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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">BsfszP3RMQnKtqqg5TtqSFd</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000300301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230049</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Cr&#237;tica do Manejo da Angina Inst&#225;vel em Pronto-Socorro Terci&#225;rio de Cardiologia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3267-4969</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Prata</surname>
            <given-names>Mateus Arantes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4823-9673</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ohe</surname>
            <given-names>Louis Nakayama</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4407-2906</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vilalva</surname>
            <given-names>Kelvin Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4167-9163</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Ferreira Marcondes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7096-3193</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Smanio</surname>
            <given-names>Paola Emanuela Poggio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Fleury Group</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Fleury Group, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Mateus Arantes Prata</bold> &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia &#8211; Rua Dante Pazzanese, 500. CEP <postal-code>04012-909</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>mateusarantesprata@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230049</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O manejo da angina inst&#225;vel (AI) &#233; um desafio devido ao seu diagn&#243;stico subjetivo e &#224; sua escassa representa&#231;&#227;o em ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados que determinem as pr&#225;ticas atuais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p>O objetivo deste estudo &#233; identificar os principais fatores associados &#224; indica&#231;&#227;o de estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva ou n&#227;o nessa popula&#231;&#227;o e avaliar os fatores associados &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es nos exames de estratifica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Coorte retrospectiva de pacientes internados por AI, em um per&#237;odo de 20 meses consecutivos. Para avaliar os fatores associados &#224; estrat&#233;gia de estratifica&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes foram divididos em estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva (cinecoronariografia) e n&#227;o invasiva (demais m&#233;todos). Para an&#225;lise de fatores relacionados &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es nos exames de estratifica&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes foram divididos em grupos com ou sem doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) obstrutiva ou isquemia, conforme resultados dos exames solicitados. Foram realizadas compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos e an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica definida em um n&#237;vel de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>729 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos, com mediana de idade de 63 anos e predom&#237;nio do sexo masculino (64,6%). Estiveram associados &#224; estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva: tabagismo (p = 0,001); tipo de dor tor&#225;cica (p &lt; 0,001); dor "em crescendo" (p = 0,006); escore TIMI (p = 0,006); escore HEART (p = 0,011). Na an&#225;lise multivariada, tabagistas (OR 2,23, IC 95% 1,13-4,8), ex-tabagistas (OR 2,19, IC 1,39-3,53) e dor tor&#225;cica tipo A (OR 3,39, IC 95% 1,93-6,66) estiveram associados de forma independente. Estiveram associados &#224; DAC obstrutiva ou isquemia: tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar (p &lt; 0,001); sexo masculino (p = 0,032); dor desencadeada por esfor&#231;o (p = 0,037); Diamond-Forrester (p = 0,026); escore TIMI (p = 0,001). Na an&#225;lise multivariada, apenas dor tor&#225;cica (dor tor&#225;cica tipo B: OR 0,6, IC 95% 0,38-0,93, p = 0,026) e DAC pr&#233;via (OR 1,42, IC 95% 1,01-2,0, p = 0,048) estiveram associadas de maneira independente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>O tipo de dor tor&#225;cica desempenha um papel crucial n&#227;o apenas no diagn&#243;stico da AI, mas tamb&#233;m na defini&#231;&#227;o do tratamento adequado. Nossos resultados destacam a import&#226;ncia de incorporar caracter&#237;sticas da dor aos escores progn&#243;sticos endossados pelas diretrizes, para otimiza&#231;&#227;o do manejo da AI.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Angina Inst&#225;vel</kwd>
        <kwd>Dor no Peito</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="14"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <fig id="f1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-03-e20230049-30049-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a cardiovascular &#233; a principal causa de morbimortalidade no Brasil e no mundo, representando cerca de 30% de todos os &#243;bitos, conforme dados do <italic>Global Burden Disease</italic> de 2019.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A doen&#231;a coronariana no Brasil, nesse mesmo ano, foi respons&#225;vel por cerca de 288.000 interna&#231;&#245;es na rede p&#250;blica, com um total de 16.880 &#243;bitos, de acordo com o <italic>DATASUS</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Pela aus&#234;ncia de um marcador objetivo para definir o quadro de angina inst&#225;vel (tais quais os marcadores de necrose para definir infarto agudo), o diagn&#243;stico dessa entidade &#233; eminentemente cl&#237;nico, com aux&#237;lio do eletrocardiograma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Assim, abre espa&#231;o para a subjetividade e dificuldade na tomada de conduta pelos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de.</p>
      <p>A documenta&#231;&#227;o de inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica com troponina positiva leva a um caminho j&#225; bem estabelecido: cateterismo card&#237;aco precoce e interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea se necess&#225;rio. A aus&#234;ncia desse marcador, portanto, j&#225; n&#227;o demonstra clara evid&#234;ncia dessa interven&#231;&#227;o em nenhum cen&#225;rio dos grandes ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados (ECR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Saber identificar qual angina inst&#225;vel se beneficia de tratamento invasivo &#233; uma das quest&#245;es ainda n&#227;o respondidas na literatura. Assim, se torna de fundamental import&#226;ncia a continuidade do estudo sobre o assunto, para tentar entender os motivos que levam &#224; indica&#231;&#227;o da cinecoronarionagrafia e se ainda &#233; poss&#237;vel encontrarmos algum outro marcador que possa sugerir necessidade de interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana.</p>
      <p>Com o desenvolvimento de biomarcadores cada vez mais sens&#237;veis para o diagn&#243;stico do Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio, a incid&#234;ncia de Angina Inst&#225;vel vem diminuindo consideravelmente. A diretriz europeia mais recente praticamente desconsidera o termo, sugerindo a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de uma s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) com troponina ultrassens&#237;vel negativa atrav&#233;s de m&#233;todos n&#227;o invasivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Apesar da tend&#234;ncia a esquecer o termo angina inst&#225;vel,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> os pronto-atendimentos permanecer&#227;o recebendo pacientes com quadro cl&#237;nico sugestivo de SCA, por&#233;m com troponina negativa, principalmente em centros que n&#227;o disp&#245;em da troponina ultrassens&#237;vel.</p>
      <p>O estudo do manejo da angina inst&#225;vel em um pronto-socorro terci&#225;rio de cardiologia, com laborat&#243;rio de hemodin&#226;mica dispon&#237;vel e de f&#225;cil acesso; e a pesquisa de fatores relacionados &#224; necessidade de interven&#231;&#227;o na Angina Inst&#225;vel; n&#227;o somente podem contribuir para o entendimento dessa doen&#231;a, como tamb&#233;m na redu&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos desnecess&#225;rios, otimiza&#231;&#227;o de fluxos nas institui&#231;&#245;es e manejo de recursos na realidade brasileira. O objetivo prim&#225;rio do estudo &#233; avaliar o manejo da angina inst&#225;vel em um pronto-socorro terci&#225;rio de cardiologia e o secund&#225;rio avaliar fatores associados &#224; presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) obstrutiva ou isquemia pelos resultados dos exames realizados na estratifica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>O presente estudo trata-se de uma coorte retrospectiva com o intuito de identificar fatores associados &#224; indica&#231;&#227;o da estrat&#233;gia invasiva na angina inst&#225;vel, elaborada atrav&#233;s da an&#225;lise do banco de dados de um pronto-socorro terci&#225;rio de cardiologia. Os dados foram coletados atrav&#233;s da coorte "Registro dos casos de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda no Pronto-Socorro".</p>
      <p>Dados adicionais foram extra&#237;dos do sistema de atendimento eletr&#244;nico de um pronto-socorro terci&#225;rio de cardiologia, com avalia&#231;&#227;o complementar de prontu&#225;rios f&#237;sicos para laudos dos exames solicitados.</p>
      <p>Foram analisados os dados do per&#237;odo de 16 de julho de 2018 a 28 de fevereiro de 2020.</p>
      <p>A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o, com o parecer n&#250;mero 4.711.692, de 14 de maio de 2021, estando de acordo com as atribui&#231;&#245;es definidas na resolu&#231;&#227;o CNS n&#186; 466 de dezembro de 2012, sobre Diretrizes e Normas Regulamentadoras de Pesquisa Envolvendo Seres Humanos, do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de / Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Vigil&#226;ncia Sanit&#225;ria e as Boas Pr&#225;ticas de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica do ICH-GCP.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de Inclus&#227;o e Exclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo todos os pacientes internados com diagn&#243;stico final de Angina Inst&#225;vel no per&#237;odo estabelecido, de maneira consecutiva.</p>
        <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes que n&#227;o tinham hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica condizente com angina inst&#225;vel, definida como: angina de in&#237;cio recente (classe II ou III pela classifica&#231;&#227;o da Canadian Cardiovascular Society, com in&#237;cio nos &#250;ltimos 2 meses), angina em crescendo (piora progressiva de intensidade e/ou frequ&#234;ncia) e angina em repouso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com hist&#243;ria sugestiva de angina p&#243;s infarto.</p>
        <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com curva de troponina positiva. A troponina utilizada no per&#237;odo do estudo era a Troponina T convencional (c-TnT).</p>
        <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo pacientes que n&#227;o realizaram nenhuma estratifica&#231;&#227;o da SCA na interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes que, ap&#243;s an&#225;lise do eletrocardiograma, apresentavam altera&#231;&#245;es sugestivas de supradesnivelamento do segmento ST.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho</title>
        <p>Para a an&#225;lise do objetivo prim&#225;rio, os pacientes foram divididos conforme o m&#233;todo de estratifica&#231;&#227;o inicial, formando grupos de estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva (cinecoronariografia) e n&#227;o invasiva (cintilografia perfusional do mioc&#225;rdio ou angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias). Os dados cl&#237;nicos-laboratoriais, epidemiol&#243;gicos, fatores de risco, escores progn&#243;sticos e calculadoras pr&#233;-teste para DAC foram avaliados individualmente quanto &#224; presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de associa&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s de an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o. Os m&#233;todos de estratifica&#231;&#227;o realizados (cinecoronariografia, cintilografia de perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio com estresse ou angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias) foram realizados conforme protocolo institucional espec&#237;fico de cada setor.</p>
        <p>Como an&#225;lise secund&#225;ria, os pacientes foram divididos entre presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de "DAC Obstrutiva ou Isquemia". "DAC Obstrutiva ou Isquemia" foi definida conforme resultado dos exames de estratifica&#231;&#227;o solicitados:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Cinecoronariografia com estenose maior ou igual a 70% ou necessidade de implante de <italic>stent</italic> (conforme julgamento da equipe assistente);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Angiotomografia de Coron&#225;rias com estenose significativa do l&#250;men coronariano conforme laudo institucional (&gt; 50% de obstru&#231;&#227;o);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Cintilografia do Mioc&#225;rdio com presen&#231;a de hipocapta&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria sugestiva de isquemia (carga isqu&#234;mica) ou com achados de alto risco (queda na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &gt; 10%; dilata&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e/ou capta&#231;&#227;o pulmonar ou de ventr&#237;culo direito).</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis analisadas</title>
        <p>Foram avaliados os seguintes fatores relacionados &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas de base dos pacientes: idade; sexo (masculino ou feminino); &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; diabetes mellitus (insulinodependente ou n&#227;o); dislipidemia; tabagismo ou ex-tabagista; taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular e presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (clearence de creatinina &lt; 60 ml/min); DAC pr&#233;via (por meio de descri&#231;&#227;o em prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico).</p>
        <p>Quanto ao eletrocardiograma, foi discriminado, conforme laudo institucional, em: eletrocardiograma normal, presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es difusas de repolariza&#231;&#227;o, presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es sugestivas de isquemia (altera&#231;&#245;es de onda T), presen&#231;a de &#225;rea eletricamente inativa e infradesnivelamento de ST. Qualquer outra altera&#231;&#227;o no eletrocardiograma (sobrecargas, bloqueios de ramo...) foram discriminados na categoria "outros".</p>
        <p>Escores progn&#243;sticos (TIMI, GRACE e HEART) e calculadora de probabilidade pr&#233;-teste de DAC (Diamond Forrrester), tamb&#233;m foram estudados como vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da dor tor&#225;cica na emerg&#234;ncia</title>
          <p>Para diferenciar o tipo de dor tor&#225;cica na emerg&#234;ncia, foram coletados os seguintes dados:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Tipo de dor, conforme descrita pelo estudo CASS:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> 1) tipo A - definitivamente anginosa (tem todas as caracter&#237;sticas de angina como aperto retroesternal, irradia&#231;&#227;o para membros superiores e/ou pesco&#231;o, piora ou desencadeada por esfor&#231;o, al&#237;vio com repouso e/ou nitrato); 2) tipo B &#8211; provavelmente anginosa (tem a maioria, mas n&#227;o todas as caracter&#237;sticas anginosas); 3) tipo C &#8211; provavelmente n&#227;o anginosa (tem uma ou outra caracter&#237;stica anginosa, com manifesta&#231;&#245;es at&#237;picas);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Dor desencadeada ao esfor&#231;o ou com in&#237;cio em repouso;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Presen&#231;a de sintomas associados: sudorese e/ou n&#225;useas / v&#244;mitos;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Relato de a dor ser semelhante ao quadro de SCA pr&#233;via;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Dor em piora progressiva de frequ&#234;ncia, intensidade ou desencadeada por esfor&#231;os cada vez menores (em crescimento).</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas atrav&#233;s de mediana e intervalo interquartil e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas atrav&#233;s de frequ&#234;ncia e porcentagem. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos foi realizada atrav&#233;s do teste Qui-Quadrado (vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas) ou do teste de Mann-Whitney (vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas). Os fatores associados aos desfechos foram avaliados atrav&#233;s de Regress&#227;o Log&#237;stica M&#250;ltipla com crit&#233;rio de sele&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis <italic>stepwise</italic>. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia considerado nas an&#225;lises foi de 5%. O software utilizado foi "The R Foundation for Statistical Computing, vers&#227;o 4.2.0. 2022". O teste de Shapiro-Wilk foi usado para testar a normalidade das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, nenhuma apresentou vari&#225;vel normal.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>De 16 de julho de 2018 a 28 de fevereiro de 2020, 898 pacientes foram internados com diagn&#243;stico final de angina inst&#225;vel pelo CID-10 da interna&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s revis&#227;o de hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, eletrocardiograma e outros crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o, obteve-se uma amostra de 729 pacientes. Houve predom&#237;nio do sexo masculino (64,6%), com idades entre 33 e 91 anos, m&#233;dia de 62,9. A preval&#234;ncia das principais comorbidades foram: 82% de hipertensos, 46% de diab&#233;ticos, 58% de dislipid&#234;micos, 18% tabagistas, 19% com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica e 62% com doen&#231;a coronariana pr&#233;via.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo de estratifica&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos de estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva e n&#227;o invasiva, considerando todas as vari&#225;veis analisadas. Dos 729 participantes, 81,7% foram estratificados de maneira invasiva (cateterismo card&#237;aco como primeiro exame). Dos 133 pacientes estratificados de maneira n&#227;o invasiva, 96 (72,2%) realizaram cintilografia de perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, 31 (23,3%) realizaram angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias, 2 (1,5%) realizaram resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica de cora&#231;&#227;o com estresse e 4 (3%) realizaram teste ergom&#233;trico.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas de base e associa&#231;&#227;o com m&#233;todo de estratifica&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="24%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">M&#233;todo de Estratifica&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2">p-valor</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Invasiva (N=596)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">N&#227;o invasiva (N=133)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Antecedentes</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Idade, anos (mediana, [Q1;Q3])</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">63 [56;69]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">63 [55;71]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,966</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">64,4%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">65,4%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,909</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">IMC&gt;30</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">28,4%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">30,8%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,643</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">HAS</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">82,4%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">81,2%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,845</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">DM</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">45,6%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">50,4%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,371</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">DM ID</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">10,9%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">15,0%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,357</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">DLP</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">59,4%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">51,9%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,136</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">DRC</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">18,8%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">18,8%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Tabagismo ativo</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">13,6%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">8,27%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">DAC Pr&#233;via</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">62,2%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">60,2%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,725</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Dor Tor&#225;cica</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Classifica&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">A</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">25,1%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">11,5%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">B</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">48,5%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">48,1%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">C</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">26,4%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">40,5%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Repouso / Esfor&#231;o</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,127</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Esfor&#231;o</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">34,0%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">26,6%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Repouso</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">66,0%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">73,4%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Em crescendo</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">26,8%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">15%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Escores</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">GRACE (mediana, [Q1;Q3])</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">92,5 [75;110]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">92 (24)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,881</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">TIMI (mediana, [Q1;Q3])</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">4 [3;4]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3 [2;4]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">HEART (mediana, [Q1;Q3])</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">5 [5;6]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">5 [4;6]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>ECG normal</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">108 (18,1%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">28 (21,1%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,508</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>ADRV</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">166 (27,9%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">36 (27,1%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,940</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>AEI</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">93 (15,6%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">18 (13,5%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,640</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Isquemia</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">72 (12,1%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">9 (6,77%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,107</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Infra ST (mm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,660</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">584 (98,0%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">133 (100%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">0.5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1 (0,17%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0 (0,00%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">9 (1,51%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0 (0,00%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2 (0,34%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0 (0,00%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>Fonte: elaborado pelo pr&#243;prio autor.</attrib>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DM: diabetes mellitus; DM ID: diabetes mellitus insulinodependente; DLP: dislipidemia; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; ECG: eletrocardiograma; ADRV: altera&#231;&#245;es difusas da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular; AEI: &#225;rea eletricamente inativa; Infra ST: infradesnivelamento do segmento ST.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O grupo de estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva apresenta mais tabagistas e ex-tabagistas (p-valor = 0,001) do que o grupo de estratifica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica nas demais caracter&#237;sticas de base associadas, incluindo comorbidades como diabetes, hipertens&#227;o ou presen&#231;a de DAC pr&#233;via conhecida.</p>
        <p>Quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas da dor tor&#225;cica, as &#250;nicas vari&#225;veis associadas &#224; maior chance de cateterismo card&#237;aco foram: dor do tipo A (p-valor &lt; 0,001) e dor com caracter&#237;stica "em crescendo" (p-valor = 0,006). Nenhuma das outras vari&#225;veis relacionadas &#224; dor foram estatisticamente significativas para a associa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica em nenhuma vari&#225;vel eletrocardiogr&#225;fica estudada. Altera&#231;&#245;es sugestivas de isquemia foram encontradas em 12,1% dos pacientes que foram submetidos ao cateterismo, em contraste a 6,77% dos pacientes com estratifica&#231;&#227;o conservadora (p-valor = 0,107). Nenhum paciente com infradesnivelamento do segmento ST no eletrocardiograma de admiss&#227;o foi para estratifica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva.</p>
        <p>As associa&#231;&#245;es dos escores de risco com a indica&#231;&#227;o de estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva tamb&#233;m s&#227;o demonstradas ao fim da <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. Tanto o escore TIMI (p-valor = 0,006) quanto o escore HEART (p-valor = 0,011) tiveram associa&#231;&#227;o com a estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva. O HEART, por&#233;m, teve o mesmo valor de mediana. A mediana do escore GRACE foi de 92.5 no grupo de estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva e 91.0 no de n&#227;o invasiva. Apenas 3,3% (24 pacientes) de toda amostra apresentava escore GRACE maior do que 140, sendo 92% (22) deles estratificados com cateterismo card&#237;aco. 26% dos pacientes apresentavam o escore GRACE entre 109 e 140, com 71% sendo estratificados de maneira invasiva.</p>
        <p>Para avaliar os fatores que, conjuntamente, est&#227;o mais associados ao m&#233;todo de estratifica&#231;&#227;o, todas as vari&#225;veis das tabelas acima foram colocadas em um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla, demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. As vari&#225;veis que melhor explicam a chance de cateterismo card&#237;aco como estrat&#233;gia inicial s&#227;o tabagismo e o tipo de dor. Pacientes tabagistas ativos e ex-tabagistas tiveram 2,23 e 2,19 vezes mais chances, respectivamente, de serem estratificados com estrat&#233;gia invasiva do que pacientes que nunca fumaram. Pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica tipo A tiveram 3,39 vezes mais chances de cateterismo como estratifica&#231;&#227;o inicial do que pacientes com dor tipo C.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vari&#225;veis dos pacientes que isoladamente apresentam maior chance de estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th valign="middle" align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Categoria</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">OR</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">IC95%</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p-valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="3">Tabagismo</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Ativo</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2,23</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,13-4,80</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,028</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Parou &lt; 6m</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,84</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,41-1,85</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,646</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Ex</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2,19</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,39-3,53</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2">Tipo de Dor</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">A</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3,39</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,83-6,66</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="center">B</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,48</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,97-2,27</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,070</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>Fonte: elaborado pelo pr&#243;prio autor.</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Ao considerar as indica&#231;&#245;es da diretriz brasileira de 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva (Tabela 1, cap&#237;tulo 1.4), 94,3% de toda a amostra deveria ir para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o inicial invasiva. Ao considerar as indica&#231;&#245;es da diretriz europeia de 2020,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> 15,5% da amostra deveria ir para o cateterismo card&#237;aco como estrat&#233;gia inicial.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de "DAC Obstrutiva ou Isquemia" na popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s an&#225;lises dos resultados dos exames de estratifica&#231;&#227;o inicial realizados nos 729 participantes, 520 (71,3%) apresentavam altera&#231;&#245;es sugestivas de "DAC Obstrutiva ou Isquemia". A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> demonstra a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos com e sem "DAC Obstrutiva ou Isquemia", considerando todas as vari&#225;veis analisadas. Pacientes com "DAC Obstrutiva ou Isquemia" tiveram uma mediana de dois dias a mais de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar (p-valor &lt; 0.001). O grupo com "DAC Obstrutiva ou Isquemia", na an&#225;lise univariada, apresentou maior preval&#234;ncia de pacientes do sexo masculino (p-valor = 0,032). Nenhuma das demais vari&#225;veis relacionadas &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas de base tiveram diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica. A presen&#231;a de DAC pr&#233;via conhecida esteve um pouco mais prevalente no grupo com "DAC Obstrutiva ou Isquemia", por&#233;m sem signific&#226;ncia (63,5% <italic>versus</italic> 57,9%; p-valor = 0,188). Observa-se maior preval&#234;ncia de DRC no grupo com os exames alterados, que tamb&#233;m n&#227;o atingiu a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (20,4% <italic>versus</italic> 14,8%; p-valor = 0,103).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas de base e associa&#231;&#227;o com "DAC Obstrutiva ou Isquemia" nos exames de estratifica&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="24%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">DAC Obstrutiva ou Isquemia</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2">p-valor</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th valign="middle" align="center">N&#227;o (N = 209)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Sim (N = 520)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Antecedentes</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Idade, anos(mediana, [Q1;Q3])</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">63 [55,0;70,0]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">63 [56,0;70,0]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.399</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">58,4%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">67,1%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,032</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">IMC &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">30,1%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">28,3%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,678</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">HAS</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">84,7%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">81,2%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,307</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">DM</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">48,3%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">45,8%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,587</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">DM insulinodependente</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">9,57%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">12,5%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,277</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">DLP</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">60,8%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">56,9%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,386</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">DRC</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">14,8%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">20,4%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,103</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Tabagismo ativo</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">11%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">13,3%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,439</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">DAC pr&#233;via</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">57,9%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">63,5%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,188</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Dor tor&#225;cica</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Classifica&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,105</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">A</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">17,4%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">24,7%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">B</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">51,7%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">47,1%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">C</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">30,9%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">28,2%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Repouso / Esfor&#231;o</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,037</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Exerc&#237;cio</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">26,7%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">35,1%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Repouso</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">73,3%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">64,9%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Em crescendo</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">20,6%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">26,3%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,124</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Escores</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">GRACE(mediana, [Q1;Q3])</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">91 [74;111]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">92 [75;109]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,494</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">TIMI(mediana, [Q1;Q3])</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3 [2;4]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">4 [3;4]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">HEART (mediana, [Q1;Q3])</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">5 [4;6]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">5 [4;6]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,542</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>ECG normal</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">16,7%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">19,4%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,463</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>ADRV</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">30,6%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">26,5%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,307</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>AEI</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">11,5%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">16,7%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,095</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Isquemia</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">8,13%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">12,3%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,136</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                  <bold>Infra ST</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,646</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">99,5%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">97,9%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">0,5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,00%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,19%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,48%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,54%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,00%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,38%</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>Fonte: elaborado pelo pr&#243;prio autor.</attrib>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DM: Diabetes mellitus; DM ID: Diabetes mellitus insulinodependente; DLP: Dislipidemia; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; ECG: eletrocardiograma; ADRV: altera&#231;&#245;es difusas da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular; AEI: &#225;rea eletricamente inativa; Infra ST: infradesnivelamento do segmento ST.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A &#250;nica vari&#225;vel relacionada &#224; caracter&#237;stica da dor tor&#225;cica que, na an&#225;lise univariada, esteve associada significativamente com "DAC Obstrutiva ou Isquemia" foi a dor desencadeada por esfor&#231;o (p-valor = 0,037). Dor tor&#225;cica tipo A (24,7% <italic>versus</italic> 17,4%; p-valor = 0,105) e caracter&#237;stica "em crescendo" da dor (26,3% <italic>versus</italic> 20,6%; p-valor = 0,124), estiveram mais prevalentes no grupo "DAC Obstrutiva ou Isquemia", sem atingir signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica em nenhuma vari&#225;vel eletrocardiogr&#225;fica estudada. Pacientes com os resultados positivos nos exames de estratifica&#231;&#227;o apresentaram tend&#234;ncia a maior preval&#234;ncia de isquemia e &#225;rea eletricamente inativa no ECG, mas sem conseguir atingir signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        <p>Quanto aos escores progn&#243;sticos, nota-se que o grupo com "DAC Obstrutiva ou Isquemia" apresentou maior valor no escore TIMI (mediana 4 <italic>versus</italic> 3; p-valor = 0,001), &#250;nico escore progn&#243;stico que apresentou diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica.</p>
        <p>Para avaliar os fatores que, conjuntamente, estiveram mais associados &#224; "DAC Obstrutiva ou Isquemia", todas as vari&#225;veis da <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> foram colocadas em um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla. Como mostra a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>, as vari&#225;veis que, ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada, melhor explicam a chance de altera&#231;&#227;o nos exames de estratifica&#231;&#227;o iniciais sugestivas de "DAC Obstrutiva ou Isquemia" s&#227;o: classifica&#231;&#227;o da dor tor&#225;cica e a presen&#231;a de DAC pr&#233;via.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vari&#225;veis dos pacientes que isoladamente apresentam maior chance de "DAC Obstrutiva ou Isquemia" nos exames de estratifica&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th valign="middle" align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Categoria</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">OR</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">IC95%</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p-valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2">Classifica&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">B</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,60</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,38-0,93</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,026</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">C</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,61</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,37-1,00</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,051</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">DAC pr&#233;via</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Sim</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,42</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,01-2,00</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,048</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">TIH</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,13</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,08-1,19</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>Fonte: elaborado pelo pr&#243;prio autor.</attrib>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. TIH: tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica classificada como tipo A tem chance 66% (1/0,6) maior de DAC que pacientes classificados como tipo B; pacientes com DAC pr&#233;via tem chance 42% maior de DAC que pacientes sem DAC pr&#233;via. A presen&#231;a de "DAC Obstrutiva ou Isquemia" tamb&#233;m esteve associada &#224; maior a maior tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar na an&#225;lise multivariada.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O primeiro ponto de destaque para os dados em evid&#234;ncia &#233; respeito ao perfil de pacientes internados com angina inst&#225;vel no servi&#231;o estudado. Percebemos uma preval&#234;ncia aumentada de comorbidades classicamente associadas &#224; DAC. Enquanto o estudo <italic>FRISC II</italic>,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> um dos principais ECR de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de SCASSST, apresentava uma preval&#234;ncia de 30% de hipertensos, 13% de diab&#233;ticos e 23% com infarto pr&#233;vio, a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada nesse centro terci&#225;rio apresentava 80% de hipertensos, 47% de diab&#233;ticos e 60% com doen&#231;a coronariana pr&#233;via. Certamente n&#227;o se trata de um perfil da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, mas sim da complexidade dos pacientes de um pronto-socorro aberto de servi&#231;o terci&#225;rio do sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de.</p>
      <p>Ainda com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas de base, era plaus&#237;vel a expectativa de que uma maior preval&#234;ncia dessas comorbidades auxiliasse na indica&#231;&#227;o do cateterismo no cen&#225;rio da emerg&#234;ncia, visto tanto pelo aumento da probabilidade de DAC quanto pelas orienta&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes vigentes na &#233;poca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Por&#233;m a &#250;nica comorbidade mais prevalente no grupo da estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva foi o tabagismo. Ou seja, o paciente com algum hist&#243;rico de tabagismo era tendenciado &#224; estrat&#233;gia invasiva direta na admiss&#227;o do pronto-socorro.</p>
      <p>Ao analisarmos a preval&#234;ncia das comorbidades com a presen&#231;a de DAC obstrutiva ou isquemia nos exames, a amostra estudada apresenta uma peculiaridade: apenas o sexo masculino esteve em associa&#231;&#227;o independente. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, a presen&#231;a de DAC pr&#233;via, como esperado e com boa plausibilidade, esteve em associa&#231;&#227;o com a DAC obstrutiva na angina inst&#225;vel. O fato de HAS, DM, TBG e outras comorbidades n&#227;o estarem associados &#224; DAC obstrutiva pode ser um vi&#233;s da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada pela alta preval&#234;ncia dessas comorbidades como comentado anteriormente. Ou seja, a tend&#234;ncia de indicar o cateterismo para tabagistas n&#227;o foi refletida em altera&#231;&#245;es nos exames.</p>
      <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas sugestivas de isquemia no ECG da admiss&#227;o foram poucas, n&#227;o conseguindo atingir signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica em nenhum dado estudado. Por&#233;m os n&#250;meros relativos mostram uma tend&#234;ncia &#224; maior preval&#234;ncia de &#225;rea eletricamente inativa e de altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas em pacientes com DAC obstrutiva, o que pode refor&#231;ar as orienta&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes em indicar cateterismo card&#237;aco nesses pacientes. O eletrocardiograma tem um grande valor progn&#243;stico, principalmente na presen&#231;a de infradesnivelamento do segmento ST, que inclusive &#233; um dos crit&#233;rios do escore TIMI,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> al&#233;m de ter sido identificado como crit&#233;rio de alto risco no estudo <italic>TATICS-TIMI 18</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> As diretrizes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> refor&#231;am a indica&#231;&#227;o da estrat&#233;gia invasiva direta no caso da presen&#231;a dessa altera&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica e foi observado na amostra estudada que 100% dos pacientes com infradesnivelamento do segmento ST tiveram o cateterismo card&#237;aco como estratifica&#231;&#227;o inicial.</p>
      <p>Quanto aos escores diagn&#243;sticos, estiveram associados estatisticamente o escore TIMI e o escore HEART para indica&#231;&#227;o da estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva como estrat&#233;gia inicial. Por&#233;m a relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica dessa associa&#231;&#227;o parece ser pouco significante uma vez que a diferen&#231;a das medianas &#233; muito pequena (3 para 4 no TIMI e 5 para 5 no HEART, apesar da diferen&#231;a no p-valor). E a diferen&#231;a identificada no HEART est&#225; provavelmente relacionada ao tipo de dor, vari&#225;vel que &#233; inclu&#237;da nessa calculadora, uma vez que na an&#225;lise multivariada, ambos os escores n&#227;o se mostram indicativos. O mesmo racioc&#237;nio serve para associa&#231;&#227;o encontrada do TIMI com a DAC obstrutiva ou isquemia: apesar de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, a signific&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica da diferen&#231;a encontrada &#233; m&#237;nima.</p>
      <p>Chamam muito a aten&#231;&#227;o os resultados referentes ao escore GRACE. Pela diretriz europeia atual,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> dever&#237;amos indicar cateterismo card&#237;aco na angina inst&#225;vel como estrat&#233;gia inicial apenas para pacientes com escore GRACE maior que 140, altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas ou com algum grau de instabilidade. E apenas 3,3% da popula&#231;&#227;o geral de angina inst&#225;vel era de alto risco por esse escore, demonstrando a grande disparidade entre o que &#233; dito nas diretrizes e o que &#233; realizado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Al&#233;m disso, apesar de ter se demonstrado um excelente preditor de eventos nos estudos em que foi validado,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> ele n&#227;o esteve associado &#224; presen&#231;a de DAC obstrutiva ou isquemia nos resultados dos exames complementares.</p>
      <p>Apesar das diretrizes, tanto a brasileira como a europeia, sugerirem um fluxo para manejo da angina inst&#225;vel, percebemos uma diferen&#231;a importante entre a orienta&#231;&#227;o das diretrizes e o que ocorre em um centro de refer&#234;ncia (terci&#225;rio) do servi&#231;o p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de brasileiro. Enquanto pela diretriz brasileira de 2021 94% da amostra deveria ter sido estratificada por cateterismo (em sua maioria pela indica&#231;&#227;o de cateterismo em pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> pela diretriz europeia de 2020,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> apenas 15%. E nenhuma delas cita a caracter&#237;stica da dor tor&#225;cica como crit&#233;rio para escolha do m&#233;todo de estratifica&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, na amostra do presente estudo, foi o tipo de dor a vari&#225;vel mais relevante na escolha da estrat&#233;gia: pacientes com dor definitivamente anginosa tiveram 3,39 vezes mais chances de ir para o cateterismo card&#237;aco e n&#227;o o uso de escores progn&#243;sticos.</p>
      <p>Surpreendentemente, o achado da presen&#231;a de DAC pr&#233;via n&#227;o influenciou na escolha do m&#233;todo de estratifica&#231;&#227;o nesses pacientes internados com AI. Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para o fato se deve &#224; alta preval&#234;ncia de DAC nessa popula&#231;&#227;o (62%), o que pode enviesar os achados.</p>
      <p>Ao analisarmos a preval&#234;ncia da DAC obstrutiva ou isquemia em homens com dor do tipo A (79%), percebemos uma aproxima&#231;&#227;o com os dados do estudo <italic>CASS</italic>,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> que em 1989 descreveu uma preval&#234;ncia de 93% de DAC obstrutiva nos homens com esse tipo de dor. O estudo <italic>CASS</italic> excluiu s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas, mas a semelhan&#231;a entre os achados refor&#231;a o conceito do "continuum" cardiovascular, de que a doen&#231;a coronariana &#233; uma s&#243; e que as diferen&#231;as entre seus est&#225;gios s&#227;o mais progn&#243;sticas do que fisiopatol&#243;gicas.</p>
      <p>Uma dor tor&#225;cica tipo A (com todas as caracter&#237;sticas sugestivas de SCA) esteve associado a uma chance de 66% a mais de estarmos diante de uma DAC obstrutiva ou com isquemia. Enquanto as diretrizes recomendam a estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva apenas em pacientes classificados como risco intermedi&#225;rio<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> ou alto,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> guiar o tipo de estratifica&#231;&#227;o pelo tipo de dor pode otimizar o manejo da angina inst&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>Uma das principais limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo &#233; o vi&#233;s da amostra estudada, visto se tratar de um estudo unic&#234;ntrico e terci&#225;rio, de complexidade aumentada. N&#227;o devemos extrapolar os achados para outras popula&#231;&#245;es. E, pelo tipo de desfecho analisado, n&#227;o se podem extrapolar os achados para a vis&#227;o de benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico, uma vez que o desfecho analisado foi a altera&#231;&#227;o no exame de estratifica&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o desfechos duros como mortalidade ou eventos cardiovasculares. A resposta na literatura sobre o real benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico do cateterismo card&#237;aco direto na angina inst&#225;vel (troponina negativa) ainda permanece incerta.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os fatores associados de maneira independente &#224; indica&#231;&#227;o da estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva de angina inst&#225;vel em um centro terci&#225;rio de cardiologia no sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de brasileiro foram tabagismo e classifica&#231;&#227;o da dor tor&#225;cica. Os fatores associados de maneira independente &#224; DAC obstrutiva ou isquemia foram presen&#231;a de DAC pr&#233;via e classifica&#231;&#227;o da dor tor&#225;cica.</p>
      <p>Nossos resultados enfatizam a import&#226;ncia da avalia&#231;&#227;o da dor tor&#225;cica n&#227;o somente para o diagn&#243;stico da angina inst&#225;vel, mas tamb&#233;m no seu uso para defini&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo de estratifica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Mateus Arantes Prata pela Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo / Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 4.7.11.692. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230049i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Critical Assessment of the Management of Unstable Angina in a Specialized Cardiology Emergency Room</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3267-4969</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Prata</surname>
            <given-names>Mateus Arantes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4823-9673</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ohe</surname>
            <given-names>Louis Nakayama</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4407-2906</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vilalva</surname>
            <given-names>Kelvin Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4167-9163</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Ferreira Marcondes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7096-3193</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Smanio</surname>
            <given-names>Paola Emanuela Poggio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Fleury Group, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Mateus Arantes Prata</bold> &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia &#8211; Rua Dante Pazzanese, 500. Postal Code <postal-code>04012-909</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>mateusarantesprata@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The management of unstable angina (UA) presents a challenge due to its subjective diagnosis and limited representation in randomized clinical trials that inform current practices.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>This study aims to identify key factors associated with the indication for invasive versus non-invasive stratification in this population and to evaluate factors associated with stratification test results.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This retrospective cohort study included patients hospitalized with UA over a consecutive 20-month period. To assess factors associated with stratification strategies, patients were divided into invasive stratification (coronary angiography) and non-invasive stratification (other methods) groups. For the analysis of factors related to changes in stratification tests, patients were categorized into groups with or without obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) or ischemia, as per the results of the requested tests. Comparisons between groups and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed, with statistical significance set at a 5% level.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>A total of 729 patients were included, with a median age of 63 years and a predominance of males (64.6%). Factors associated with invasive stratification included smoking (p = 0.001); type of chest pain (p &lt; 0.001); "crescendo" pain (p = 0.006); TIMI score (p = 0.006); HEART score (p = 0.011). In multivariate analysis, current smokers (OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.13-4.8), former smokers (OR 2.19, 95% CI 1.39-3.53), and type A chest pain (OR 3.39, 95% CI 1.93-6.66) were independently associated. Factors associated with obstructive CAD or ischemia included length of hospital stay (p &lt; 0.001); male gender (p = 0.032); effort-induced pain (p = 0.037); Diamond-Forrester score (p = 0.026); TIMI score (p = 0.001). In multivariate analysis, only chest pain (type B chest pain: OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.38-0.93, p = 0.026) and previous CAD (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.01-2.0, p = 0.048) were independently associated.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The type of chest pain plays a crucial role not only in the diagnosis of UA but also in determining the appropriate treatment. Our results highlight the importance of incorporating pain characteristics into prognostic scores endorsed by guidelines to optimize UA management.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Unstable Angina</kwd>
        <kwd>Chest Pain</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <fig id="f2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-03-e20230049-30049-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Brazil and worldwide, accounting for about 30% of all deaths, according to the 2019 Global Burden of Disease data.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In Brazil, coronary heart disease alone was responsible for approximately 288,000 hospital admissions in the public network in the same year, with a total of 16,880 deaths, as reported by DATASUS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Due to the absence of an objective marker to define unstable angina (such as necrosis markers for acute myocardial infarction), the diagnosis of this entity is predominantly clinical, aided by electrocardiogram.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> This opens up room for subjectivity and difficulty in decision-making by healthcare services.</p>
        <p>Documentation of myocardial injury with positive troponin leads to a well-established path: early cardiac catheterization and percutaneous coronary intervention if necessary. The absence of this marker, however, does not demonstrate clear evidence of this intervention in any scenario of the major randomized clinical trials (RCTs).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Identifying which unstable angina benefits from invasive treatment is one of the questions still unanswered in the literature. Therefore, continuing to study this subject is of fundamental importance to try to understand the reasons leading to the indication of coronary angiography and whether it is still possible to find some other marker that may suggest the need for coronary intervention.</p>
        <p>With the development of increasingly sensitive biomarkers for the diagnosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction, the incidence of Unstable Angina has been decreasing significantly. The most recent European guideline virtually disregards the term, suggesting stratification of an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) with negative high-sensitivity troponin through non-invasive methods.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Despite the trend to overlook the term unstable angina,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> emergency departments will continue to receive patients with clinical symptoms suggestive of ACS but with negative troponin, especially in centers that do not have high-sensitivity troponin available.</p>
        <p>The study of the management of unstable angina in a tertiary cardiology emergency department, with an available and easily accessible hemodynamics laboratory, and the research of factors related to the need for intervention in Unstable Angina cannot only contribute to the understanding of this disease but also in reducing unnecessary procedures, optimizing flows in institutions, and managing resources in the Brazilian reality. The primary objective of the study is to assess the management of unstable angina in a tertiary cardiology emergency department, and the secondary is to evaluate factors associated with the presence of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) or ischemia by the results of the tests performed in the stratification.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This study is a retrospective cohort aimed at identifying factors associated with the indication of an invasive strategy in unstable angina, developed through the analysis of a database from a tertiary cardiology emergency department. The data were collected through the cohort "Registry of Acute Coronary Syndrome Cases in the Emergency Department".</p>
        <p>Additional data were extracted from the electronic service system of a tertiary cardiology emergency department, with further evaluation of physical medical records for reports of the requested examinations.</p>
        <p>Data from the period of July 16, 2018, to February 28, 2020, were analyzed.</p>
        <p>The Ethics and Research Committee of the institution approved the research under opinion number 4.711.692, dated May 14, 2021. It complies with the attributions defined in the CNS Resolution No. 466 of December 2012 on Guidelines and Regulatory Standards for Research Involving Human Beings from the National Health Council/National Health Surveillance Agency and the Good Clinical Research Practices of ICH-GCP.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Inclusion and exclusion criteria</title>
          <p>The study included all patients admitted with a final diagnosis of Unstable Angina during the established period consecutively.</p>
          <p>Patients who did not have a clinical history consistent with unstable angina, defined as newly onset angina (class II or III by the Canadian Cardiovascular Society classification, starting in the last 2 months), crescendo angina (progressive worsening of intensity and/or frequency), and rest angina,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> were excluded. Patients with a history suggestive of post-infarction angina were also excluded.</p>
          <p>Patients with a positive troponin curve were excluded. The troponin used during the study period was conventional Troponin T (c-TnT).</p>
          <p>Patients who did not undergo any stratification of ACS during admission were excluded from the study.</p>
          <p>Patients who, after analysis of the electrocardiogram, showed changes suggestive of ST-segment elevation were excluded.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Design</title>
          <p>For the analysis of the primary objective, patients were divided according to the initial stratification method, forming groups of invasive stratification (coronary angiography) and non-invasive stratification (myocardial perfusion scintigraphy or coronary angiography). Clinical-laboratory, epidemiological data, risk factors, prognostic scores, and pre-test calculators for CAD were individually assessed for the presence or absence of association through regression analyses. The stratification methods performed (coronary angiography, myocardial perfusion scintigraphy with stress, or coronary angiography) were carried out according to the specific institutional protocol of each department.</p>
          <p>As a secondary analysis, patients were divided between the presence or absence of "Obstructive CAD or Ischemia". "Obstructive CAD or Ischemia" was defined according to the results of the requested stratification exams:</p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Coronary angiography with stenosis greater than or equal to 70% or need for stent implantation (as judged by the attending team);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Coronary Angiotomography with significant narrowing of the coronary lumen as per institutional report (&gt; 50% obstruction);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Myocardial Scintigraphy with the presence of transient hypo-uptake suggestive of ischemia (ischemic burden) or with high-risk findings (drop in ejection fraction &gt; 10%; transient dilation of the left ventricle and/or pulmonary or right ventricle uptake).</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Variables</title>
          <p>The following factors related to the baseline characteristics of the patients were evaluated: age; gender (male or female); body mass index; systemic arterial hypertension; diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent or not); dyslipidemia; smoking or former smoker; glomerular filtration rate and the presence or absence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) (creatinine clearance &lt; 60 ml/min); previous CAD (as described in electronic medical records).</p>
          <p>Regarding the electrocardiogram, it was classified, according to the institutional report, as a normal electrocardiogram, presence of diffuse repolarization changes, the presence of changes suggestive of ischemia (T wave changes), the presence of an electrically inactive area, and ST-segment depression. Any other changes in the electrocardiogram (overloads, branch blocks, etc.) were categorized under "others".</p>
          <p>Prognostic scores (TIMI, GRACE, and HEART) and pre-test probability calculator for CAD (Diamond Forrester) were also studied as continuous variables.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Chest pain traits</title>
          <p>To differentiate the type of chest pain in the emergency department, the following data were collected:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p>Type of pain, as described by the CASS study:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> 1) type A - definitely anginal (has all the characteristics of angina such as retrosternal tightness, radiation to upper limbs and/or neck, worsening or triggered by effort, relief with rest and/or nitrate); 2) type B &#8211; probably anginal (has most but not all anginal characteristics); 3) type C &#8211; probably not anginal (has one or another anginal characteristic, with atypical manifestations);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Pain triggered by effort or with onset at rest;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Presence of associated symptoms: sweating and/or nausea/vomiting;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The report of the pain is similar to a previous ACS episode;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Pain in progressive worsening of frequency, intensity, or triggered by increasingly lesser efforts (crescendo).</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables were described using the median and interquartile range, and categorical variables were presented using frequency and percentage. Comparison between groups was performed using the Chi-Square test (categorical variables) or Mann-Whitney test (continuous variables). Factors associated with outcomes were evaluated using Multiple Logistic Regression with a stepwise variable selection criterion. The level of significance considered in the analyses was 5%. The software used was "The R Foundation for Statistical Computing, version 4.2.0, 2022". The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to test the normality of continuous variables, none of which showed normal distribution.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>From July 16, 2018, to February 28, 2020, 898 patients were admitted with a final diagnosis of Unstable Angina according to the ICD-10 admission code. After reviewing clinical history, electrocardiograms, and other exclusion criteria, a sample of 729 patients was obtained. There was a predominance of males (64.6%), with ages ranging from 33 to 91 years and an average of 62.9. The prevalence of major comorbidities was 82% hypertension, 46% diabetes, 58% dyslipidemia, 18% smokers, 19% with CKD, and 62% with previous CAD.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Evaluation of the stratification method</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref> presents the comparison between invasive and non-invasive stratification groups, considering all analyzed variables. Of the 729 participants, 81.7% were stratified invasively (cardiac catheterization as the first examination). Of the 133 patients stratified non-invasively, 96 (72.2%) underwent myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, 31 (23.3%) underwent coronary angiography, 2 (1.5%) underwent cardiac MRI with stress, and 4 (3%) underwent exercise testing.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Baseline characteristics and association with stratification method</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="24%">
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="2">Variable</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Stratification Method</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2">p-value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Invasive (N=596)</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Non-invasive (N=133)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                    <bold>Medical History</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Age, years (median, [Q1; Q3])</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">63 [56;69]</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">63 [55;71]</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.966</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Male gender</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">64.4%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">65.4%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.909</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">BMI &gt; 30 kg/m&#178;</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">28.4%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">30.8%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.643</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">SAH</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">82.4%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">81.2%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.845</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">DM</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">45.6%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">50.4%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.371</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">DM ID</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">10.9%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">15.0%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.357</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">DLP</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">59.4%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">51.9%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.136</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">CKD</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">18.8%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">18.8%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Active smoking</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">13.6%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">8.27%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Previous CAD</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">62.2%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">60.2%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.725</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                    <bold>Chest Pain</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Type (classification):</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">A</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">25.1%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">11.5%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">B</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">48.5%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">48.1%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">C</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">26.4%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">40.5%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Rest / Effort</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.127</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Effort</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">34.0%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">26.6%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Rest</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">66.0%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">73.4%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">'Crescendo'</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">26.8%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">15%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                    <bold>Scores</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">GRACE (median, [Q1; Q3])</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">92.5 [75;110]</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">92 (24)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.881</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">TIMI (median, [Q1; Q3])</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">4 [3;4]</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">3 [2;4]</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">HEART (median, [Q1; Q3])</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">5 [5;6]</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">5 [4;6]</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.011</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                    <bold>ECG normal</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">108 (18.1%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">28 (21.1%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.508</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                    <bold>DVAR</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">166 (27.9%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">36 (27.1%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.940</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                    <bold>EIA</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">93 (15.6%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">18 (13.5%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.640</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                    <bold>Isquemia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">72 (12.1%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">9 (6.77%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.107</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                    <bold>ST Dep (mm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.660</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">0</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">584 (98.0%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">133 (100%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">0.5</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1 (0.17%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0 (0.00%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">1</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">9 (1.51%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0 (0.00%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">2</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">2 (0.34%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0 (0.00%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>Source: prepared by the author.</attrib>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>BMI: body mass index; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; DM ID: insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; DLP: dyslipidemia; CKD: chronic kidney disease; CAD: coronary artery disease; ECG: electrocardiogram; DVAR: diffuse ventricular repolarization changes; EIA: electrically inactive area; ST Dep: ST-Segment depression.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>The invasive stratification group had more smokers and former smokers (p-value = 0.001) than the non-invasive stratification group. There was no statistical difference in other baseline characteristics associated, including comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, or known previous CAD.</p>
          <p>Regarding chest pain characteristics, the only variables associated with a higher chance of cardiac catheterization were type A pain (p-value &lt; 0.001) and "crescendo" pain characteristic (p-value = 0.006). None of the other pain-related variables were statistically significant for association.</p>
          <p>There was no statistical difference in any studied electrocardiographic variable. Changes suggestive of ischemia were found in 12.1% of patients who underwent catheterization, contrasted with 6.77% of patients with conservative stratification (p-value = 0.107). No patient with ST-segment depression on the admission electrocardiogram underwent non-invasive stratification.</p>
          <p>The associations of risk scores with the indication for invasive stratification are also demonstrated at the end of <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref>. Both the TIMI score (p-value = 0.006) and the HEART score (p-value = 0.011) were associated with invasive stratification. However, HEART had the same median value. The median GRACE score was 92.5 in the invasive stratification group and 91.0 in the non-invasive group. Only 3.3% (24 patients) of the entire sample had a GRACE score greater than 140, with 92% (22) of them stratified with cardiac catheterization. Twenty-six percent of patients had a GRACE score between 109 and 140, with 71% being stratified invasively.</p>
          <p>To assess the factors that are jointly most associated with the method of stratification, all variables from the above tables were placed in a multiple logistic regression model, shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref>. The variables that best explain the likelihood of cardiac catheterization as an initial strategy are smoking and type of pain. Active smokers and former smokers were 2.23 and 2.19 times more likely, respectively, to be stratified with an invasive strategy than patients who never smoked. Patients with type A chest pain were 3.39 times more likely to undergo catheterization as initial stratification than patients with type C pain.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Patient variables that individually present a higher chance of invasive stratification</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th valign="middle" align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Category</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">OR</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">CI 95%</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="3">Smoking</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">Active</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">2.23</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.13-4.80</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.028</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">Stopped &lt; 6m</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.84</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.41-1.85</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.646</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">Former</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">2.19</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.39-3.53</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2">Type of Pain</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">A</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">3.39</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.83-6.66</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">B</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.48</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.97-2.27</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.070</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>Source: prepared by the author.</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Considering the indications of the Brazilian guideline of 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> for invasive stratification (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref>, chapter 1.4), 94.3% of the entire sample should have undergone invasive initial stratification. According to the European guideline of 2020,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> 15.5% of the sample should have undergone cardiac catheterization as an initial strategy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Evaluation of "Obstructive CAD or Ischemia" in the Population</title>
          <p>After analyzing the results of the initial stratification exams performed on the 729 participants, 520 (71.3%) showed changes suggestive of "Obstructive CAD or Ischemia". <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref> demonstrates the comparison between groups with and without "Obstructive CAD or Ischemia," considering all analyzed variables. Patients with "Obstructive CAD or Ischemia" had a median of two more days of hospital stay (p-value &lt; 0.001). In univariate analysis, the group with "Obstructive CAD or Ischemia" showed a higher prevalence of male patients (p-value = 0.032). None of the other variables related to baseline characteristics showed a statistical difference. The presence of known previous CAD was slightly more prevalent in the group with "Obstructive CAD or Ischemia," but not significantly (63.5% versus 57.9%; p-value = 0.188). A higher prevalence of CKD was observed in the group with altered exams, which also did not reach statistical significance (20.4% versus 14.8%; p-value = 0.103).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Baseline characteristics and association with "Obstructive CAD or Ischemia" in stratification exams</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="24%">
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="3">Variable</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Obstructive CAD or Ischemia</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2">p-value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">No (N = 209)</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Yes (N = 520)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                    <bold>Medical History</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Age, years (median, [Q1; Q3])</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">63 [55.0;70.0]</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">63 [56.0;70.0]</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.399</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Male gender</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">58.4%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">67.1%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.032</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">BMI &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">30.1%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">28.3%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.678</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">SAH</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">84.7%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">81.2%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.307</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">DM</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">48.3%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">45.8%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.587</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">DM ID</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">9.57%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">12.5%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.277</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">DLP</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">60.8%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">56.9%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.386</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">CKD</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">14.8%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">20.4%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.103</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Active smoker</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">11%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">13.3%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.439</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Previous CAD</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">57.9%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">63.5%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.188</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                    <bold>Chest Pain</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Type (classification)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.105</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">A</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">17.4%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">24.7%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">B</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">51.7%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">47.1%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">C</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">30.9%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">28.2%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Rest / Effort</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.037</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Effort</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">26.7%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">35.1%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Rest</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">73.3%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">64.9%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">`Crescendo&#8217;</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">20.6%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">26.3%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.124</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                    <bold>Scores</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">GRACE (median, [Q1; Q3])</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">91 [74;111]</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">92 [75;109]</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.494</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">TIMI (median, [Q1; Q3])</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">3 [2;4]</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">4 [3;4]</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">HEART (median, [Q1; Q3])</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">5 [4;6]</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">5 [4;6]</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.542</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                    <bold>ECG normal</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">16.7%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">19.4%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.463</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                    <bold>DVAR</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">30.6%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">26.5%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.307</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                    <bold>EAI</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">11.5%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">16.7%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.095</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                    <bold>Isquemia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">8.13%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">12.3%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.136</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="3">
                    <bold>ST Dep</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.646</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">0</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">99.5%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">97.9%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">0.5</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.00%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.19%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">1</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.48%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.54%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">2</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.00%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.38%</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>Source: prepared by the author.</attrib>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>BMI: body mass index; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; DM ID: insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; DLP: dyslipidemia; CKD: chronic kidney disease; CAD: coronary artery disease; ECG: electrocardiogram; DVAR: diffuse ventricular repolarization changes; EIA: electrically inactive area; ST Dep: ST-Segment Depression.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>The only chest pain characteristic variable that, in univariate analysis, was significantly associated with "Obstructive CAD or Ischemia" was pain triggered by effort (p-value = 0.037). Type A chest pain (24.7% versus 17.4%; p-value = 0.105) and "crescendo" pain characteristic (26.3% versus 20.6%; p-value = 0.124) were more prevalent in the "Obstructive CAD or Ischemia" group, without reaching statistical significance.</p>
          <p>There was no statistical difference in any studied electrocardiographic variable. Patients with positive results in stratification exams showed a tendency towards a higher prevalence of ischemia and electrically inactive areas on the ECG but without achieving statistical significance.</p>
          <p>Regarding prognostic scores, it is noted that the group with "Obstructive CAD or Ischemia" showed a higher value in the TIMI score (median 4 versus 3; p-value = 0.001), the only prognostic score that showed a statistical difference.</p>
          <p>To assess the factors that, together, were most associated with "Obstructive CAD or Ischemia," all variables from <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref> were included in a multiple logistic regression model. As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 4</xref>, the variables that, after multivariate analysis, best explain the likelihood of changes in the initial stratification exams suggestive of "Obstructive CAD or Ischemia" are the classification of chest pain and the presence of previous CAD.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Patient variables that individually present a higher chance of `Obstructive CAD or Ischemia&#8217; in stratification exams</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th valign="middle" align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Category</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">OR</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">CI 95%</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Type of Pain</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">B</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.60</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.38-0.93</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.026</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">C</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.61</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.37-1.00</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.051</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Previous CAD</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">Yes</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.42</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.01-2.00</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.048</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">LOS</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.13</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.08-1.19</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>Source: prepared by the author.</attrib>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>CAD: coronary artery disease; LOS: length of hospital stay.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Patients with chest pain classified as type A have a 66% (1/0.6) higher chance of CAD than patients classified as type B; patients with previous CAD have a 42% higher chance of CAD than patients without previous CAD. The presence of "Obstructive CAD or Ischemia" was also associated with a longer hospital stay in the multivariate analysis.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The first notable point regarding the data presented concerns the profile of patients admitted with unstable angina at the studied service. We observed an increased prevalence of comorbidities classically associated with CAD. While the FRISC II study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> one of the main randomized clinical trials for SCASSST stratification, showed a prevalence of 30% hypertension, 13% diabetes, and 23% with previous infarction, the population in this tertiary center had 80% hypertension, 47% diabetes, and 60% with previous CAD. This certainly does not represent the Brazilian population profile but rather the complexity of patients in a tertiary emergency department of the public health system.</p>
        <p>Regarding baseline characteristics, it was plausible to expect that a higher prevalence of these comorbidities would assist in the indication of catheterization in the emergency scenario, as seen both by the increased probability of CAD and by the guidelines in force at the time.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> However, the only comorbidity more prevalent in the invasive stratification group was smoking. That is, patients with some history of smoking tended to be directed towards invasive strategy upon emergency department admission.</p>
        <p>When analyzing the prevalence of comorbidities with the presence of obstructive CAD or ischemia in the exams, the studied sample presents a peculiarity: only the male sex was independently associated. In multivariate analysis, the presence of known previous CAD, as expected and plausibly, was associated with obstructive CAD in unstable angina. The fact that hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and other comorbidities were not associated with obstructive CAD could be a bias of the studied population due to the high prevalence of these comorbidities, as mentioned earlier. In other words, the tendency to indicate catheterization for smokers was not reflected in changes in the exams.</p>
        <p>Electrocardiographic changes suggestive of ischemia on admission ECG were few, failing to reach statistical significance in any studied data. However, relative numbers show a tendency towards a higher prevalence of electrically inactive areas and ischemic changes in patients with obstructive CAD, which may reinforce the guidelines&#8217; recommendations to indicate cardiac catheterization in these patients. The electrocardiogram has great prognostic value, especially in the presence of ST-segment depression, which is one of the criteria of the TIMI score,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> and was identified as a high-risk criterion in the TATICS-TIMI 18 study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The guidelines<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> reinforce the indication of a direct invasive strategy in the case of this electrocardiographic alteration, and it was observed in the studied sample that 100% of the patients with ST-segment depression underwent cardiac catheterization as initial stratification.</p>
        <p>Regarding diagnostic scores, the TIMI and HEART scores were statistically associated with the indication for invasive stratification as an initial strategy. However, the clinical relevance of this association seems to be of little significance since the difference in medians is very small (3 to 4 in TIMI and 5 to 5 in HEART, despite the difference in p-value). Furthermore, the difference identified in HEART is probably related to the type of pain, a variable included in this calculator, as in multivariate analysis, both scores do not appear indicative. The same reasoning applies to the association found of TIMI with obstructive CAD or ischemia: despite statistical significance, the clinical significance of the found difference is minimal.</p>
        <p>The results regarding the GRACE score are very striking. According to the current European guideline,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> we should indicate cardiac catheterization in unstable angina as an initial strategy only for patients with a GRACE score higher than 140, electrocardiographic alterations, or some degree of instability. Moreover, only 3.3% of the general population of unstable angina was at high risk by this score, demonstrating the great disparity between what is stated in the guidelines and what is performed in clinical practice. Additionally, although it has been shown to be an excellent predictor of events in the studies in which it was validated,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> it was not associated with the presence of obstructive CAD or ischemia in the results of complementary exams.</p>
        <p>Despite the guidelines, both Brazilian and European, suggesting a flow for the management of unstable angina, we perceive a significant difference between the guidance of the guidelines and what occurs in a reference center (tertiary) of the Brazilian public health service. While by the Brazilian guideline of 2021, 94% of the sample should have been stratified by catheterization (mostly due to the indication of catheterization in intermediate-risk patients),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> by the European guideline of 2020,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> only 15%. Furthermore, none of them mentions the characteristic of chest pain as a criterion for choosing the method of stratification. Moreover, in the sample of the present study, the type of pain was the most relevant variable in choosing the strategy: patients with definitely anginal pain were 3.39 times more likely to undergo cardiac catheterization and not the use of prognostic scores.</p>
        <p>Surprisingly, the finding of the presence of previous CAD did not influence the choice of the stratification method in these patients hospitalized with UA. A possible explanation for this is due to the high prevalence of CAD in this population (62%), which may bias the findings.</p>
        <p>When we analyze the prevalence of obstructive CAD or ischemia in men with type A pain (79%), we see an approximation with data from the CASS study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> which in 1989 described a 93% prevalence of obstructive CAD in men with this type of pain. pain. The CASS study excluded ACSs, but the similarity between the findings reinforces the concept of the cardiovascular "continuum", that coronary disease is one and that the differences between its stages are more prognostic than pathophysiological.</p>
        <p>Type A chest pain (with all the characteristics suggestive of ACS) was associated with a 66% greater chance of having obstructive CAD or ischemia. While guidelines recommend invasive stratification only in patients classified as intermediate<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> or high risk,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> guiding the type of stratification by the type of pain can optimize the management of unstable angina.</p>
        <p>One of the main limitations of the study is the bias of the sample studied, as it is a single-center, tertiary study, of increased complexity. We should not extrapolate the findings to other populations. And, due to the type of outcome analyzed, the findings cannot be extrapolated to the view of clinical benefit, since the outcome analyzed was the change in the stratification exam and not hard outcomes such as mortality or cardiovascular events. The answer in the literature regarding the real clinical benefit of direct cardiac catheterization in unstable angina (negative troponin) still remains uncertain.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The factors independently associated with the indication of invasive stratification of unstable angina in a tertiary cardiology center in the Brazilian public health system are smoking and chest pain classification. The factors independently associated with obstructive CAD or ischemia were the presence of previous CAD and chest pain classification.</p>
        <p>Our results emphasize the importance of chest pain assessment not only for the diagnosis of unstable angina but also in its use for defining the method of stratification.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Study association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Mateus Arantes Prata, from Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo / Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia under the protocol number 4.7.11.692. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
