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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">SDs7djXV7DzqGxNpPgmwnqF</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000201301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240063</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Posicionamento</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Posicionamento da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre o Uso de Dispositivos Eletr&#244;nicos para Fumar &#8211; 2024</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4139-8516</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scholz</surname>
            <given-names>Jaqueline R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8214-5734</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Malta</surname>
            <given-names>Deborah Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6720-8151</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fagundes</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Aur&#233;lio de Paiva</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pavanello</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-7146-0025</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bredt</surname>
            <given-names>Gerson Luiz</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rio de Seixas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto D&#8217;Or de Pesquisa e Ensino</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto D&#8217;Or de Pesquisa e Ensino (IDOR), Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia (UNB), Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital DFStar</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital DFStar, RedeDO'r, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>6</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>7</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paran&#225;</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Cascavel</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paran&#225; (UNIOESTE), Cascavel, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>8</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Baiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Escola Baiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Marechal C&#226;mara, 360/330 &#8211; Centro &#8211; Rio de Janeiro &#8211; CEP: <postal-code>20020-907</postal-code>. E-mail: <email>diretrizes@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240063</elocation-id>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Realiza&#231;&#227;o:</title>
        <kwd>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC)</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="48"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <table-wrap id="t1">
      <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
        <colgroup width="50%">
          <col/>
          <col/>
        </colgroup>
        <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
          <tr>
            <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2">Posicionamento da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre o Uso de Dispositivos Eletr&#244;nicos para Fumar &#8211; 2024</th>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2">O relat&#243;rio abaixo lista as declara&#231;&#245;es de interesse conforme relatadas &#224; SBC pelos especialistas durante o per&#237;odo de desenvolvimento deste posicionamento, 2023/2024.</th>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <th valign="middle" align="left">Especialista</th>
            <th valign="middle" align="left">Tipo de relacionamento com a ind&#250;stria</th>
          </tr>
        </thead>
        <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
          <tr>
            <td valign="middle" align="left">Antonio Aur&#233;lio de Paiva Fagundes J&#250;nior</td>
            <td valign="middle" align="left">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p></list-item><list-item><p>&#8211; Novartis, Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, Merck Sharp &amp; Dohme.</p></list-item><list-item><p>B - Financiamento de pesquisas sob sua responsabilidade direta/pessoal (direcionado ao departamento ou institui&#231;&#227;o) provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p></list-item><list-item><p>&#8211; Eli Lilly and Company.</p><p>Outros relacionamentos</p><p>Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p></list-item><list-item><p>&#8211; AstraZeneca, Merck Sharp &amp; Dohme, Novartis.</p></list-item></list></td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td valign="middle" align="left">Deborah Carvalho Malta</td>
            <td valign="middle" align="left">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td valign="middle" align="left">Gerson Luiz Bredt J&#250;nior</td>
            <td valign="middle" align="left">Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira <list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p></list-item><list-item><p>&#8211; Novartis: Entresto; Pfizer: Eliquis; Daichii Sankyo: Lixiana; AstraZeneca: Forxiga.</p><p>Outros relacionamentos</p><p>Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p></list-item><list-item><p>&#8211; Novo Nordisk: Ozempic.</p><p>Participa&#231;&#227;o em &#243;rg&#227;os governamentais de regula&#231;&#227;o, ou de defesa de direitos na &#225;rea de cardiologia:</p></list-item><list-item><p>&#8211; C&#226;mara T&#233;cnica de Cardiologia do Conselho Federal de Medicina (CFM).</p></list-item></list></td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td valign="middle" align="left">Jaqueline R. Scholz</td>
            <td valign="middle" align="left">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td valign="middle" align="left">M&#225;rio de Seixas Rocha</td>
            <td valign="middle" align="left">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
          <tr>
            <td valign="middle" align="left">Ricardo Pavanello</td>
            <td valign="middle" align="left">Nada a ser declarado</td>
          </tr>
        </tbody>
      </table>
    </table-wrap>
    <fig id="f2">
      <caption>
        <title>10 Raz&#245;es para manter a proibi&#231;&#227;o dos DEFs</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20240063-40063-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <p>A Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC) manifesta sua preocupa&#231;&#227;o diante do atual debate acerca dos Dispositivos Eletr&#244;nicos para Fumar (DEFs), comumente conhecidos como vapes. Embora sua proibi&#231;&#227;o tenha sido estabelecida em 2009 e posteriormente ratificada pela Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Vigil&#226;ncia Sanit&#225;ria (ANVISA) em 2022, observa-se que a discuss&#227;o sobre a comercializa&#231;&#227;o, a importa&#231;&#227;o e a publicidade desses dispositivos foram reavivadas em 2023 no &#226;mbito do Senado Federal.</p>
    <p>As alega&#231;&#245;es da ind&#250;stria do tabaco, que promove os DEFs como uma alternativa de menor risco &#224; sa&#250;de ou para a redu&#231;&#227;o no consumo de cigarros convencionais, carecem de respaldo em estudos consistentes que comprovem tal teoria. Ao contr&#225;rio, as evid&#234;ncias revelam a presen&#231;a de componentes qu&#237;micos prejudiciais &#224; sa&#250;de nos DEFs, resultando em um aumento progressivo nas hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es associadas aos danos pulmonares decorrentes de seu uso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, as subst&#226;ncias presentes nesses dispositivos est&#227;o relacionadas ao desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, como infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e acidente vascular cerebral, al&#233;m de diversos outros efeitos adversos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em conformidade com a proibi&#231;&#227;o estabelecida pela ANVISA e pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS), bem como a observa&#231;&#227;o do uso desses dispositivos por jovens e n&#227;o fumantes associada &#224;s evid&#234;ncias de malef&#237;cios decorrentes de seu consumo, a SBC considera a libera&#231;&#227;o desses dispositivos prejudicial &#224; sa&#250;de da popula&#231;&#227;o. A SBC posiciona-se contrariamente &#224; libera&#231;&#227;o dos DEFs, fundamentando tal decis&#227;o em dez raz&#245;es que respaldam a manuten&#231;&#227;o de sua proibi&#231;&#227;o, apresentadas a seguir (Figura Central).</p>
    <sec>
      <title>10 Raz&#245;es para Manter a Proibi&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <sec>
        <title>1. Evid&#234;ncias insuficientes de redu&#231;&#227;o de danos entre fumantes</title>
        <p>A alega&#231;&#227;o apresentada pela ind&#250;stria do tabaco de que os DEFs s&#227;o uma alternativa de menor risco &#224; sa&#250;de para substituir os cigarros convencionais carece de confirma&#231;&#227;o. Pelo contr&#225;rio, estudos indicaram que jovens que fazem uso de cigarros eletr&#244;nicos t&#234;m menor propens&#227;o a cessar o tabagismo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, adultos fumantes que recorrem aos DEFs ou vapes exibem uma not&#225;vel inclina&#231;&#227;o para a dupla utiliza&#231;&#227;o, que envolve cigarros tanto eletr&#244;nicos quanto regulares, o que aumenta os riscos &#224; sa&#250;de (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Embora o uso dual tenha sido comum nas primeiras vers&#245;es dos DEFs, observa-se um crescente n&#250;mero de usu&#225;rios exclusivos dos DEFs nas vers&#245;es atuais que utilizam nicotina em freebase e sal de nicotina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a nicotina foi identificada em usu&#225;rios exclusivos de DEFs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A aus&#234;ncia de estudos suficientes que sustentem a tese do menor risco &#224; sa&#250;de &#233; relevante e contraposta por estudos cl&#237;nicos e observacionais que sugerem impactos significativos na sa&#250;de dos usu&#225;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Riscos &#224; sa&#250;de associados ao uso dos DEFs</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20240063-40063-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2. O cigarro eletr&#244;nico n&#227;o tem combust&#227;o, mas existem outros produtos distintos daqueles do cigarro convencional, muitos dos quais com efeitos desconhecidos na sa&#250;de humana<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></title>
        <p>Embora haja varia&#231;&#245;es nos vapes, o produto consiste em quatro partes principais: um reservat&#243;rio, um dispositivo de aquecimento, uma bateria de l&#237;tio e um bocal. No reservat&#243;rio, s&#227;o alojados a nicotina e, por vezes, os aromatizantes, os solventes e outros componentes qu&#237;micos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> A presen&#231;a de solventes e aditivos, aquecidos durante o funcionamento do dispositivo, pode originar componentes t&#243;xicos provenientes tanto dos pr&#243;prios DEFs quanto de seus l&#237;quidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os refis e os frascos de nicotina l&#237;quida de DEFs n&#227;o descart&#225;veis representam um potencial risco de intoxica&#231;&#227;o, especialmente por ingest&#227;o acidental, absor&#231;&#227;o pela mucosa oral ou contato com a pele em caso de vazamento. Os Centros de Controle e Preven&#231;&#227;o de Doen&#231;as dos Estados Unidos (CDC) registraram um significativo aumento nas chamadas para os centros de intoxica&#231;&#227;o relacionadas aos casos de envenenamento pelo l&#237;quido dos DEFs, sendo registrado at&#233; &#243;bito em crian&#231;a por ingest&#227;o acidental dos e-l&#237;quidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o descarte desses elementos representa uma s&#233;ria amea&#231;a ambiental. A quantidade de dispositivos descartados no ano de 2022 acendeu alerta das autoridades sanit&#225;rias no Reino Unido e outros pa&#237;ses da Europa, muitos dos quais pensam em banir os dispositivos descart&#225;veis de uso &#250;nico. Eles geram toneladas de lixo eletr&#244;nico com l&#237;tio e cobre presentes nas baterias e res&#237;duos dos e-l&#237;quidos, sendo esse conjunto de elementos considerado lixo t&#243;xico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Adicionalmente existem tamb&#233;m incidentes relacionados a explos&#245;es dos dispositivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Desde 2019, tanto os CDC quanto o Food and Drug Administration (FDA) t&#234;m registrado um aumento nos casos de les&#227;o pulmonar aguda grave associada ao uso de produtos de cigarro eletr&#244;nico ou vapes. Essa s&#233;ria condi&#231;&#227;o &#233; identificada como EVALI (do ingl&#234;s, e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A maioria dos pacientes diagnosticados com EVALI necessitou de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, sendo que muitos receberam cuidados intensivos e suporte respirat&#243;rio. Notavelmente, 2,3% dos casos resultaram em &#243;bito. O acetato de vitamina E, um aditivo ocasionalmente utilizado em produtos contendo tetra-hidrocanabinol (THC), est&#225; significativamente associado ao surto de EVALI. No entanto, as evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis n&#227;o s&#227;o suficientes para descartar a contribui&#231;&#227;o de outros produtos qu&#237;micos preocupantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3. Vape um novo fator de risco para as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares</title>
        <p>Diversas pesquisas indicam uma rela&#231;&#227;o direta entre o uso de cigarros eletr&#244;nicos e o incremento no risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> A presen&#231;a de nicotina nos dispositivos est&#225; vinculada a aumento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial e intensifica&#231;&#227;o do estresse oxidativo. Al&#233;m disso, o consumo regular de DEFs est&#225; associado a inflama&#231;&#227;o, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, les&#245;es vasculares e desenvolvimento de aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>N&#227;o apenas isso, os cigarros eletr&#244;nicos tamb&#233;m demonstram uma rela&#231;&#227;o com o aumento da probabilidade de ocorr&#234;ncia de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Indiv&#237;duos que fazem uso habitual desses dispositivos apresentam uma probabilidade 1,79 vez maior de sofrer um infarto em compara&#231;&#227;o com n&#227;o fumantes, conforme evidenciado em estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4. Preju&#237;zos &#224; sa&#250;de populacional</title>
        <p>A comercializa&#231;&#227;o e o consumo de DEFs representam uma quest&#227;o de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica devido ao impacto que exercem tanto sobre fumantes quanto n&#227;o fumantes. Pesquisa aponta que os usu&#225;rios de cigarros eletr&#244;nicos apresentam uma menor probabilidade de cessar o tabagismo de maneira volunt&#225;ria, devido &#224; significativa capacidade desses dispositivos em induzir depend&#234;ncia de nicotina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>&#201; crucial salientar a exist&#234;ncia de usu&#225;rios de DEFs que fazem uso simult&#226;neo de cigarros convencionais, o que pode acarretar um aumento substancial no risco de desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
        <p>Adicionalmente, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a diminui&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de cigarros consumidos e a redu&#231;&#227;o do risco &#224; sa&#250;de n&#227;o segue uma trajet&#243;ria linear.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Mesmo exposi&#231;&#245;es a n&#237;veis reduzidos podem desencadear doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Um estudo de caso mediu biomarcadores na urina, na saliva e no cabelo de uma fam&#237;lia consistindo de uma gestante n&#227;o fumante, seu c&#244;njuge usu&#225;rio de cigarro eletr&#244;nico e um filho do casal de 3 anos de idade. Foram identificadas elevadas concentra&#231;&#245;es de cotinina (metab&#243;lito da nicotina) e n&#237;veis significativos de metais como alum&#237;nio (associado ao enfisema pulmonar), cromo (relacionado ao c&#226;ncer de pulm&#227;o), n&#237;quel (associado ao c&#226;ncer de pulm&#227;o e seio nasal) e cobre (causador de danos ao f&#237;gado, rins e pulm&#245;es).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> No leite materno de usu&#225;rias, foram detectadas concentra&#231;&#245;es elevadas de glicerol, respons&#225;vel por danos pulmonares e cardiovasculares, al&#233;m de cotinina em n&#237;veis altos, assemelhando-se ao efeito da exposi&#231;&#227;o do beb&#234; ao cigarro eletr&#244;nico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>5. Descumprimento das obriga&#231;&#245;es internacionais pelo Brasil</title>
        <p>A introdu&#231;&#227;o de novos DEFs tem conferido &#224; ind&#250;stria um espa&#231;o renovado nas discuss&#245;es. A Associa&#231;&#227;o da Ind&#250;stria do Tabaco do Brasil j&#225; manifestou seu apoio &#224; regulamenta&#231;&#227;o, reconhecendo que a entrada de novos dispositivos no mercado &#233; de seu interesse econ&#244;mico, mesmo quando sujeitos a regula&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>&#201; fundamental recordar que o Brasil, na qualidade de signat&#225;rio da Conven&#231;&#227;o-Quadro para o Controle do Tabaco da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (CQCT-OMS), est&#225; compelido, conforme disposto no artigo 5.3, a desenvolver pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas de controle do tabaco resguardadas contra influ&#234;ncias comerciais da ind&#250;stria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> A narrativa que a ind&#250;stria est&#225; construindo, sugerindo uma busca pela redu&#231;&#227;o de danos, n&#227;o &#233; uma novidade, bastando recordar os cigarros &#8216;light&#8217;,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> supostamente causadores de menos danos. Isso constitui meramente uma estrat&#233;gia da ind&#250;stria para assegurar sua perman&#234;ncia no mercado.</p>
        <p>Portanto, &#233; imperativo que o governo brasileiro esteja atento ao cumprimento de suas responsabilidades internacionais quanto ao controle do tabaco e n&#227;o adote uma postura leniente em rela&#231;&#227;o a essa pr&#225;tica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>6. Desafios para o cumprimento de medidas de regula&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A promulga&#231;&#227;o da Lei Antifumo no Brasil gerou significativas mudan&#231;as culturais, em especial no que se refere aos ambientes isentos de tabaco, os quais, atualmente, s&#227;o respeitados por uma parcela consider&#225;vel da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. O fumo em locais como avi&#245;es, restaurantes e outros espa&#231;os coletivos fechados n&#227;o &#233; mais socialmente aceito. N&#227;o obstante, &#233; crucial compreender que a exist&#234;ncia da Lei Antifumo representa um caminho a ser percorrido, mas n&#227;o constitui uma solu&#231;&#227;o integral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O Brasil enfrenta desafios decorrentes da escassez de recursos e da falta de uma fiscaliza&#231;&#227;o efetiva. No presente momento, a fiscaliza&#231;&#227;o dos DEFs (vapes) &#233; relativamente simples, uma vez que todos os produtos dessa natureza s&#227;o proibidos. Contudo, com a eventual introdu&#231;&#227;o oficial de novos produtos no mercado, a regulamenta&#231;&#227;o do com&#233;rcio legal e o combate &#224; falsifica&#231;&#227;o, ao descaminho e ao contrabando tornar-se-&#227;o t&#227;o ou mais complexos do que os associados ao cigarro convencional. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; necess&#225;rio promover uma mudan&#231;a cultural, em especial em rela&#231;&#227;o ao cigarro eletr&#244;nico, que, atualmente, contraria as conquistas alcan&#231;adas no contexto do tabaco tradicional.</p>
        <p>O Brasil tem desempenhado um papel exemplar na luta contra o tabagismo em &#226;mbito global e as d&#233;cadas de esfor&#231;os resultaram em uma clara redu&#231;&#227;o no consumo de tabaco, proporcionando benef&#237;cios evidentes para os indiv&#237;duos e a sociedade em geral. A proibi&#231;&#227;o dos cigarros eletr&#244;nicos mant&#233;m a coer&#234;ncia de uma pol&#237;tica voltada para preservar a sa&#250;de em n&#237;vel tanto individual quanto coletivo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>7. Recursos para controle do tabaco em risco</title>
        <p>A regulamenta&#231;&#227;o dos novos produtos implicaria um &#244;nus adicional para o or&#231;amento da sa&#250;de, que j&#225; enfrenta restri&#231;&#245;es significativas devido a diversas prioridades. Esse desafio abrange n&#227;o apenas recursos financeiros, mas tamb&#233;m humanos, que atualmente se mostram insuficientes para supervisionar tanto o uso quanto a comercializa&#231;&#227;o do cigarro convencional, bem como para desenvolver pol&#237;ticas eficazes de cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo no &#226;mbito do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS).</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, a aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e a aten&#231;&#227;o especializada enfrentam o desafio do tratamento de todas as enfermidades associadas ao consumo de produtos fum&#237;genos, o que sobrecarrega as filas de atendimento. Considerando a insufici&#234;ncia de recursos na sa&#250;de para tratar o tabagismo e suas ramifica&#231;&#245;es, seria um equ&#237;voco permitir a circula&#231;&#227;o de outro produto t&#227;o prejudicial, o que certamente acarretaria um aumento nos custos com sa&#250;de no pa&#237;s. Um estudo conduzido em 2011 no Brasil concluiu que o custo para tratar diversas doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas decorrentes do tabagismo, no &#226;mbito do SUS, totalizou 23,37 bilh&#245;es de reais, equivalente a 0,5% do Produto Interno Bruto e quatro vezes o montante dos impostos federais arrecadados do setor tabaco naquele ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Esse custo tende a aumentar com a expans&#227;o do consumo de vapes. Como a maioria dos usu&#225;rios &#233; jovem, o que favorece o apelo da ind&#250;stria por uma falsa percep&#231;&#227;o de seguran&#231;a, estudos de curto prazo reafirmam os efeitos agudos cardiovasculares, pulmonares e cerebrovasculares e o fardo sobre o sistema de sa&#250;de certamente vir&#225; em algumas d&#233;cadas. A cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo, inquestionavelmente, representa a estrat&#233;gia mais custo-efetiva e o Brasil disp&#245;e de um programa de tratamento eficaz, gratuito e acess&#237;vel para a interrup&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>8. Diferen&#231;a econ&#244;mica e riscos associados na compara&#231;&#227;o entre Brasil e outros pa&#237;ses</title>
        <p>Comumente, a ind&#250;stria dos DEFs cita pa&#237;ses em que a comercializa&#231;&#227;o do produto &#233; liberada com o objetivo de obter sua libera&#231;&#227;o no Brasil, como um exemplo a ser seguido. Contudo, mesmo em na&#231;&#245;es com um aparato legal e regulat&#243;rio mais robusto, como Estados Unidos, Austr&#225;lia, Reino Unido, Nova Zel&#226;ndia e Fran&#231;a, as legisla&#231;&#245;es referentes aos cigarros eletr&#244;nicos est&#227;o sendo revisadas devido ao expressivo aumento no uso de vapes entre jovens, crian&#231;as e adolescentes, com incid&#234;ncia em escolas de ensino fundamental.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Portanto, &#233; imprudente que o Brasil presuma que, sem as condi&#231;&#245;es adequadas para garantir a aplica&#231;&#227;o integral da Lei Antifumo, seria capaz de controlar o consumo desenfreado de DEFs, expondo a popula&#231;&#227;o jovem aos comprovados malef&#237;cios desses produtos.</p>
        <p>A ind&#250;stria do tabaco est&#225; realizando investimentos substanciais na produ&#231;&#227;o de vapes, transformando-os em um lucrativo empreendimento para as empresas internacionais do setor, que atualmente totalizam 466 marcas no mercado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o produto vem sendo aperfei&#231;oado ao longo do tempo, oferecendo capacidade de maior oferta volum&#233;trica dos e-l&#237;quidos nos tanques, maior concentra&#231;&#227;o de nicotina e redu&#231;&#227;o nos pre&#231;os, favorecendo ainda mais o consumo e a adi&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>9. Prolifera&#231;&#227;o dos DEFs entre jovens e n&#227;o fumantes</title>
        <p>Apesar da exposi&#231;&#227;o ilegal, os adolescentes continuam a ser altamente suscet&#237;veis aos DEFs. A Global Youth Tobacco Survey evidencia um aumento epid&#234;mico no consumo de cigarros eletr&#244;nicos, que chega a ser tr&#234;s vezes superior entre adolescentes na mesma faixa et&#225;ria considerando pa&#237;ses em que a comercializa&#231;&#227;o &#233; permitida em compara&#231;&#227;o a pa&#237;ses com o banimento da comercializa&#231;&#227;o, como Brasil e Tail&#226;ndia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A Pesquisa Nacional de Sa&#250;de dos Escolares,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> conduzida pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica e abrangendo 159.245 estudantes brasileiros, revela que a experimenta&#231;&#227;o de cigarro eletr&#244;nico em algum momento da vida entre escolares de 13 a 17 anos atingiu 16,8% (IC95% 16,2-17,4), sendo que 3,6% (IC95% 3,3-4,0) utilizaram nos &#250;ltimos 30 dias. Vale ressaltar que o uso de qualquer produto relacionado ao tabaco, englobando cigarros convencionais, vapes e outros, aumentou de 9% em 2015 para 12% em 2019 entre adolescentes. Portanto, ap&#243;s duas d&#233;cadas de decl&#237;nio, a tend&#234;ncia entre adolescentes est&#225; se revertendo, influenciada pelo uso de produtos como vapes e narguil&#233;, conforme evidenciado pela Pesquisa Nacional de Sa&#250;de dos Escolares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> Segundo a pesquisa Covitel 2023, um em cada quatro jovens entre 18 e 24 anos j&#225; experimentou cigarros eletr&#244;nicos, sendo seu uso 40 vezes mais comum na popula&#231;&#227;o abaixo dos 40 anos, mesmo com a venda proibida no pa&#237;s. Entre os usu&#225;rios de cigarros eletr&#244;nicos de 15 a 24 anos, 63% nunca experimentaram cigarro convencional, indicando que os DEFs t&#234;m se tornado a forma de inicia&#231;&#227;o ao fumo na juventude.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Mesmo sob regulamenta&#231;&#227;o, a permiss&#227;o da venda de DEFs apenas ampliaria as oportunidades de seu consumo entre os jovens, uma vez que o acesso seria facilitado. Al&#233;m disso essa regulamenta&#231;&#227;o promoveria a falsa ilus&#227;o de um produto menos nocivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> O amplo com&#233;rcio, aliado &#224; limitada capacidade de fiscaliza&#231;&#227;o, poderia proporcionar aos menores de idade mais chances de iniciar ou manter seu v&#237;cio desde cedo, evidenciando os riscos associados &#224; libera&#231;&#227;o do consumo de DEFs no pa&#237;s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>10. Princ&#237;pio da precau&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Diante das evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis, considerando a natureza dos riscos vinculados ao uso dos novos DEFs, seu elevado potencial para adi&#231;&#227;o e a incapacidade de implementa&#231;&#227;o eficaz de medidas fiscalizat&#243;rias, bem como a falta de recursos destinados a tratar as consequ&#234;ncias do consumo desses novos produtos, torna-se imperativo manter sua proibi&#231;&#227;o no Brasil. Isso visa prevenir uma potencial nova epidemia de consumo de vapes ou agravamento da atual.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Com base no exposto, a SBC manifesta veementemente sua oposi&#231;&#227;o a qualquer regulamenta&#231;&#227;o de comercializa&#231;&#227;o dos DEFs, independentemente de sua modalidade.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p><bold>Conselho de Normatiza&#231;&#245;es e Diretrizes respons&#225;vel:</bold> Carisi Anne Polanczyk, Humberto Graner Moreira, M&#225;rio de Seixas Rocha (Coordenador), Jose Airton de Arruda, Pedro Gabriel Melo de Barros e Silva &#8211; Gest&#227;o 2022-2024</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p><bold>Nota:</bold> Estes posicionamentos se prestam a informar e n&#227;o a substituir o julgamento cl&#237;nico do m&#233;dico que, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, deve determinar o tratamento apropriado para seus pacientes.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Realiza&#231;&#227;o: Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC)</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Position Statement</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Brazilian Society of Cardiology Position Statement on the Use of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems &#8211; 2024</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4139-8516</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scholz</surname>
            <given-names>Jaqueline R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8214-5734</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Malta</surname>
            <given-names>Deborah Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6720-8151</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fagundes</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Aur&#233;lio de Paiva</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pavanello</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-7146-0025</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bredt</surname>
            <given-names>Gerson Luiz</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rio de Seixas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff9">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff10">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff11">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto D&#8217;Or de Pesquisa e Ensino</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto D&#8217;Or de Pesquisa e Ensino (IDOR), Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff12">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia (UNB), Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff13">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital DFStar</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital DFStar, RedeDO'r, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff14">
          <label>6</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff15">
          <label>7</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paran&#225;</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Cascavel</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paran&#225; (UNIOESTE), Cascavel, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff16">
          <label>8</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Baiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Escola Baiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Correspondence:</bold> Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Marechal C&#226;mara, 360/330 &#8211; Centro &#8211; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil &#8211; Posta Code <postal-code>20020-907</postal-code>. E-mail: <email>diretrizes@cardiol.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Development:</title>
        <kwd>Brazilian Society of Cardiology (Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; SBC)</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="50%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2">Brazilian Society of Cardiology Position Statement on the Use of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems &#8211; 2024</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2">The report below lists declarations of interest as reported to the SBC by the experts during the period of the development of these statement, 2023/2024.</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th valign="middle" align="left">Expert</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="left">Type of relationship with industry</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Antonio Aur&#233;lio de Paiva Fagundes J&#250;nior</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Financial declaration <list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:- Novartis, Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, Merck Sharp &amp; Dohme.</p></list-item><list-item><p>B - Research funding under your direct/personal responsibility (directed to the department or institution) from the Brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>- Eli Lilly and Company.</p><p>Other relationships</p><p>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p></list-item><list-item><p>- AstraZeneca, Merck Sharp &amp; Dohme, Novartis.</p></list-item></list></list-item></list></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Deborah Carvalho Malta</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Gerson Luiz Bredt J&#250;nior</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Financial declaration <list list-type="simple"><list-item><p>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p></list-item><list-item><p>- Novartis: Entresto; Pfizer: Eliquis; Daichii Sankyo: Lixiana; AstraZeneca: Forxiga.</p><p>Other relationships</p><p>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p></list-item><list-item><p>- Novo Nordisk: Ozempic.</p><p>Participation in government-related regulatory authorities or advocacy authorities in cardiology:</p></list-item><list-item><p>- Cardiology Technical Chamber of the Federal Council of Medicine (In portuguese: Conselho Federal de Medicina - CFM)</p></list-item></list></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Jaqueline R. Scholz</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">M&#225;rio de Seixas Rocha</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Ricardo Pavanello</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Nothing to be declared</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f3">
        <caption>
          <title>10 Reasons for supporting prohibition on ENDS</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20240063-40063-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      <p>The Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC) manifests its concern about the current debate on Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS), commonly known as vapes. Although their prohibition in Brazil was established in 2009 and later confirmed by the Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) in 2022, the discussion on the sales, importation, and advertising of those devices was revived in 2023 in the Brazilian Federal Senate.</p>
      <p>The claims by the tobacco industry that, as compared to conventional cigarettes, ENDS are an alternative of lower health risk or reduce the consumption of conventional cigarettes have not been supported by consistent studies. On the contrary, there is evidence that ENDS contain harmful chemical components, which results in a progressive increase in the number of hospitalizations related to lung damage due to their use.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In addition, substances present in those devices are related to the development of cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction and stroke, as well as to several other adverse effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In accordance with the prohibition of ENDS by the ANVISA and the World Health Organization (WHO), in addition to their well-known use by young individuals and non-smokers compounded by the evidence of harm due to their consumption, the SBC considers the legalization of ENDS harmful to the population's health. Thus, the SBC opposes their legalization and has based the decision on maintaining ENDS prohibition on the following ten reasons (Central Illustrantion).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>10 Reasons for Supporting Prohibition</title>
        <sec>
          <title>1. Insufficient evidence to support harm reduction among smokers</title>
          <p>The allegation by the tobacco industry that ENDS are a lower health-risk alternative to replace conventional cigarettes still lacks confirmation. On the contrary, some studies have indicated that young users of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are less likely to quit smoking.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In addition, adult smokers who resort to ENDS or vapes have a remarkable tendency to dual use, which involves both e-cigarettes and regular cigarettes, thus, increasing health risks (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Although dual use was common with the first versions of ENDS, a growing number of exclusive ENDS users has been observed with the current versions that contain freebase nicotine and nicotine salt.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Furthermore, nicotine has been identified in exclusive ENDS users.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The absence of sufficient studies to support the thesis of lower health risk is relevant and compounded by clinical and observational studies that suggest significant impacts on the users&#8217; health.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Risks to health associated with ENDS use</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20240063-40063-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>2. E-cigarettes involve no combustion, but contain other products different from those of conventional cigarettes, many of which with unknown effects on human health<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></title>
          <p>Although vapes vary, they consist of four major parts: a reservoir or cartridge, a heating element, a lithium battery, and a mouthpiece. The reservoir contains nicotine and, sometimes, flavorings, solvents, and other chemicals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> The presence of solvents and additives, heated during the vaping process, might originate toxic components from both the ENDS and their liquids.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The refills and liquid nicotine bottles of non-disposable ENDS represent a potential risk of intoxication, especially through accidental ingestion, absorption through the oral mucosa, or contact with skin in case of leakage. The North American Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have registered a significant increase in the number of calls to intoxication centers related to poisoning with the ENDS liquids, and even child death due to accidental ingestion of e-liquids.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> In addition, the disposal of those elements is a serious environmental hazard. The number of devices discarded in 2022 raised an alert among the sanitary authorities of the United Kingdom and other European countries, many of which even consider banning single-use disposable devices. The devices generate tons of electronic waste with lithium and copper, present in the batteries, and residues from the e-liquids, and this set of elements is considered toxic waste.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Furthermore, incidents related to the explosion of ENDS have been reported.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Since 2019, both the CDC and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have identified an increase in the number of cases of severe acute pulmonary damage associated with the use of e-cigarettes or vapes. This severe condition is known as &#8216;e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury&#8217; (EVALI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Most patients diagnosed with EVALI have required hospitalization and many have received intensive care and respiratory support. It is worth noting that 2.3% of the cases have resulted in death. Vitamin E acetate, an additive occasionally used in tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-containing products, is significantly associated with the EVALI outbreak. However, the evidence available is not sufficient to rule out the contribution of other chemicals of concern.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>3. Vape &#8211; a new risk factor for cardiovascular diseases</title>
          <p>Several studies have indicated a direct relationship between the use of e-cigarettes and the increase in cardiovascular risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> The presence of nicotine in the devices is linked to an increase in heart rate and in blood pressure, as well as oxidative stress intensification. In addition, the regular consumption of nicotine is associated with inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, vascular lesions, and development of atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Not only that, but e-cigarettes have shown to be related to an increased likelihood of myocardial infarction. Individuals who use those devices regularly are 1.79 time more likely to have an infarction as compared to non-smokers, as evidenced by some studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>4. Harm to population health</title>
          <p>The sales and consumption of ENDS represent a public health issue because of their impact on both smokers and non-smokers. A study has shown that e-cigarette users are less likely to quit smoking willingly because those devices significantly induce nicotine dependence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
          <p>It is crucial to emphasize the existence of individuals using simultaneously ENDS and conventional cigarettes, which can substantially increase their risk for cardiovascular diseases.</p>
          <p>In addition, the relationship between the reduction in the number of cigarettes consumed and the reduction in health risk does not follow a linear trajectory.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Even the exposure to reduced levels can trigger cardiovascular diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> A case study has measured biomarkers in the urine, hair, and saliva of a family unit consisting of an e-cigarette-user, a pregnant non-smoker, and their 3-year-old child. That study has shown elevated concentrations of cotinine (a nicotine metabolite) and significant levels of metals, such as aluminum (associated with pulmonary emphysema), chrome (related to lung cancer), nickel (associated with lung and nasal sinus cancer), and copper (harmful to the liver, kidneys, and lungs).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> The breast milk of users has shown elevated concentrations of glycerol, responsible for pulmonary and cardiovascular injuries, as well as high levels of cotinine, similarly to the effect of the baby's exposure to e-cigarette.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>5. Brazil's non-compliance with international obligations</title>
          <p>The introduction of new ENDS has provided the tobacco industry with a renewed space in the discussions. The Brazilian Tobacco Industry Association has manifested its support to regulation, recognizing that the entry of new devices in the market is of its economic interest even when subjected to regulations.</p>
          <p>It is fundamental to recall that Brazil, as a signatory of the WHO's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), is compelled, as stated in Article 5.3, to develop public policies for tobacco control protected against the industry's commercial influences.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> The tobacco industry's narrative, which suggests they are searching for tobacco harm reduction, is not new, just to remember the &#8216;light&#8217; cigarettes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> claimed by that industry to be less harmful. That is simply an industry strategy to ensure its permanence in the marketplace.</p>
          <p>Thus, it is imperative that the Brazilian government be attentive to comply with its international responsibilities for tobacco control and not adopt a lenient attitude toward it.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6. Challenges for complying with regulatory measures</title>
          <p>Enactment of the Anti-smoking Law in Brazil has caused significant cultural changes, especially regarding the smoke-free environments, currently respected by a significant part of the Brazilian population. Smoking in places, such as airplanes, restaurants, and other enclosed spaces, is no longer socially accepted. However, it is crucial to understand that the Anti-smoking Law represents a path to be travelled, not a complete solution.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Brazil faces challenges due to the scarcity of resources and ineffective law enforcement. At the moment, ensuring law enforcement on ENDS should be relatively simple, because all such products are forbidden. However, with the occasional official introduction of new products in the marketplace, the regulation of legal sales, as well as fighting counterfeiting and smuggling, would become as complex as or even more complex than those associated with conventional cigarettes. In addition, it is necessary to promote a cultural change, especially regarding e-cigarettes, which currently challenge the achievements in the context of traditional tobacco.</p>
          <p>Brazil has played an exemplary role in the fight against smoking in the global context and the decades of struggle have resulted in a clear reduction in tobacco consumption, yielding evident benefits for individuals and society in general. Prohibiting e-cigarettes maintains the coherence of a policy to preserve health at both individual and collective levels.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>7. Resources for tobacco control at risk</title>
          <p>The regulation of new products would burden the health budget, which already faces significant restrictions due to other priorities. This challenge involves not only financial resources, but human as well, which are currently insufficient to ensure control of both the use and the sale of conventional cigarettes, as well as to develop effective policies for smoking cessation at the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) level.</p>
          <p>Furthermore, primary and specialized healthcare faces the challenge of treating all diseases associated with the use of tobacco products, which overloads the waiting lists for healthcare. Considering the scarcity of health resources to treat smoking addiction and its consequences, it would be a mistake to allow the entry of another harmful product that would certainly increase healthcare costs in Brazil. A study conducted in 2011 in Brazil concluded that the cost of treating, in the SUS, several chronic diseases due to tobacco use added up to 23.37 billion reais, equivalent to 0.5% of the gross domestic product and four times the amount of the federal taxes collected from the tobacco sector in that year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> That cost tends to increase with the expansion of the use of vapes. Considering that most vape users are young, which favors the industry's appeal due to a false perception of safety, short-term studies have confirmed the acute cardiovascular, pulmonary, and cerebrovascular effects, and the consequent burden on the healthcare system will certainly be evidenced in a few decades. Smoking cessation, undoubtedly, represents the best cost-effective strategy and Brazil has an effective, free, and accessible treatment program for smoking cessation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>8. Economic differences and associated risks in comparing Brazil to other countries</title>
          <p>Commonly, the ENDS industry cites countries where the sales of those products are permitted aiming at convincing Brazil to allow them, as an example to be followed. However, even in nations with a more robust legal and regulatory apparatus, such as the United States, Australia, United Kingdom, New Zealand, and France, the legislation on e-cigarettes is being reviewed because of the significant increase in the use of vapes among young individuals, children, and adolescents, including in elementary schools.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Thus, it would be reckless to assume that, without the proper conditions to ensure the total Anti-smoking Law enforcement, Brazil could control the unrestrained consumption of ENDS, and this exposes its young population to the proven harm of those products.</p>
          <p>The tobacco industry is investing substantially in the production of vapes, transforming them into a profitable product for the international companies in the sector, which currently add up to 466 brands in the marketplace.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> In addition, the product has been improved over time, with greater e-liquid volume capacity in the tanks, higher nicotine concentration, and price reduction, favoring consumption and addiction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>9. Proliferation of ENDS use among young individuals and non-smokers</title>
          <p>Despite the illegal exposure, adolescents remain highly susceptible to ENDS. The Global Youth Tobacco Survey has evidenced an epidemic increase in the consumption of e-cigarettes, which tends to be three times higher among adolescents of the same age group in countries where the ENDS sales are permitted as compared to those where the ENDS sales have been banned, such as Brazil and Thailand.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The Brazilian National Survey of Schoolchildren Health,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, involving 159 245 Brazilian schoolchildren, has shown that up to 16.8% (95% CI, 16.2-17.4) of those aged 13-17 years had experimented with e-cigarettes at a certain time, and 3.6% (95% CI, 3.3-4.0) had used it in the preceding 30 days. It is worth noting that the use of any tobacco-related product, comprising conventional cigarettes, vapes, and others, increased from 9% in 2015 to 12% in 2019 among adolescents. Thus, after two decades of decline, the trend among adolescents is reversing, influenced by products, such as vapes and waterpipes, as evidenced in the Brazilian National Survey of Schoolchildren Health.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> According to the Covitel study 2023, one in every four young individuals aged 18-24 years had already experimented with e-cigarettes, and their use was 40 times more common in the population under 40 years of age, even with their sales forbidden in Brazil. Of the users of e-cigarettes aged 15-24 years, 63% had never experimented with conventional cigarettes, indicating that ENDS have become the gateway to smoking among the youth.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Even under regulation, the permission to sell ENDS would only widen the opportunities for their consumption among youngsters, considering that their access to the product would be facilitated and the misleading conception of a less harmful product would be promoted along with its regulation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> The widespread sales, associated with the limited capacity of effective enforcement, could provide the youngsters with more chances to initiate or maintain their addiction since an early age, which evidences the risks associated with the legalization of ENDS consumption in Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>10. Precautionary principle</title>
          <p>In face of the evidence available and considering the nature of the risks related to the use of new ENDS, their high potential for addiction, and the inability to effectively implement control measures, as well as the lack of resources destined to handle the consequences from the use of new products, it is imperative to maintain their prohibition in Brazil. This is aimed at preventing a potential new epidemic of vaping or the worsening of the ongoing one.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In conclusion, the SBC strongly opposes the regulation of the sales of ENDS of all modalities.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
          <p><bold>SBC Clinical Practice Guidelines Committee:</bold> Carisi Anne Polanczyk, Humberto Graner Moreira, M&#225;rio de Seixas Rocha (Coordinator), Jose Airton de Arruda, Pedro Gabriel Melo de Barros e Silva &#8211; Period 2022-2024</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <p><bold>Note:</bold> These statements are for information purposes and should not replace the clinical judgment of a physician, who must ultimately determine the appropriate treatment for each patient.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Development: Brazilian Society of Cardiology (Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; SBC)</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
