard ratio (HR), and 95% confidence interval (CI) on (A) hospital admission, (B) intensive care unit admission, and (C) hospital admission (adjusted HR). CI: confidence interval; HR: hazard ratio; MH: Mantel-Haenszel; OAC: oral anticoagulants; RR: risk ratio.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-03-e20230470-30470-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Addressing heterogeneity</title>
          <p>Considering the significant between-study heterogeneity retrieved in key outcomes, we performed GOSH analyses for all-cause mortality, our primary endpoint. The GOSH plot illustrates the effect size plotted against the I<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> for all possible combinations of studies. The 255 possible subsets of meta-analysis (2<italic>&#954;</italic> &#8211; 1 possible combinations) for all-cause mortality are presented as a GOSH plot in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4A</xref>. By analyzing the pattern in our data, we find that most values are concentrated in a cluster with high heterogeneity. The distribution of I<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> is relatively unimodal, although there seem to be some study combinations sparsely distributed for which the estimated heterogeneity is slightly lower, with a pooled effect size reasonably preserved, resulting in an overall I<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> distribution skewed down-leftwards.</p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Addressing Heterogeneity. (4A) GOSH Plot; (4B) K-means algorithm; (4C) DBSCAN algorithm; (4D) Gaussian mixture model; (4E) GOSH plot with the corresponding subset (Zadeh et al., 2022), including the potential outliers colored in cyan; (4F) Leave-one-out analysis; (4G) Baujat Plot; (4H) Influence Diagnostics. CI: confidence interval; DBSCAN: density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise; GMM: Gaussian mixture model; GOSH: graphic display of heterogeneity; OAC: oral anticoagulants; RR: risk ratio.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-03-e20230470-30470-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>To identify which studies may have caused this shape, we applied three unsupervised ML algorithms, detailed in methods, to detect clusters in the GOSH plot data (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figures 4B-D</xref>). Ultimately, one potential outlier was identified by these ML tools.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> The corresponding subset, including our potential outlier, is demonstrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4E</xref>. In summary, the GOSH analysis showed that heterogeneity did not significantly change, no matter which publication was excluded, nor did the overall effect. This is most consistent with the interpretation that our results are robust and reliable, although the overall between-study heterogeneity may be significant.</p>
          <p>Because the GOSH analysis remained heterogeneous for all-cause mortality, we further explored the influence of each study by performing a leave-one-out sensitivity analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4F</xref>), plotting the Baujat plot (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4G</xref>), and performing influence diagnostics (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4H</xref>). Leave-one-out analysis and Baujat plot showed that Zadeh et al. had the highest contribution to high heterogeneity, consistent with the results of the GOSH analysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Furthermore, the pooled effect estimates (RR) in the leave-one-out analysis ranged from 0.70 to 0.85. By excluding Flam et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> G&#243;mez et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> and Rivera-Caravaca et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> the resultant effect size remained statistically significant. In tandem, we applied the InfluenceAnalysis function (R dmetar package) to verify if another influential case recognition approach detected the same outliers found in the aforementioned analyses. Influential diagnostics characterized which studies fit well into our meta-analysis model and which did not.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quality assessment</title>
          <p>The ROBINS-I found 7 studies at a moderate overall risk of bias, while 3 were identified as having a serious overall risk of bias (Supplementary Table S1). Funnel plots for all-cause mortality, hospital admission, and ICU admission were slightly asymmetrical (Supplementary Table S2A-C). However, Egger's test for publication bias was only statistically significant for the outcome of ICU admission (p = 0.04) (Supplementary Table S2C).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this systematic review and meta-analysis of 10 observational studies and 1,177,858 patients that compared chronic oral anticoagulation with no previous anticoagulation in patients with AF who contracted COVID-19, our main findings were as follows: (1) all-cause mortality and COVID-19-related mortality were significantly lower in patients on chronic OAC therapy; and (2) the association of OAC therapy with a reduction in COVID-19-related mortality persisted even after a pooled analysis of hazard ratios adjusted for multiple confounding factors.</p>
        <p>The association between AF and adverse outcomes is well documented in the literature, as AF significantly increases the risk of stroke, systemic embolism, and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> In this context, oral anticoagulation substantially improves cardiovascular endpoints and, ultimately, survival in patients with AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Specifically, oral anticoagulation has been shown to reduce the risk of ischemic stroke by 64% and all-cause mortality by 26%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Since AF is associated with worse outcomes in patients with COVID-19, the benefit of anticoagulation may be even greater in patients with AF who are infected with COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> How much of the benefits shown in our study are particular to COVID-19 infected patients versus the benefits of anticoagulation in AF regardless of COVID-19 cannot be evaluated in the context of our study design.</p>
        <p>Previous randomized trials have assessed the impact of anticoagulation on patients with COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Based on these studies, both the Anticoagulation Forum and the COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel suggest providing hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection a prophylactic dose of heparin and a therapeutic dose, for instance in situations when the patient has high levels of D-dimer and needs oxygen therapy support.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> The American Society of Hematology, however, advises using a therapeutic dose over a prophylactic one for hospitalized patients with COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Even so, the optimal anticoagulation regimen and dose for patients with COVID-19 remains controversial, and its effects on hard outcomes are uncertain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> For instance, whether anticoagulation reduces mortality in patients with COVID-19 admitted to the ICU is yet to be determined.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> In addition, the safety profile of OACs in this patient population is still unclear, with observational data suggesting concerns regarding bleeding rates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> Moreover, therapeutic enoxaparin may decrease the need for mechanical ventilation, even though this cannot be generalized to oral anticoagulation at present.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Patients already on anticoagulation for underlying conditions such as AF may be at a lower thromboembolic risk when they develop COVID-19 infection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Since there is no consensus about when exactly the risk of thromboembolism increases throughout the course of the disease, those who start the anticoagulation therapy after being diagnosed with COVID-19 may still have a window of hypercoagulability, with unclear impact on outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> This may be particularly important in patients with AF, who are already at a higher thromboembolic risk due to disease burden and comorbidities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> Our meta-analysis addresses this matter by comparing anticoagulation prior to the acquisition of the SARS-CoV-2 infection with no previous anticoagulation in patients with AF who later contract COVID-19, indicating that ongoing anticoagulation may positively affect the outcomes of all-cause mortality and COVID-19-related mortality.</p>
        <p>The statistical significance of an outcome may be affected by several factors, such as sample size, magnitude of effect, random variability of data, and confidence level used to test the hypothesis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> In this instance, all-cause mortality has a greater clinical and statistical significance compared with ICU admission. There are a couple of explanations for this apparently discordant effect. First, mortality outcomes are less prone to measurement bias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup> Second, the decision to admit a patient to the ICU is often influenced by individual and local factors, such as bed availability, patient comorbidities, overall prognosis, and priority relative to other acutely ill patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The increased heterogeneity in our results warrants discussion. We decided to use the MH random-effects model because we anticipated considerable between-study heterogeneity. In addition, in order to address this heterogeneity, we used three other methods: leave-one-out sensitivity analysis, Baujat plot, and influence diagnostics. One study, Zadeh et al., stood out as an outlier.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> This study only included patients who had both AF and heart failure. Given the increased risk of thrombotic events in patients with heart failure, this may explain the exaggerated benefit of OAC in this study relative to other studies of patients with AF, but predominantly without heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This meta-analysis has some limitations. First, due to the nature of the comparison between the presence versus absence of chronic anticoagulation at the time of COVID-19 diagnosis, only observational studies could be performed and included, which may introduce inherent selection bias and confounders. Nevertheless, we performed multivariable adjusted analyses, when possible, with overall concordant results. Importantly, patients on OAC had a higher burden of comorbidities and yet were still found to have reduced all-cause mortality and COVID-19 related mortality, which increases the confidence in these findings. Second, we included different classes of OAC in the pooled analysis, and it is unknown if there are any differential effects between them in this population. Third, most studies neither showed nor compared the dosage of anticoagulants taken chronically, and sensitivity analyses addressing this limitation could not be performed due to a lack of individual patient-level data. Additionally, due to this lack of specific data, analysis to assess the outcome of mortality per ICU admission could not be performed. Fourth, between-study heterogeneity among studies was significant in the key outcomes of our analysis. Different methods were performed to evaluate this heterogeneity, and the results remained consistent in those analyses. Fifth, we were unable to evaluate outcomes that could ascertain disease severity such as mortality per ICU admission due to incomplete reporting in the individual results and absence of patient-level data. Finally, we cannot attribute clinical outcomes solely to the previous use of OAC therapy, given that patients often received concomitant therapies both pre- and post-COVID-19 diagnosis. These factors undoubtedly contributed to the heterogeneity among studies, limiting our ability to analyze the isolated effect of anticoagulants and meta-analyze data on specific subgroups.</p>
        <p>Regarding the strengths, a considerable sample size of over 1,177,000 patients was included in this study. In addition, our meta-analysis is related to an essential area of research as it addresses a significant clinical question of chronic anticoagulation in patients with AF and a COVID-19 infection. Furthermore, we performed adjusted analyses to evaluate outcomes controlling for measured confounders, although the risk of residual confounders cannot be excluded. Nevertheless, as pointed out in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>, patients on OAC had a higher burden of comorbidities and were still found to have lower all-cause mortality and COVID-19-related mortality, which increases the confidence in these findings. Ultimately, to our best knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis evaluating the effects of chronic anticoagulation in this specific population.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In this meta-analysis of 10 studies and 1,177,858 patients, chronic OAC for AF in patients who later contracted COVID-19 was associated with significantly lower rates of all-cause mortality and mortality due to COVID-19 compared with no previous anticoagulation.</p>
      </sec>
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    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <p>
            <bold>Study association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <app-group>
        <title>Supplemental Materials</title>
        <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12102/2023-0470_suplemento.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
