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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">hNSzFTN4ZSSdynfBQMz7CJB</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000300302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230138</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Defici&#234;ncia de Testosterona em Homens Hipertensos: Preval&#234;ncia e Fatores Associados</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2678-4715</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Negretto</surname>
            <given-names>Leandra Analia Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-2145-3377</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rassi</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saraiva</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda Bueno Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4785-9651</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Em&#237;lia Figueiredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana da Ressurrei&#231;&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5333-013X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Cesar B. Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso de Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago de Souza Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s &#8211; Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s &#8211; Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Geral de Goi&#226;nia &#8211; Dr. Alberto Rassi</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Geral de Goi&#226;nia &#8211; Dr. Alberto Rassi, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Leandra Analia Freitas Negretto</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s &#8211; Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial &#8211; 5 avenida, 7692. CEP <postal-code>74605-220</postal-code>, Setor Leste Universit&#225;rio, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>lenegretto@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230138</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A defici&#234;ncia de testosterona (DT) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o prevalente em nosso meio e ainda muito negligenciada. A hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) &#233; um de seus poss&#237;veis fatores associados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Determinar a preval&#234;ncia de DT em uma popula&#231;&#227;o masculina hipertensa e os fatores associados &#224; sua ocorr&#234;ncia, como idade, tempo de diagn&#243;stico de HA, n&#250;mero de classes de anti-hipertensivos, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), diabetes, dislipidemia, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC), sintomas positivos de DT (question&#225;rio ADAM positivo) e uso de espironolactona.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal com aplica&#231;&#227;o do question&#225;rio ADAM, e avalia&#231;&#227;o de dados bioqu&#237;micos, cl&#237;nicos e antropom&#233;tricos. Os pacientes foram estratificados em grupos de DT e testosterona normal. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado e as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas pelo teste de Mann-Witney; as vari&#225;veis com signific&#226;ncia (p&lt;0,05) foram submetidas &#224; regress&#227;o linear multivariada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A preval&#234;ncia de DT foi de 26,8%. Houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre DT e IMC (p=0,0007), mas n&#227;o houve com idade (p=0,0520), tempo de diagn&#243;stico de HA (p=0,1418), n&#250;mero de classes de anti-hipertensivos (p=0,0732), diabetes (p=0,1112); dislipidemia (p=0,3888); presen&#231;a de DRC (p=0,3321); uso de espironolactona (p=0,3546) e question&#225;rio ADAM positivo (p=0,2483).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>A preval&#234;ncia de DT foi alta e houve associa&#231;&#227;o positiva com IMC. A testosterona total (TT) declinou 8,44 ng/dL com o aumento de 1 kg/m<sup>2</sup> no IMC e caiu 3,79 ng/dL com o avan&#231;o em um ano na idade.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Testosterona</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipogonadismo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="32"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <fig id="f3">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-03-e20230138-30138-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A defici&#234;ncia de testosterona (DT) &#233; resultante da falha testicular em produzir n&#237;veis fisiol&#243;gicos de testosterona (T) devido &#224; ruptura de um ou mais elementos do eixo hipot&#225;lamo-hip&#243;fise-test&#237;culo (HHT). Quando a DT &#233; confirmada e est&#225; associada a sinais cl&#237;nicos de defici&#234;ncia androg&#234;nica, configura-se o hipogonadismo masculino.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A preval&#234;ncia de hipogonadismo, na popula&#231;&#227;o geral masculina, varia com a idade, sendo de seis a 12,3% entre 40 e 69 anos, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A DT pode causar diversos sinais e sintomas, que dependem da idade de apresenta&#231;&#227;o e de sua gravidade,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> como: diminui&#231;&#227;o da libido, disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til, diminui&#231;&#227;o do volume de ejacula&#231;&#227;o, perda de pelos corporais e faciais, fraqueza, diminui&#231;&#227;o da densidade &#243;ssea, diminui&#231;&#227;o da massa magra, aumento da gordura corporal, fadiga e anemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a sobrevida de homens com baixos n&#237;veis de T &#233; inferior &#224; de homens com valores normais de T (eugonadismo), sendo a mortalidade por todas as causas de 34,9% <italic>vs</italic>. 20,1%, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) foi associada &#224; DT em alguns estudos, como no estudo <italic>"Hypogonadism in males"</italic> (HIM),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> no qual foi observado que uma propor&#231;&#227;o mais alta de pacientes com DT era hipertensa em compara&#231;ao a indiv&#237;duos com n&#237;veis normais do horm&#244;nio. Segundo Svartberg et al.,7 indiv&#237;duos hipertensos ter&#227;o valores totais de T menores que os n&#227;o hipertensos, independente da idade. J&#225; Smith et al.,8 mostraram que a priva&#231;&#227;o androg&#234;nica em homens em tratamento contra c&#226;ncer de pr&#243;stata poderia induzir HA.</p>
      <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre HA e DT ainda possui diversas lacunas, incluindo aspectos epidemiol&#243;gicos, diagn&#243;sticos e terap&#234;uticos. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a preval&#234;ncia de DT em uma popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira de homens hipertensos acompanhados em servi&#231;o de refer&#234;ncia no tratamento da HA. Ainda, o estudo avaliou, nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, fatores associados &#224; sua ocorr&#234;ncia &#8211; idade, tempo de diagn&#243;stico de HA, n&#250;mero de classes de anti-hipertensivos utilizados, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> presen&#231;a de diabetes mellitus (DM),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> dislipidemia (DLP),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> sintomas de defici&#234;ncia androg&#234;nica (segundo o question&#225;rio ADAM, <italic>Androgen Deficiency, in the Aging Male"</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup>) e uso de espironolactona.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>Estudo transversal realizado em servi&#231;o de refer&#234;ncia no tratamento da HA na regi&#227;o central do Brasil. Os dados foram coletados pela equipe assistente durante consultas ambulatoriais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Participantes</title>
        <p>Para serem inclu&#237;dos, os pacientes deveriam ter idade entre 18 e 85 anos, ser do sexo masculino, e comparecer &#224;s consultas ambulatoriais ao menos uma vez ao ano. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes que n&#227;o realizaram os exames solicitados, transsexuais, e pacientes que apresentavam d&#233;ficits cognitivos que os incapacitassem a responder ao question&#225;rio ADAM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O c&#225;lculo amostral foi utilizando o G*Power 3,1, adotando preval&#234;ncia esperada de 12%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%, n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0,05 e 80% de poder do teste, resultando no tamanho m&#237;nimo de 148 indiv&#237;duos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimentos de coleta de dados</title>
        <p>Nesta pesquisa, foram consideradas as vari&#225;veis: idade, tempo de diagn&#243;stico de HA, n&#250;mero de classes de anti-hipertensivos usados, uso de espironolactona, IMC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> presen&#231;a DM,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> DLP,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> DRC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> al&#233;m de sintomas positivos de defici&#234;ncia androg&#234;nica (question&#225;rio ADAM<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup>).</p>
        <p>Durante consultas ambulatoriais, ap&#243;s a assinatura do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido (TCLE), foram aferidos peso e altura, pesquisadas as vari&#225;veis mencionadas e solicitados exames incluindo dosagem de T total (TT). Para definir DT o ponto de corte de TT foi menor que 300 ng/dL (12nmol/L), conforme as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>Endocrine Society</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> e da <italic>American Urological Association</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> As amostras de sangue foram coletadas em jejum, pela manh&#227;, e os exames foram realizados por laborat&#243;rios rand&#244;micos que utilizam a metodologia dos imunoensaios.15</p>
        <p>O question&#225;rio ADAM, da Universidade de Saint Louis, consiste em 10 perguntas sobre sintomas de defici&#234;ncia androg&#234;nica do tipo "sim ou n&#227;o".<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Esse question&#225;rio apresenta sensibilidade de 88% e especificidade de 60%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> sendo o seu emprego recomendando como instrumento de triagem de hipogonadismo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Foram avaliados 239 participantes e estratificados em dois grupos segundo o <italic>status</italic> de TT em: (1) indiv&#237;duos com DT (<italic>n</italic>=64; 26,8%) e (2) eugon&#225;dicos (<italic>n</italic>=175; 73,2%). Na estat&#237;stica descritiva, foram calculadas, para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas: as frequ&#234;ncias absolutas (<italic>n</italic>) e relativas percentuais [<italic>f(%)</italic>]; e para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas: mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ). As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram: <italic>status</italic> de TT; idade; tempo de HA; n&#250;mero de classes de anti-hipertensivos; IMC; DM; DLP; DRC; uso de espironolactona e question&#225;rio ADAM. As vari&#225;veis quantitativas cont&#237;nuas foram: idade; tempo de HA; n&#250;mero de classes de anti-hipertensivos; IMC; e n&#237;vel de TT (em ng/dL).</p>
        <p>Para a estat&#237;stica inferencial, as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, estratificadas pelo <italic>status</italic> de TT, foram comparadas pelos testes: qui-quadrado, exato de Fisher ou G. Para a vari&#225;vel com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, foram calculados Odds Ratio (OR) e IC de 95% para avaliar as chances de apresentar DT entre as categorias.</p>
        <p>Para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, foram calculadas a normalidade dos dados com o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e a homogeneidade de vari&#226;ncia, pelo teste de Levene. Todas as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o param&#233;trica sem homogeneidade (p&lt;0,05). Desta forma, foi aplicado o teste de Mann-Whitney para amostras independentes. Posteriormente, para as vari&#225;veis com p&lt;0,20, foi aplicado teste de regress&#227;o linear multivariada. Finalmente, foi aplicado o teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram recrutados 276 homens hipertensos; 37 participantes foram exclu&#237;dos &#8211; 18 apresentavam idade superior a 85 anos, 11 se recusaram a participar do estudo, tr&#234;s apresentavam d&#233;ficit cognitivo, dois tinham esquizofrenia, dois faleceram antes da coleta de sangue para medida do TT e um era transexual. Entre os 239 participantes inclu&#237;dos, 175 (73,2%) apresentaram n&#237;veis normais de TT (eugonadismo) e 64 apresentaram n&#237;veis baixos de TT, determinando a preval&#234;ncia de DT em 26,8%. Os resultados est&#227;o sintetizados na Figura Central.</p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as vari&#225;veis <italic>status</italic> de TT, ou seja, DT ou eugon&#225;dico, idade, tempo de diagn&#243;stico de HA, n&#250;mero de classes de anti-hipertensivos, IMC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> diagn&#243;stico de DM,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> DLP,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> e DRC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> uso de espironolactona e question&#225;rio ADAM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Esses dados est&#227;o apresentados como frequ&#234;ncia absoluta <italic>(n)</italic> e relativa percentual [<italic>f(%)</italic>].</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Estat&#237;stica descritiva das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, expressas como frequ&#234;ncia absoluta (<italic>n</italic>) e relativa percentual [<italic>f(%)</italic>], dos 239 participantes; Goi&#226;nia, Brasil, 2023</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="32%">
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Vari&#225;veis (N=239)</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">n</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">f(%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold><italic>Status</italic> de Testosterona</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Defici&#234;ncia de Testosterona</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">64</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">26,8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Eugon&#225;dico</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">175</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">73,2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">At&#233; 60 anos</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">91</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">38,1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">60 anos ou mais</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">148</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">61,9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Tempo de HA (anos)</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">At&#233; 15 anos</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">126</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">52,7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Acima de 15 anos</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">97</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">40,6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Sem Informa&#231;&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">16</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">6,7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>N&#250;mero de classes de anti-hipertensivos</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Nenhum</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">8</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">3,3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">At&#233; 3</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">184</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">77,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Acima de 3</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">47</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">19,7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Normal (18,6 at&#233; 24,9)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">51</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">21,3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Sobrepeso (25,0 at&#233; 29,9)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">100</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">41,8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Obesidade (&#8805;30,0)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Grau I (30,0 at&#233; 34,9)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">58</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">24,3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Grau II (35,0 at&#233; 39,0)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">20</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">8,4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Grau III (&#8805;40,0)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">8</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">3,3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Sem Informa&#231;&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Diabetes</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Sim</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">78</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">32,6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">N&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">161</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">67,4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Dislipidemia</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Sim</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">172</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">72,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">N&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">67</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">28,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>DRC</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Sim</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">78</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">32,6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">N&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">161</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">67,4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Espironolactona</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Sim</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">23</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">9,6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">N&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">216</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">90,4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Question&#225;rio ADAM</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Negativo</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">24</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">10,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Positivo</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">184</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">77,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Sem Informa&#231;&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">31</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">13,0</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>N: n&#250;mero total de indiv&#237;duos no grupo amostral; n: frequ&#234;ncia absoluta; f(%): frequ&#234;ncia relativa percentual; HA: hipertens&#227;o arterial; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; Question&#225;rio ADAM (do ingl&#234;s, <italic>Androgen Deficiency, in the Aging Male</italic>).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> compara as vari&#225;veis e suas categorias entre os grupos DT e eugon&#225;dicos. Foi observada diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa nas categorias de IMC (p=0,0007) entre os grupos, sendo observado maior n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos com obesidade nos pacientes com DT.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Estat&#237;stica inferencial das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, dos 239 participantes, estratificados pelo <italic>status</italic> de testosterona. Goi&#226;nia, Goi&#225;s, Brasil, 2023</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="16%">
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis (N=239)</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">D&#233;ficit Testosterona (n=64; 26,8%)</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Eugon&#225;dico (n=175; 73,2%)</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2">p-valor<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></th>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th valign="middle" align="center">
                <italic>n</italic>
              </th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">
                <italic>f(%)</italic>
              </th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">
                <italic>n</italic>
              </th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">
                <italic>f(%)</italic>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">At&#233; 60 anos</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">18</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">28,1</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">73</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">41,7</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">60 anos ou mais</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">46</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">71,9</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">102</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">58,3</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,0520</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Tempo de HA (anos)</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">At&#233; 15 anos</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">28</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">43,8</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">98</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">56,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Acima de 15 anos</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">30</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">46,9</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">67</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">38,3</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,1418</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Sem Informa&#231;&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">6</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">9,4</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">10</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">5,7</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>N&#250;mero de classes de anti-hipertensivos</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Nenhum</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">8</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">4,6</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">At&#233; 3</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">52</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">81,3</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">132</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">75,4</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Acima de 3</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">12</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">18,8</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">35</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">20,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,0732</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Normal (18,6 at&#233; 24,9)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">5</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">7,8</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">46</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">26,3</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Sobrepeso(25,0 at&#233; 29,9)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">23</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">35,9</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">77</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">44,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Obesidade(&#8805;30,0)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Grau I (30,0 at&#233; 34,9)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">24</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">37,5</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">34</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">19,4</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Grau II (35,0 at&#233; 39,0)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">9</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">14,1</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">11</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">6,3</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Grau III (&#8805;40,0)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">3</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">4,7</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">5</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2,9</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>0,0007</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Sem Informa&#231;&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,1</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Diabetes</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Sim</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">26</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">40,6</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">52</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">29,7</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">N&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">38</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">59,4</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">123</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">70,3</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,1112</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Dislipidemia</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Sim</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">49</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">76,6</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">123</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">70,3</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">N&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">15</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">23,4</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">52</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">29,7</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,3388</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>DRC</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Sim</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">24</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">37,5</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">54</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">30,9</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">N&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">40</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">62,5</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">121</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">69,1</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,3321</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Espironolactona</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Sim</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">8</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">12,5</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">15</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">8,6</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">N&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">56</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">87,5</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">161</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">92,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,3546</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                <bold>Question&#225;rio ADAM</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Negativo</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">4</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">6,3</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">20</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">11,4</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Positivo</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">51</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">79,7</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">133</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">76,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,2483</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Sem Informa&#231;&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">9</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">14,1</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">22</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">12,6</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>N: n&#250;mero total de indiv&#237;duos no grupo amostral; n: frequ&#234;ncia absoluta; f(%): frequ&#234;ncia relativa percentual; HA: hipertens&#227;o arterial; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; Question&#225;rio ADAM (do ingl&#234;s, Androgen Deficiency, in the Aging Male).</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>teste do qui-quadrado; teste exato de Fisher ou teste G.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Houve predom&#237;nio de indiv&#237;duos com obesidade no grupo de DT, IMC (&#967;<sup>2</sup>=18,10; p=0,0001). Para a compara&#231;&#227;o entre as categorias de IMC, foram observadas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significantes entre: IMC normal e obeso (OR=6,62; IC95%=2,39&#8211;18,32; p=0,0002), com acr&#233;scimo de risco relativo de 32,1%; e sobrepeso e obeso (OR=2,41; IC95%=1,28&#8211;4,54; p=0,0094), com acr&#233;scimo de risco relativo de 18,9%. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> mostra diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos DT e eugon&#225;dico nas vari&#225;veis "tempo de HA" (p=0,317), "IMC" (p&lt;0,0001) e "TT" (p&lt;0,0001).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title><italic>Mediana</italic> e intervalo interquartil (<italic>IIQ</italic>) das vari&#225;veis quantitativas cont&#237;nuas de todos os 239 participantes e estratificadas e comparadas pelo status de testosterona. Goi&#226;nia, Goi&#225;s, Brasil, 2023</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="9%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;veis</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">DT (n=64; 26,8%)</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3" style="border-left: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Eugon&#225;dico (n=175; 73,2%)</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">p-valor<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4a">*</xref></th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3" style="border-left: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Total (N=239)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2">
                <italic>Mediana</italic>
              </th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <italic>IIQ</italic>
              </th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <italic>Mediana</italic>
              </th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <italic>IIQ</italic>
              </th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <italic>Mediana</italic>
              </th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <italic>IIQ</italic>
              </th>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th valign="middle" align="center">25%</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">75%</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">25%</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">75%</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">25%</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">75%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">63,5</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">58,8</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">70,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">62,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">55,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">70,5</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0,3476</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">63,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">55,5</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">70,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Tempo de HA (anos)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>16,5</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">8,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">24,3</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <bold>14,0</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">6,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">20,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <bold>0,0317</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">15,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">7,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">20,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">N&#250;mero de anti-hipertensivos</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">3,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">3,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">3,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">3,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0,7242</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">3,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">3,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">IMC (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>31,0</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">27,3</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">34,5</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <bold>27,7</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">24,9</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">30,8</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <bold>&lt;0,0001</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">28,5</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">25,4</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">31,6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Testosterona total (ng/dL)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>220,0</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">182,5</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">262,8</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <bold>449,0</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">360,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">532,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <bold>&lt;0,0001</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">376,7</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">286,3</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">491,5</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>DT: defici&#234;ncia de testosterona; N: n&#250;mero total de indiv&#237;duos no grupo amostral; Mediana: medida de tend&#234;ncia central; IIQ: intervalo interquartil de 25% e 75%; HA: hipertens&#227;o arterial; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4a">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>Para gerar o p-valor, foi utilizado o teste de Mann-Whitney para amostras independentes.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman entre as vari&#225;veis quantitativas cont&#237;nuas demonstrou que os valores de TT tiveram rela&#231;&#227;o baixa, inversamente proporcional e estatisticamente significante com IMC (&#961;=-0,26; p=0,0001), idade (&#961;=-0,1760; p=0,0069) e tempo de diagn&#243;stico de HA (&#961;=-0,1410; p=0,0366) (<xref rid="t4" ref-type="table">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Tabela 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman entre as vari&#225;veis quantitativas cont&#237;nuas; Goi&#226;nia Brasil, 2023</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="14%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Testosterona (ng/dL)</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Idade (anos)</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">HA (anos)</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Anti-hipertensivo</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2">Testosterona</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#961; (rho)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,0000</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <italic>p-valor</italic>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2">Idade (anos)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#961; (rho)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>-0,1760</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,0000</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <italic>p-valor</italic>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>0,0068</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2">HA (anos)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#961; (rho)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>-0,1410</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>0,3530</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,0000</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <italic>p-valor</italic>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>0,0366</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>&lt;0,0001</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2">Anti-hipertensivo</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#961; (rho)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">-0,1046</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>0,1700</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>0,2640</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,0000</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <italic>p-valor</italic>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,1083</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>0,0083</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>0,0001</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#961; (rho)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>-0,2600</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>-0,2330</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">-0,0048</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,0521</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,0000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <italic>p-valor</italic>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>0,0001</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>0,0003</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,9434</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,4248</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>HA: hipertens&#227;o arterial; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> descreve as vari&#225;veis com diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante: (a) TT; (b) IMC e (c) tempo de diagn&#243;stico de HA. Os indiv&#237;duos com DT apresentaram medianas de TT de 222,0 ng/dL, IMC 31,0 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e 16,5 anos de diagn&#243;stico de HA, enquanto os eugon&#225;dicos apresentaram medianas de TT de 449,0 ng/dL, IMC 27,7 Kg/m<sup>2</sup> e 14,0 anos de diagn&#243;stico de HA.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Gr&#225;ficos de diagrama de caixa, com mediana, intervalo interquartil (25% e 75%), valores m&#237;nimo e m&#225;ximo, das vari&#225;veis com diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante: (a) testosterona total; (b) IMC e (c) tempo de diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o arterial. Goi&#226;nia, Goi&#225;s, Brasil.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-03-e20230138-30138-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Foi realizada regress&#227;o linear multivariada com as vari&#225;veis com p-valores baixos (p&lt;0,20), haja vista que todos os pressupostos estat&#237;sticos (linearidade, independ&#234;ncia, homoscedasticidade, normalidade dos res&#237;duos, n&#227;o colinearidade e aus&#234;ncia de outliers) foram observados. As vari&#225;veis que mais influenciaram a TT foram: o IMC e a idade. O acr&#233;scimo de um ano de idade gerou decr&#233;scimo de 3,79 ng/dL na TT (<italic>B</italic>=-3,79; IC95%=-5,57 at&#233; -2,06; p&lt;0,0001) e o aumento de um kg/m<sup>2</sup> no IMC gerou diminui&#231;&#227;o de 8,44 ng/dL na TT (<italic>B</italic>=-8,44; IC95%= -12,57 at&#233; -4,32; p&lt;0,0001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;vel de testosterona total (em ng/dL) e o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC, em kg/m<sup>2</sup>), com todos os participantes (N=239).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-03-e20230138-30138-gf03.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Ao nosso conhecimento, este &#233; o primeiro estudo que avaliou a preval&#234;ncia de DT em uma popula&#231;&#227;o especificamente hipertensa. Encontramos a preval&#234;ncia de DT de 26,8%, e observou-se associa&#231;&#227;o de DT com o IMC (p=0,0007).</p>
      <p>A obesidade &#233; a condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica mais fortemente associada &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o das concentra&#231;&#245;es de T entre os homens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> O excesso de peso promove supress&#227;o do eixo HHT de car&#225;ter funcional e potencialmente revers&#237;vel.19 Baixos n&#237;veis de T levam ao crescimento da adiposidade devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia do sinal inibidor na adipog&#234;nese e na capta&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica, mediado pela enzima lipoprote&#237;na lipase, sobretudo em dep&#243;sitos abdominais viscerais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Por outro lado, a perda de peso pode levar &#224; melhoria da fun&#231;&#227;o gonadal; assim, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o excesso de peso e os n&#237;veis de T &#233; bidirecional, configurando c&#237;rculo vicioso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Neste estudo, as sub-an&#225;lises de categorias de IMC mostraram que o aumento de peso normal para obeso acrescentou risco relativo de 32,1% de desenvolvimento de DT, enquanto que de sobrepeso para obeso acrescentou risco relativo de 18,9%. Al&#233;m disso, o aumento de 1 kg/m<sup>2</sup> no IMC gerou queda de 8,44 ng/dL na TT (B=-8,44; IC95%= -12,57 at&#233; -4,32; p&lt;0,0001).</p>
      <p>Existe um decl&#237;nio natural dos horm&#244;nios sexuais masculinos de aproximadamente 1% ao ano com o envelhecimento, entre as idades de 40 e 70 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> A preval&#234;ncia de hipogonadismo de in&#237;cio tardio ("<italic>Late onset hypogonadism</italic>"), associa-se n&#227;o s&#243; ao envelhecimento, como tamb&#233;m com aumento o no IMC e nas doen&#231;as coexistentes.22 Nesse sentido, este estudo buscou correlacionar o avan&#231;ar da idade com a diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de TT. Contudo, o valor de p, embora marginal, n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significante (p=0,0520). No entanto, a idade mostrou-se uma vari&#225;vel significativa para a queda de TT na an&#225;lise multivariada realizada, sendo que o acr&#233;scimo de um ano na idade gerou decr&#233;scimo de 3,79 ng/dL na TT (<italic>B</italic>=-3,79; IC95%=-5,57 at&#233; -2,06; p&lt;0,0001). Tais achados possivelmente seriam mais eloquentes em uma amostra maior.</p>
      <p>Svartberg et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> estudaram a press&#227;o arterial em 1548 homens e os valores de TT foram inversamente associados &#224; press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (p&lt;0,001) e &#224; massa ventricular esquerda (p&lt;0,001). Por&#233;m, ap&#243;s o ajuste para o IMC, os resultados sugeriram que essa rela&#231;&#227;o foi mediada pela obesidade.7 Zitzmann e Nieschlag<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> encontraram rela&#231;&#245;es semelhantes, sendo que a reposi&#231;&#227;o de T resultou em decr&#233;scimos significativos desses par&#226;metros e da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Partindo desse racional, este estudo buscou associa&#231;&#245;es entre os valores de TT e os fatores tempo de diagn&#243;stico de HA (p=0,1418) e o n&#250;mero de classes de anti-hipertensivos usados (p=0,0732). Por&#233;m, os achados n&#227;o apresentaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, o que talvez se justifique pelo fato de os fatores aqui pesquisados, embora in&#233;ditos na literatura e indiretamente relacionados aos valores de press&#227;o arterial propriamente ditos, difiram desses em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise.</p>
      <p>A espironolactona &#233; um anti-hipertensivo com propriedade anti-androg&#234;nica por m&#250;ltiplos mecanismos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Por isso, investigamos se o seu emprego no tratamento da HA poderia ser um fator de confus&#227;o ao se associar com a diminui&#231;&#227;o dos valores de TT, o que n&#227;o foi confirmado (<italic>p</italic>=0,3546) em nossa amostra.</p>
      <p>O quadro cl&#237;nico do DT pode ser negligenciado, pois muitas vezes simula queixas condizentes com o envelhecimento ou com outras comorbidades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> O question&#225;rio de defici&#234;ncia de andr&#243;genos da Universidade de Saint Louis (ADAM)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> &#233; amplamente utilizado como ferramenta de triagem para detectar homens em risco de defici&#234;ncia androg&#234;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Neste estudo, por&#233;m, n&#227;o foi observada correla&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;vel de TT e question&#225;rio ADAM positivo neste estudo (p=0,2483). Em nossa amostra, apenas 10% dos indiv&#237;duos apresentaram question&#225;rio ADAM negativo, o que possivelmente se justifica pelo fato de a HA estar associada &#224; presen&#231;a de queixas interrogadas no question&#225;rio, fazendo, assim, com que ele perdesse especificidade.</p>
      <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o testicular atinge cerca de 50% dos homens com DRC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> com diferentes est&#225;gios,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> sendo associada ao aumento da mortalidade por todas as causas nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Assim, n&#243;s avaliamos se a presen&#231;a de DRC estaria associada &#224; DT, o que n&#227;o se confirmou neste estudo (<italic>p</italic>=0,3321). Tal fato poderia estar relacionado ao fato de que a maioria (93,5%) dos pacientes com DRC deste estudo apresentaram taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular superior &#224; 30 mL/min/1,72m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de T tamb&#233;m se relacionam com o metabolismo lip&#237;dico, havendo rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre valores de T e triglicer&#237;deos, colesterol total e colesterol LDL, enquanto bons n&#237;veis de T acompanham-se de HDL com valores normais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Schiffer et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> observaram que indiv&#237;duos expostos &#224; terapia de priva&#231;&#227;o androg&#234;nica apresentam quadro de DLP. Neste estudo, n&#227;o observamos correla&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante entre a presen&#231;a de DLP e DT (p=0,3388), o que talvez pode ser explicado pelo fato de a nossa amostra ser de pacientes intensamente tratados.</p>
      <p>Aproximadamente um ter&#231;o dos portadores de DM tipo 2 (DM2) tem baixos n&#237;veis de T.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Oh et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> apontam a DT como um poss&#237;vel fator de risco ao desenvolvimento de DM2. Homens com valores altos de T apresentam risco 42% menor de DM2, indicando que n&#237;veis elevados do horm&#244;nio sejam fator de prote&#231;&#227;o ao desenvolvimento de DM2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, por&#233;m, a presen&#231;a de DM n&#227;o apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com DT (<italic>p</italic>=0,1112). Isso pode ser reflexo da heterogeneidade da nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, com controle glic&#234;mico e intensidade de tratamento variados, sendo que 19,5% dos pacientes com DM da amostra apresentavam classifica&#231;&#227;o de pr&#233;-diabetes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> e poucos pacientes em insulinoterapia.</p>
      <p>A T &#233; o principal horm&#244;nio sexual masculino<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> e desempenha papel crucial na sa&#250;de reprodutiva, assim como na sa&#250;de geral e na qualidade de vida do indiv&#237;duo.15 As evid&#234;ncias atuais apoiam fortemente a premissa de que baixo n&#237;vel de T &#233; importante biomarcador de morbimortalidade em homens,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> sendo as consequ&#234;ncias metab&#243;licas mais adversas quanto mais baixa a T.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Quando a T &#233; produzida, passa a circular ligada &#224; globulina de liga&#231;&#227;o a horm&#244;nio sexual (SHBG) e &#224; albumina, sendo que apenas pequena fra&#231;&#227;o da T, de aproximadamente 2%, circula livremente como "Testosterona Livre" (TL),15 que corresponde &#224; sua forma ativa. As concentra&#231;&#245;es da SHBG variam em fun&#231;&#227;o de fatores como idade, obesidade e outras doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Esta pesquisa foi um estudo de vida real. Entre suas limita&#231;&#245;es consta o fato de os exames bioqu&#237;micos terem sido realizados de forma rand&#244;mica e em sua maioria na rede p&#250;blica de sa&#250;de e, por isso, n&#227;o houve uniformidade entre os m&#233;todos laboratoriais empregados. Al&#233;m disso, os valores de TL n&#227;o terem sido avaliados, devido aos custos envolvidos com os exames que permitiriam seu c&#225;lculo indireto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este &#233; o primeiro estudo, ao nosso conhecimento, que buscou demonstrar a preval&#234;ncia de DT em uma popula&#231;&#227;o especificamente hipertensa. O potencial delet&#233;rio da defici&#234;ncia androg&#234;nica &#233; possivelmente inntensificado em um contexto de maior risco cardiovascular, o que nos alertaria sobre a import&#226;ncia de seu reconhecimento. A preval&#234;ncia crescente da obesidade hoje refor&#231;a a necessidade de estrat&#233;gias que promovam seu controle, sobretudo entre homens hipertensos, pois suas repercuss&#245;es podem impactar em v&#225;rios aspectos, dentre eles sua sa&#250;de sexual, fertilidade e qualidade de vida.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>O estudo encontrou alta preval&#234;ncia de DT (26,8%) em pacientes hipertensos<bold>,</bold> sem, contudo, demonstrar associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;vel de TT e tempo de diagn&#243;stico de HA, n&#250;mero de classe de anti-hipertensivos, uso de espironolactona, sintomas positivos de DT, presen&#231;a de DM, DLP, e DRC. Por&#233;m, houve forte associa&#231;&#227;o inversa da TT com o IMC, sendo que o aumento do IMC em uma unidade se associou &#224; queda em nos valores de TT em 8.44 ng/dL; assim como o avan&#231;o em um ano na idade associou-se ao seu decl&#237;nio em 3,79 ng/dL. Novos estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios a fim de elucidar a poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o entre a HA e DT.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Agradecemos &#224;s secret&#225;rias da Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial, Beatriz dos Santos e Cl&#225;udia Zorzetti, cujas colabora&#231;&#245;es foram cruciais para a realiza&#231;&#227;o deste estudo.</p>
    </ack>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Leandra Analia Freitas Negretto pela Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s &#8211; CEP/HC/UFG sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2.552.801. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn id="fn4" fn-type="other">
        <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230138i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Testosterone Deficiency in Hypertensive Men: Prevalence and Associated Factors</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2678-4715</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Negretto</surname>
            <given-names>Leandra Analia Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-2145-3377</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rassi</surname>
            <given-names>Nelson</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saraiva</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda Bueno Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4785-9651</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Em&#237;lia Figueiredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana da Ressurrei&#231;&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5333-013X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Cesar B. Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso de Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago de Souza Veiga</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s &#8211; Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Geral de Goi&#226;nia &#8211; Dr. Alberto Rassi, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Leandra Analia Freitas Negretto</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s &#8211; Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial &#8211; 5 avenida, 7692. Postal Code <postal-code>74605-220</postal-code>, Setor Leste Universit&#225;rio, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>lenegretto@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Testosterone deficiency (TD) is a prevalent condition in our midst and still very neglected. Arterial hypertension (AH) is one of the possible associated factors.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To determine the prevalence of TD in a hypertensive male population and the factors associated with its occurrence, such as age, time since hypertension diagnosis, number of antihypertensive classes, body mass index (BMI), diabetes, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease (CKD), positive symptoms of TD (positive ADAM questionnaire) and use of spironolactone.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Cross-sectional study with administration of the ADAM questionnaire, assessment of biochemical, clinical, and anthropometric data. Patients were stratified into DT and normal testosterone groups. Categorical variables were compared using the chi-squared test and continuous variables using the Mann-Witney test; variables with significance (p&lt;0,05) were analyzed by multivariable linear regression.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The prevalence of TD was 26.36%. There was an association between TD and body mass index (BMI) (p=0.0007) but there was no association with age (p=0.0520), time of hypertension diagnosis (p=0.1418), number of classes of antihypertensive drugs (p=0.732), diabetes (p=0.1112); dyslipidemia (p=0.3888); CKD (p=0.3321); use of spironolactone (p=0.3546) or positive ADAM questionnaire (p=0.2483).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>TD was highly prevalent and positively associated with BMI. Total testosterone (TT) declined by 8.44ng/dL with a one unit increase in BMI and dropped by 3.79ng/dL with a one-year increase in age.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Testosterone</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypogonadism</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <fig id="f6">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-03-e20230138-30138-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Testosterone deficiency (TD) results from failure of the testes to produce physiological levels of testosterone (T) due to rupture in at least one of the elements of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular (HPT) axis. When TD is associated with clinical signs of androgen deficiency, the diagnosis of male hypogonadism may be established.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The prevalence of hypogonadism in male population varies with age, ranging from six to 12.3% between 40 and 69 years of age, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>TD may cause different signs and symptoms that depend on age of onset and TD severity,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> and include: reduced libido, erectile dysfunction, loss of body and facial hair, loss of lean mass, increase of fat mass, fatigue and anemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In addition, survival of men with low T levels is lower than of men with normal T levels (eugonadism), with an all-cause mortality of 34.9% <italic><bold>vs.</bold></italic> 20.1%, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Hypertension has been associated with TD in previous studies, as in the "Hypogonadism in males" (HIM),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> which showed that a higher proportion of hypogonadal patients was hypertensive as compared with eugonadal subjects. According to Svartberg et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> hypertensive individuals have lower baseline T levels than nonhypertensive ones, regardless of age. Smith et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> showed that androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer could induce hypertension.</p>
        <p>The relationship between hypertension and TD has many gaps, including epidemiological, diagnostic, and therapeutic issues. In this context, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of TD in a cohort of hypertensive men seen at a referral hypertension center in Brazil. Also, the study evaluated, in this population, factors related to its occurrence &#8211; age, time of diagnosis of hypertension, number of antihypertensive classes, body mass index (BMI),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> presence of diabetes mellitus (DM),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> dyslipidemia (DLP),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> chronic kidney disease (CKD),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> positive symptoms of androgenic deficiency (ADAM, <italic><bold>Androgen Deficiency, in the Aging Male</bold></italic> questionnaire),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> and use of spironolactone.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>This was a cross-sectional study conducted in a referral hypertension center located in the Midwest of Brazil. Data were collected by the assistant staff during the outpatient visits.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients</title>
          <p>Male patients aged from 18 to 85 years old, who attended at least one visit a year were included. Patients who did not perform the tests required, transsexual patients, and patients with cognitive impairment who were not able to answer the ADAM questionnaire were excluded.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Sample size calculation was carried out using the G*Power 3.1, with an expected prevalence of 12%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> confidence interval (CI) of 95%, level of significance 0.05 and 80% test power, resulting in a minimum of 148 individuals.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection procedures</title>
          <p>In this study, the following variables were considered for analysis: age, time of diagnosis of hypertension, number of antihypertensive classes, use of spironolactone, BMI,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> presence of DM,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> DLP,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> CKD,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> and positive symptoms of androgen deficiency (ADAM questionnaire<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup>).</p>
          <p>During the outpatient visits, after the patients signed the informed consent form, they had their weight and height measured, the abovementioned variables assessed, and laboratory tests, including total T (TT) measurements, were ordered. A TT cut-off of 300ng/dL (12nmol/L) was used to define TD, following the Endocrine Society<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> and the American Urological Association<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> recommendations. Blood samples were collected in fasting state in the morning and the TT levels were determined in randomized laboratories where the radioimmunoassay was available.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The ADAM questionnaire, from the Saint Louis University, consists of 10 "yes" or "no" questions about androgen deficiency symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> This questionnaire has an 88% sensitivity and a 60% specificity,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> and is recommended as a screening tool for hypogonadism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>A total of 239 participants were assessed and stratified into two groups according to TT status &#8211; individuals with TD (<italic><bold>n</bold></italic>=64; 26.8%) and (2) eugonadal men (<italic><bold>n</bold></italic>=175; 73.2%). In descriptive statistics, categorical variables were described as absolute (n) and relative frequencies [<italic>f(%)</italic>]; and continuous variables were described as median and interquartile range (IQR). The categorical variables were TT status, age, time of hypertension, number of antihypertensive classes, BMI, DM DLP, CKD, use of spironolactone and ADAM questionnaire. Continuous quantitative variables were age, time of hypertension, number of antihypertensive classes, BMI and TT levels (ng/dL).</p>
          <p>In the inferential statistics analysis, categorical variables were stratified by TT status and compared using the Fisher's exact test or the G's test. For statistically significant variables, the odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI were calculated to evaluate the odds of TD between the groups.</p>
          <p>For continuous variables, data normality was calculated using the Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov test, and variance homogeneity using the Levene's test. All continuous variables had a non-normal, non-homogeneous distribution (p&lt;0.05) and, for this reason, the Mann-Whitney test for independent samples was used. Then, variables with a p&lt;0.20 were analyzed using a multivariate linear regression model. Finally, the Spearman correlation was also used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 276 hypertensive men were recruited; 37 were excluded &#8211; 18 were older than 85 years, 11 declined to participate in the study, three had cognitive impairment, two had schizophrenia, two died before blood collection and one was transsexual. Among the 239 patients included, 175 (73.2%) had normal TT levels (eugonadism), yielding a TD prevalence of 26.8%. The results are summarized in the Central Illustration.</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref> describes TT status (<italic><bold>i.e</bold></italic>., TD or eugonadal, age), time of hypertension diagnosis, number of antihypertensive classes, BMI,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> DM,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> DLP,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> and CKD,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> use of spironolactone and the ADAM questionnaire results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> These data are expressed as absolute (n) and relative frequencies [<italic>f(%)</italic>].</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Descriptive statistics of categorical variables, expressed as absolute (n) and relative frequencies [<italic>f(%)</italic>], of 239 patients, Goiania, Brazil, 2023</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="32%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">Variables (N=239)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">
                  <italic>n</italic>
                </th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">
                  <italic>f(%)</italic>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Testosterone status</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Testosterone deficiency</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">64</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">26.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Eugonadal</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">175</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">73.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Age (years)</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">&lt; 60 years</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">91</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">38.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">&#8805; 60 years</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">148</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">61.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Time of hypertension (years)</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">&lt; 15 years</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">126</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">52.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">&#8805; 15 years</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">97</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">40.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Not informed</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">16</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">6.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Number of antihypertensive classes</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">None</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">3.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">&lt;3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">184</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">77.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">&gt;3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">47</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">19.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>BMI (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Normal (18.6 - 24.9)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">51</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">21.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Overweight (25.0 - 29.9)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">100</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">41.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Obesity (&#8805;30.0)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Grade I (30.0 - 34.9)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">58</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">24.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Grade II (35.0 - 39.0)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">20</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">8.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Grade III (&#8805;40.0)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">3.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Not informed</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">0.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Diabetes</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Yes</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">78</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">32.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">No</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">161</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">67.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Dyslipidemia</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Yes</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">172</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">72.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">No</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">67</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">28.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Chronic kidney disease</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Yes</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">78</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">32.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">No</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">161</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">67.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Spironolactone</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Yes</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">23</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">9.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">No</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">216</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">90.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>ADAM questionnaire</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Negative</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">24</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">10.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Positive</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">184</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">77.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Not informed</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">31</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">13.0</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>N: total number of individuals in the sample; n: absolute frequency; f(%): relative frequency; BMI: body mass index; ADAM: Androgen Deficiency, in the Aging Male.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref> compares the variables and respective categories between TD and eugonadal patients. There was a statistically significant difference in BMI (p=0.0007) between the groups, with a greater number of obese patients in the TD group.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Inferential statistics of categorical variables of 239 participants, stratified by testosterone status; Goiania, Brazil, 2023</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="2">Variables (N=239)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Testosterone deficiency (n=64; 26.8%)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Eugonadal (n=175; 73,2%)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2">p-value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref></th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th valign="middle" align="center">
                  <italic>n</italic>
                </th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">
                  <italic>f(%)</italic>
                </th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">
                  <italic>n</italic>
                </th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">
                  <italic>f(%)</italic>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Age (years)</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">&lt; 60 years</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">18</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">28.1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">73</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">41.7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">&#8805; 60 years</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">46</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">71.9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">102</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">58.3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">0.0520</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Time of hypertension (years)</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">&lt; 15 years</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">28</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">43.8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">98</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">56.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">&#8805; 15 years</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">30</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">46.9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">67</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">38.3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">0.1418</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Not informed</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">9.4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">10</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">5.7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Number of antihypertensive classes</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">None</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">0.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">4.6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">&lt; 3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">52</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">81.3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">132</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">75.4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">&gt;3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">12</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">18.8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">35</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">20.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">0.0732</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>BMI (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Normal (18.6 - 24.9)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">7.8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">46</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">26.3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Overweight (25.0 - 29.9)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">23</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">35.9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">77</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">44.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Obesity (&#8805;30.0)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Grade I (30.0 - 34.9)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">24</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">37.5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">34</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">19.4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Grade II (35.0 - 39.0)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">14.1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">11</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">6.3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Grade III (&#8805;40.0)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">4.7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">2.9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">
                  <bold>0.0007</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Not informed</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">0.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">1.1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Diabetes</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Yes</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">26</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">40.6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">52</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">29.7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">No</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">38</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">59.4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">123</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">70.3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">0.1112</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Dyslipidemia</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Yes</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">49</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">76.6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">123</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">70.3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">No</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">15</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">23.4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">52</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">29.7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">0.3388</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Chronic kidney disease</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Yes</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">24</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">37.5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">54</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">30.9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">No</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">40</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">62.5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">121</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">69.1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">0.3321</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Spironolactone</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Yes</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">12.5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">15</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">8.6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">No</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">56</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">87.5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">161</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">92.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">0.3546</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>ADAM questionnaire</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Negative</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">6.3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">20</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">11.4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Positive</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">51</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">79.7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">133</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">76.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">0.2483</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Not informed</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">14.1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">22</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">12.6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>N: total number of individuals in the sample; n: absolute frequency; f(%): relative frequency; BMI: body mass index; ADAM: Androgen Deficiency, in the Aging Male;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>chi-square test, Fisher's exact test or the G test.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>There was a predominance of obese individuals in the TD group, BMI (<italic>&#967;</italic><sup>2</sup>=18,10; p=0.0001). For comparison between BMI categories, there were statistically significant differences between: normal BMI vs. obese (OR=6.62; 95%CI=2.39&#8211;18.32; p=0.0002), with increment of relative risk of 32.1; overweight vs. obese (OR=2.41; 95%CI=1.28&#8211;4.54; p=0.0094), with increment of relative risk of 18.9%. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref> shows statistically significant differences between the TD and eugonadal groups in the time of hypertension (p=0.317), BMI (p&lt;0.0001) and TT (p&lt;0.0001).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Median and interquartile range (IQR) of continuous quantitative variables of 239 patients, stratified and compared by testosterone status; Goiania, Brazil, 2023</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="9%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="3">Variables</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">DT (n=64; 26.8%)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3" style="border-left: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Eugonadal (n=175; 73.2%)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3" style="border-left: thin solid; border-right: thin solid; border-color: #000000">p-valor<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref></th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Total (N=239)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <italic>Mediana</italic>
                </th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <italic>IQR</italic>
                </th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <italic>Mediana</italic>
                </th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <italic>IQR</italic>
                </th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="3" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <italic>Mediana</italic>
                </th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <italic>IQR</italic>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th valign="middle" align="center">25%</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">75%</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">25%</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">75%</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">25%</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">75%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">63.5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">58.8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">70.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">62.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">55.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">70.5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0.3476</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">63.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">55.5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">70.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Time of hypertension (years)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>16.5</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">8.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">24.3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <bold>14.0</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">6.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">20.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <bold>0.0317</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">15.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">7.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">20.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Number of antihypertensives</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">3.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0.7242</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">3.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">BMI (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>31.0</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">27.3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">34.5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <bold>27.7</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">24.9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">30.8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <bold>&lt;0.0001</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">28.5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">25.4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">31.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Total testosterone (ng/dL)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>220.0</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">182.5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">262.8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <bold>449.0</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">360.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">532.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <bold>&lt;0.0001</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">376.7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">286.3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">491.5</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>TD: Testosterone deficiency; N: total number of individuals in the sample; Median: measure of central tendency; IQR: interquartile range (25% - 75%); BMI: body mass index.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Mann-Whitney test for independent samples</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Spearman correlation between continuous quantitative variables; Goiania, Brazil, 2023</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Variables</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Testosterone (ng/dL)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Age (years)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">SAH (years)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Antihypertensives</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">BMI (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2">Testosterone</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">&#961; (rho)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">1.0000</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">
                  <italic>p-valor</italic>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2">Age (years)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">&#961; (rho)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">
                  <bold>-0.1760</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">1.0000</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">
                  <italic>p-valor</italic>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">
                  <bold>0.0068</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2">SAH (years)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">&#961; (rho)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">
                  <bold>-0.1410</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">
                  <bold>0.3530</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">1.0000</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">
                  <italic>p-valor</italic>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">
                  <bold>0.0366</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">
                  <bold>&lt;0.0001</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2">Antihypertensives</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">&#961; (rho)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">-0.1046</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">
                  <bold>0.1700</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">
                  <bold>0.2640</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">1.0000</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">
                  <italic>p-valor</italic>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">0.1083</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">
                  <bold>0.0083</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">
                  <bold>0.0001</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">&#961; (rho)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">
                  <bold>-0.2600</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">
                  <bold>-0.2330</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">-0.0048</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">0.0521</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">1.0000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">
                  <italic>p-valor</italic>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">
                  <bold>0.0001</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">
                  <bold>0.0003</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">0.9434</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">0.4248</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <p>SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; BMI: body mass index.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The Spearman correlation between continuous quantitative variables revealed a low, inversely proportional and statistically significant relationship between TT and BMI (&#961;=-0.26; p=0.0001), age (&#961;=-0.1760; p=0.0069) and time of hypertension diagnosis (&#961;=-0.1410; p=0.0366).</p>
        <p>The variables that showed statistically significant difference are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>: (a) TT; (b) BMI and (c) time of diagnosis of HA. Patients with TD showed median TT of 222.0 ng/dL, BMI of 31.0 Kg/m<sup>2</sup> and 16.5 years of diagnosis of HA, whereas the eugonadal subjects showed median TT of 449.0 ng/dL, BMI of 27.7 Kg/m<sup>2</sup> and 14.0 years of diagnosis of HA.</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Box plots with median, interquartile range (25% and 75%), minimum and maximum values of variables that showed statistically significant difference: (a) total testosterone; (b) Body mass index and (c) time of diagnosis of hypertension; Goiania, Brazil.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-03-e20230138-30138-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>A multivariate linear regression analysis of variables with low p-values (p&lt;0.20) was performed, since all statistical assumptions (linearity, independency, homoscedasticity, normality of residuals, non-collinearity and lack of outliers) were met. The variables that had the strongest influence on TT were BMI and age. A one-year increase in age was associated with a 3.79ng/dL decrease in TT (B=-3.79; 95%CI=-5.57 to -2.06; p&lt;0.0001), and a one unit increase in BMI was associated with a 8.44 ng/dL decrease in TT (B=-8.44; 95%CI= -12.57 to -4.32; p&lt;0.0001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Relationship between total testosterone (ng/dL) and body mass index (BMI, Kg/m<sup>2</sup>) of all participants (N=239).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-03-e20230138-30138-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the prevalence of TD in a hypertensive population. We found a 25.8% prevalence of TD, and an association between TD and BMI (p=0.0007).</p>
        <p>Obesity is the clinical condition with the strongest relationship with decreased TT levels in men.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Weight excess causes HPT axis suppression in a functional and potentially reversible manner.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Low T levels lead to an increase in adiposity due to the lack of inhibition of adipogenesis and lipid uptake, mediated by the lipoprotein lipase enzyme, mainly in abdominal fat deposits.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> On the other hand, weight loss can lead to amelioration of gonadal function; therefore, the relationship between weight excess and T levels is bidirectional, establishing a vicious cycle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> In the present study, analysis of the BMI categories showed that the increase in BMI from normal weight to obesity led to an increase in relative risk of 18.9%. Besides, a one Kg/m<sup>2</sup> increase in BMI was associated with an 8.44 ng/dL decrease in TT (B=-8.44; 95%CI= -12.57 to -4.32; p&lt;0.0001).</p>
        <p>There is a natural decline of approximately 1% a year in male sexual hormones with aging between 40 and 70 years of age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> The prevalence of late onset hypogonadism is not only associated with aging but also with the increase in BMI and coexisting diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> In this regard, our study aimed to correlate the advance in age with the decrease in TT levels. However, despite marginal, the p-value was not statistically significant (p=0.0520). Age, in turn, has shown to be a significant variable in the multivariate analysis, and a one-year increase in age was associated with a 3.79ng/dL decrease in TT (<italic>B</italic>=-3.79; 95%CI=-5.57 to -2.06; p&lt;0.0001). Probably, these findings would be more expressive in a larger sample.</p>
        <p>Svartberg et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> assessed blood pressure in 1,578 men, and TT values were inversely related to systolic blood pressure (p&lt;0.001) and left ventricular mass (p&lt;0.001). However, after adjustments for BMI, the results suggested that this relationship was mediated by obesity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Similar results were found by Zitzmann &amp; Nieschlag,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> and T reposition resulted in significant decrements of these parameters and heart rate. Based on this rational, the present study evaluated associations of TT values with the time of hypertension diagnosis (p=0.1418) and the number of antihypertensive classes used by the patients (p=0.0732). However, the findings were not statistically significant, which may be justified by the fact that the factors investigated, although published for the first time and indirectly related to blood pressure measurements, ultimately differ from them.</p>
        <p>Spironolactone is an antihypertensive agent that has antiandrogenic properties due to multiple mechanisms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Thus, we investigated whether its use in the treatment of hypertension would be a confound factor for its association with TT values, which was not confirmed in our sample (p=0.3546).</p>
        <p>Clinical presentation of TD may be easily neglected, since the symptoms are common to those of aging and other comorbidities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> The Saint Louis University ADAM questionnaire<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> has been widely used as a screening tool for men at risk of androgen deficiency.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> In the present study, we did not observe any correlation between TT levels and positive ADAM questionnaire. In our sample, there was only 10% of patients with a negative questionnaire, which may be explained by the fact that hypertension <italic>per se</italic> is associated with the complaints assessed by the questionnaire, hence affecting the specificity of the instrument.</p>
        <p>Testicular dysfunction affects nearly 50% of men with CKD,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> in different stages,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> and is associated with an increase in all-cause mortality in this population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Therefore, we investigated whether CKD was associated with TD, which was not confirmed in this study (<italic>p</italic>=0.3321). This could be explained by the fact that most (93.5%) of our patients with CKD had a glomerular filtration rate greater than 30 mL/min/1.72m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
        <p>In addition, serum T levels are also associated with lipid metabolism, with an inverse relationship between T values and triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, whereas good T levels are associated with normal HDL levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Schiffer et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> observed that patients receiving androgen deprivation therapy developed DLP. In the present study, we did not observe a statistically significant correlation between the presence of DLP and TD (p=0.3388), which may be explained by the fact that our sample consisted of intensely treated patients.</p>
        <p>Nearly one third of patients with type 2 DM (DM2) has low T levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Oh et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> suggested that TD is a potential risk factor for DM2. Men with high T levels have a 42% lower risk of DM2, indicating that high levels of the hormone are protective against the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> However, in our study, the presence of DM did not show a significant correlation with TD (p=0.112). This may be due to the heterogeneity of our study population, with different glycemic control and treatment intensity; 19.5% of the DM patients were prediabetic,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> and few patients were on insulin therapy.</p>
        <p>T is the main male sexual hormone,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> and it plays a crucial role in reproductive function, as well as in individuals&#8217; general health and quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Current evidence strongly supports the premise that low T levels is an important biomarker of morbidity and mortality in men,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> with patients with lower T levels experiencing more severe metabolic consequences.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>After T is produced, it circulates bound to either sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) or albumin, and only a small fraction circulates as free testosterone,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> which is its active form. Concentrations of SHBG vary with age, and presence of chronic diseases such as obesity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This was a real-world study; one of its limitations is the fact that laboratory tests were performed randomly, mostly in the public sector and, for this reason, the biochemical methods were not uniform. Besides, free testosterone levels were not assessed due to high costs of the tests that would enable its indirect estimation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As far as we know, this is the first study to determine the prevalence of TD in a hypertensive population. Potential deleterious effects of androgen deficiency are possibly intensified in this context of increased cardiovascular risk, which draws attention to the importance of the identification of this condition. The growing prevalence of obesity today reinforces the need for strategies that promote its control, especially in hypertensive men, since its repercussions may impact different aspects of their lives, including sexual life, fertility, and quality of life.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>The present study found a high prevalence of TD (26.8%) in hypertensive patients, but no association of TT levels with the time of diagnosis of hypertension, number of antihypertensive classes, use of spironolactone, positive symptoms of TD, presence of DM, DLP, or CKD was found. On the other hand, there was a strong, inverse relationship between TT and BMI, and one unit increase in BMI was associated with an 8.44 ng/dL decrease in TT. Also, an increment of one year old was associated with a decrease of 3.79 ng/dL in TT concentrations. Further studies are needed to elucidate the possible association between hypertension and TD.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>We thank Beatriz dos Santos and Cl&#225;udia Zorzetti, secretaries of the <italic>Liga de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</italic> for their collaboration in this study.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Study association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s &#8211; CEP/HC/UFG, from Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s &#8211; CEP/HC/UFG under the protocol number 2.552.801. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
