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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">5Bpd65QtgCKzvqRh8QD7hwB</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000200202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240081</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>&#205;ndice de Imunoinflama&#231;&#227;o Sist&#234;mica e Isquemia em Pacientes com Art&#233;rias Coron&#225;rias N&#227;o Obstrutivas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6746-8327</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bianco</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Tria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Henrique Tria Bianco</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Rua Loefgren, 1350. CEP 04040-001, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>henriquetria@uol.com.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240081</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasos Coron&#225;rios</kwd>
        <kwd>Dor no Peito</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A doen&#231;a cardiovascular &#233; a principal causa de morte em todo o mundo e a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) &#233; o tipo mais comum de doen&#231;a cardiovascular. No entanto, uma parcela significativa dos pacientes que apresentam desconforto tor&#225;cico caracter&#237;stico n&#227;o demonstra DAC obstrutiva, definida como estenose &#8805;50% em pelo menos uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria na angiografia. Esses pacientes geralmente recebem diagn&#243;sticos de afec&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o cardiol&#243;gicas, como dist&#250;rbios gastrointestinais ou de desordens psicossom&#225;ticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Especula-se que a disfun&#231;&#227;o vascular coronariana parece ser a causa subjacente da isquemia em grade parte destes casos. Desta forma, a padroniza&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos para sintomas isqu&#234;micos devido &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular coronariana (DMV) &#233; necess&#225;ria para investiga&#231;&#227;o adicional de pacientes que apresentam dor tor&#225;cica anginosa consistente com "angina microvascular".<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Historicamente, os &#250;nicos m&#233;todos pr&#225;ticos dispon&#237;veis para avalia&#231;&#227;o t&#234;m sido invasivos, como o doppler intracoron&#225;rio ou a termodilui&#231;&#227;o. Isto provavelmente prejudicou a avalia&#231;&#227;o objetiva da DMV em pacientes que apresentam dor tor&#225;cica sem DAC obstrutiva. Assim, o tratamento tem sido frequentemente estudado em entidades cl&#237;nicas imprecisas, como a s&#237;ndrome card&#237;aca X.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a falta de consenso sobre crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos e nomenclatura obscureceu ainda mais as evid&#234;ncias que buscavam definir objetivamente a angina microvascular como uma entidade cl&#237;nica distinta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No cen&#225;rio e contexto das s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias, h&#225; v&#225;rios marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, como a prote&#237;na-C reativa (PCR), fator de necrose tumoral-&#945; e v&#225;rias interleucinas, que est&#227;o associados a um desfecho pior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Embora a inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica grave seja um indicador estabelecido de mortalidade na s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias agudas (SCA), nenhum biomarcador inflamat&#243;rio &#250;nico &#233; capaz de orientar o tratamento do risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Por sua vez, &#237;ndices hematol&#243;gicos simples, como a rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filos-linf&#243;citos (RNL) e a rela&#231;&#227;o plaquetas-linf&#243;citos, tamb&#233;m s&#227;o indicadores &#250;teis e promissores para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o acurada da doen&#231;a cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Nas SCA, a ativa&#231;&#227;o descontrolada da imunidade inata e adaptativa converge com a ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, resultando na forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos. O &#237;ndice imunoinflamat&#243;rio sist&#234;mico (IIS), derivado das contagens de plaquetas, neutr&#243;filos e linf&#243;citos, combina os principais atores dessas vias fisiopatol&#243;gicas, sendo descrito pela primeira vez como uma ferramenta progn&#243;stica no carcinoma hepatocelular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O IIS foi relacionado com a extens&#227;o do dano mioc&#225;rdico e essa rela&#231;&#227;o provavelmente se deu por meio do tipo de SCA, com valores mais elevados deste &#237;ndice em pacientes com infarto com Supra-ST (IAMCSST). Este achado est&#225; de acordo com estudos anteriores, cujos resultados demonstraram que, na aus&#234;ncia de necrose, a correla&#231;&#227;o da contagem de leuc&#243;citos com a mortalidade diminuiu.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O manuscrito intitulado "A Rela&#231;&#227;o entre o &#205;ndice de Imuno-Inflama&#231;&#227;o Sist&#234;mica e Isquemia com Art&#233;rias Coron&#225;rias N&#227;o Obstrutivas em Pacientes Submetidos &#224; Angiografia Coron&#225;ria" investigou a rela&#231;&#227;o entre isquemia em art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias n&#227;o obstrutivas (INOCA) e o &#237;ndice de imunoinflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica (IIS) que trata da rela&#231;&#227;o plaquetas &#215; neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Um total de 424 pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 56 anos foram inclu&#237;dos. Estes foram alocados em dois grupos de acordo com o diagn&#243;stico de INOCA. Como resultado, observou-se que os pacientes com INOCA eram mais propensos a uma contagem mais elevada de plaquetas, rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filos para linf&#243;citos, e valores de IIS. O valor de corte ideal do IIS para prever o INOCA foi 153,8, com sensibilidade de 44,8% e especificidade de 78,77%. O valor da AUC do IIS foi maior do que o dos linf&#243;citos e plaquetas em pacientes INOCA.</p>
    <p>Desta forma, a despeito de algumas limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo, os autores concluem que um IIS elevado pode estar associado ao aumento da atividade inflamat&#243;ria. Desta forma, esse achado sugere que o IIS pode potencialmente ser usado para identificar e estratificar indiv&#237;duos de mais alto risco, ainda na admiss&#227;o em unidades hospitalares.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: A Rela&#231;&#227;o entre o &#205;ndice de Imuno-Inflama&#231;&#227;o Sist&#234;mica e Isquemia com Art&#233;rias Coron&#225;rias N&#227;o Obstrutivas em Pacientes Submetidos &#224; Angiografia Coron&#225;ria</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Index of Systemic Immunoinflammation and Ischemia in Patients with Non-Obstructive Coronary Arteries</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6746-8327</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bianco</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Tria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Henrique Tria Bianco &#8226;</bold> Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Rua Loefgren, 1350. Postal Code 04040-001,S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>henriquetria@uol.com.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Vessels</kwd>
        <kwd>Chest Pain</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide and coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common type of cardiovascular disease. However, a significant portion of patients who present with characteristic chest discomfort do not demonstrate obstructive CAD, defined as &#8805;50% stenosis in at least one coronary artery on angiography. These patients are generally diagnosed with non-cardiological conditions, such as gastrointestinal disorders or psychosomatic disorders.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> It is speculated that coronary vascular dysfunction appears to be the underlying cause of ischemia in a large proportion of these cases. Therefore, standardization of diagnostic criteria for ischemic symptoms due to coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) is necessary for further investigation of patients presenting with anginal chest pain consistent with "microvascular angina".<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Historically, the only practical methods available for assessment have been invasive, such as intracoronary Doppler or thermodilution. This probably hindered the objective assessment of CMD in patients presenting with chest pain without obstructive CAD. Thus, treatment has often been studied in imprecise clinical entities such as cardiac syndrome distinct.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Furthermore, the lack of consensus on diagnostic criteria and nomenclature has further obscured the evidence that sought to objectively define microvascular angina as a distinct clinical entity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the setting and context of coronary syndromes, there are several inflammatory markers, such as the C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-&#945;, and several interleukins, which are associated with a worse outcome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Although severe systemic inflammation is an established indicator of mortality in acute coronary syndromes (ACS), no single inflammatory biomarker is capable of guiding the treatment of cardiovascular risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In turn, simple hematological indices, such as the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the platelet-lymphocyte ratio, are also useful and promising indicators for the accurate stratification of cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In ACS, uncontrolled activation of innate and adaptive immunity converges with platelet activation, resulting in thrombus formation. The systemic immunoinflammatory index (IIS), derived from platelet, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts, combines the main actors of these pathophysiological pathways, being described for the first time as a prognostic tool in hepatocellular carcinoma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The IIS was related to the extent of myocardial damage and this relationship was probably due to the type of ACS, with higher values of this index in patients with STEMI infarction. This finding is in line with previous studies, whose results demonstrated that, in the absence of necrosis, the correlation between leukocyte count and mortality decreased.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The manuscript titled "<italic>The Relationship between the Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index and Ischemia with Non-Obstructive Coronary Arteries in Patients Undergoing Coronary Angiography</italic>" investigated the relationship between ischemia in non-obstructive coronary arteries (INOCA) and the systemic immunoinflammation index (IIS), which deals with the platelet &#215; neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A total of 424 patients with a mean age of 56 years were included. These were allocated into two groups according to the INOCA diagnosis. As a result, it was observed that patients with INOCA were more prone to a higher platelet count, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and IIS values. The ideal IIS cutoff value to predict INOCA was 153.8, with a sensitivity of 44.8% and a specificity of 78.77%. The AUC value of IIS was higher than that of lymphocytes and platelets in INOCA patients.</p>
      <p>Therefore, despite some limitations of the study, the authors conclude that a high IIS may be associated with increased inflammatory activity. Therefore, this finding suggests that the IIS can potentially be used to identify and stratify higher-risk individuals, even upon admission to hospital units.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: The Relationship between the Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index and Ischemia with Non-Obstructive Coronary Arteries in Patients Undergoing Coronary Angiography</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
