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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Dmgjz8nxKzmL4FqtrrkQLJk</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000200201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240075</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Foco na Embolia Pulmonar Aguda de Risco Intermedi&#225;rio. A Combina&#231;&#227;o de Biomarcadores &#233; a Solu&#231;&#227;o?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5968-4879</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Medicina de Emerg&#234;ncia, Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Carlos Henrique Miranda</bold> &#8226; Laborat&#243;rio de Biologia Vascular - Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto &#8211; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900 Anexo B. CEP 14049-900, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>chmiranda@fmrp.usp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240075</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Embolia Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A incid&#234;ncia de embolia pulmonar aguda (EPA) vem aumentando ao longo do tempo em todo o mundo, inclusive no Brasil. Este comportamento &#233; provavelmente secund&#225;rio ao envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o associado ao aumento da preval&#234;ncia e melhor progn&#243;stico relacionado ao c&#226;ncer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da EPA apresenta dois extremos f&#225;ceis de identificar. Grupo de alto risco, cerca de 4% dos pacientes, que se caracteriza por choque circulat&#243;rio ou parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, com alta taxa de mortalidade. Neste grupo, o tratamento com trombol&#237;ticos est&#225; bem estabelecido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No outro extremo, est&#225; o grupo de baixo risco, cerca de 40% dos pacientes, que se caracteriza pelo escore no &#205;ndice de Gravidade da Embolia Pulmonar (PESI) &#8804; 2 e aus&#234;ncia de dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) avaliada por ecocardiografia ou angiografia pulmonar por tomografia computadorizada (APTC), com taxa de mortalidade reduzida. Neste grupo, os anticoagulantes, como a enoxaparina ou os anticoagulantes orais de a&#231;&#227;o direta (AOACs), s&#227;o suficientes. A alta hospitalar precoce ou mesmo o tratamento ambulatorial podem ser considerados para esses pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Contudo, o maior desafio na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica &#233; o manejo dos pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio, que se encontram entre esses dois extremos. Esse perfil corresponde &#224; maioria dos pacientes com EPA, observado em aproximadamente 56% deles. Esse grupo &#233; altamente heterog&#234;neo e um percentual deles apresenta alta probabilidade de deteriora&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, comportando-se mais pr&#243;ximo de pacientes de alto risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>V&#225;rios biomarcadores e exames de imagem t&#234;m sido utilizados para melhorar a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco nesse grupo intermedi&#225;rio. A troponina I ou T &#233; o biomarcador mais utilizado para esse fim. A diretriz da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia (ESC) de 2019 recomenda o uso de troponina dentro de um algoritmo de tomada de decis&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Pacientes com eleva&#231;&#227;o desse biomarcador associado &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o do VD s&#227;o reclassificados como risco intermedi&#225;rio-alto. No entanto, esta recomenda&#231;&#227;o foi baseada em opini&#245;es de especialistas. A maioria dos estudos n&#227;o utilizou dosagens ultrassens&#237;veis de troponina e seu ponto de corte n&#227;o foi padronizado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (BNP) e a fra&#231;&#227;o N-terminal do pr&#243;-BNP (NT-proBNP) tamb&#233;m podem ser usados neste cen&#225;rio. Uma meta-an&#225;lise de cinco estudos mais recentes mostrou que um NT-proBNP superior a 1000&#961;g/ml aumentou o risco de deteriora&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. No entanto, este marcador n&#227;o foi avaliado dentro de um algoritmo de tomada de decis&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O lactato plasm&#225;tico, amplamente utilizado em pacientes com sepse, tamb&#233;m apresentou boa acur&#225;cia preditiva em pacientes com EPA para determinar o progn&#243;stico &#224; curto prazo. Adicionando a medi&#231;&#227;o de lactato ao algoritmo ESC-2019, os pacientes classificados como de risco intermedi&#225;rio-alto com lactato venoso &#8805; 3,3 mmol/L tiveram uma preval&#234;ncia de eventos adversos de 27,5% em compara&#231;&#227;o com 6,8% naqueles com lactato &lt; 3,3 mmol/L.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A dilata&#231;&#227;o do VD na APTC avaliada pela rela&#231;&#227;o entre o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VD e o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (valor de corte de 0,9 ou 1,0) &#233; um marcador progn&#243;stico, assim como a dilata&#231;&#227;o do VD, a hipocinesia da parede livre do VD e a presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar na ecocardiografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Dentro deste contexto, Gunes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> mostraram em seu estudo que a forma sol&#250;vel de um receptor de interleucina-33 denominado sST2 apresentou boa acur&#225;cia (79,8%) na previs&#227;o da ocorr&#234;ncia de morte em seis meses e de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o recorrente em pacientes com EPA. Esses investigadores inclu&#237;ram uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia de 100 pacientes internados no pronto-socorro. Assim como a grande maioria dos outros estudos que avaliaram biomarcadores na EPA, estudaram o desempenho desse biomarcador independentemente da classifica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica inicial desses pacientes. A valida&#231;&#227;o destes biomarcadores precisaria ser realizada dentro de uma amostra selecionada de pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio, excluindo pacientes de baixo e alto risco. O maior desafio na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica &#233; definir com precis&#227;o o progn&#243;stico em pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio.</p>
    <p>Apesar de diversas investiga&#231;&#245;es mostrarem que esses marcadores s&#227;o preditores independentes de piores desfechos cl&#237;nicos, seu desempenho preditivo de progn&#243;stico isolado foi insatisfat&#243;rio. Todos esses biomarcadores apresentaram baixo valor preditivo positivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A recomenda&#231;&#227;o atual &#233; utilizar esses biomarcadores dentro de algoritmos preditivos, considerando diversas vari&#225;veis em conjunto. Por exemplo, t&#234;m surgido escores derivados de estudos prospectivos que associam diversas vari&#225;veis, como o escore BOVA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>, os pacientes com escore BOVA &gt; 4 pontos apresentaram alta incid&#234;ncia cumulativa de complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao EPA (19,9%). Outro escore, TELOS, engloba dilata&#231;&#227;o do VD, troponina e lactato.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Em um estudo cl&#237;nico, os escores BOVA e TELOS classificaram a mesma propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes na categoria de risco intermedi&#225;rio-alto (5,9% e 5,7%) e com taxa de eventos adversos semelhante (18,6% e 21,1%), enquanto o algoritmo ESC 2019 classificou maior percentual de pacientes nesta categoria (12,5%; p&lt;0,001) com menor taxa de eventos (13%; p=0,18).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <label>Figura 1</label>
      <caption>
        <title>Algoritmo sugerido para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de embolia pulmonar aguda. PESI: &#237;ndice de gravidade da embolia pulmonar; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; *definido como avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica VD/VE &gt; 0,9, press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar &gt; 30 mmHg, di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do VD &gt; 30mm, dilata&#231;&#227;o do VD ou hipocinesia de parede livre do VD ou VD/VE &gt; 1,0 na APTC. <sup>&#8224;</sup> dilata&#231;&#227;o do VD (di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final &gt; 30 mm) ou di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do VD/VE &#8805; 1; hipertens&#227;o pulmonar &gt; 30 mmHg, hipocinesia da parede livre do VD; <sup>&#8225;</sup>frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca/press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (o valor deve ser inserido em um modelo); <sup>&#167;</sup>Rela&#231;&#227;o PO<sub>2</sub>/FiO<sub>2</sub> (o valor deve ser inserido em um modelo); <sup>//</sup>presen&#231;a cumulativa de troponina elevada, NT-proBNP elevado e VD/VE &#8805; 1,0.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20240075-40075-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <p>At&#233; agora, Gunes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> completaram a primeira etapa de valida&#231;&#227;o do sST2 na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de EPA. &#201; necess&#225;rio avaliar o desempenho preditivo deste biomarcador em amostras maiores e multic&#234;ntricas, incluindo essencialmente pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio, e integr&#225;-lo em algoritmos preditivos com outras vari&#225;veis.</p>
    <p>A combina&#231;&#227;o de diversas vari&#225;veis, incluindo diferentes biomarcadores, &#233; provavelmente a estrat&#233;gia mais apropriada para melhorar a estratifica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica na EPA de risco intermedi&#225;rio.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Associa&#231;&#227;o do N&#237;vel de ST2 Sol&#250;vel com Mortalidade em 6 Meses e/ou Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o Recorrente Relacionada a Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares em Embolia Pulmonar</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Focus on Intermediate-Risk Acute Pulmonary Embolism. Is the Combination of Biomarkers the Solution?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5968-4879</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Medicina de Emerg&#234;ncia, Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Carlos Henrique Miranda</bold> &#8226; Laborat&#243;rio de Biologia Vascular - Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto &#8211; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900 Anexo B. Postal Code 14049-900, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>chmiranda@fmrp.usp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Embolism</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The incidence of acute pulmonary embolism (APE) has been increasing over time throughout the world, including in Brazil. This behavior is probably secondary to the aging of the population associated with increased prevalence and better prognosis related to cancer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The clinical presentation of APE has two extremes that are easy to identify. A high-risk group, around 4% of patients, which is characterized by circulatory shock or cardiorespiratory arrest, with a high mortality rate. In this group, treatment with thrombolytics is well-established.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>At the other extreme, there is the low-risk group, around 40% of patients, which is characterized by a Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index (PESI) score &#8804; 2 and the absence of right ventricular (RV) dilation assessed by echocardiography or computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA), with a reduced mortality rate. In this group, anticoagulants, such as enoxaparin or direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs), are sufficient. Early hospital discharge or even outpatient treatment can be considered for these patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>However, the greatest challenge in clinical practice is the management of intermediate-risk patients, who are between these two extremes. This profile corresponds to most patients with APE, observed in approximately 56% of them. This group is highly heterogeneous, and a percentage of them have a high probability of clinical deterioration, behaving more closely to high-risk patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Several biomarkers and imaging tests have been used to improve risk stratification in this intermediate group. Troponin I or T is the most used biomarker for this purpose. The 2019 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guideline recommends using troponin within a decision-making algorithm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Patients with an elevation of this biomarker associated with RV dilation are reclassified as intermediate-high risk. However, this recommendation was based on expert opinions. Most of the studies did not use ultrasensitive troponin assays, and its cut-off point was not standardized.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and the N-terminal fraction of pro-BNP (NT-proBNP) can also be used in this setting. A meta-analysis of five more recent studies showed that an NT-proBNP greater than 1000 &#961;g/ml increased the risk of clinical deterioration. However, this marker was not evaluated within a decision-making algorithm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Plasma lactate, widely used in patients with sepsis, also showed good predictive accuracy in patients with APE to determine the short term prognosis. Adding lactate measurement to the ESC-2019 algorithm, patients classified as an intermediate-high risk with venous lactate &#8805; 3.3 mmol/L had a prevalence of adverse events of 27.5% compared to 6.8% in those with lactate &lt; 3.3 mmol/L.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>RV dilation on CTPA assessed through the ratio of RV diastolic diameter to left ventricular diastolic diameter (cut-off value of 0.9 or 1.0) is a prognostic marker, as well as RV dilation, hypokinesia of the RV free wall, and the presence of pulmonary hypertension on echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Within this context, Gunes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> showed in their study that the soluble form of an interleukin-33 receptor called sST2 had good accuracy (79.8%) in predicting the occurrence of death within six months and recurrent hospitalization in patients with APE. These investigators included a convenience sample of 100 patients admitted to their emergency department. Like the vast majority of other studies that evaluated biomarkers in EPA, they studied the performance of this biomarker independently of the initial prognostic classification of these patients. The validation of these biomarkers would need to be performed within a selected sample of intermediate-risk patients, excluding low and high-risk patients. The greatest challenge in clinical practice is precisely defining the prognosis in intermediate-risk patients.</p>
      <p>Despite several investigations showing that these markers are independent predictors of worse clinical outcomes, their isolated prognosis predictive performance was unsatisfactory. All these biomarkers showed a low positive predictive value.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The current recommendation is to use these biomarkers within predictive algorithms, considering several variables together. For example, scores derived from prospective studies have been emerging, and they associate several variables, such as the BOVA score.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref> Patients with a BOVA score &gt; 4 points had a high cumulative incidence of APE-related complications (19.9%). Another score, TELOS, encompasses RV dilation, troponin, and lactate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In a clinical study, the BOVA and TELOS score classified the same proportion of patients in the intermediate-high risk category (5.9% and 5.7%) and with a similar adverse event rate (18.6% and 21.1%), while the ESC 2019 algorithm classified a higher percentage of patients in this category (12.5%; p&lt;0.001) with a lower event rate (13%; p=0.18).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Algorithm suggested for acute pulmonary embolism points risk stratification. PESI: Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index; RV: right ventricle; SBP: systolic blood pressure; *defined as echocardiographic assessment RV/LV&gt;0.9, systolic pulmonary artery pressure &gt; 30 mmHg, RV end-diastolic diameter&gt;30mm, RV dilation or RV free-wall hypokinesis or RV/LV&gt;1.0 on CTPA. <sup>&#8224;</sup> RV dilatation (end-diastolic diameter &gt; 30 mm) or RV/LV end-diastolic diameter &#8805; 1; pulmonary hypertension &gt; 30 mmHg, hypokinesis of the RV free wall; <sup>&#8225;</sup>heart rate/ systolic blood pressure (the value is included in a model); <sup>&#167;</sup> PO2/FiO2 ratio (the value is included in a model); <sup>//</sup> cumulative presence of elevated troponin, elevated NT-proBNP and RV/LV&#8805;1.0.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20240075-40075-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      <p>So far, Gunes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> have completed the first step of validating the sST2 in APE risk stratification. It is necessary to evaluate the predictive performance of this biomarker in larger and multicenter samples, including essentially intermediate-risk patients, and integrate it within predictive algorithms with other variables.</p>
      <p>Combining several variables, including different biomarkers, is probably the best strategy to improve the prognostic stratification in intermediate-risk APE.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Association of soluble ST2 Level with 6-month Mortality and/or Recurrent Cardiovascular-Related Hospitalization in Pulmonary Embolism</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
