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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">97ZHttf7gJsBwwzgwzZPbgf</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000200310</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230765</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00310</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O &#205;ndice Nutricional Progn&#243;stico est&#225; Associado ao Grau de Circula&#231;&#227;o Colateral Coronariana em Pacientes com Angina Est&#225;vel e Oclus&#227;o Total Cr&#244;nica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7516-9113</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Esenboga</surname>
            <given-names>Kerim</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kurtul</surname>
            <given-names>Alparslan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2636-4710</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yamanturk</surname>
            <given-names>Yakup Yunus</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kozluca</surname>
            <given-names>Volkan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tutar</surname>
            <given-names>Eralp</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Ankara University Faculty of Medicine</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ankara</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Ankara University Faculty of Medicine &#8211; Cardiology, Ankara &#8211; Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Mustafa Kemal University Tayfur Ata Sokmen Faculty of Medicine</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Hatay</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Mustafa Kemal University Tayfur Ata Sokmen Faculty of Medicine &#8211; Department of Cardiology, Hatay &#8211; Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Kerim Esenboga</bold> &#8226; Ankara University Faculty of Medicine &#8211; Cardiology &#8211; Iran Street E block Apartment No. 8 &#199;ankaya/Ankara <postal-code>06100</postal-code> &#8211; Turquia. E-mail: <email>kerimesenboga@yahoo.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230765</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A circula&#231;&#227;o colateral coron&#225;ria (CCC) pode efetivamente melhorar o suprimento sangu&#237;neo mioc&#225;rdico para a &#225;rea de OCT (oclus&#227;o coronariana total cr&#244;nica) e pode, assim, melhorar o progn&#243;stico de pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana est&#225;vel (SCE). O grau de inflama&#231;&#227;o e alguns marcadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o foram associados ao desenvolvimento de colaterais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Investigar se o &#237;ndice nutricional progn&#243;stico (INP) tem associa&#231;&#227;o com o desenvolvimento de CCC em pacientes com SCE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Um total de 400 pacientes com SCE com presen&#231;a de OTC em pelo menos uma importante art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica foi inclu&#237;do neste estudo. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o escore Rentrop. Escores de 0 a 1 foram considerados CCC pouco desenvolvidas e escores de 2 a 3 foram aceitos como CCC bem desenvolvidas. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida como um valor p &lt; 0,05 para todas as an&#225;lises.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A m&#233;dia de idade da coorte do estudo foi de 63&#177;10 anos; 273 (68,3%) eram do sexo masculino. O grupo CCC pouco desenvolvido apresentou um n&#237;vel de INP significativamente mais baixo em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo CCC bem desenvolvido (38,29&#177;5,58 vs 41,23&#177;3,85, p&lt;0,001). Na an&#225;lise multivariada, o INP (odds ratio 0,870; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% 0,822-0,922; p&lt;0,001) foi um preditor independente de CCC pouco desenvolvida.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O INP pode ser utilizado como um dos preditores independentes da forma&#231;&#227;o do CCC. Foi positivamente associado ao desenvolvimento de colaterais coron&#225;rias em pacientes com SCE com OTC.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Circula&#231;&#227;o Colateral</kwd>
        <kwd>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Nutricional</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="30"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <fig id="f1">
      <caption>
        <title>Resumo do desenho e resultados do estudo.</title>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230765-30765-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A circula&#231;&#227;o colateral coron&#225;ria (CCC) geralmente &#233; um mecanismo adaptativo durante a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica cr&#244;nica para fornecer fluxo sangu&#237;neo no territ&#243;rio isqu&#234;mico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O desenvolvimento da CCC pode manter o fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano at&#233; certo ponto, aliviar queixas anginosas, proporcionar preserva&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica diante de situa&#231;&#245;es agudas. isquemia, preservar a fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e melhorar a sobrevida em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana est&#225;vel (SCE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Embora os mecanismos exatos de desenvolvimento de colateraliza&#231;&#227;o coronariana em pacientes com SCE ainda sejam conflitantes e inconclusivos, v&#225;rios estudos sugerem que marcadores inflamat&#243;rios sist&#234;micos, como a rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos (NLR) e a prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR) est&#227;o associadas ao desenvolvimento de colaterais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos anteriores relataram que os estados imunol&#243;gico e nutricional est&#227;o intimamente associados ao desenvolvimento, progress&#227;o e progn&#243;stico de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Recentemente, a investiga&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice nutricional progn&#243;stico (INP) tornou-se muito popular. O INP, calculado a partir do n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de albumina e da contagem total de linf&#243;citos no sangue perif&#233;rico, &#233; um &#237;ndice que indica inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica, estado do sistema imunol&#243;gico e nutricional e tem valor progn&#243;stico em v&#225;rios tipos de c&#226;ncer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Recentemente, muitos estudos relataram que o INP est&#225; intimamente relacionado com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, e um INP mais baixo est&#225; significativamente associado ao aumento de resultados cl&#237;nicos adversos, incluindo mortalidade em pacientes com SCE, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> No entanto, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre INP e CCC ainda n&#227;o foi investigada.</p>
      <p>O objetivo do presente estudo &#233;, portanto, explorar se existe uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre o INP e o grau de desenvolvimento de CCC em pacientes com SCE.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Pacientes do estudo</title>
        <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi composta por 442 pacientes com SCE que foram submetidos &#224; angiografia coronariana (AC) e foram detectados com oclus&#227;o coronariana total (OCT) cr&#244;nica em qualquer art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria no per&#237;odo de maio de 2017 a maio de 2021. A AC foi realizada para investigar doen&#231;a arterial coronariana oclusiva com base em dados cl&#237;nicos, sinais como presen&#231;a de sintomas anginosos t&#237;picos, testes ergom&#233;tricos anormais ou suspeitos e achados anormais de cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica sugestivos de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Pacientes com infartos do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vios, cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica pr&#233;via, hist&#243;ria de interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca significativa (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo [FEVE] &#8804;35%), doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica grave (taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada [TFGe] &lt;30 mL/min/1,73 m&#178;), disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar grave, doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica cr&#244;nica grave, dist&#250;rbios hematol&#243;gicos, doen&#231;a imunol&#243;gica/infecciosa/inflamat&#243;ria ativa e pacientes com malignidade n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Quarenta e dois pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos devido aos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o (10 pacientes com hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; 10 pacientes com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica grave; 5 pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; 5 pacientes com valvopatia; 3 pacientes com doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias; 2 pacientes com malignidade; 5 pacientes com doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica cr&#244;nica; e 2 pacientes com dist&#250;rbios hematol&#243;gicos). Os 400 pacientes restantes foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise final. No total, 130 pacientes foram alocados no grupo CCC ruim, enquanto 270 pacientes foram alocados no grupo CCC bom.</p>
        <p>Dados cl&#237;nicos basais e fatores de risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica foram anotados para todos os pacientes. Foi considerada hipertens&#227;o arterial naqueles pacientes com medidas repetidas de press&#227;o arterial &gt;140/90 mmHg ou que j&#225; faziam uso de anti-hipertensivos. O diabetes mellitus foi descrito como tendo um n&#237;vel de glicose s&#233;rica em jejum &gt; 126 mg/dL e glicose p&#243;s-prandial &gt; 200 mg/dL em medi&#231;&#245;es repetidas ou uso atual de terapia antidiab&#233;tica. Um n&#237;vel elevado de colesterol total superior a 200 mg/dL e/ou uso de medicamentos anti-hiperlipid&#234;micos foram utilizados para caracterizar hipercolesterolemia. A defini&#231;&#227;o de hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) foi hist&#243;ria de DAC ou morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca em parentes de primeiro grau com idade inferior a 55 anos para homens e 65 anos para mulheres.</p>
        <p>Amostras de sangue venoso antecubital foram coletadas ap&#243;s pelo menos 12 horas de jejum antes da AC. O analisador Beckman Colter foi utilizado para medir os par&#226;metros rotineiros do hemograma. Testes bioqu&#237;micos, incluindo um painel lip&#237;dico detalhado, creatinina s&#233;rica, albumina s&#233;rica, n&#237;veis de PCR de alta sensibilidade (PCR-us) e TFGe foram medidos. Al&#233;m disso, os par&#226;metros inflamat&#243;rios baseados no hemograma completo, incluindo contagens de plaquetas, linf&#243;citos e neutr&#243;filos, foram calculados a partir de exames de hemograma completo de rotina. O INP foi calculado usando a seguinte equa&#231;&#227;o: 10 &#215; n&#237;vel de albumina s&#233;rica (g/dl) + 0,005 &#215; contagem total de linf&#243;citos (por mm<sup>2</sup>). Exames de ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica bidimensional foram realizados antes da AC e a FEVE foi determinada pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson modificado em cada paciente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Angiografia coron&#225;ria e classifica&#231;&#227;o de colaterais coron&#225;rias</title>
        <p>Dependendo da prefer&#234;ncia do operador, a t&#233;cnica de Judkins foi utilizada para realizar a AC basal por via radial ou transfemoral. Para determinar a presen&#231;a e o grau de CCC, as imagens de AC dos pacientes foram rigorosamente examinadas por dois cardiologistas intervencionistas seniores. A classifica&#231;&#227;o Rentrop foi utilizada para graduar a CCC da seguinte forma: Grau 0= sem colateral vis&#237;vel na extremidade distal da obstru&#231;&#227;o, Grau 1= preenchimento de colateral por meio de vasos colaterais sem visualiza&#231;&#227;o do segmento epic&#225;rdico do ramo lateral, Grau 2= epic&#225;rdico parcial preenchimento de colaterais, com menor densidade e enchimento lento em rela&#231;&#227;o ao vaso doador, e Grau 3= enchimento completo da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica na extremidade distal da oclus&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Quando o paciente apresentava mais de um vaso OCT, o vaso com o mais alto grau de CCC foi selecionado. Com base nos dados angiogr&#225;ficos, os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos; o grupo CCC ruim consistiu naqueles com colaterais de Grau 0 e I e o grupo CCC bom com colaterais de Grau II e III.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o software IBM SPSS vers&#227;o 21.0 (Armonk, Nova York, EUA). A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados foi avaliada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Os dados de medi&#231;&#227;o com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, enquanto os com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal foram expressos como mediana e intervalo interquartil (IQ) (25&#176;-75&#176;). Se os dados nos dois grupos tivessem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, um teste t de amostra independente foi usado para an&#225;lises diferentes. Caso os dados n&#227;o se ajustassem &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, foi utilizado o teste U de Mann-Whitney. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como n&#250;meros e porcentagens e comparadas por meio do teste &#967;<sup>2</sup>. A compara&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dias entre m&#250;ltiplos grupos foi realizada usando ANOVA unidirecional, seguida pelos testes post hoc de Bonferroni para an&#225;lise de subgrupos. Para obter o valor de corte ideal e a &#225;rea sob a curva (AUC) do INP para prever o grau de CCC, foi utilizada uma an&#225;lise da curva ROC (caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor). An&#225;lises log&#237;sticas univariadas e multivariadas foram realizadas para explorar os potenciais fatores de risco para CCC deficiente em pacientes com SCE, e uma odds ratio (OR) com intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% foi calculada. Vari&#225;veis com p &lt; 0,10 na an&#225;lise univariada foram inseridos em an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica posterior. Um valor de p &lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A m&#233;dia de idade da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi de 63&#177;10 anos; 273 (68,3%) eram do sexo masculino. Os dados demogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos basais da coorte do estudo s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. Os pacientes que desenvolveram CCC deficiente foram indicados como sendo mais velhos, do sexo feminino e exibindo menos comorbidades (hipertens&#227;o arterial, tabagismo ativo, e hiperlipidemia). Os dados laboratoriais da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. Os pacientes que desenvolveram CCC deficiente apresentaram n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos mais baixos de INP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>), albumina s&#233;rica, colesterol total, colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade, e maiores n&#237;veis de PCRus em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles que desenvolveram bom CCC. No entanto, os par&#226;metros do hemograma, incluindo contagens de linf&#243;citos, glicose s&#233;rica, creatinina, colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade, triglicer&#237;deos e TFGe foram compar&#225;veis entre os dois grupos. Em an&#225;lise adicional One-Way-ANOVA, os n&#237;veis de INP aumentaram gradualmente de Rentrop 0 a III (36,49&#177;5,25 para Rentrop 0, 37,87&#177;5,84 para Rentrop 1, 41,48&#177;3,88 para Rentrop 3 e 42,17&#177;4,59 para Rentrop 3). A an&#225;lise post hoc com um ajuste de Bonferroni revelou que os n&#237;veis de INP aumentaram estatisticamente significativamente de Rentrop 0 para Rentrop 3 (p&lt;0,001 para todos). Par&#226;metros significativos na an&#225;lise univariada (idade, INP, sexo feminino, hipertens&#227;o arterial, colesterol total, tabagismo ativo, colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade, colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade e hiperlipidemia) foram posteriormente inseridos na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada, o INP (OR: 0,870) e o sexo feminino (OR: 1,845) foram encontrados como preditores independentes de CCC com baixo desenvolvimento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>). Conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">figura 2</xref>, na an&#225;lise da curva ROC, o ponto de corte ideal para o INP prever CCC ruim foi 38,2. A AUC foi de 0,654, com boa sensibilidade e especificidade.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="24%">
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Bom grupo colateral<break/> (n=270)</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Grupo de garantias ruins (n=130)</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Valor-p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Idade</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">62,28&#177;9,87</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">64,68&#177;11,46</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,032</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">G&#234;nero feminino</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">72 (26,7%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">55 (42,3%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,002</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o arterial (n, %)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">170 (63%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">70 (53,8%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,081</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Hist&#243;ria de diabetes mellitus (n, %)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">84 (31,1%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">43 (33,1%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,692</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Tabagismo ativo (n, %)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">110 (40,7%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">36 (27,7%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,011</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Hist&#243;ria de hiperlipidemia (n, %)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">142 (52,6%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">54 (41,5%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,038</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a coronariana (n, %)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">73 (27%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">34 (26,2%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,852</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana multiarterial</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">130 (48,1%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">54 (41,5%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,214</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="5">
                <bold>Vaso de oclus&#227;o total cr&#244;nica</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerdo</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">64 (23,7%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">43 (33,1%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Art&#233;ria circunflexa</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">45 (16,7%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">30 (23,1%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,012</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">161 (59,6%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">57 (43,8%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Terapia pr&#233;via com betabloqueadores (n, %)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">148 (54,8%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">71 (54,6%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,970</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Terapia pr&#233;via com inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (n, %)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">166 (61,5%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">69 (53,1%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,110</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Terapia pr&#233;via com clopidogrel (n, %)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">92 (34,1%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">31 (23,8%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,138</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Terapia pr&#233;via com estatinas (n, %)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">166 (61,5%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">75 (57,7%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,468</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">126,7&#177;15,9</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">125,9&#177;15,6</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,610</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">87,13&#177;11,56</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">78,52&#177;10,25</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,231</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">47,72&#177;11,34</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">46,43&#177;12,37</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,302</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="5">
                <bold>N&#250;mero de vasos com oclus&#227;o total cr&#244;nica</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">1</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">167 (61,9%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">86 (66,2%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">2</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">53 (19,6%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">30 (23,1%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,132</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">3</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">50 (18,5%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">14 (10,8%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Dados laboratoriais dos pacientes do estudo</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th valign="middle" align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Grupo Colateral Bom<break/> (n=270)</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Grupo Colateral Ruim<break/> (n=130)</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Valor p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">&#205;ndice nutricional progn&#243;stico</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">41,23&#177;3,85</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">38,29&#177;5,58</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Creatinina s&#233;rica (mg/dl)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,97&#177;0,27</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,99&#177;0,25</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,692</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">86,09&#177;16,43</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">82,54&#177;17,9</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,158</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Contagem de linf&#243;citos (&#215;109/L)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2,71&#177;0,89</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2,55&#177;0,94</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,112</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Contagem de gl&#243;bulos brancos (&#215;109/L)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">8,07&#177;2,06</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">8&#177;2,35</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,747</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Contagem de plaquetas (&#215;109/L)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">254,06&#177;83,7</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">250,55&#177;65,09</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,646</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Hemoglobina (g/dL)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">14,69&#177;8,34</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">13,58&#177;2</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,133</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Glicose s&#233;rica (mg/dl)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">124,81&#177;63,96</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">132,28&#177;80,24</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,354</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Colesterol total (mg/dl)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">191,45&#177;55,72</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">178,98&#177;47,19</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,028</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (mg/dl)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">115,56&#177;39,09</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">104,49&#177;38,44</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,008</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Colesterol lipoproteico de alta densidade (mg/dl)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">41,16&#177;22,63</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">43,52&#177;27,24</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,392</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dl)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">154 (110-219)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">144 (101-190)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,186</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade (mg/dl)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">3,67 (2,12-6,98)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">4,69 (2,32-12,8)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,028</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Albumina (g/dL)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">4,12&#177;0,38</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">3,87&#177;0,54</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Preditores independentes de colaterais ruins na an&#225;lise multivariada</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th valign="middle" align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Odds ratio</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Valor p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">&#205;ndice nutricional progn&#243;stico</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,870</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(0,822-0,922)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Idade</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,994</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(0,970-1,018)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,617</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">G&#234;nero feminino</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,845</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(1,056-3,223)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,031</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,574</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(0,931-2,658)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,098</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Fumante ativo</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,398</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(0,786-2,487)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,255</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Colesterol total</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,002</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(0,994-1,010)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,694</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,991</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(0,979-1,002)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,098</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,019</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(1,000-1,038)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,051</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Hiperlipidemia</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,154</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(0,702-1,897)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,572</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis do Curva ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics) para (INP) entre pacientes com circula&#231;&#227;o colateral coron&#225;ria bem e mal desenvolvida.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230765-30765-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Curva ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics) para determina&#231;&#227;o do melhor ponto de corte para &#237;ndice nutricional progn&#243;stico (INP) na predi&#231;&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o colateral coronariana em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana est&#225;vel.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230765-30765-gf03.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a explorar o INP como um preditor independente de forma&#231;&#227;o de colaterais coron&#225;rias. Demonstramos que os n&#237;veis de INP estavam significativamente associados ao grau de colateraliza&#231;&#227;o avaliado pelo escore Rentrop. Valores mais baixos de INP foram independentemente associados ao CCC pouco desenvolvido em pacientes com SCE com OTC.</p>
      <p>O desenvolvimento da CCC &#233; uma resposta adaptativa &#224; isquemia mioc&#225;rdica aguda ou cr&#244;nica e serve como um canal que liga a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica significativamente estreitada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Colaterais bem desenvolvidas podem proteger o mioc&#225;rdio da isquemia, melhorar a contratilidade mioc&#225;rdica residual e, assim, reduzir sintomas anginosos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, muitos estudos demonstraram que boas colaterais melhoram o progn&#243;stico em pacientes com SCE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> No entanto, sabemos que o grau de forma&#231;&#227;o de CCC varia entre os pacientes, apesar do mesmo grau de estreitamento ou oclus&#227;o nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. Nesse contexto, v&#225;rios fatores como idade, diabetes, hipercolesterolemia, hipertens&#227;o, dura&#231;&#227;o e/ou grau de oclus&#227;o coronariana, fun&#231;&#245;es endoteliais e estresse oxidativo podem afetar a forma&#231;&#227;o do CCC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, muitos marcadores inflamat&#243;rios t&#234;m sido sugeridos em associa&#231;&#227;o com o desenvolvimento de CCC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Recentemente, o INP tem sido recomendado para representar o estado inflamat&#243;rio, e um INP mais baixo est&#225; significativamente associado a numerosos eventos cardiovasculares adversos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> No entanto, nenhum estudo foi feito sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o entre INP n&#237;veis e CCC em pacientes com SCE com OCT at&#233; o momento. Aqui, o presente estudo mostrou que n&#237;veis mais baixos de INP est&#227;o independentemente associados a CCC deficiente em pacientes com SCE. Assim, o c&#225;lculo do INP pode ser um valioso biomarcador do grau de CCC nesses pacientes. Sugerimos que esta associa&#231;&#227;o entre INP e CCC pode envolver alguns mecanismos.</p>
      <p>Os hepat&#243;citos sintetizam albumina e desempenham um papel crucial nas vias inflamat&#243;rias agudas e cr&#244;nicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> A albumina s&#233;rica tamb&#233;m possui muitas propriedades fisiol&#243;gicas, incluindo atividade antioxidante, antiinflamat&#243;ria, anticoagulante e antiagregante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> A concentra&#231;&#227;o de albumina s&#233;rica est&#225; inversamente associada &#224; extens&#227;o e carga de aterosclerose e progn&#243;stico em pacientes com DAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> N&#237;veis mais baixos de albumina s&#233;rica tamb&#233;m podem provocar aumento da viscosidade sangu&#237;nea, o que torna a lipoprote&#237;na-colesterol de baixa densidade sens&#237;vel &#224; modifica&#231;&#227;o oxidativa, provocando dano endotelial vascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, n&#237;veis baixos de albumina podem causar disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial reduzindo a produ&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico, que &#233; necess&#225;rio para a angiog&#234;nese, remodela&#231;&#227;o vascular e desenvolvimento de CCC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> &#192; luz desses dados, podemos especular que o mau desenvolvimento da CCC em pacientes com baixa albumina s&#233;rica pode estar relacionado &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico. Por outro lado, as c&#233;lulas linfocit&#225;rias t&#234;m propriedades anti-inflamat&#243;rias e contagens baixas de linf&#243;citos em muitas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares t&#234;m sido independentemente associadas a um mau progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> As c&#233;lulas linfocit&#225;rias t&#234;m um papel fundamental no in&#237;cio e manuten&#231;&#227;o de respostas neovasculares, e os sinais inflamat&#243;rios recrutam linf&#243;citos para &#225;reas de neovasculariza&#231;&#227;o, que atua como fonte de fatores angiog&#234;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Considerando esses dados, sugerimos que baixas contagens de linf&#243;citos podem afetar adversamente o desenvolvimento da CCC.</p>
      <p>Tomados em conjunto, valores mais baixos de INP devido &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de albumina e da contagem de linf&#243;citos est&#227;o relacionados ao aumento da carga inflamat&#243;ria e &#224; m&#225; colateraliza&#231;&#227;o coronariana.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Existem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es no estudo atual. Primeiro, este &#233; um estudo retrospectivo unic&#234;ntrico com um tamanho de amostra relativamente pequeno; portanto, nosso estudo n&#227;o pode elucidar os mecanismos precisos que ligam o menor INP e o fraco desenvolvimento do CCC na SCE. Em segundo lugar, a classifica&#231;&#227;o do CCC baseou-se exclusivamente na classifica&#231;&#227;o Rentrop, o que significa que os pequenos vasos microsc&#243;picos podem n&#227;o ser vis&#237;veis angiograficamente. Conforme nosso protocolo de estudo, avaliamos colaterais apenas com a classifica&#231;&#227;o Rentrop. Seria &#243;timo se pud&#233;ssemos avaliar tamb&#233;m as garantias com outro sistema de classifica&#231;&#227;o, por exemplo, o sistema Werner. Terceiro, o presente estudo n&#227;o provou causalidade, mas sim detectou associa&#231;&#245;es. Esses dados n&#227;o provam que o baixo INP tenha causado colaterais coron&#225;rias pouco desenvolvidas. Finalmente, a medi&#231;&#227;o do INP foi realizada apenas uma vez, mas o desenvolvimento do CCC &#233; um processo que continuar&#225; por muitos anos. No entanto, este estudo ainda &#233; valioso para destacar a import&#226;ncia potencial do INP na avalia&#231;&#227;o da CCC em pacientes com SCE.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os n&#237;veis de INP foram associados ao desenvolvimento de CCC, e n&#237;veis mais baixos de INP foram independentemente correlacionados com CCC deficiente. Isto sugere que o INP poderia ser usado como um novo indicador para avaliar as colateraliza&#231;&#245;es em pacientes com SCE.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Ankara University Faculty of Medicine sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2021/247. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Pedro Lemos</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Prognostic Nutritional Index is Associated with the Degree of Coronary Collateral Circulation in Stable Angina Patients with Chronic Total Occlusion</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7516-9113</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Esenboga</surname>
            <given-names>Kerim</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kurtul</surname>
            <given-names>Alparslan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2636-4710</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yamanturk</surname>
            <given-names>Yakup Yunus</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kozluca</surname>
            <given-names>Volkan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tutar</surname>
            <given-names>Eralp</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ankara</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Ankara University Faculty of Medicine &#8211; Cardiology, Ankara &#8211; Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Hatay</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Mustafa Kemal University Tayfur Ata Sokmen Faculty of Medicine &#8211; Department of Cardiology, Hatay &#8211; Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Kerim Esenboga</bold> &#8226; Ankara University Faculty of Medicine &#8211; Cardiology &#8211; Iran Street E block Apartment No. 8 &#199;ankaya/Ankara <postal-code>06100</postal-code> &#8211; Turkey. E-mail: <email>kerimesenboga@yahoo.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Coronary collateral circulation (CCC) can effectively improve myocardial blood supply to the area of CTO (chronic total coronary occlusion) and can, thus, improve the prognosis of patients with stable coronary syndrome (SCS). The degree of inflammation and some inflammation markers were associated with the development of collaterals.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To investigate whether prognostic nutritional index (PNI) has an association with the development of CCC in patients with SCS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A total of 400 SCS patients with the presence of CTO in at least one major epicardial coronary artery were included in this study. The patients were divided into two groups according to the Rentrop score. Scores of 0 to 1 were considered poor developed CCC, and scores of 2 to 3 were accepted as good developed CCC. Statistical significance was set as a p-value &lt; 0.05 for all analyses.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The mean age of the study cohort was 63&#177;10 years; 273 (68.3%) were males. The poor-developed CCC group had a significantly lower PNI level compared with the good-developed CCC group (38.29&#177;5.58 vs 41.23&#177;3.85, p&lt; 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, the PNI (odds ratio 0.870; 95% confidence interval 0.822-0.922; p&lt; 0.001) was an independent predictor of poorly developed CCC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The PNI can be used as one of the independent predictors of CCC formation. It was positively associated with the development of coronary collaterals in SCS patients with CTO.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Collateral Circulation</kwd>
        <kwd>Nutrition Assessment</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <fig id="f4">
        <caption>
          <title>Summary of study design and results.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230765-30765-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Coronary collateral circulation (CCC) is usually an adaptive mechanism during chronic myocardial ischemia to supply blood flow in the ischemic territory.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The development of CCC can maintain coronary blood flow to some extent, alleviate anginal complaints, provide myocardial preservation in the face of acute ischemia, preserve myocardial function, and also improve survival in stable coronary syndrome (SCS) patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Although the exact mechanisms of coronary collateralization development in patients with SCS are still conflicting and inconclusive, several studies suggest that systemic inflammatory markers such as the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are associated with the development of collaterals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Previous studies have reported that immunological and nutritional statuses are closely associated with cardiovascular disease development, progression, and prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Recently, investigation on the prognostic nutritional index (PNI) has become very popular. The PNI, which is calculated from the serum albumin level and total lymphocyte cell count in the peripheral blood, is an index that indicates chronic inflammation, immune system and nutritional status and has a prognostic value in various cancers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Recently, many studies have reported that the PNI is closely related to cardiovascular disease, and a lower PNI is significantly associated with increased adverse clinical outcomes, including mortality in patients with SCS, heart failure, aortic dissection, and acute myocardial infarction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> However, the association between PNI and CCC has not been investigated yet.</p>
        <p>The goal of the current study is, therefore, to explore whether there is a correlation between PNI and the degree of CCC development in patients with SCS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study patients</title>
          <p>The study population consisted of 442 SCS patients who underwent coronary angiography (CA) and were detected with chronic total coronary occlusion (CTO) in any coronary artery from May 2017 to May 2021. The CA was performed to investigate occlusive coronary artery disease based on clinical signs such as the presence of typical anginal symptoms, abnormal or suspicious treadmill tests, and abnormal myocardial perfusion scintigraphy findings suggestive of myocardial ischemia. Patients with prior myocardial infarctions, prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery, history of percutaneous coronary intervention, significant heart failure (left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] &#8804;35%), severe chronic kidney disease (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] &lt;30 mL/min/1.73 m&#178;), severe valvular dysfunction, severe chronic liver disease, hematological disorders, active an immunologic/infectious/inflammatory disease, and patients with malignancy were not included in the study. Forty-two patients were excluded due to exclusion criteria (10 patients with previous history of myocardial infarction or percutaneous coronary intervention; 10 patients with severe chronic kidney disease; 5 patients with heart failure; 5 patients with valvular heart disease; 3 patients with inflammatory diseases; 2 patients with malignancy; 5 patients with chronic liver disease; and 2 patient with hematological disorders). The remaining 400 patients were included in the final analysis. In total, 130 patients were allocated to the poor CCC group, while 270 patients were allocated to the good CCC group.</p>
          <p>Baseline clinical data and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk factors were noted for all patients. Arterial hypertension was considered in patients with repeated blood pressure measurements &gt;140/90 mmHg or those who were already using antihypertensive pills. Diabetes mellitus was described as having a fasting serum glucose level &gt;126 mg/dL and postprandial glucose &gt;200 mg/dL on repeated measurements or current use of antidiabetic therapy. An increased total cholesterol level of more than 200 mg/dL and/or the usage of anti-hyperlipidemic medications were used to characterize hypercholesterolemia. The definition of a family history of coronary artery disease (CAD) was a history of CAD or sudden cardiac death in first-degree relatives who were under the age of 55 for men and 65 for women.</p>
          <p>Antecubital venous blood samples were taken after at least 12 hours of fasting before the CA. Beckman colter analyzer was used to measure the routine hemogram parameters. Biochemical tests, including a detailed lipid panel, serum creatinine, serum albumin, high sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) levels, and eGFR were measured. Also, the complete blood count-based inflammatory parameters, including platelet, lymphocyte, and neutrophil counts, were calculated from routine complete blood count tests. The PNI was calculated using the following equation: 10 &#215; serum albumin level (g/dl) + 0.005 &#215; total lymphocyte count (per mm<sup>2</sup>). Two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography tests were done before the CA, and the LVEF was determined by using the modified Simpson method in each patient.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coronary angiography and grading of coronary collaterals</title>
          <p>Depending on the operator's preference, the Judkins technique was used to perform the baseline CA either through the transradial or transfemoral approach. To determine the presence and degree of CCC, the CA images of the patients were rigorously examined by two senior interventional cardiologists. The Rentrop classification was used to grade the CCC as follows: Grade 0= no visible collateral at the distal end of the obstruction, Grade 1= filling in collateral by means of collateral vessels without visualizing the side branch epicardial segment, Grade 2= partial epicardial filling of collaterals, with lower density and slow filling compared with the donor vessel, and Grade 3= complete filling of the epicardial coronary artery at the distal end of the occlusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> When the patient had more than one CTO vessel, the vessel with the highest degree of CCC was selected. Based on angiographic data, patients were divided into two groups; poor CCC group consisted of those with Grade 0 and I collateral and good CCC group with Grade II and III collaterals.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analyses were performed using the IBM SPSS version 21.0 software (Armonk, New York, USA). The distribution of the data was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Measurement data with normal distribution were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation, while the ones with non-normal distribution were expressed as median and interquartile range (IQR) (25th&#8211;75th). If data in the two groups was the normal distribution, an independent sample t-test is used for different analyses. If data do not fit the normal distribution, the Mann-Whitney U test was used. Categorical variables were expressed as numbers and percentages and compared using a&#967;2-test. Comparison of means among multiple groups was conducted by using one-way ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni's posthoc tests for subgroup analysis. To obtain the optimal cut-off value and the area under the curve (AUC) of PNI for predicting the degree of CCC, a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used. Univariate and multivariate logistic analyses were performed to explore the potential risk factors for poor CCC in SCS patients, and an odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated. Variables with a p &lt; 0.10 in the univariate analysis were entered into further logistic regression analysis. A p-value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The mean age of the study population was 63&#177;10 years; 273 (68.3%) were males. The baseline demographic and clinical data of the study cohort are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>. Patients who developed poor CCC were indicated to be older and female gender, and they exhibited fewer comorbidities (arterial hypertension, active smoking, and hyperlipidemia). Laboratory data of the study population are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>. Patients who developed poor CCC had lower serum levels of PNI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>), serum albumin, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and higher hs-CRP levels compared with those who developed good CCC. However, CBC parameters, including lymphocyte counts, serum glucose, creatinine, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and eGFR were comparable between the two groups. In additional One-Way-ANOVA analysis, the PNI levels gradually increased from Rentrop 0 to III (36.49&#177;5.25 for Rentrop 0, 37.87&#177;5.84 for Rentrop 1, 41.48&#177;3.88 for Rentrop 3, and 42.17&#177;4.59 for Rentrop 3). Post hoc analysis with a Bonferroni adjustment revealed that PNI levels were statistically significantly increased from Rentrop 0 to Rentrop 3 (p&lt; 0.001 for all). Significant parameters in the univariate analysis (age, PNI, female gender, arterial hypertension, total cholesterol, active smoking, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and hyperlipidemia) were further entered into the logistic regression analysis. After multivariate analysis, PNI (OR: 0.870) and female gender (OR: 1.845) were found as independent predictors of poor developed CCC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>). As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>, In ROC curve analysis, the optimal cut-off for PNI to predict poor CCC was 38.2. The AUC was 0.654, with good sensitivity and specificity.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="24%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Characteristics</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Good collateral group<break/> (n=270)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Poor collateral group<break/> (n=130)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Age</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">62.28&#177;9.87</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">64.68&#177;11.46</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.032</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Female gender</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">72 (26.7%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">55 (42.3%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">History of arterial hypertension (n, %)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">170 (63%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">70 (53.8%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.081</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">History of diabetes mellitus (n, %)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">84 (31.1%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">43 (33.1%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.692</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Active smoking (n, %)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">110 (40.7%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">36 (27.7%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">History of hyperlipidemia (n, %)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">142 (52.6%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">54 (41.5%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.038</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Family history of coronary heart disease (n, %)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">73 (27%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">34 (26.2%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.852</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Multivessel coronary artery disease</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">130 (48.1%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">54 (41.5%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.214</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Chronic total occlusion vessel</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Left anterior descending</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">64 (23.7%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">43 (33.1%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Circumflex artery</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">45 (16.7%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">30 (23.1%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Right coronary artery</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">161 (59.6%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">57 (43.8%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Prior beta-blocker therapy (n, %)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">148 (54.8%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">71 (54.6%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.970</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Prior angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors therapy (n, %)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">166 (61.5%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">69 (53.1%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.110</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Prior clopidogrel therapy (n, %)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">92 (34.1%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">31 (23.8%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.138</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Prior statin therapy (n, %)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">166 (61.5%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">75 (57.7%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.468</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">126.7&#177;15.9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">125.9&#177;15.6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.610</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">87.13&#177;11.56</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">78.52&#177;10.25</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.231</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Left ventricular ejection fraction (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">47.72&#177;11.34</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">46.43&#177;12.37</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.302</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Number of chronic total occlusion vessel</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">167 (61.9%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">86 (66.2%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">53 (19.6%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">30 (23.1%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.132</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">50 (18.5%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">14 (10.8%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Laboratory data of the study patients</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th valign="middle" align="left">Variables</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Good collateral group<break/> (n=270)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Poor collateral group<break/> (n=130)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Prognostic nutrional index</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">41.23&#177;3.85</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">38.29&#177;5.58</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Serum creatinine (mg/dl)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.97&#177;0.27</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.99&#177;0.25</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.692</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">86.09&#177;16.43</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">82.54&#177;17.9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.158</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Lymphocyte count (&#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2.71&#177;0.89</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2.55&#177;0.94</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.112</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">White blood cell count (&#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">8.07&#177;2.06</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">8&#177;2.35</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.747</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Platelet count (&#215;10<sup>9</sup>/L)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">254.06&#177;83.7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">250.55&#177;65.09</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.646</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Hemoglobin (g/dL)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">14.69&#177;8.34</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">13.58&#177;2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.133</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Serum glucose (mg/dl)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">124.81&#177;63.96</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">132.28&#177;80.24</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.354</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Total cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">191.45&#177;55.72</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">178.98&#177;47.19</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.028</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">115.56&#177;39.09</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">104.49&#177;38.44</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">41.16&#177;22.63</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">43.52&#177;27.24</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.392</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Triglyceride (mg/dl)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">154 (110-219)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">144 (101-190)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.186</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (mg/dl)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3.67 (2.12-6.98)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">4.69 (2.32-12.8)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.028</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Albumin (g/dL)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">4.12&#177;0.38</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3.87&#177;0.54</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Independent predictors of poor collaterals in multivariate analysis</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th valign="middle" align="left">Variable</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Odds ratio</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">95% Confidence interval</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Prognostic nutrional index</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.870</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(0.822-0.922)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Age</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.994</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(0.970-1.018)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.617</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Female gender</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.845</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(1.056-3.223)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.031</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Hypertension</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.574</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(0.931-2.658)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.098</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Active smoking</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.398</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(0.786-2.487)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.255</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Total cholesterol</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.002</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(0.994-1.010)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.694</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.991</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(0.979-1.002)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.098</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">High-sensitivity C-reactive protein</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.019</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(1.000-1.038)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.051</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Hyperlipidemia</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.154</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(0.702-1.897)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.572</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of the prognostic nutritional index (PNI) levels between patients with good and poor developed coronary collateral circulation.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230765-30765-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve for determination of the best cut-off for prognostic nutritional index (PNI) in predicting coronary collateral circulation in patients with stable coronary syndrome.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230765-30765-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to explore PNI as an independent predictor of coronary collateral formation. We demonstrated that PNI levels were significantly associated with the degree of collateralization evaluated by the Rentrop score. Lower PNI values were independently associated with poorly developed CCC in SCS patients with CTO.</p>
        <p>CCC development is an adaptive response to acute or chronic myocardial ischemia and serves as a conduit bridging the significantly narrowed epicardial coronary artery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Well-developed collaterals may protect the myocardium from ischemia, improve residual myocardial contractility, and thus reduce anginal symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Moreover, many studies have shown that good collaterals improve prognosis in patients with CCS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> However, we know that the degree of CCC formation varies between patients despite the same degree of narrowing or occlusion in the coronary arteries. In this context, several factors such as age, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, duration and/or degree of coronary occlusion, endothelial functions, and oxidative stress may affect CCC formation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> In addition, many inflammatory markers have been suggested in association with the development of CCC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Recently, the PNI has been recommended to represent the inflammatory status, and a lower PNI is significantly associated with numerous adverse cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> However, no study has been done on the association between PNI levels and CCC in CCS patients with CTO so far. Herein, the present study has shown that lower PNI levels are independently associated with poor CCC in SCS patients. Thus, calculating PNI may be a valuable biomarker of the degree of CCC in these patients. We suggest that this association between PNI and CCC may involve some mechanisms.</p>
        <p>Hepatocytes synthesize albumin and play a crucial role in acute and chronic inflammatory pathways.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Serum albumin also has many physiological properties, including antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anticoagulant, and antiaggregant activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Serum albumin concentration is inversely associated with the extent and burden of atherosclerosis and prognosis in patients with CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Lower serum albumin levels can also bring about increased blood viscosity, which makes low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol sensitive to the oxidative modification, provoking vascular endothelial damage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Additionally, low albumin levels may cause endothelial dysfunction by reducing the production of nitric oxide, which is necessary for angiogenesis, vascular remodeling, and CCC development.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> In light of these data, we can speculate that poor CCC development in patients with low serum albumin may be related to endothelial dysfunction and decreased nitric oxide production. On the other hand, lymphocyte cells have antiinflammatory properties and low lymphocyte counts in many cardiovascular diseases have been independently linked with poor prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Lymphocyte cells have a pivotal role in initiating and maintaining neovascular responses, and inflammatory signals recruit lymphocytes into areas of neovascularization, which act as a source of angiogenic factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Considering these data, we suggest that low lymphocyte counts may adversely affect the development of CCC.</p>
        <p>Taken together, lower PNI values because of decreased albumin levels and lymphocyte counts are related to increased inflammatory burden and poor coronary collateralization.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>There are some limitations in the current study. First, this is a single-center retrospective study with a relatively small sample size; therefore, our study cannot elucidate the precise mechanisms linking lower PNI and poor CCC development in SCS. Second, the CCC grading was based solely on the Rentrop classification, which means that the small, microscopic vessels may not be visible angiographically. As per our study protocol, we evaluated collaterals only with the Rentrop classification. It would be great if we could also evaluate collaterals with another classification system, for example, the Werner system. Third, the present study did not prove causality but rather detected associations. These data do not prove that low PNI caused poor-developed coronary collaterals. Finally, PNI measurement was performed only once, but CCC development is a process that will continue for many years. However, this study is still valuable in highlighting the potential importance of PNI in assessing CCC in SCS patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>PNI levels were associated with CCC development, and lower PNI levels were independently correlated to poor CCC. This suggests that PNI could be used as a new indicator to assess the collateralizations in patients with SCS.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Study association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Ankara University Faculty of Medicine under the protocol number 2021/247. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Pedro Lemos</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
