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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">LShw85xTjrJSsp4HRqYvR7y</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000200206</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00206</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240144</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O &#205;ndice Progn&#243;stico Nutricional Oferece Novos Insights sobre a Circula&#231;&#227;o Colateral Coronariana na Angina Est&#225;vel?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4675-3273</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;i&#231;ek</surname>
            <given-names>&#214;mer Faruk</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Selcuk University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiovascular Surgery</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Konya</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Selcuk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Konya &#8211; Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: &#214;mer Faruk &#199;i&#231;ek &#8226;</bold> Sel&#231;uk &#220;niversitesi Alaeddin Keykubat Yerle&#351;kesi T&#305;p Fak&#252;ltesi Kalp ve Damar Cerrahisi Anabilim Dal&#305; B Blok 1. Kat Sel&#231;uklu Konya 42250 &#8211; Turquia E-mail: <email>farux@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240144</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico Nutricional</kwd>
        <kwd>Angina Est&#225;vel</kwd>
        <kwd>Circula&#231;&#227;o Colateral</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A circula&#231;&#227;o colateral coron&#225;ria (CCC) desempenha um papel crucial na manuten&#231;&#227;o do suprimento sangu&#237;neo mioc&#225;rdico, particularmente em pacientes com oclus&#227;o total cr&#244;nica (CTO) e s&#237;ndrome coronariana est&#225;vel (SCE). Pesquisas recentes investigaram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e o desenvolvimento de CCC. No entanto, um novo estudo lan&#231;a luz sobre uma perspectiva diferente, explorando a correla&#231;&#227;o entre o &#205;ndice Progn&#243;stico Nutricional (IPN) e a forma&#231;&#227;o de CCC em pacientes com SCE com CTO. O estudo, conduzido por Esenboga et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> envolveu 400 pacientes com SCE com CTO, com o objetivo de investigar a potencial liga&#231;&#227;o entre IPN e CCC. Os resultados revelaram uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre n&#237;veis mais baixos de IPN e CCC pouco desenvolvido, independente de outros fatores de risco. Isto sugere que o IPN poderia servir como um biomarcador valioso para avaliar o CCC em pacientes com SCE.</p>
    <p>A import&#226;ncia da CCC reside na sua capacidade de mitigar a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, aliviar os sintomas anginosos e melhorar o progn&#243;stico do paciente. Embora estudos anteriores tenham explorado v&#225;rios fatores que influenciam o desenvolvimento do CCC, como idade, comorbidades e marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, este estudo &#233; pioneiro no exame do IPN como preditor. O IPN, calculado a partir dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de albumina e da contagem total de linf&#243;citos, reflete o estado inflamat&#243;rio e o estado nutricional de um indiv&#237;duo. Valores mais baixos de IPN significam aumento da carga inflamat&#243;ria e pior estado nutricional, o que pode impedir a forma&#231;&#227;o de CCC. O estudo prop&#245;e mecanismos plaus&#237;veis que ligam o baixo IPN ao mau CCC, envolvendo disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, diminui&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico e comprometimento das respostas neovasculares.</p>
    <p>Apesar dos seus insights inovadores, o estudo reconhece certas limita&#231;&#245;es, incluindo a sua natureza retrospectiva, o pequeno tamanho da amostra e a incapacidade de estabelecer causalidade. A &#234;nfase do estudo no IPN como um preditor independente da CCC levanta quest&#245;es sobre a causalidade e os mecanismos subjacentes. Embora os mecanismos propostos que ligam o baixo IPN &#224; baixa CCC, como a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e a diminui&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico, sejam plaus&#237;veis, o estudo n&#227;o fornece insights mecanicistas ou evid&#234;ncias experimentais para apoiar essas afirma&#231;&#245;es. Al&#233;m disso, a natureza transversal do estudo impede o estabelecimento de rela&#231;&#245;es temporais entre os n&#237;veis de IPN e o desenvolvimento do CCC, destacando a necessidade de investiga&#231;&#245;es longitudinais para elucidar as vias causais.</p>
    <p>Por&#233;m, ao revisar os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o e inclus&#227;o do estudo, nota-se que pacientes com hist&#243;rico de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Contudo, considerando a baixa fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o observada em ambos os grupos, considera-se que o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio silencioso n&#227;o pode ser descartado em nenhum dos grupos. A presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de tecido vi&#225;vel pode impactar significativamente o desenvolvimento colateral coron&#225;rio, necessitando assim da padroniza&#231;&#227;o desta condi&#231;&#227;o em ambos os grupos para uma an&#225;lise comparativa precisa. Embora a an&#225;lise retrospectiva restrinja inerentemente a capacidade de determinar este fator, continua a ser plaus&#237;vel considerar esta limita&#231;&#227;o no &#226;mbito do estudo. A natureza retrospectiva da investiga&#231;&#227;o limita inerentemente a disponibilidade de informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas detalhadas sobre a presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de tecido vi&#225;vel no mioc&#225;rdio dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos. Al&#233;m disso, o estudo &#233; limitado na sua capacidade de avaliar definitivamente o impacto do tecido vi&#225;vel no desenvolvimento colateral. Al&#233;m disso, o reconhecimento desta limita&#231;&#227;o destaca a import&#226;ncia da cautela na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados do estudo e sublinha a necessidade de futuras pesquisas abordarem esta lacuna de conhecimento.</p>
    <p>Apesar da exclus&#227;o dos pacientes com fra&#231;&#245;es de eje&#231;&#227;o inferiores a 35% da coorte de estudo, &#233; pertinente destacar que ambos os grupos de estudo manifestaram um n&#237;vel moderado de comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica. Esta observa&#231;&#227;o sublinha uma redu&#231;&#227;o discern&#237;vel na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, indicativa de desempenho card&#237;aco comprometido em toda a popula&#231;&#227;o amostrada. Contudo, &#224; luz da reconhecida import&#226;ncia do tecido mioc&#225;rdico vi&#225;vel na facilita&#231;&#227;o do desenvolvimento de colaterais coron&#225;rias, a rela&#231;&#227;o precisa entre a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica observada e a potencial perda de tecido vi&#225;vel nos dois grupos permanece inadequadamente elucidada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Consequentemente, a incerteza inerente que rodeia esta associa&#231;&#227;o introduz um elemento not&#225;vel de ambiguidade na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados do estudo, implicando assim o potencial de vi&#233;s. No contexto de estudos retrospectivos, a elimina&#231;&#227;o abrangente de fatores que poderiam potencialmente introduzir preconceitos coloca desafios inerentes. Portanto, abordar poss&#237;veis vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o requer uma considera&#231;&#227;o cuidadosa. Uma abordagem para este estudo poderia ter envolvido a inclus&#227;o espec&#237;fica apenas de pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica normal, minimizando assim a influ&#234;ncia do comprometimento do desempenho card&#237;aco nos resultados do estudo. Alternativamente, a confirma&#231;&#227;o da presen&#231;a de tecido vi&#225;vel atrav&#233;s de modalidades de imagem avan&#231;adas poderia ter oferecido outro caminho para mitigar potenciais vieses. Ao empregar essas estrat&#233;gias, os pesquisadores poderiam ter aumentado a robustez e a confiabilidade de suas descobertas em desenhos de estudos retrospectivos.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: O &#205;ndice Nutricional Progn&#243;stico est&#225; Associado ao Grau de Circula&#231;&#227;o Colateral Coronariana em Pacientes com Angina Est&#225;vel e Oclus&#227;o Total Cr&#244;nica</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Kurtul</surname>
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          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>121</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <elocation-id>e20230765</elocation-id>
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        </element-citation>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Does the Prognostic Nutritional Index Offer New Insights into Coronary Collateral Circulation in Stable Angina?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4675-3273</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;i&#231;ek</surname>
            <given-names>&#214;mer Faruk</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Konya</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Selcuk University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Konya &#8211; Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: &#214;mer Faruk &#199;i&#231;ek &#8226;</bold> Sel&#231;uk &#220;niversitesi Alaeddin Keykubat Yerle&#351;kesi T&#305;p Fak&#252;ltesi Kalp ve Damar Cerrahisi Anabilim Dal&#305; B Blok 1. Kat Sel&#231;uklu Konya 42250 &#8211; Turkey E-mail: <email>farux@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Prognostic Nutritional</kwd>
        <kwd>Index Coronary</kwd>
        <kwd>Collateral Circulation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Coronary collateral circulation (CCC) plays a crucial role in maintaining myocardial blood supply, particularly in patients with chronic total occlusion (CTO) and stable coronary syndrome (SCS). Recent research has delved into the association between inflammatory markers and CCC development. However, a novel study sheds light on a different perspective by exploring the correlation between the prognostic nutritional index (PNI) and CCC formation in SCS patients with CTO. The study, conducted by Esenboga et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> involved 400 SCS patients with CTO, aiming to investigate the potential link between PNI and CCC. The findings revealed a significant association between lower PNI levels and poorly developed CCC, independent of other risk factors. This suggests that PNI could serve as a valuable biomarker for assessing CCC in SCS patients.</p>
      <p>The significance of CCC lies in its ability to mitigate myocardial ischemia, alleviate anginal symptoms, and improve patient prognosis. While previous studies have explored various factors influencing CCC development, such as age, comorbidities, and inflammatory markers, this study pioneers the examination of PNI as a predictor. The PNI, calculated from serum albumin levels and total lymphocyte count, reflects the inflammatory status and nutritional status of an individual. Lower PNI values signify increased inflammatory burden and poorer nutritional status, which may impede CCC formation. The study proposes plausible mechanisms linking low PNI to poor CCC, involving endothelial dysfunction, decreased nitric oxide production, and impaired neovascular responses.</p>
      <p>Despite its groundbreaking insights, the study acknowledges certain limitations, including its retrospective nature, small sample size, and the inability to establish causality. The study's emphasis on PNI as an independent predictor of CCC raises questions about causality and underlying mechanisms. While the proposed mechanisms linking low PNI to poor CCC, such as endothelial dysfunction and decreased nitric oxide production, are plausible, the study does not provide mechanistic insights or experimental evidence to support these claims. Additionally, the cross-sectional nature of the study precludes establishing temporal relationships between PNI levels and CCC development, highlighting the need for longitudinal investigations to elucidate causal pathways.</p>
      <p>However, upon reviewing the exclusion and inclusion criteria of the study, it is noted that patients with a history of myocardial infarction were not included in the study. Nevertheless, considering the observed low ejection fraction in both groups, it is considered that silent myocardial infarction cannot be ruled out in either group. The presence or absence of viable tissue can significantly impact coronary collateral development, thereby necessitating the standardization of this condition across both groups for accurate comparative analysis. Although retrospective analysis inherently restricts the ability to ascertain this factor, it remains plausible to consider this limitation within the scope of the study. The retrospective nature of the investigation inherently limits the availability of detailed clinical information regarding the presence or absence of viable tissue in the myocardium of the included patients. Additionally, the study is constrained in its ability to definitively assess the impact of viable tissue on collateral development. Furthermore, acknowledging this limitation highlights the importance of caution when interpreting the study's findings and underscores the necessity for future research to address this knowledge gap.</p>
      <p>Despite the exclusion of patients with ejection fractions below 35% from the study cohort, it is pertinent to highlight that both study groups manifested a moderate level of impairment in systolic function. This observation underscores a discernible reduction in left ventricular function, indicative of compromised cardiac performance across the sampled population. However, in light of the acknowledged importance of myocardial viable tissue in facilitating the development of coronary collaterals, the precise relationship between the observed systolic dysfunction and potential viable tissue loss in the two groups remains inadequately elucidated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Consequently, the inherent uncertainty surrounding this association introduces a notable element of ambiguity in the interpretation of the study findings, thereby implicating the potential for bias. In the context of retrospective studies, the comprehensive elimination of factors that could potentially introduce bias poses inherent challenges. Therefore, addressing potential confounding variables requires careful consideration. One approach for this study could have involved the specific inclusion of patients with normal systolic function solely, thus minimizing the influence of impaired cardiac performance on study outcomes. Alternatively, the confirmation of viable tissue presence through advanced imaging modalities could have offered another avenue for mitigating potential biases. By employing these strategies, researchers could have enhanced the robustness and reliability of their findings in retrospective study designs.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Prognostic Nutritional Index is Associated with the Degree of Coronary Collateral Circulation in Stable Angina Patients with Chronic Total Occlusion</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
