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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">qQrvwQq8gXHfgCYXcV7S5Pn</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000300309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230392</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Desenho de Estudo de um Estudo Observacional Brasileiro sobre o uso de Edoxabana em Pacientes com Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial (EdoBRA)</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1187-8690</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pr&#233;coma</surname>
            <given-names>Dalton Bertolim</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Paletta da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nakamoto</surname>
            <given-names>Allyson</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Omar</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane Mariz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Danilo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saraiva</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Francisco Kerr</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Angelina Caron</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Angelina Caron, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Daiichi Sankyo Brasil Farmac&#234;utica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Daiichi Sankyo Brasil Farmac&#234;utica, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jos&#233; Francisco Kerr Saraiva</bold> &#8226; Instituto de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica de Campinas &#8211; IPCC &#8211; Rua Oswaldo Oscar Barthelson, 1209. CEP <postal-code>13060-080</postal-code>, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>saraiva@ipecc.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Dalton Bertolim Pr&#233;coma - Recebeu honor&#225;rios por palestras cient&#237;ficas patrocinadas pela Daiichi Sankyo e por participa&#231;&#227;o em Conselho Consultivo Cient&#237;fico. Rafael Paletta da Silva &#8211; Funcion&#225;rio da Daiichi Sankyo Brasil. Allyson Nakamoto &#8211; Funcion&#225;rio da Daiichi Sankyo Brasil. Viviane Mariz Omar &#8211; Funcion&#225;ria da Daiichi Sankyo Brasil durante o desenvolvimento do protocolo. Danilo Guidini Lopes - Funcion&#225;rio da Daiichi Sankyo Brasil durante o desenvolvimento do protocolo. Jos&#233; Francisco Kerr Saraiva - Recebeu honor&#225;rios por palestras cient&#237;ficas patrocinadas pela Daiichi Sankyo e por participa&#231;&#227;o em Conselho Consultivo Cient&#237;fico.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230392</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Os ensaios cl&#237;nicos demonstraram a seguran&#231;a da Edoxabana, um anticoagulante oral n&#227;o dependente de vitamina K (NOAC), e a sua efic&#225;cia na preven&#231;&#227;o de acidente vascular cerebral e embolia sist&#233;mica em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial n&#227;o valvar (FANV) e tamb&#233;m na preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento de tromboembolismo venoso. No entanto, pesquisas adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para avaliar a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia da Edoxabana em um cen&#225;rio real na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>A fim de compreender os riscos e benef&#237;cios do uso da Edoxabana em cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos de rotina, o estudo EdoBRA est&#225; sendo conduzido para obter informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia do uso da Edoxabana em pacientes n&#227;o pr&#233;-selecionados com FANV no Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>O estudo EdoBRA &#233; um estudo multic&#234;ntrico, prospectivo e observacional, realizado em 36 centros no Brasil. S&#227;o eleg&#237;veis para este estudo pacientes com FANV, &#8805; 18 anos de idade, tratados com Edoxabana dispon&#237;vel comercialmente, que iniciaram o tratamento por pelo menos 14 dias e n&#227;o mais do que 90 dias antes da data de inclus&#227;o no estudo, e que n&#227;o est&#227;o participando de nenhum outro estudo de interven&#231;&#227;o. Ao todo, 700 pacientes devem ser inscritos e acompanhados por um ano, com coletas de dados programadas para o per&#237;odo basal e 3, 6 e 12 meses ap&#243;s a inscri&#231;&#227;o no estudo. O objetivo prim&#225;rio de seguran&#231;a &#233; o sangramento clinicamente relevante (de acordo com crit&#233;rios da Sociedade Internacional de Trombose e Hemostasia - ISTH), e o objetivo secund&#225;rio de efic&#225;cia s&#227;o desfechos cardiovasculares relevantes relacionados &#224; FANV.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O estudo observacional EdoBRA gerar&#225; informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais relevantes sobre a Edoxabana enquanto NOAC em diversos aspectos do manejo de pacientes no atendimento cl&#237;nico de rotina, como perfil de seguran&#231;a e efetividade em pacientes com FANV no Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Anticoagulantes Orais</kwd>
        <kwd>Edoxabana</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudo Observacional</kwd>
        <kwd>Seguran&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Efic&#225;cia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="36"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <fig id="f3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-03-e20230392-30392-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; a arritmia mais comum relatada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, afetando aproximadamente 2,5% dos adultos com 20 anos ou mais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Como em outras partes do mundo, na Am&#233;rica Latina h&#225; uma preval&#234;ncia crescente de FA em idosos, caracterizada por uma forma silenciosa, at&#233; a primeira detec&#231;&#227;o, at&#233; uma forma persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o at&#233; a forma permanente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A maioria dos casos &#233; FA n&#227;o valvar (FANV), que geralmente est&#225; associada ao aumento da morbidade e mortalidade. Os principais problemas associados s&#227;o: risco de acidente vascular cerebral, sangramento e morte por causas cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> As hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es devido &#224; FA ou suas complica&#231;&#245;es (agravamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, complica&#231;&#245;es tromboemb&#243;licas e manejo de arritmias agudas) representam de um ter&#231;o a dois ter&#231;os de todas as interna&#231;&#245;es por arritmias card&#237;acas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Pacientes com FANV apresentam qualidade de vida significativamente pior em compara&#231;&#227;o com controles saud&#225;veis, a popula&#231;&#227;o em geral ou pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> O risco anual de acidente vascular cerebral &#233; de cinco a seis vezes maior em pacientes com FA do que em pessoas com ritmo card&#237;aco normal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O objetivo do tratamento da FANV com anticoagulante &#233; prevenir acidente vascular cerebral e/ou embolia sist&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Contudo, uma complica&#231;&#227;o importante da terapia anticoagulante &#233; o sangramento, que tamb&#233;m pode influenciar a ades&#227;o e persist&#234;ncia do paciente. Desta forma, diferentes anticoagulantes, como os anticoagulantes orais n&#227;o dependentes de vitamina K (NOAC), foram desenvolvidos para tratar pacientes com FANV e solucionar essa quest&#227;o. Os NOACs permitem a administra&#231;&#227;o de doses fixas sem a necessidade de monitoramento rotineiro da coagula&#231;&#227;o, de ajustes de dose e menor risco de sangramento, conforme comumente descrito no uso de anticoagulantes mais antigos, como a varfarina. Atualmente, quatro NOACs foram aprovados por diversas autoridades regulat&#243;rias em todo o mundo, incluindo a Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Vigil&#226;ncia Sanit&#225;ria (ANVISA), e est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis para uso cl&#237;nico: inibidor direto da trombina, dabigatrana; e os inibidores orais do fator Xa, rivaroxabana, apixabana e edoxabana. Esses novos anticoagulantes orais s&#227;o t&#227;o seguros e eficazes quanto a varfarina na preven&#231;&#227;o de acidente vascular cerebral e embolia sist&#234;mica em pacientes com FA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> e seu uso cl&#237;nico rotineiro foi descrito na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A maioria dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados adotou crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade restritos, excluindo explicitamente pacientes ou inscrevendo apenas participantes relativamente saud&#225;veis, com menos comorbidades ou comprometimentos funcionais. Assim, registros prospectivos de evid&#234;ncias do mundo real podem fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es relevantes sobre a efic&#225;cia desses medicamentos na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. O estudo EdoBRA foi desenhado para coletar prospectivamente informa&#231;&#245;es detalhadas sobre o uso de Edoxabana no cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico real, em pacientes com FANV n&#227;o pr&#233;-selecionados no Brasil. Dados do mundo real nos permitiriam uma maior compreens&#227;o das possibilidades de tratamento da FANV e ampliariam nossa perspectiva sobre a popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Edoxabana</title>
        <p>A Edoxabana &#233; um anticoagulante administrado por via oral que inibe o fator de coagula&#231;&#227;o Xa. Foi aprovado para comercializa&#231;&#227;o no Brasil pela ANVISA em mar&#231;o de 2018 para as seguintes indica&#231;&#245;es: redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de acidente vascular cerebral e de eventos emb&#243;licos sist&#234;micos (EES) em pacientes adultos com FANV e para tratamento de tromboembolismo venoso (TEV), incluindo trombose venosa profunda (TVP) e embolia pulmonar (EP), e a preven&#231;&#227;o de TEV recorrente (TVP e/ou EP).</p>
        <p>Sua aprova&#231;&#227;o teve como base os resultados do estudo ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48, um estudo multinacional, randomizado, duplo-cego, duplo simulado, de n&#227;o inferioridade, que comparou a efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a de dois regimes posol&#243;gicos de Edoxabana uma vez ao dia com varfarina com dose ajustada (raz&#227;o normalizada internacional desejada [RNI] 2,0 a 3,0) em pacientes adultos (N = 21.105) com FANV com risco moderado a alto de acidente vascular cerebral. A Edoxabana, tanto em dose alta (60/30 mg) quanto em dose baixa (30/15 mg), uma vez ao dia, apresentou efic&#225;cia semelhante na preven&#231;&#227;o de acidente vascular cerebral ou EES e taxas significativamente mais baixas de sangramento e morte por causas cardiovasculares em compara&#231;&#227;o com a varfarina bem administrada em pacientes com FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O estudo Hokusai-VTE (N = 8.292) tamb&#233;m foi um estudo fundamental para a aprova&#231;&#227;o da Edoxabana. O estudo constatou que os pacientes com TEV sintom&#225;tico tiveram uma dura&#231;&#227;o de tratamento flex&#237;vel de 3 a 12 meses e descobriu que, ap&#243;s a heparina inicial, a dose de 60 mg de Edoxabana uma vez ao dia n&#227;o foi inferior &#224; varfarina com dose ajustada (RNI 2,0 a 3,0) para a preven&#231;&#227;o de TEV recorrente, e tamb&#233;m apresentou um risco significativamente menor para o composto de sangramentos graves ou n&#227;o graves mas clinicamente relevantes (desfecho prim&#225;rio de seguran&#231;a).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os resultados de outro estudo fundamental s&#227;o do estudo ELDERCARE-AF (N = 984). O objetivo foi avaliar a preven&#231;&#227;o de acidente vascular cerebral em pacientes bastante idosos com FA. Ap&#243;s este estudo multic&#234;ntrico, randomizado, duplo-cego, controlado por placebo e orientado a eventos, os pesquisadores descobriram que uma dose &#250;nica di&#225;ria de 15 mg de Edoxabana foi superior ao placebo na preven&#231;&#227;o de acidente vascular cerebral ou embolia sist&#234;mica (2,3% em Edoxabana e 6,7 % no placebo) e n&#227;o resultou em uma incid&#234;ncia significativamente maior de sangramentos graves quando comparado ao placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Um grande estudo europeu com dados reais, que relatou os desfechos ao longo de dois anos do tratamento com Edoxabana, n&#227;o encontrou sinais de seguran&#231;a e/ou taxas de eventos adicionais al&#233;m daqueles observados no ETNA-AF ap&#243;s um ano e no estudo ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48. Estes desfechos refor&#231;am os dados encontrados nos ensaios cl&#237;nicos realizados sobre Edoxabana e as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de aprova&#231;&#227;o em um cen&#225;rio real. Al&#233;m disso, estudos comparativos do mundo real indicaram melhores achados de efic&#225;cia em pacientes tratados com Edoxabana do que outras terapias, como femprocumona ou at&#233; mesmo outros NOACs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Desde sua disponibiliza&#231;&#227;o no Brasil, milhares de pacientes foram tratados com esse NOAC, mas tamb&#233;m &#233; importante avaliar seu desempenho em um cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico de rotina na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. No presente artigo, descrevemos o desenho e a metodologia do estudo EdoBRA, incluindo os par&#226;metros comuns (ou seja, os chamados "dados principais"), os per&#237;odos de observa&#231;&#227;o e outros detalhes t&#233;cnicos, como a consist&#234;ncia da terminologia.</p>
        <p>Para ajudar a compreender os riscos e benef&#237;cios do uso de Edoxabana em um cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico pr&#243;ximo &#224; pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica regular, realizamos este estudo n&#227;o intervencional (NI) para obter informa&#231;&#245;es sobre os aspectos de seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia em pacientes n&#227;o pr&#233;-selecionados com FANV, tratados com Edoxabana no Brasil.</p>
        <p>O objetivo principal deste estudo &#233; avaliar a seguran&#231;a de Edoxabana ao longo de um ano em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de sangramento clinicamente relevante (sangramento clinicamente relevante n&#227;o grave e sangramento grave) em pacientes com FANV. Espera-se tamb&#233;m que os dados coletados durante o estudo ofere&#231;am uma vis&#227;o geral dos desfechos de efic&#225;cia na preven&#231;&#227;o de acidentes vasculares cerebrais (isqu&#234;micos e hemorr&#225;gicos), EES, ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio (AIT), eventos cardiovasculares adversos graves (MACE, <italic>endpoint</italic> composto de IM n&#227;o fatal, acidente vascular cerebral n&#227;o fatal, EES n&#227;o fatal e morte por causa cardiovascular ou sangramento), TEV, s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) e hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es relacionadas a condi&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares (CV).</p>
        <p>Desta forma, evid&#234;ncias do mundo real na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica de rotina sobre o uso da Edoxabana por at&#233; um ano ser&#227;o coletadas e avaliadas em 700 pacientes com FANV, tratados por m&#233;dicos especializados e n&#227;o especializados em diferentes centros hospitalares no Brasil.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do Estudo</title>
        <p>O estudo EdoBRA, patrocinado pela Daiichi-Sankyo Brasil, &#233; um estudo multic&#234;ntrico, prospectivo e observacional (NI) realizado no Brasil. Foi desenhado como um estudo NI por incluir pacientes que receberam prescri&#231;&#227;o de Edoxabana sem qualquer influ&#234;ncia na prescri&#231;&#227;o para inclus&#227;o no estudo. Os investigadores principais n&#227;o podem incluir pacientes aos quais prescreveram Edoxabana; apenas s&#227;o eleg&#237;veis pacientes encaminhados por outros m&#233;dicos.</p>
        <p>A inscri&#231;&#227;o no estudo e a coleta de dados come&#231;aram em outubro de 2019 e foram conclu&#237;das em fevereiro de 2023. Espera-se documentar os dados da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica de rotina em quatro momentos diferentes: No per&#237;odo basal, e ap&#243;s 3 (&#177;2), 6 (&#177;2) e 12 (&#177;1) meses da inclus&#227;o no estudo (um ano de acompanhamento). At&#233; mesmo os pacientes que descontinuarem o tratamento com Edoxabana ser&#227;o acompanhados por at&#233; um ano. As visitas dos pacientes s&#227;o realizadas de acordo com o atendimento cl&#237;nico regular e n&#227;o s&#227;o influenciadas pelo momento previsto para documenta&#231;&#227;o dos dados. Por ser um estudo observacional, n&#227;o foi necess&#225;rio um cronograma de visitas espec&#237;fico. Desta forma, a frequ&#234;ncia da coleta de dados, na maioria das vezes, coincide com as consultas cl&#237;nicas regulares de pacientes com FANV aos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de, de acordo com a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. O desenho do estudo &#233; apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fluxograma de acompanhamento dos pacientes. FUP: acompanhamento. Declara&#231;&#227;o de Isen&#231;&#227;o de Responsabilidade: Por se tratar de um estudo n&#227;o intervencional no mundo real, as visitas n&#227;o s&#227;o agendadas. Apenas os dados de uma pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica de rotina ser&#227;o documentados.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-03-e20230392-30392-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade e exclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>O estudo EdoBRA pretendeu incluir aproximadamente 700 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico estabelecido de FANV (todos os tipos de FANV foram considerados), tratados com Edoxabana de acordo com a bula local. Os pacientes eleg&#237;veis possu&#237;am &#8805; 18 anos, apresentavam diagn&#243;stico de FANV e iniciaram o tratamento com Edoxabana por pelo menos 14 dias e n&#227;o mais do que 90 dias antes da inclus&#227;o no estudo. Os pacientes devem consentir em participar e n&#227;o devem estar participando de nenhum outro estudo intervencional. No entanto, &#233; permitida participa&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea em qualquer outro estudo/registro NI. Nenhum outro crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o expl&#237;cito foi adotado para minimizar o vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o e permitir a m&#225;xima documenta&#231;&#227;o da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica de rotina neste estudo NI.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>O objetivo principal deste estudo &#233; avaliar a seguran&#231;a da Edoxabana em um cen&#225;rio de atendimento cl&#237;nico regular. O perfil de seguran&#231;a ser&#225; avaliado pela frequ&#234;ncia de sangramento grave ou sangramento n&#227;o grave clinicamente relevante (CRNM) de acordo com os crit&#233;rios da Sociedade Internacional de Trombose e Hemostasia (ISTH) em pacientes com FANV durante um ano de acompanhamento.</p>
        <p>Um evento hemorr&#225;gico clinicamente evidente (ou seja, sangramento visualizado por exame ou imagem radiol&#243;gica) que atende a pelo menos um dos seguintes crit&#233;rios: a) sangramento fatal; b) sangramento sintom&#225;tico em &#225;rea ou &#243;rg&#227;o cr&#237;tico, como retroperitoneal, intracraniana, intraocular, intraespinhal, intra-articular, peric&#225;rdica ou intramuscular com s&#237;ndrome compartimental.</p>
        <p>Com base na classifica&#231;&#227;o da ISTH, um evento hemorr&#225;gico n&#227;o grave, mas clinicamente relevante (CRNM) foi definido de acordo com os seguintes pressupostos: sangramento excessivo que requer interven&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica de um profissional de sa&#250;de; sangramento que exige hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o ou aumento do n&#237;vel de cuidados; sangramento que exige uma avalia&#231;&#227;o presencial (ou seja, n&#227;o apenas por telefone ou comunica&#231;&#227;o eletr&#244;nica), mas que n&#227;o atenda aos crit&#233;rios para um evento hemorr&#225;gico grave.</p>
        <p>Caso os pacientes apresentem outros eventos hemorr&#225;gicos evidentes que n&#227;o atendam aos crit&#233;rios de um evento hemorr&#225;gico grave ou um evento hemorr&#225;gico n&#227;o grave clinicamente relevante (por exemplo, epistaxe que n&#227;o requer atendimento m&#233;dico), tais eventos devem ser classificados como eventos hemorr&#225;gicos menores. Al&#233;m disso, todos os eventos hemorr&#225;gicos detectados durante a coleta de dados devem ser avaliados de acordo com as defini&#231;&#245;es de sangramento da ISTH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Se o paciente apresentar outros eventos, como redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de hemoglobina sem sangramento, deve ser considerado um evento n&#227;o hemorr&#225;gico. A diferen&#231;a entre a classifica&#231;&#227;o dos eventos hemorr&#225;gicos ISTH est&#225; descrita na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Eventos que definem eventos hemorr&#225;gicos graves (conforme ISTH) e eventos hemorr&#225;gicos n&#227;o graves clinicamente relevantes (conforme ISTH). ISTH: Sociedade Internacional de Trombose e Hemostasia.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-03-e20230392-30392-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        <p>O objetivo secund&#225;rio inclui a efic&#225;cia da Edoxabana em evitar eventos como acidentes vasculares cerebrais (isqu&#234;micos e hemorr&#225;gicos), EES, AIT, MACE, TEV, SCA, <italic>endpoint</italic> composto de eventos n&#227;o fatais - MACE (IM n&#227;o fatal, acidente vascular cerebral n&#227;o fatal, EES n&#227;o fatal e morte por causa cardiovascular ou sangramento) e causas de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (de modo geral, relacionadas &#224; condi&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular ou relacionadas &#224; condi&#231;&#227;o hemorr&#225;gica). Por fim, tamb&#233;m ser&#225; avaliado o perfil de seguran&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o a outros eventos adversos que n&#227;o atendem aos crit&#233;rios de desfecho prim&#225;rio.</p>
        <p>Assim, todas as avalia&#231;&#245;es de seguran&#231;a que ocorrerem entre a inclus&#227;o no estudo e o acompanhamento final ser&#227;o registradas, incluindo todos os eventos adversos. Al&#233;m disso, as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas no per&#237;odo basal ser&#227;o registradas para todos os pacientes. O hist&#243;rico e diagn&#243;stico FA, detalhes das informa&#231;&#245;es de prescri&#231;&#227;o de Edoxabana, procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos/terap&#234;uticos e desfechos cl&#237;nicos ser&#227;o documentados no per&#237;odo basal e atualizados com quaisquer novas informa&#231;&#245;es para cada procedimento registrado no per&#237;odo de at&#233; um ano (&#177;1 m&#234;s).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Gest&#227;o de dados</title>
        <p>Todos os dados ser&#227;o coletados a partir de informa&#231;&#245;es registradas rotineiramente nas fichas/nos prontu&#225;rios dos pacientes. N&#227;o h&#225; recomenda&#231;&#245;es para alterar a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica rotineira, devido a este estudo NI. Nenhuma visita ou exame espec&#237;fico, testes laboratoriais ou procedimentos s&#227;o obrigat&#243;rios como parte deste estudo. Uma vez que nem o investigador principal nem os demais investigadores poder&#227;o incluir pacientes aos quais prescreveram Edoxabana, a equipe do estudo ser&#225; a principal respons&#225;vel pela coleta de dados dos pacientes encaminhados. O acesso aos documentos de origem (por exemplo, registros m&#233;dicos) &#233; obrigat&#243;rio para a coleta de dados no prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico (eCRF). Os dados de origem tamb&#233;m devem estar dispon&#237;veis para atividades de monitoramento do centro.</p>
        <p>Um sistema <italic>Eletronic Data Capture</italic> (EDC - Ficha cl&#237;nica eletr&#244;nica) &#233; utilizado para a coleta dos dados. Todos os dados cl&#237;nicos s&#227;o documentados por meio de uma ferramenta de coleta eletr&#244;nica de dados cl&#237;nicos (eCRF), criada especificamente para este estudo. S&#227;o utilizadas vari&#225;veis e defini&#231;&#245;es predefinidas e o preenchimento de campos de texto livre foi limitado tanto quanto poss&#237;vel. Na fase inicial do estudo, foi criado um plano de gest&#227;o de dados que descreve todo o processo de coleta de dados. S&#227;o realizadas verifica&#231;&#245;es autom&#225;ticas de plausibilidade e revis&#227;o manual dos dados no momento da inser&#231;&#227;o dos dados para evitar poss&#237;veis erros e para permitir corre&#231;&#245;es ou confirma&#231;&#227;o pelos centros. Al&#233;m disso, o eCRF tamb&#233;m possui um sistema autom&#225;tico de notifica&#231;&#227;o de eventos adversos. Para atender aos prazos de notifica&#231;&#227;o de eventos adversos, o eCRF envia uma mensagem autom&#225;tica para os monitores e a equipe de farmacovigil&#226;ncia sempre que o coletor de dados insere uma informa&#231;&#227;o relacionada a um evento adverso grave ou a uma rea&#231;&#227;o adversa a um medicamento.</p>
        <p>Hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico, eventos cl&#237;nicos e descri&#231;&#245;es e eventos adversos/rea&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas ser&#227;o codificados usando o Dicion&#225;rio M&#233;dico para Atividades Regulat&#243;rias (MedDRA). Os eventos cl&#237;nicos s&#227;o baseados no diagn&#243;stico e na avalia&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;dico. Os medicamentos ser&#227;o codificados usando o Dicion&#225;rio de Medicamentos da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de Aprimorado (WHO-DDE).</p>
        <p>O n&#250;mero de casos faltantes ser&#225; informado para cada vari&#225;vel de interesse na an&#225;lise. O fluxo de participantes do estudo durante todo o per&#237;odo do estudo ser&#225; caracterizado em termos do n&#250;mero de participantes que completaram o estudo, desistiram dele (com a descri&#231;&#227;o dos motivos) ou faleceram. Adicionalmente, se o tratamento de um paciente com Edoxabana for permanentemente descontinuado por qualquer motivo, a qualquer momento ap&#243;s o ponto de coleta de dados do per&#237;odo basal, o investigador precisar&#225; documentar o fato no eCRF adequadamente.</p>
        <p>Todos os eventos adversos graves (EAGs) e todas as rea&#231;&#245;es adversas a medicamentos (RAMs) devem ser inseridos na respectiva se&#231;&#227;o de coleta de dados do eCRF assim que o m&#233;dico tiver conhecimento. Eventos adversos n&#227;o graves que n&#227;o estejam relacionados &#224; Edoxabana n&#227;o ser&#227;o documentados. Os eventos adversos ser&#227;o relatados de acordo com a exig&#234;ncia nacional e a legisla&#231;&#227;o brasileira.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Tamanho da amostra e an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Nenhuma considera&#231;&#227;o formal do tamanho da amostra foi realizada para este estudo. O estudo pretende inscrever 700 pacientes em 36 centros. &#201; razo&#225;vel estimar que 2-9% dos pacientes apresentar&#227;o pelo menos um evento hemorr&#225;gico clinicamente relevante durante o acompanhamento, o que permitir&#225; a realiza&#231;&#227;o de an&#225;lises descritivas e estimativas de incid&#234;ncia de sangramento.</p>
        <p>Como este estudo &#233; descritivo e observacional, n&#227;o se pretende testar hip&#243;teses estat&#237;sticas. Portanto, apenas estat&#237;sticas descritivas ser&#227;o realizadas para descrever todos os dados coletados, e geralmente limitadas a tabelas de frequ&#234;ncia ou estat&#237;sticas resumidas (por exemplo, m&#233;dias &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou medianas &#177; quartis), por exemplo, para dados demogr&#225;ficos. A incid&#234;ncia de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos graves e sangramento n&#227;o grave clinicamente relevante ser&#225; calculada com base na propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que apresentam eventos hemorr&#225;gicos no per&#237;odo de acompanhamento. As an&#225;lises dos dados de acompanhamento s&#227;o planejadas aos tr&#234;s e seis meses, seguidas pela an&#225;lise do per&#237;odo basal e as an&#225;lises finais dos dados de acompanhamento completos at&#233; um ano (&#177;1 m&#234;s). O n&#250;mero de participantes com pelo menos um evento ser&#225; apresentado (n [%]) separadamente para cada tipo de evento cl&#237;nico. As rea&#231;&#245;es adversas aos medicamentos ser&#227;o resumidas com base no MedDRA.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, quando aplic&#225;vel, a data &#237;ndice para as an&#225;lises do estudo ser&#225; a data de in&#237;cio de Edoxabana. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas ser&#227;o realizadas utilizando Python vers&#227;o 3.6.9.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Controle de qualidade</title>
        <p>Este estudo foi realizado de acordo com as regras das "Boas Pr&#225;ticas Farmacoepidemiol&#243;gicas" (BPFE) e regulamentos locais relevantes. Mecanismos de controle de qualidade relacionados foram devidamente empregados.</p>
        <p>O monitoramento no centro ser&#225; realizado em 30% dos pacientes selecionados aleatoriamente, no m&#237;nimo. Durante o monitoramento no centro, o monitor verificar&#225; 100% da documenta&#231;&#227;o de consentimento informado e realizar&#225; a verifica&#231;&#227;o dos dados de origem em rela&#231;&#227;o aos registros m&#233;dicos dos pacientes selecionados. Durante as atividades de monitoramento, ser&#225; dada especial aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; integralidade e exatid&#227;o dos dados de seguran&#231;a. A valida&#231;&#227;o e o controle de qualidade ser&#227;o realizados para garantir que os dados relatados sejam precisos e completos, na medida do poss&#237;vel, em um cen&#225;rio de atendimento cl&#237;nico de rotina e que a realiza&#231;&#227;o do estudo EdoBRA siga o planejamento e atenda &#224;s exig&#234;ncias regulat&#243;rias locais aplic&#225;veis.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A investiga&#231;&#227;o de observa&#231;&#227;o tem um papel fundamental na confirma&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a das interven&#231;&#245;es recentemente aprovadas em uma ampla variedade de pacientes com caracter&#237;sticas diferentes (dados demogr&#225;ficos, comorbilidades, acesso &#224; assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica, entre outros), tratados em um cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico em que o controle da terapia do paciente frequentemente n&#227;o &#233; t&#227;o rigoroso quanto em um ensaio cl&#237;nico. Tamb&#233;m podem ser identificados efeitos adversos associados ao uso de produtos farmac&#234;uticos que n&#227;o foram previstos com base em pesquisas realizadas para fundamentar o processo de aprova&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos. O estudo EdoBRA &#233; um estudo multic&#234;ntrico, prospectivo, observacional (NI) realizado no Brasil para avaliar a seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia da Edoxabana em pacientes com FANV. O desenho dos dados principais do estudo EdoBRA aborda quest&#245;es importantes sobre o uso cl&#237;nico da Edoxabana, oferecendo evid&#234;ncias das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e desfechos importantes no uso cl&#237;nico de rotina, permitindo complementar as informa&#231;&#245;es obtidas no estudo cl&#237;nico randomizado j&#225; publicado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Anteriormente, alguns ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados foram realizados para avaliar o risco de sangramento. O ensaio ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> por exemplo, foi um grande estudo realizado com 21.105 participantes com risco de FA moderado a alto que comparou Edoxabana com Varfarina. Nos participantes que receberam Edoxabana, foram observadas taxas significativamente mais baixas de sangramento e morte por causas cardiovasculares. Em conson&#226;ncia com o estudo ENGAGE, outros estudos observaram taxas menores de sangramento em pacientes com TEV agudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> ou FANV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, outros estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados nos quais os participantes receberam 30 e 60 mg de Edoxabana, bem como uma meta-an&#225;lise agrupada de cinco estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados e prospectivos totalizando 311.262 pacientes, indicaram que a Edoxabana parece ter um perfil de seguran&#231;a favor&#225;vel em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; varfarina em rela&#231;&#227;o ao risco de sangramento e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Embora a Edoxabana tenha apresentado um bom desempenho nesses estudos, existem preocupa&#231;&#245;es sobre o potencial de sangramento na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica que precisam ser investigadas com estudos do mundo real.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Embora estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados sejam o modelo padr&#227;o-ouro para demonstrar a seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia de um novo medicamento, os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o nesses casos selecionam determinados pacientes e n&#227;o representam toda a popula&#231;&#227;o. Considerando as limita&#231;&#245;es naturais dos estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados, as ag&#234;ncias reguladoras de todo o mundo entendem que os estudos n&#227;o intervencionais complementam as informa&#231;&#245;es obtidas nos estudos randomizados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Alguns estudos observacionais sobre a Edoxabana foram desenvolvidos nos &#250;ltimos anos. O Estudo STATES<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> avaliou a ocorr&#234;ncia de sangramentos sintom&#225;ticos decorrentes de acidente vascular cerebral cardioemb&#243;lico agudo em pacientes que receberam tratamento precoce com Edoxabana em uma pequena popula&#231;&#227;o idosa (n = 75) durante tr&#234;s meses. Os desfechos apontaram a Edoxabana como segura, mas recomendam mais estudos com uma popula&#231;&#227;o maior e um per&#237;odo de acompanhamento mais longo. Um grande estudo observacional e prospectivo &#8211; ETNA-AF, realizado em dez pa&#237;ses europeus avaliou a seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia de 30 mg e 60 mg de Edoxabana nos cuidados de rotina de 13.092 pacientes durante um ano. Conclu&#237;ram que a taxa de acidente vascular cerebral, embolia sist&#234;mica (0,82%/ano) e sangramento grave (1,05%/ano) foi baixa na coorte n&#227;o selecionada,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> refor&#231;ando as evid&#234;ncias de seguran&#231;a de Edoxabana. Ademais, foi publicado recentemente um per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de dois anos do ETNA-AF, oferecendo evid&#234;ncias reais da seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia em longo prazo da Edoxabana. Os desfechos refor&#231;am as baixas taxas de acidente vascular cerebral (0,70%) e sangramentos graves (0,97%) em pacientes com FA e apontam uma alta ades&#227;o ao tratamento com quase 70% dos pacientes em tratamento com Edoxabana em dois anos de acompanhamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> A an&#225;lise dos preditores de risco ajustados por idade mostrou que a hist&#243;ria no per&#237;odo basal, como AIT e depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina estimada recalculada, foi o preditor mais forte de acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico e sangramento grave, respectivamente. Al&#233;m dessas s&#243;lidas evid&#234;ncias, os dados sobre sua efetividade e seguran&#231;a no atendimento cl&#237;nico de rotina ainda s&#227;o limitados na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Portanto, estudos realizados ap&#243;s a autoriza&#231;&#227;o de comercializa&#231;&#227;o, como o EdoBRA, podem contribuir com informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais importantes sobre aspectos reais do manejo de pacientes no atendimento de rotina no Brasil.</p>
      <p>O presente estudo espec&#237;fico desempenha um papel importante e &#250;nico na avalia&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a no mundo real, no atendimento cl&#237;nico regular, avaliando a ocorr&#234;ncia de sangramento clinicamente relevante (conforme ISTH) durante um ano de acompanhamento em aproximadamente 700 pacientes no Brasil. Podem ser examinadas quest&#245;es relativas &#224; exist&#234;ncia de um padr&#227;o de uso regional e/ou caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes, como isso afeta os desfechos e o momento dos eventos cl&#237;nicos relativos ao in&#237;cio da dosagem, interrup&#231;&#227;o da dosagem ou qualquer situa&#231;&#227;o relacionada ao esquema de tratamento. Al&#233;m disso, deve-se considerar que a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira &#233; caracterizada por uma grande diversidade &#233;tnica, com pessoas que descendem de duas ou mais etnias diferentes, e isso n&#227;o &#233; facilmente encontrado em outras regi&#245;es do mundo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> o que tamb&#233;m justifica um melhor conhecimento do comportamento dos anticoagulantes por meio de registros da vida real.</p>
      <p>Como este estudo visa coletar e avaliar evid&#234;ncias do mundo real, &#233; necess&#225;rio considerar algumas limita&#231;&#245;es comuns aos estudos n&#227;o intervencionais e outros aspectos. A investiga&#231;&#227;o observacional eficaz deve reconhecer o potencial de enviesamento e tentar minimiz&#225;-lo tanto no desenho quanto na an&#225;lise, bem como descrever com precis&#227;o as limita&#231;&#245;es. A falta de randomiza&#231;&#227;o pode gerar um vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o especialmente na compara&#231;&#227;o de desfechos. Como o estudo n&#227;o &#233; intervencional, apenas dados do tratamento cl&#237;nico de rotina podem ser obtidos. Portanto, algumas informa&#231;&#245;es podem estar indispon&#237;veis ou faltando. O desenho de estudo escolhido para este estudo n&#227;o permite conclus&#245;es de causalidade, mas sim interfer&#234;ncias e indica&#231;&#227;o de caminhos para futuras investiga&#231;&#245;es. Como resultado da natureza descritiva do estudo, os resultados devem ser interpretados com cuidado para evitar compara&#231;&#245;es diretas entre diferentes grupos. Embora os centros selecionados sejam localizados em diferentes regi&#245;es do Brasil, a maioria deles se concentra nas regi&#245;es sudeste, nordeste e sul do pa&#237;s. Isso pode reduzir a representatividade da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O EdoBRA fornecer&#225; um conjunto abrangente de dados para fundamentar a seguran&#231;a e a utilidade cl&#237;nica da Edoxabana em pacientes com FA na pr&#225;tica de rotina. Adicionalmente, o estudo proporcionar&#225; informa&#231;&#245;es importantes sobre a gest&#227;o de eventos adversos que ocorrem em pacientes tratados com Edoxabana, bem como indicadores que podem contribuir para maximizar a satisfa&#231;&#227;o do paciente e melhorar os desfechos no mundo real.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por Daiichi-Sankyo Brazil.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela Daiichi Sankyo e realizado pelos investigadores. Suporte editorial oferecido pela IQVIA Brasil. Os autores gostariam de agradecer a Alessandra Ritter e Lucas de Jesus, funcion&#225;rios da IQVIA, pelo apoio na reda&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230392i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Study Design of a Brazilian Observational Study of Edoxaban in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation (EdoBRA)</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1187-8690</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pr&#233;coma</surname>
            <given-names>Dalton Bertolim</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Paletta da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nakamoto</surname>
            <given-names>Allyson</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Omar</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane Mariz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Danilo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saraiva</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Francisco Kerr</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Angelina Caron, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Daiichi Sankyo Brasil Farmac&#234;utica, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Campinas, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Jos&#233; Francisco Kerr Saraiva</bold> &#8226; Instituto de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica de Campinas &#8211; IPCC -&#8211; Rua Oswaldo Oscar Barthelson, 1209. Postal Code <postal-code>13060-080</postal-code>, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>saraiva@ipecc.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Dalton Bertolim Pr&#233;coma - Received honorarium for scientific lectures sponsored by Daiichi Sankyo and for participating in a Scientific Advisory Board. Rafael Paletta da Silva - Employee of Daiichi Sankyo Brazil. Allyson Nakamoto - Employee of Daiichi Sankyo Brazil. Viviane Mariz Omar - Employee of Daiichi Sankyo Brazil during protocol development. Danilo Guidini Lopes - Employee of Daiichi Sankyo Brazil during protocol development. Jos&#233; Francisco Kerr Saraiva - Received honorarium for scientific lectures sponsored by Daiichi Sankyoand for participating in a Scientific Advisory Board.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Clinical trials showed the safety of Edoxaban, a non-vitamin K-dependent oral anticoagulant (NOAC), and its efficacy to prevent stroke and systemic embolism in non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients and also to prevent and treat venous thromboembolism. However, additional research is needed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of Edoxaban in a real-world scenario in the Brazilian population.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>In order to understand the risks and benefits of Edoxaban use in routine clinical settings, the EdoBRA study is being conducted to gain insight into the safety and effectiveness of Edoxaban use in non-preselected patients with NVAF in Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>The EdoBRA study is a multicenter, prospective, observational study conducted in 36 sites in Brazil. NVAF patients &#8805; 18 years treated with commercially available Edoxaban who initiated treatment for at least 14 days and no longer than 90 days prior to enrollment, and who are not simultaneously participating in any interventional study are eligible for this study. Seven hundred patients are planned to be enrolled and one-year of follow up, with data collections expected at baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months after the study enrollment. The primary safety objective is ISTH Clinically Relevant Bleeding, and the secondary effectiveness objective focuses on relevant cardiovascular outcomes related to NVAF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>EdoBRA observational study will generate relevant additional information about NOAC Edoxaban on various aspects of patient management in routine care, such as its safety and effectiveness profile in patients with NVAF in Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Oral Anticoagulants</kwd>
        <kwd>Edoxaban</kwd>
        <kwd>Observational Study</kwd>
        <kwd>Safety</kwd>
        <kwd>Efficacy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <fig id="f6">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-03-e20230392-30392-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia reported in clinical practice, with approximately 2,5% of adults aged 20 years or older being affected.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Like other parts of the world, there is a growing prevalence of AF in older adults in Latin America, characterized by a silent form at first detection to a long-standing persistent up to permanent form.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Most cases are non-valvular AF (NVAF), which is usually associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The main problems associated with it are the risk of stroke, bleeding, and death from cardiovascular causes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Hospitalizations due to AF or its complications (aggravation of heart failure, thromboembolic complications, and acute arrhythmia management) account for one-third to two-thirds of all admissions for cardiac arrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Patients with NVAF have a significantly poorer quality of life compared with healthy controls, the general population, or patients with coronary heart disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The annual risk of stroke is five to six times greater in patients with AF than in people with a normal heart rhythm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The goal of NVAF treatment with anticoagulants is to prevent stroke and/or systemic embolism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> However, one important complication of anticoagulation therapy, which could also affect patient adherence and persistence, is bleeding. Thus, different anticoagulants, such as the non-vitamin K-dependent oral anticoagulant (NOAC), emerged to treat patients with NVAF and mitigate this gap. NOAC enables the administration of fixed doses without the need for routine monitoring of coagulation, dose adjustment requirements, and the substantial risk of bleeding, as commonly described by older anticoagulants such as warfarin. Currently, four NOACs have been approved by several regulatory authorities globally, including the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA), and are available for clinical use: direct thrombin inhibitor, dabigatran; and the oral factor Xa inhibitors, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and Edoxaban. These new oral anticoagulants are as safe and effective as warfarin for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with AF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> and their routine clinical use has been described in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Most randomized clinical trials adopted restricted eligibility criteria, having either explicitly excluded patients or enrolled only relatively healthy individuals with fewer comorbidities or functional impairments. Thus, prospective registries of real-world evidence can add relevant information about the effectiveness of these drugs in the Brazilian population. The EdoBRA study is designed to prospectively collect detailed information on the use of Edoxaban in real-world clinical settings in non-preselected NVAF patients in Brazil. Real-world data would provide us with a greater understanding of NVAF treatment pathways and broaden our insight into the patient population.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Edoxaban</title>
          <p>Edoxaban is an orally administered anticoagulant that inhibits coagulation factor Xa. It was approved for marketing in Brazil by ANVISA in March 2018 for the following indications: risk reduction of stroke and systemic embolic events (SEE) in adult patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) and for the treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), and the prevention of recurrent VTE (DVT and/or PE).</p>
          <p>Its approval was based on the results of the ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 trial, a multinational, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, non-inferiority study comparing the efficacy and safety of two dosing regimens of once-daily Edoxaban to dose-adjusted warfarin (target international normalized ratio [INR] 2.0 to 3.0) in adult patients (N = 21,105) with NVAF at moderate-to-high risk of stroke. Edoxaban, both high-dose (60/30 mg) and low-dose (30/15 mg) once daily exhibited similar efficacy for the prevention of stroke or SEE and significantly lower rates of bleeding and death from cardiovascular causes compared with well-managed warfarin in patients with AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The Hokusai-VTE study (N = 8,292) was also pivotal for the approval of Edoxaban. The study found that patients with symptomatic VTE had a flexible treatment duration of 3&#8211;12 months and found that following initial heparin, Edoxaban 60 mg once daily was non-inferior to dose-adjusted warfarin (INR 2.0&#8211;3.0) for the prevention of recurrent VTE, and also had a significantly lower risk for the composite of major or non-major clinically relevant bleedings (primary safety outcome).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Another pivotal study is the ELDERCARE-AF trial (N = 984). The objective was to assess the prevention of stroke in very elderly patients with AF. After this multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, event-driven trial, researchers found that a once-daily 15 mg dose of Edoxaban was superior to placebo in preventing stroke or systemic embolism (2.3% in Edoxaban and 6.7% in placebo) and did not result in a significantly higher incidence of major bleedings when compared to placebo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A large European real-world study reporting two-year outcomes on Edoxaban therapy found no additional safety signals and/or event rates than those observed in ETNA-AF after one year and in ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 trial. These outcomes reinforce the outcomes found in Edoxaban clinical trials and the license recommendations in a real-world scenario. Additionally, real-world comparative studies indicated better effectiveness findings in patients receiving Edoxaban treatment than other therapies, such as phenprocoumon or even other NOACs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Since its availability in Brazil, thousands of patients have been treated with this NOAC. Still, it is also important to assess its performance in a routine clinical scenario in the Brazilian population. In this paper, we described the design and methodology of EdoBRA study, including the common parameters (i.e., the so-called "core data"), the observational periods, and other technical details such as the consistency of terminology.</p>
          <p>To help understand the risks and benefits of Edoxaban use in a clinical setting close to regular clinical practice, we conducted this non-interventional study (NIS) to gain insight into the safety and effectiveness aspects in non-preselected patients with NVAF treated with Edoxaban in Brazil.</p>
          <p>The key goal of this study is to evaluate the one-year safety of Edoxaban regarding the occurrence of Clinically Relevant Bleeding (Clinically Relevant Non-Major Bleeding and Major Bleeding) in patients with NVAF. It is also expected that the data collected during the study provide an overview of effectiveness outcomes in preventing strokes (ischemic and hemorrhagic), SEE, transient ischemic attack (TIA), major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE, composite endpoint of non-fatal MI, non-fatal stroke, non-fatal SEE, and death due to CV cause or bleeding), VTE, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), and hospitalizations related to cardiovascular (CV) condition.</p>
          <p>Thus, real-world evidence data in routine clinical practice using Edoxaban for up to one year will be collected and evaluated in 700 patients with NVAF, treated by specialized as well as non-specialized physicians in different hospital-based centers in Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>The EdoBRA study, sponsored by Daiichi-Sankyo Brazil, is a multicenter, prospective, observational (non-interventional - NI) study conducted in Brazil. It was designed as a NIS because it includes patients who received Edoxaban prescriptions with no prescription influence for inclusion in the study. Principal investigators may not include patients to whom they have prescribed Edoxaban. Only patients referred by other physicians are eligible.</p>
          <p>Enrollment and data collection commenced in October 2019 and completed in February 2023. The routine clinical practice data documentation is expected to include four different time points: at baseline, after 3 (&#177;2), 6 (&#177;2), and 12 (&#177;1) months of study enrollment (one year of follow-up). Even patients discontinuing treatment with Edoxaban will be followed up to one year. Patients&#8217; visits are conducted according to regular clinical care and are not influenced by the foreseen documentation data time point. As an observational study, it does not require a specific visit schedule; thus, the frequency of data collection is mostly consistent with the usual regular clinical care visits of patients with NVAF to health services, according to clinical practice. The study design is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Patient follow-up flowchart. FUP: Follow-up. Disclaimer: As it is a non-interventional, real-world study, the visits are not scheduled. Only routine clinical practice data will be documented.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-03-e20230392-30392-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Eligibility and exclusion criteria</title>
          <p>The EdoBRA study planned to include approximately 700 patients with an established diagnosis of NVAF (all types of NVAF were considered) and treated with Edoxaban according to the local label. Eligible patients are those &#8805; 18 years diagnosed with NVAF who initiated Edoxaban treatment for at least 14 days and no longer than 90 days prior to enrollment. Patients must consent to participate and must not participate in any interventional study simultaneously; however, simultaneous participation in any other NIS/registry is allowed. No other explicit exclusion criteria were adopted to minimize selection bias and to allow for documentation of routine clinical practice as much as possible in this NIS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Assessments</title>
          <p>The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the safety of Edoxaban in regular clinical care settings. The safety profile will be measured by the frequency of the Major Bleeding or Clinically Relevant Non-Major (CRNM) bleeding according to the International Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) criteria in patients with NVAF during one year of follow-up.</p>
          <p>A clinically overt bleeding event (i.e., bleeding that is visualized by examination or radiologic imaging) that meets at least one of the following criteria: a) fatal bleeding; b) symptomatic bleeding in a critical area or organ such as retroperitoneal, intracranial, intraocular, intraspinal, intra-articular, pericardial, or intramuscular with compartment syndrome.</p>
          <p>Based on the ISTH classification, a non-major bleeding event but clinically relevant (CRNM) was defined according to the following assumptions: over-bleeding requires medical intervention by a healthcare professional; one that leads to hospitalization or increased level of care; one that prompts a face-to-face evaluation (i.e., not remote care) but that does not fulfill the criteria for a major bleeding event.</p>
          <p>In case patients present other overt bleeding events that do not meet the criteria of a major bleeding event or a clinically relevant non-major bleeding event (e.g. epistaxis that does not require medical attention), it should be classified as a minor bleeding event. In addition, all bleeding events captured during the data collection should be assessed according to the ISTH bleeding definitions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> If the patient presents other events, such as reduced hemoglobin levels without bleeding, it should be considered a non-bleeding event. The difference between the ISTH bleeding events classification is described in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Events that define ISTH Major Bleeding Events and ISTH Clinically Relevant Non-Major Bleeding Events. ISTH: International Society of Thrombosis and Hemostasis.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-03-e20230392-30392-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>The secondary objective includes the effectiveness of Edoxaban in avoiding events like strokes (both ischemic and hemorrhagic), SEE, TIA Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE), VTE, ACS, composite endpoint of non-fatal events &#8211;MACE (non-fatal MI, non-fatal stroke, non-fatal SEE, and death due to CV cause or bleeding), and hospitalizations causes (overall, related to CV condition or related to bleeding condition). Finally, the safety profile regarding other adverse events that do not fill the primary outcome criteria will also be assessed.</p>
          <p>Thus, all safety measures that occur between enrollment and final follow-up will be recorded, including all adverse events. Additionally, baseline demographic and clinical characteristics will be recorded for all patients. AF history and diagnosis, details of Edoxaban prescribing information, diagnostic/therapeutic procedures, and clinical outcomes will be documented at baseline and updated with any new information for each procedure recorded up to a one-year period (&#177;1 month).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data management</title>
          <p>All data elements will be collected from information routinely recorded in the patient files/medical records. There are no recommendations to alter routine clinical practice, nor should it be changed due to this NIS. No specific visits or examinations, laboratory tests, or procedures are mandated as part of this study. Since neither the Principal Investigator nor Sub-Investigators will be able to include patients to whom they have prescribed Edoxaban, the study team will be primarily accountable for data collection of referred patients. Access to source documents (e.g., medical records) is mandatory to capture data in the electronic Clinical Data Capture (eCRF). Source data must also be available for site monitoring activities.</p>
          <p>An Eletronic Data Capture (EDC) system is used for data capture. All clinical data is documented using an eCRF tool designed specifically for this study. Predefined variables and definitions are used, and free text field documentation was limited as much as possible. In the start-up study phase, a data management plan has been created describing the entire data collection process. Automatic plausibility checks and manual data review at data entry are performed to avoid potential mistakes and to allow corrections or confirmation by the sites. In addition, the eCRF tool also presents an automatic reporting system for adverse events. To comply with the adverse event reporting deadlines, the eCRF tool sends an automatic message to monitors and the pharmacovigilance team every time the data abstractor enters information related to a serious adverse event or an adverse drug reaction.</p>
          <p>Medical history, clinical events and descriptions, and adverse events/drug reactions will be coded using the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA). Clinical events are based on physician diagnosis and assessment. Medications/drugs will be coded using the World Health Organization Drug Dictionary Enhanced (WHO-DDE).</p>
          <p>The number of missing cases will be reported for each variable of interest in the analysis. The flow of study participants through the entire study period will be characterized in terms of the number of subjects who completed the study, withdrew from it (with reasons described), or died. Additionally, if a patient's treatment on Edoxaban is permanently discontinued for any reason at any time after the baseline data collection point, the investigator needs to document this event in the eCRF accordingly.</p>
          <p>All Serious adverse events (SAEs) and all adverse drug reactions (ADRs) must be entered in the respective data collection section of the eCRF (electronic report form) as soon as the physician becomes aware of it. Non-SAEs that are not related to Edoxaban will not be documented. Adverse events will be reported according to the national requirement and local law in Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample size and statistical analysis</title>
          <p>No formal sample size consideration has been performed for this study. The study aims to enroll 700 patients in 36 sites. It is reasonable to estimate that 2-9% of patients will present at least one clinically relevant bleeding event during follow-up, which will allow descriptive analysis and incidence of bleeding estimations to be conducted.</p>
          <p>As this study is observational and descriptive, no statistical hypothesis testing is intended. Therefore, only descriptive statistics will be performed to describe all collected data and generally limited to frequency tables or summary statistics (e.g., means &#177; standard deviation or medians &#177; quartiles), e.g., for demographic data. The incidence of clinically relevant non-major bleeding and major bleeding events will be calculated based on the proportion of patients presenting bleeding events in the follow-up period. Data analyses for follow-up data are planned at three and six months, followed by the baseline and final analyses of complete follow-up data up to one year (&#177;1 month). The number of subjects with at least one event will be presented (n [%]) separately for each type of clinical event. ADRs will be summarized based on MedDRA.</p>
          <p>In addition, where applicable, the index date for the study analyses will be the Edoxaban start date. All statistical analysis will be performed using Python version 3.6.9.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quality control</title>
          <p>This study has been conducted according to the rules of &#8216;Good Pharmacoepidemiology Practice&#8217; (GPP) and relevant local regulations. Related quality control mechanisms have been performed accordingly.</p>
          <p>On-site monitoring will be performed in a minimum of 30% randomly selected patients. During on-site monitoring, the monitor will verify 100% of informed consent documentation and perform source data verification against the selected patient's medical records. Particular attention will be paid to the completeness and correctness of safety data during monitoring activities. Validation and quality control will be performed to ensure that the reported data are as accurate and complete as possible in a routine clinical care setting and that the conduct of the EdoBRA study is compliant with the plans and local applicable regulatory requirements.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Observation research has a pivotal role in confirming the effectiveness and safety of recently approved interventions across a range of patients with different characteristics (demographics, comorbidities, health care access, and others) treated in a clinical environment in which control of patient therapy is often not as strict as in a clinical trial. They may also identify adverse effects associated with the use of pharmaceuticals that were not anticipated based on research conducted in support of the drug approval process. The EdoBRA study is a multicenter, prospective, observational (non-interventional) study conducted in Brazil to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of Edoxaban in patients with NVAF. The design of EdoBRA core data addresses key questions about the clinical usage of Edoxaban, providing evidence of the clinical characteristics and important outcomes in routine clinical usage, allowing information to be complemented with the already published RCT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Previously, some RCTs have been performed to assess bleeding risk. The ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 trial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> for example, was a large trial that enrolled 21,105 subjects with moderate-to-high AF risk comparing Edoxaban and Warfarin. Subjects receiving Edoxaban were associated with significantly lower rates of bleeding and death by cardiovascular causes. In agreement with the ENGAGE study, other studies found lower rates of bleeding in patients with VTE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> or NVAF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Additionally, other RCTs given 30 and 60 mg of Edoxaban, as well as a pooled meta-analysis of five prospective RCTs totalizing 311,262 patients, indicated that Edoxaban seems to have a favorable safety profile in comparison with warfarin regarding bleeding and mortality risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Although Edoxaban achieved a good performance in these studies, there are concerns about the potential for bleeding in the clinical practice that need to be investigated with real-world studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Although Randomized Clinical Trials (RCT) are the gold standard model for demonstrating the safety and efficacy of a new drug. The inclusion and exclusion criteria in this type of study select certain patients and do not represent the whole population. Given the natural limitations of RCTs, regulatory agencies around the world understand that NISs are supportive and complement RCT data.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Some observational studies about Edoxaban have been developed in the past years. The STATES Study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> evaluated the occurrence of symptomatic bleeding from acute cardioembolic stroke in patients who received early treatment with Edoxaban in a small elderly population (n = 75) for three months. Outcomes indicated that Edoxaban is safe, but further studies with a bigger population and a longer follow-up period are recommended. A large observational and prospective study &#8211; ETNA-AF, conducted in ten European countries evaluated the safety and effectiveness of 30 mg and 60 mg of Edoxaban in routine care of 13,092 patients for one year. They concluded that the rates of stroke, systemic embolism (0.82%/year), and major bleeding (1.05%/year) were low in the unselected cohort,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> reinforcing the safety of Edoxaban. Furthermore, a two-year follow-up period of the ETNA-AF was recently published, providing real-world evidence for the long-term safety and effectiveness of Edoxaban. The outcomes reinforce the low rates of stroke (0.70%) and major bleeding (0.97%) in patients with AF and pointed out the high adherence to the treatment with almost 70% of patients under Edoxaban treatment at the two-year follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> The age-adjusted risk predictors analysis showed that, at baseline, history data such as TIA and the recalculated eCrCl were the strongest predictors of ischemic stroke and major bleeding, respectively. Besides the strong evidence, data on its effectiveness and safety in routine clinical care is still limited in the Brazilian population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Therefore, post-authorization studies, such as EdoBRA, can provide important additional information on real-world aspects of patient management in routine care in Brazil.</p>
        <p>This specific study develops an important and unique role in evaluating the real-world effectiveness and safety in regular clinical care, assessing the occurrence of ISTH Clinically Relevant Bleeding within one year of follow-up in ~700 patients in Brazil. Questions regarding the existence of regional usage patterns and/or patient characteristics, how they affect outcomes, and how the timing of clinical events relative to the start of dosing, dosing interruption, or any situation related to the treatment scheme can be examined. In addition, it should be considered that the Brazilian population is characterized by a great ethnic diversity and racial fusions not easily found in other regions of the world,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> which also justifies better knowledge of the behavior of anticoagulant drugs through real-life records.</p>
        <p>As this study aims to collect and evaluate real-world evidence, some limitations common to non-interventional studies apply, and some aspects need to be considered. Effective observational research must recognize the potential for bias and attempt to minimize it both in the design and analysis stages, as well as accurately describe its limitations. The lack of randomization may introduce selection bias, especially for comparing outcomes. As the study is non-interventional, only data from the clinical routine treatment can be obtained. Therefore, some information may be missing or unavailable. The study design chosen for this study does not allow causality conclusions but rather for interferences and indication of pathways for further investigation. As a result of the descriptive nature of the study, results must be interpreted carefully to avoid direct comparisons among different groups. Although selected sites were in different regions of Brazil, most of them were in the Southeast, Northeast, and South regions. Thus, a decrease in terms of representativeness of the Brazilian population may occur.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>EdoBRA will provide a comprehensive data set to support the safety and clinical utility of Edoxaban in patients with AF in routine practice. Also, the study will provide important insights into the management of adverse events occurring in patients receiving Edoxaban therapy, as well as indicators that can contribute to maximizing patient satisfaction and optimizing real-world outcomes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by Daiichi-Sankyo Brazil.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Study association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>This study was funded by Daiichi Sankyo and conducted by the investigators. Editorial support was provided by IQVIA Brazil. The authors would like to thank Alessandra Ritter and Lucas de Jesus, IQVIA employees, for their writing support.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
