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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">cFRggqVXzn9DcXgKTkX8xpf</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000200309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230653</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00309</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Combina&#231;&#227;o de Ferramentas de Telecardiologia para Estratifica&#231;&#227;o de Risco Cardiovascular na Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria: Dados do Estudo PROVAR+</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-4428-6157</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fraga</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Leal</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5586-774X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-5298-0817</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Haiashi</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Melo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2827-4631</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Mauro Henrique Agapito</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0732-7631</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Isabely Karoline da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Aparecida</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1093-4515</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vinhal</surname>
            <given-names>Wanessa Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-1096-4047</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Coimbra</surname>
            <given-names>Mariela Mata</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>C&#225;ssia Aparecida</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiana Rosa Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pires</surname>
            <given-names>Magda C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Diniz</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Luiza Pereira Afonso</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amaral</surname>
            <given-names>Arthur Maia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Diamante</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Chaves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fava</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Le&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sable</surname>
            <given-names>Craig</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Carmo Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2740-0042</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Luiz P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0689-1644</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Clareci Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia e Cirurgia Carvdiovascular, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Madre Teresa</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Hemodin&#226;mica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Madre Teresa &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Hemodin&#226;mica, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Centro de Telessa&#250;de</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Centro de Telessa&#250;de, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o del Rei</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Divin&#243;polis</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o del Rei &#8211; Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu &#8211; Campus Divin&#243;polis, Divin&#243;polis, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>6</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Exatas</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Estat&#237;stica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Exatas &#8211; Departamento de Estat&#237;stica, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>7</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>8</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ouro Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto &#8211; Departamento de Medicina, Ouro Preto, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff9">
          <label>9</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Children's National Health System</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Washington</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">District of Columbia</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">EUA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Children's National Health System &#8211; Cardiology, Washington, District of Columbia &#8211; EUA</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Bruno Ramos Nascimento</bold> &#8226; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia e Cirurgia Carvdiovascular &#8211; Rua Professor Alfredo Balena, 110, 1&#176; andar. CEP <postal-code>30130-100</postal-code>, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>ramosnas@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230653</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>As ferramentas de telecardiologia s&#227;o estrat&#233;gias valiosas para melhorar a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Objetivamos avaliar a acur&#225;cia da tele-eletrocardiografia (ECG) para predizer anormalidades no ecocardiograma de rastreamento na aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Em 17 meses, 6 profissionais de sa&#250;de em 16 unidades de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria foram treinados em protocolos simplificados de ecocardiografia port&#225;til. Tele-ECGs foram registrados para diagn&#243;stico final por um cardiologista. Pacientes consentidos com anormalidades maiores no ECG pelo c&#243;digo de Minnesota e uma amostra 1:5 de indiv&#237;duos normais foram submetidos a um question&#225;rio cl&#237;nico e ecocardiograma de rastreamento interpretado remotamente. A doen&#231;a card&#237;aca grave foi definida como doen&#231;a valvular moderada/grave, disfun&#231;&#227;o/hipertrofia ventricular, derrame peric&#225;rdico ou anormalidade da motilidade. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre altera&#231;&#245;es maiores do ECG e anormalidades ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foi avaliada por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica da seguinte forma: 1) modelo n&#227;o ajustado; 2) modelo 1 ajustado por idade/sexo; 3) modelo 2 mais fatores de risco (hipertens&#227;o/diabetes); 4) modelo 3 mais hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a cardiovascular (Chagas/cardiopatia reum&#225;tica/cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica/AVC/insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca). Foram considerados significativos valores de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>No total, 1.411 pacientes realizaram ecocardiograma, sendo 1.149 (81%) com anormalidades maiores no ECG. A idade mediana foi de 67 anos (intervalo interquartil de 60 a 74) e 51,4% eram do sexo masculino. As anormalidades maiores no ECG se associaram a uma chance 2,4 vezes maior de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca grave no ecocardiograma de rastreamento na an&#225;lise bivariada (OR = 2,42 [IC 95% 1,76 a 3,39]) e permaneceram significativas (p &lt; 0,001) ap&#243;s ajustes no modelo 2 (OR = 2,57 [IC 95% 1,84 a 3,65]), modelo 3 (OR = 2,52 [IC 95% 1,80 a 3,58]) e modelo 4 (OR = 2,23 [IC 95% 1,59 a 3,19]). Idade, sexo masculino, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica tamb&#233;m foram preditores independentes de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca grave no ecocardiograma.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>As anormalidades do tele-ECG aumentaram a probabilidade de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca grave no ecocardiograma de rastreamento, mesmo ap&#243;s ajustes para vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Programas de Rastreamento</kwd>
        <kwd>Telemedicina</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Grau de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>310749/2022-0</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPEMIG</funding-source>
          <award-id>APQ 000627-20</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>310790/2021-2</award-id>
          <award-id>465518/2014-1</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPEMIG</funding-source>
          <award-id>PPM-00428-17</award-id>
          <award-id>RED-00081-16</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CAPES</funding-source>
          <award-id>88887.507149/2020-00</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Instituto Nacional de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia de Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Tecnologia em Sa&#250;de</funding-source>
          <award-id>465518/2014-1</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="29"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <fig id="f1">
      <p>ECG: eletrocardiografia; ECO: ecocardiograma.</p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230653-30653-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O Brasil enfrenta uma alta incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares como a causa principal de mortalidade, padr&#227;o semelhante ao observado em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, por ser um pa&#237;s em desenvolvimento com um sistema de sa&#250;de &#250;nico e universal (Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de &#8211; SUS), surgem desafios significativos na busca de um equil&#237;brio entre a preven&#231;&#227;o e o tratamento, em um cen&#225;rio epidemiol&#243;gico que mescla caracter&#237;sticas de pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Portanto, &#233; essencial adotar estrat&#233;gias eficazes para melhorar a aloca&#231;&#227;o de recursos de sa&#250;de, com foco na preven&#231;&#227;o. A realoca&#231;&#227;o de recursos para &#225;reas priorit&#225;rias requer uma abordagem estrat&#233;gica que exige tecnologia e conhecimento m&#233;dico.</p>
      <p>Uma ferramenta crucial para o rastreamento cardiovascular &#233; o ecocardiograma, que permite detectar, classificar e estratificar o risco de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca (DC) estrutural. Gra&#231;as ao desenvolvimento da tecnologia, a ecocardiografia tem se tornado progressivamente port&#225;til e acess&#237;vel, passando dos centros de imagem para os locais de atendimento, com potencial para chegar a ambientes n&#227;o atendidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Portanto, uma abordagem em duas etapas, que inclui a realiza&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma por n&#227;o especialistas, seguida de interpreta&#231;&#227;o remota por cardiologistas credenciados, &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia de rastreamento promissora.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Isso pode permitir uma aloca&#231;&#227;o de recursos mais eficaz e a implementa&#231;&#227;o de programas de rastreamento mais amplos, permitindo um diagn&#243;stico mais precoce e um tratamento imediato, especialmente onde os recursos s&#227;o escassos.</p>
      <p>Atualmente, o SUS permite que m&#233;dicos da aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria (AP) solicitem ecocardiografia para qualquer finalidade diagn&#243;stica, e os pacientes s&#227;o priorizados apenas com base na data da solicita&#231;&#227;o. As longas filas e a falta de um sistema de prioriza&#231;&#227;o para casos mais urgentes frequentemente levam a atrasos no diagn&#243;stico, contribuindo para resultados desfavor&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Neste cen&#225;rio, uma vez que os sistemas de sa&#250;de locais t&#234;m uma disponibilidade extremamente limitada de exames especializados e encaminhamentos para aten&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, longos tempos de espera s&#227;o comumente observados. Al&#233;m disso, s&#227;o frequentes os encaminhamentos de pacientes sem altera&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas significativas para exames especializados, contribuindo para longos atrasos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Na tentativa de solucionar esse problema, foi demonstrado que a adi&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma de rastreamento a um escore de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cl&#237;nico pode ser uma ferramenta promissora para priorizar encaminhamentos para consultas convencionais de ecocardiografia e cardiologia, o que pode potencialmente resultar na redu&#231;&#227;o das listas de espera em &#225;reas sub-atendidas e em melhor aloca&#231;&#227;o de recursos de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma importante ferramenta para expans&#227;o da ecocardiografia port&#225;til &#233; a telemedicina, pois permite a pronta interpreta&#231;&#227;o remota por especialistas, especialmente em regi&#245;es de maior vulnerabilidade social.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A Rede de Telessa&#250;de de Minas Gerais foi implementada em 2005 pelo Governo do Estado de Minas Gerais, com o objetivo de conectar hospitais universit&#225;rios aos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de locais, oferecendo suporte aos profissionais de sa&#250;de por meio de tele-eletrocardiografia (ECG), teleassist&#234;ncia e, mais recentemente, tele-ecocardiografia, al&#233;m de fornecer suporte por meio de teleconsultas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O sistema de tele-ECG j&#225; est&#225; dispon&#237;vel em todo o pa&#237;s, com recente expans&#227;o para outras na&#231;&#245;es da Am&#233;rica do Sul.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> No presente estudo, objetivamos avaliar a acur&#225;cia da tele-ECG em locais remotos para predizer anormalidades no ecocardiograma de rastreamento na AP brasileira, como uma estrat&#233;gia combinada para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Os procedimentos e m&#233;todos do presente estudo ser&#227;o disponibilizados para replica&#231;&#227;o mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o razo&#225;vel dirigida ao autor correspondente. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) sob n&#250;mero CAAE 37228120.9.0000.5149 e pelos conselhos de sa&#250;de locais. O estudo PROVAR+ &#233; um programa de rastreamento cardiovascular estabelecido em 2014, como uma colabora&#231;&#227;o internacional entre a UFMG, a Rede de Telessa&#250;de de Minas Gerais<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e o Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, Estados Unidos. O presente subestudo foi realizado entre fevereiro de 2022 e maio de 2023 em Divin&#243;polis, localizada na regi&#227;o central de Minas Gerais, no Sudeste do Brasil. A cidade possui 231.091 habitantes e &#205;ndice de Desenvolvimento Humano m&#233;dio de 0,764 (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">Figura Suplementar 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>O estudo PROVAR+ utiliza n&#227;o especialistas para aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens por meio de transfer&#234;ncia de tarefas (<italic>task-shifting</italic>), em dispositivos port&#225;teis (VScan&#174; Extend, GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Estados Unidos) para detec&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica de DC na AP e interpreta&#231;&#227;o remota por especialistas no Brasil e Estados Unidos segundo crit&#233;rios da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia (ASE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Os centros de AP que participaram do estudo foram inclu&#237;dos de acordo com as prioridades das autoridades de sa&#250;de, com base em baixos &#237;ndices socioecon&#244;micos (considerando o &#205;ndice de Desenvolvimento Humano) e acesso limitado &#224; aten&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular secund&#225;ria e terci&#225;ria, com longas filas para ecocardiografia padr&#227;o eletiva.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Implementa&#231;&#227;o e treinamento</title>
        <p>Durante a fase de implementa&#231;&#227;o, 6 profissionais de sa&#250;de (3 enfermeiros, 3 t&#233;cnicos de enfermagem) em 16 centros de AP passaram por um processo educacional misto sobre ecocardiografia, composto por 9 m&#243;dulos on-line padronizados (dispon&#237;veis em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.wiredhealthresources.net/EchoProject/index.html">http://www.wiredhealthresources.net/EchoProject/index.html</ext-link>) e foram treinados em protocolos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos simplificados no Hospital Universit&#225;rio da UFMG, utilizando m&#225;quinas port&#225;teis, realizando em m&#233;dia 32 horas de treinamento pr&#225;tico. Localmente, um curr&#237;culo educacional para pacientes/comunidades sobre DC foi implementado pela equipe do estudo, agentes comunit&#225;rios de sa&#250;de e estudantes de medicina, durante visitas regulares e em atividades de grupo programadas (conhecidas como Grupos Operacionais), usando <italic>flipcharts</italic> educacionais impressos projetados para o estudo, como uma colabora&#231;&#227;o com a Reach Foundation, Cidade do Cabo, &#193;frica do Sul (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">Figura Suplementar 2</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes adultos (&#8805; 18 anos) de ambos os sexos que se apresentaram nos centros de AP participantes para consultas agendadas ou n&#227;o agendadas, que foram submetidos ao tele-ECG com base nas indica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas da equipe respons&#225;vel, eram potencialmente eleg&#237;veis e foram inscritos prospectivamente com base nos resultados do ECG, ap&#243;s assinatura do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
        <p>Os ECGs foram captados por equipamentos comerciais vinculados a software propriet&#225;rio espec&#237;fico, que possibilita a obten&#231;&#227;o do sinal de ECG e dos dados cl&#237;nicos, e transmitidos via internet para um servidor central do Centro de Telessa&#250;de da UFMG. O profissional de sa&#250;de solicitante coletou hist&#243;rico inicial, informa&#231;&#245;es demogr&#225;ficas e dados cl&#237;nicos. Os ECGs foram analisados centralmente por uma equipe de cardiologistas experientes, utilizando software espec&#237;fico semiautomatizado com ferramentas de medi&#231;&#227;o e amplia&#231;&#227;o, com inspe&#231;&#227;o visual e subsequente classifica&#231;&#227;o pelo c&#243;digo de Minnesota. O c&#243;digo de Minnesota &#233; o sistema de classifica&#231;&#227;o de ECG mais utilizado no mundo. Foi desenvolvido na d&#233;cada de 1950 por Dr. Henry Blackburn e utiliza um conjunto definido de regras de medi&#231;&#227;o para atribuir c&#243;digos num&#233;ricos espec&#237;ficos de acordo com a gravidade dos achados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Na presen&#231;a de uma discrep&#226;ncia entre os relat&#243;rios automatizados e a interpreta&#231;&#227;o do cardiologista, os exames foram auditados para classifica&#231;&#227;o final.</p>
        <p>Por meio de um sistema propriet&#225;rio de gatilhos desenvolvido para o projeto (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>), todos os pacientes com grandes anormalidades no ECG pelo c&#243;digo de Minnesota, ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico final do ECG (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">Tabela Suplementar 1</xref>), e uma amostra aleat&#243;ria 1:5 de indiv&#237;duos sem anormalidades foram sinalizados na interface de usu&#225;rio da equipe para inclus&#227;o no estudo. Os pacientes consentidos foram ent&#227;o agendados para uma consulta para aplica&#231;&#227;o de um question&#225;rio cl&#237;nico, seguida de ecocardiograma de rastreamento realizado por n&#227;o m&#233;dicos (GE VScan Extend<sup>&#174;</sup>), que foi remotamente interpretada exclusivamente por cardiologistas credenciados.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Sistema de gatilho desenvolvido para o estudo, baseado no sistema propriet&#225;rio de tele-eletrocardiografia (SigTel, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil), sinalizando exames com anormalidades maiores pelo c&#243;digo de Minnesota, acionando o ecocardiograma de rastreamento com interpreta&#231;&#227;o remota por cardiologistas credenciados.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230653-30653-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimentos de ecocardiograma de rastreamento</title>
        <p>Foi aplicado um protocolo de 7 visualiza&#231;&#245;es de ponto de cuidado (<italic>point-of-care</italic>) para rastreamento, com foco na avalia&#231;&#227;o valvar e na morfologia e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda/direita, al&#233;m do derrame peric&#225;rdico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 2</xref>), utilizando dispositivos port&#225;teis (GE VScan Extend<sup>&#174;</sup>). Foram aplicados os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos da ASE,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> com exce&#231;&#227;o das medidas do Doppler espectral, ausentes nesses aparelhos. A DC significativa foi definida como doen&#231;a valvar moderada a grave (regurgita&#231;&#227;o ou estenose), disfun&#231;&#227;o/hipertrofia ventricular, DC cong&#234;nita, derrame peric&#225;rdico ou qualquer anormalidade da motilidade<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">Tabela Suplementar 1</xref>). Foi recomendada a repeti&#231;&#227;o do rastreamento para aqueles com qualidade de imagem sub&#243;tima. Para interpreta&#231;&#227;o, imagens DICOM foram carregadas em um ambiente de computa&#231;&#227;o em nuvem propriet&#225;ria (SigTel&#174;, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil) para relat&#243;rios online utilizando software de imagem dispon&#237;vel comercialmente,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos (CAS, MCN, CS). Todos os relat&#243;rios foram disponibilizados online para os centros de AP, informando que n&#227;o se tratava de um diagn&#243;stico final.</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Protocolo de rastreamento simplificado para dispositivos port&#225;teis de avalia&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca em adultos, composto por 14 imagens (7 visualiza&#231;&#245;es): 10 ciclos e 4 fixas. A4C: apical de quatro c&#226;maras; A5C: apical de cinco c&#226;maras; AD: &#225;trio direito; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; AO: aorta; IA: insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica; IM: insufici&#234;ncia mitral; PLAX: eixo paraesternal longo; PSAX: eixo paraesternal curto; VA: valva a&#243;rtica; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VM: valva mitral; VP: valva pulmonar; VT: valva tric&#250;spide.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230653-30653-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados foram inseridos na nuvem propriet&#225;ria SigTel&#174; e exportados para o banco de dados RedCap&#174;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando o software SPSS&#174; vers&#227;o 23.0 para Mac OSX (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, Estados Unidos). Por ser um estudo explorat&#243;rio, n&#227;o foi realizado nenhum c&#225;lculo amostral pr&#233;-especificado e foram inclu&#237;dos todos os indiv&#237;duos eleg&#237;veis submetidos ao rastreamento por tele-ECG em 17 meses. Foi usado o teste de Shapiro-Wilk para avaliar a distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, expressas em n&#250;meros e porcentagens, foram comparadas entre os grupos (com e sem DC grave no ecocardiograma de rastreamento), utilizando o teste exato de Fisher, enquanto os dados cont&#237;nuos, expressos em mediana e Q1/Q3 (25%/75%), foram comparados usando o teste U de Mann-Whitney, conforme apropriado.</p>
        <p>Foi utilizada a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada para analisar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de anormalidades maiores no ECG, de acordo com o c&#243;digo de Minnesota, e a presen&#231;a de DC grave no ecocardiograma de rastreamento. As vari&#225;veis significativas (p &lt; 0,10) nas an&#225;lises univariadas foram inclu&#237;das nos modelos multivariados. Foram ajustados 4 modelos de regress&#227;o da seguinte forma: 1) modelo n&#227;o ajustado; 2) modelo 1 ajustado por idade e sexo; 3) modelo 2 mais fatores de risco (hipertens&#227;o e diabetes); 4) modelo 3 mais hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a cardiovascular (Chagas, cardiopatia reum&#225;tica, cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, AVC e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca). Todas as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas consideradas foram coletadas durante a entrevista cl&#237;nica. Para todas as an&#225;lises, foi considerado estatisticamente significativo um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia bicaudal de 0,05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo inicial de treinamento, a qualidade dos exames adquiridos foi classificada como satisfat&#243;ria para interpreta&#231;&#227;o em &gt; 90% dos 50 casos iniciais durante o per&#237;odo de avalia&#231;&#227;o de qualidade, e ent&#227;o o recrutamento dos pacientes foi iniciado.</p>
      <p>No total, 1.411 pacientes foram submetidos ao ecocardiograma de rastreamento em 17 meses. De acordo com o c&#243;digo de Minnesota, 1.149 (81%) apresentaram anormalidades maiores no ECG e 19% foram inclu&#237;dos no grupo controle. A idade mediana foi de 67 anos (intervalo interquartil de 60 a 74); 51,4% eram do sexo masculino; 76,3% tinham hipertens&#227;o, 37,7% diabetes e 22,3% cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica. Embora as taxas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca preexistente, doen&#231;a de Chagas e cardiopatia reum&#225;tica tenham sido globalmente baixas, as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas retratam um perfil de alto risco da amostra. No geral, os pacientes com DC grave na ecocardiografia eram mais velhos e apresentavam maior preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o e diabetes, bem como taxas mais altas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica previamente conhecidas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da amostra inclu&#237;da e compara&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas entre pacientes com e sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca grave detectada por ecocardiograma de rastreamento</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="16%">
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">N</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Geral<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Anormalidade maior no eco<break/> (n=475)</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Normal (n=936)</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Valor p<sup>2</sup></th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Sexo</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1.411</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,092</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Feminino</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">686 (48,6%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">216 (45,5%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">470 (50,2%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Masculino</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">725 (51,4%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">259 (54,5%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">466 (49,8%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Idade (anos)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1.411</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">67,0 (59,5; 74,0)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">73,0 (64,0; 80,0)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">64,0 (58,0; 71,0)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">ECG</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1.411</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Anormalidade maior</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1.149 (81,4%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">424 (89,3%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">725 (77,5%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Normal</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">262 (18,6%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">51 (10,7%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">211 (22,5%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Eco de acompanhamento imediatamente recomendado</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1.411</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">368 (26,1%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">334 (70,3%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">34 (3,6%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1.411</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1.076 (76,3%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">397 (83,6%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">679 (72,5%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Diabetes</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1.411</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">532 (37,7%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">197 (41,5%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">335 (35,8%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>0,037</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Doen&#231;as de Chagas</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1.411</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">13 (0,9%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">6 (1,3%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">7 (0,7%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,381</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1.411</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">38 (2,7%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">27 (5,7%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">11 (1,2%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">IAM/doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1.411</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">314 (22,3%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">142 (29,9%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">172 (18,4%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Cardiopatia reum&#225;tica</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1.411</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">4 (0,3%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1 (0,2%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">3 (0,3%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&gt;0,999</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">AVC</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1.411</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">78 (5,5%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">32 (6,7%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">46 (4,9%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,157</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>1</label>
            <p>n (%); mediana (intervalo interquartil).</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>2</label>
            <p>Teste qui-quadrado de Pearson; teste de soma de postos de Wilcoxon; teste exato de Fisher. AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; ECG: eletrocardiograma; eco: ecocardiograma; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Um total de 475 (33,7%) pacientes apresentaram DC grave no ecocardiograma de rastreamento. Entre aqueles com anormalidades maiores no ECG, 37% (N = 424) apresentaram ecocardiograma anormal, em compara&#231;&#227;o com 19% (N = 51) daqueles sem achados maiores no ECG (p &lt; 0,001). Ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o por consenso das imagens de rastreamento, foi recomendado ecocardiograma de acompanhamento priorit&#225;rio para 334 pacientes (70,3%) com DC grave no rastreamento e para 34 (3,6%) daqueles sem anormalidades, para esclarecimento diagn&#243;stico ou devido a imagens sub&#243;timas.</p>
      <p>Nos modelos de regress&#227;o, as anormalidades maiores do ECG pelo c&#243;digo de Minnesota se associaram a uma chance 2,4 vezes maior de se ter DC grave no ecocardiograma de rastreamento na an&#225;lise bivariada e permaneceram significativas (p &lt; 0,001) ap&#243;s ajustes no modelo 2 (OR = 2,57), modelo 3 (OR = 2,52) e modelo 4 (OR = 2,23) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). Apesar dos m&#250;ltiplos ajustes, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre anormalidades no ECG e no ecocardiograma permaneceu forte no modelo 4, com OR &gt; 2,0 e valor de p &lt; 0,001 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Modelos (4) de regress&#227;o ajustados para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre as anormalidades maiores no tele-ECG pelo c&#243;digo de Minnesota e a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca grave detectada por ecocardiograma de rastreamento</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Vari&#225;veis/modelo</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">OR (IC 95%)</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Valor p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="4">
                <bold>Modelo 1</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">(Intercepto)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,24 (0,18-0,33)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Anormalidade maior no ECG</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2,42 (1,76-3,39)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="4">
                <bold>Modelo 2</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">(Intercepto)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0 (0-0)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Anormalidade maior no ECG</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2,57 (1,84-3,65)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Sexo</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,37 (1,08-1,74)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>0,009</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Idade</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,07 (1,06-1,08)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="4">
                <bold>Modelo 3</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">(Intercepto)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0 (0-0)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Anormalidade maior no ECG</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2,52 (1,80-3,58)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Sexo</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,41 (1,11-1,79)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>0,005</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Idade</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,07 (1,06-1,08)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,46 (1,07-2,00)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>0,017</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Diabetes</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,05 (0,82-1,35)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,688</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="4">
                <bold>Modelo 4</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">(Intercepto)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0 (0-0)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Anormalidade maior no ECG</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2,23 (1,59-3,19)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Sexo</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,35 (1,06-1,73)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>0,015</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Idade</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,07 (1,06-1,09)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,32 (0,97-1,81)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,083</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Diabetes</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,03 (0,80-1,33)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,825</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Doen&#231;a de Chagas</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,09 (0,29-3,82)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,897</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">5,18 (2,43-11,87)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">IAM/doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,56 (1,18-2,07)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">
                <bold>0,002</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Cardiopatia reum&#225;tica (conhecida)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,37 (0,01-6,16)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,491</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">AVC</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,18 (0,72-1,93)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,504</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN6">
            <p>AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; ECG: eletrocardiografia; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; OR: odds ratio.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Dentre as vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas consideradas para os modelos, idade (a cada 1 ano), sexo masculino e hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio/doen&#231;a arterial coronariana foram preditores independentes de DC grave no ecocardiograma de rastreamento, assim como as anormalidades maiores no ECG (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo de prova de conceito mostrou que uma combina&#231;&#227;o de ferramentas de telecardiologia pode ser uma estrat&#233;gia promissora para rastreamento de DC e prioriza&#231;&#227;o de referenciamento para exames no ambiente da AP. Anormalidades maiores no tele-ECG (um recurso de telessa&#250;de difundido no Brasil) adequadamente prediz a presen&#231;a de DC grave no ecocardiograma de rastreamento com interpreta&#231;&#227;o remota, independentemente das vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas. Esses achados apontam para a utilidade de tais ferramentas para melhorar os cuidados cardiovasculares em regi&#245;es com poucos recursos, atrav&#233;s da potencial incorpora&#231;&#227;o de modalidades dispon&#237;veis e de baixo custo nos escores de risco cl&#237;nico. No Brasil, o acesso aos cuidados de sa&#250;de &#233; desigual,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> e as taxas de mortalidade associadas &#224;s doen&#231;as cardiovasculares tamb&#233;m variam dependendo das caracter&#237;sticas regionais e das condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Portanto, a descentraliza&#231;&#227;o dos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de &#233; um desafio e uma necessidade crescente no pa&#237;s, com a finalidade de fornecer melhor acesso aos cuidados de sa&#250;de para a popula&#231;&#227;o necessitada.</p>
      <p>Nesse sentido, al&#233;m de melhorar a efici&#234;ncia e reduzir os custos, a telemedicina pode ampliar as fronteiras da AP, proporcionando acesso &#224; sa&#250;de para popula&#231;&#245;es remotas e potencialmente ampliando a atua&#231;&#227;o dos profissionais de sa&#250;de, integrando-os aos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de especializados localizados em hospitais e centros de refer&#234;ncia e, em &#250;ltima inst&#226;ncia, democratizando o acesso &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o, diagn&#243;stico e tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> No entanto, sabe-se que o Brasil apresenta in&#250;meros desafios estruturais para alcan&#231;ar o acesso universal a dispositivos de telessa&#250;de, especialmente relacionados ao acesso adequado &#224; conex&#227;o &#224; internet. Essa situa&#231;&#227;o tende a ser ainda pior em regi&#245;es remotas e perif&#233;ricas, representando uma barreira significativa para a dissemina&#231;&#227;o e consolida&#231;&#227;o da telemedicina no pa&#237;s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Ainda que a infraestrutura t&#233;cnica para a telemedicina seja resolvida no Brasil, ainda haver&#225; risco de escassez de capacidade local e de pessoal para promover a expans&#227;o do acesso aos cuidados de sa&#250;de, dado que os servi&#231;os remotos s&#227;o essencialmente inter e multidisciplinares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Assim, a consolida&#231;&#227;o de parcerias entre os setores p&#250;blico e privado &#233; um passo essencial para tornar os recursos de telessa&#250;de dispon&#237;veis e efetivamente funcionais em m&#250;ltiplas localidades, dadas as dimens&#245;es continentais do pa&#237;s.</p>
      <p>Visando abordar essas quest&#245;es, programas governamentais implementaram o tele-ECG como uma das ferramentas priorit&#225;rias de telessa&#250;de em diversas regi&#245;es do pa&#237;s nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> aproveitando parcerias entre a AP de v&#225;rios munic&#237;pios brasileiros e hospitais universit&#225;rios, onde o tra&#231;ado do ECG &#233; interpretado em tempo real e os laudos s&#227;o imediatamente enviados de volta &#224;s unidades b&#225;sicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O tele-ECG tem se mostrado uma ferramenta robusta de telessa&#250;de para localidades distantes dos grandes centros urbanos e com acesso limitado a servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de especializados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Os dados dispon&#237;veis consolidaram-no como uma ferramenta v&#225;lida e custo-efetiva para melhorar a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica e terap&#234;utica em locais onde faltam especialistas, al&#233;m de promover cuidados de sa&#250;de para popula&#231;&#245;es com acesso sub&#243;timo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Nossos dados refor&#231;am a utilidade diagn&#243;stica do tele-ECG de uma perspectiva mais ampla, com previs&#227;o ideal de DC grave detectada pelo ecocardiograma de rastreamento, mesmo ap&#243;s ajuste para vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas relevantes.</p>
      <p>Nesse cen&#225;rio, a combina&#231;&#227;o de ferramentas de telecardiologia para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular na AP surge como uma estrat&#233;gia promissora, considerando a possibilidade de integra&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma de rastreamento realizada por n&#227;o m&#233;dicos com interpreta&#231;&#227;o remota por cardiologistas credenciados nos cuidados de rotina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Vale a pena destacar que o ecocardiograma de rastreamento com dispositivos port&#225;teis, conforme testado em nosso protocolo, n&#227;o &#233; proposto como uma ferramenta de diagn&#243;stico final, com avalia&#231;&#227;o detalhada de vari&#225;veis morfofuncionais; em vez disso, destina-se &#224; aquisi&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida de protocolos ultrassonogr&#225;ficos simplificados por uma equipe n&#227;o m&#233;dica com r&#225;pido treinamento t&#233;cnico, visando sinalizar anormalidades importantes para fins de triagem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Indiv&#237;duos com achados anormais devem idealmente ser submetidos a um ecocardiograma padr&#227;o confirmat&#243;rio com um protocolo abrangente, focado na avalia&#231;&#227;o mais profunda das altera&#231;&#245;es morfofuncionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Essencialmente, protocolos de rastreamento mais simples e r&#225;pidos s&#227;o mais f&#225;ceis de serem replicados por pessoal n&#227;o m&#233;dico brevemente treinado para o posicionamento da sonda, potencialmente facilitando a implementa&#231;&#227;o da estrat&#233;gia para mais regi&#245;es, integrada com a AP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> No Brasil, no entanto, essa abordagem de transfer&#234;ncia de tarefas s&#243; &#233; permitida em protocolos de pesquisa, pois imagens de ultrassom s&#243; podem ser adquiridas por m&#233;dicos credenciados. As discuss&#245;es sobre tais regulamenta&#231;&#245;es com os decisores pol&#237;ticos e conselhos m&#233;dicos s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para permitir a expans&#227;o da estrat&#233;gia, se for comprovadamente vi&#225;vel e custo-efetiva, para outros fins que n&#227;o a pesquisa.</p>
      <p>Estudos focados na cardiopatia reum&#225;tica demonstraram que a estrat&#233;gia de rastreamento &#233; eficaz para o diagn&#243;stico precoce<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> e reconhecidamente melhora o progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> O ecocardiograma de rastreamento &#233; geralmente mais sens&#237;vel do que espec&#237;fico para detec&#231;&#227;o de cardiopatia reum&#225;tica latente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Para outras patologias card&#237;acas, os achados do rastreamento t&#234;m uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com o ecocardiograma padr&#227;o realizado por especialistas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Embora existam raz&#245;es reconhecidas para as discrep&#226;ncias entre os achados dos ecocardiogramas de rastreamento e padr&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> a experi&#234;ncia e o hist&#243;rico de treinamento dos operadores, al&#233;m dos recursos limitados do dispositivos de rastreamento ultraport&#225;teis, em compara&#231;&#227;o com m&#225;quinas padr&#227;o totalmente funcionais, s&#227;o fatores adicionais que explicam as discord&#226;ncias. Assim, os investimentos na educa&#231;&#227;o, treinamento e garantia de qualidade do pessoal e no desenvolvimento tecnol&#243;gico colaborativo s&#227;o abordagens fundamentais para a obten&#231;&#227;o de melhores resultados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Considerando isso, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os achados do tele-ECG e DC grave detectada pelo ecocardiograma de rastreamento com leitura remota levanta a possibilidade de combinar tais ferramentas no futuro, otimizando a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos recursos de sa&#250;de, evitando custos de transporte e racionalizando encaminhamentos dos n&#237;veis de AP para secund&#225;ria. Nossos resultados sugerem que a associa&#231;&#227;o entre anormalidades maiores no tele-ECG e no tele-eco &#233; independente dos perfis demogr&#225;fico e cl&#237;nico dos pacientes, conforme indicado pelos m&#250;ltiplos modelos ajustados, refor&#231;ando a hip&#243;tese de que uma poss&#237;vel combina&#231;&#227;o desses testes permitiria uma estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco mais precisa na AP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a possibilidade de pr&#233;-rastrear os pacientes no centro de sa&#250;de prim&#225;rio sempre que um ecocardiograma for solicitado pelo m&#233;dico assistente, por meio de um question&#225;rio cl&#237;nico, tele-ECG de triagem e, quando indicado, ecocardiograma de rastreamento, seria uma maneira vi&#225;vel de prever com acur&#225;cia a presen&#231;a de DC significativa, racionalizar as indica&#231;&#245;es de ecocardiograma padr&#227;o e evitar atrasos longos e &#224;s vezes desnecess&#225;rios no encaminhamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> A viabilidade de integrar o ecocardiograma de rastreamento na AP j&#225; foi demonstrado anteriormente por nosso grupo, bem como o potencial para fornecer diagn&#243;stico precoce de DC para adultos e idosos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O cen&#225;rio da aten&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria p&#250;blica brasileira &#233; desafiador na maioria dos estados, com longas demoras para exames e consultas cardiovasculares complementares, principalmente em &#225;reas de dif&#237;cil acesso, munic&#237;pios pequenos e regi&#245;es distantes dos grandes centros urbanos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Longos tempos de espera frequentemente representam uma demora para in&#237;cio e otimiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento. Neste contexto, uma estrat&#233;gia de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco mais precisa pode ser &#250;til tanto para adaptar o tratamento do paciente quanto para reduzir a demanda para encaminhamentos, em &#250;ltima inst&#226;ncia resultando em listas de espera mais curtas. Com base nos nossos resultados, a possibilidade de pr&#233;-triagem com tele-ECG j&#225; &#233; uma realidade, com resultados iniciais convincentes. Al&#233;m disso, a possibilidade de diagn&#243;stico semiautom&#225;tico de ECG, j&#225; dispon&#237;vel na Rede de Telessa&#250;de de Minas Gerais,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> e algoritmos de aprendizado de m&#225;quina para ECG<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> e ecocardiografia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> podem aumentar ainda mais o poder preditivo dos m&#233;todos e reduzir os custos operacionais.</p>
      <p>Uma quest&#227;o que permanece inexplorada &#233; a possibilidade de desenvolver um escore de predi&#231;&#227;o combinando vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas simples, tele-ECG e ecocardiograma de rastreamento com leitura remota. Embora a adi&#231;&#227;o de ecocardiograma de rastreamento &#224;s vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas melhore reconhecidamente o poder preditivo de um escore de risco existente,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> o efeito da inclus&#227;o do tele-ECG no modelo e o impacto progn&#243;stico da estrat&#233;gia ainda s&#227;o desconhecidos. Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para definir protocolos otimizados de ecocardiografia de rastreamento (por exemplo, protocolo simplificado versus proje&#231;&#227;o &#250;nica), bem como para estabelecer indica&#231;&#245;es e cen&#225;rios de rastreamento ideais para otimiza&#231;&#227;o da busca ativa de casos. Por fim, s&#227;o necess&#225;rias discuss&#245;es com conselhos m&#233;dicos e autoridades de sa&#250;de &#224; luz dos dados emergentes sobre esse tema, considerando que a aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens por n&#227;o m&#233;dicos n&#227;o &#233; permitida fora de projetos de pesquisa no Brasil e em outros pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, mesmo com interpreta&#231;&#227;o exclusiva por cardiologistas. As restri&#231;&#245;es corporativistas podem ser uma barreira para a implementa&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias de redu&#231;&#227;o de custos na &#225;rea cardiovascular.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Em primeiro lugar, foi um estudo de implementa&#231;&#227;o de prova de conceito, no qual foi avaliada apenas a acur&#225;cia do tele-ECG, em oposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; sua incorpora&#231;&#227;o em um escore de risco abrangente. No entanto, uma avalia&#231;&#227;o gradual da acur&#225;cia dos testes individuais &#233; um passo crucial para o desenvolvimento de escores preditivos, conforme planejado para as fases posteriores do estudo PROVAR+. Em segundo lugar, o padr&#227;o-ouro para defini&#231;&#227;o de DC grave foi o ecocardiograma de rastreamento com dispositivos port&#225;teis, o que pode ter levado a limita&#231;&#245;es diagn&#243;sticas. Al&#233;m disso, essa gera&#231;&#227;o do GE-VSCAN Extend n&#227;o possui recursos de Doppler espectral. Toda a interpreta&#231;&#227;o, entretanto, foi feita consensualmente por pelo menos 2 cardiologistas experientes, com expertise em projetos de pesquisa relacionados ao rastreamento. Em terceiro lugar, n&#227;o foram realizados procedimentos de amostragem estratificada e o recrutamento foi feito consecutivamente por conveni&#234;ncia com base no sistema de tele-ECG, limitando a extrapola&#231;&#227;o dos achados para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. Al&#233;m disso, os dados do ecocardiograma de rastreamento de pacientes n&#227;o eleg&#237;veis para rastreamento, com base nos resultados do ECG, n&#227;o est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis para compara&#231;&#227;o. Finalmente, o tamanho da amostra limita uma vis&#227;o mais profunda sobre associa&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas entre anormalidades individuais no ECG e achados funcionais/morfol&#243;gicos do ecocardiograma. Apesar das limita&#231;&#245;es supracitadas, at&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o maior estudo realizado na Am&#233;rica Latina com o objetivo de avaliar uma abordagem combinada de ferramentas de telecardiologia na AP, e nossos dados apontam para a necessidade de avalia&#231;&#245;es adicionais, conforme planejado para um futuro pr&#243;ximo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>As anormalidades do tele-ECG aumentaram a probabilidade de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca grave no ecocardiograma de rastreamento, mesmo ap&#243;s ajustes para vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas. A combina&#231;&#227;o de ferramentas de telecardiologia e dados cl&#237;nicos pode melhorar a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco na AP, e os resultados apontam para o desenvolvimento de escores de risco abrangendo diversas modalidades de prioriza&#231;&#227;o de cuidados.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Bruno R. Nascimento &#233; parcialmente financiado pelo CNPq (Bolsa de Produtividade em Pesquisa 310749/2022-0), Edwards Lifesciences Foundation (Improving the Prevention and Detection of Heart Valve Disease Across the Lifespan, 2022) e FAPEMIG (projeto APQ 000627-20). Antonio LP Ribeiro &#233; apoiado em parte pelo CNPq (310790/2021-2 e 465518/2014-1), FAPEMIG (PPM-00428-17 e RED-00081-16) e CAPES (88887.507149/2020-00). O programa PROVAR+ &#233; financiado pela Edwards Lifesciences Foundation (Improving the Prevention and Detection of Heart Valve Disease Across the Lifespan, 2022) e pelo CNPq. Estudantes de medicina receberam bolsas do Instituto Nacional de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia de Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Tecnologia em Sa&#250;de (IATS, projeto 465518/2014-1).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por Edwards Lifesciences Foundation, CNPq, IATS e FAPEMIG.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE 37228120.9.0000.5149. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
        <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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    <app-group>
      <app id="app1">
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Combination of Tele-Cardiology Tools for Cardiovascular Risk Stratification in Primary Care: Data from the PROVAR+ Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-4428-6157</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fraga</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Leal</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5586-774X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Ramos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-5298-0817</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Haiashi</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Melo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2827-4631</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Mauro Henrique Agapito</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0732-7631</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Isabely Karoline da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Aparecida</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1093-4515</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vinhal</surname>
            <given-names>Wanessa Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-1096-4047</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Coimbra</surname>
            <given-names>Mariela Mata</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>C&#225;ssia Aparecida</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiana Rosa Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pires</surname>
            <given-names>Magda C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Diniz</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Luiza Pereira Afonso</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amaral</surname>
            <given-names>Arthur Maia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Diamante</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Chaves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fava</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Le&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sable</surname>
            <given-names>Craig</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Carmo Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2740-0042</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Luiz P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0689-1644</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Clareci Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff10">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia e Cirurgia Carvdiovascular, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff11">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Madre Teresa &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Hemodin&#226;mica, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff12">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff13">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Centro de Telessa&#250;de, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff14">
          <label>5</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Divin&#243;polis</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o del Rei &#8211; Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu &#8211; Campus Divin&#243;polis, Divin&#243;polis, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff15">
          <label>6</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Exatas &#8211; Departamento de Estat&#237;stica, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff16">
          <label>7</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas de Minas Gerais &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff17">
          <label>8</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ouro Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto &#8211; Departamento de Medicina, Ouro Preto, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff18">
          <label>9</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Washington</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Columbia</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">USA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Children's National Health System &#8211; Cardiology, Washington, District of Columbia &#8211; USA</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Bruno Ramos Nascimento</bold> &#8226; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia e Cirurgia Carvdiovascular &#8211; Rua Professor Alfredo Balena, 110, 1&#176; andar. Postal Code <postal-code>30130-100</postal-code>, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>ramosnas@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Tele-cardiology tools are valuable strategies to improve risk stratification.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>We aimed to evaluate the accuracy of tele-electrocardiography (ECG) to predict abnormalities in screening echocardiography (echo) in primary care (PC).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>In 17 months, 6 health providers at 16 PC units were trained on simplified handheld echo protocols. Tele-ECGs were recorded for final diagnosis by a cardiologist. Consented patients with major ECG abnormalities by the Minnesota code, and a 1:5 sample of normal individuals underwent clinical questionnaire and screening echo interpreted remotely. Major heart disease was defined as moderate/severe valve disease, ventricular dysfunction/hypertrophy, pericardial effusion, or wall-motion abnormalities. Association between major ECG and echo abnormalities was assessed by logistic regression as follows: 1) unadjusted model; 2) model 1 adjusted for age/sex; 3) model 2 plus risk factors (hypertension/diabetes); 4) model 3 plus history of cardiovascular disease (Chagas/rheumatic heart disease/ischemic heart disease/stroke/heart failure). P-values &lt; 0.05 were considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>A total 1,411 patients underwent echo; 1,149 (81%) had major ECG abnormalities. Median age was 67 (IQR 60 to 74) years, and 51.4% were male. Major ECG abnormalities were associated with a 2.4-fold chance of major heart disease on echo in bivariate analysis (OR = 2.42 [95% CI 1.76 to 3.39]), and remained significant after adjustments in models (p &lt; 0.001) 2 (OR = 2.57 [95% CI 1.84 to 3.65]), model 3 (OR = 2.52 [95% CI 1.80 to3.58]), and model 4 (OR = 2.23 [95%CI 1.59 to 3.19]). Age, male sex, heart failure, and ischemic heart disease were also independent predictors of major heart disease on echo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Tele-ECG abnormalities increased the likelihood of major heart disease on screening echo, even after adjustments for demographic and clinical variables.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Mass Screening</kwd>
        <kwd>Telemedicine</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Grade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>310749/2022-0</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPEMIG</funding-source>
          <award-id>APQ 000627-20</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>310790/2021-2</award-id>
          <award-id>465518/2014-1</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPEMIG</funding-source>
          <award-id>PPM-00428-17</award-id>
          <award-id>RED-00081-16</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CAPES</funding-source>
          <award-id>88887.507149/2020-00</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>National Institute of Science and Technology for Health Technology Assessment</funding-source>
          <award-id>465518/2014-1</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <fig id="f4">
        <p>ECG: electrocardiography; ECHO: echocardiogram.</p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230653-30653-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Brazil faces a high incidence of cardiovascular disease as the main cause of mortality, a pattern similar to that observed in developed countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> However, as it is a developing nation with a single, universal healthcare system (Unified Health System, abbreviated SUS in Portuguese), significant challenges arise in the search for a balance between prevention and treatment, in an epidemiological scenario that merges characteristics of developed and developing countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Hence, it is essential to adopt effective strategies to improve the allocation of health resources, with a focus on prevention. Reallocation of resources to priority areas requires a strategic approach that requires both technology and medical knowledge.</p>
        <p>A crucial tool for cardiovascular screening is the echocardiogram (echo), which makes it possible to detect, classify, and stratify the risk of structural heart disease (HD). Thanks to developing technology, echo has progressively become portable and accessible, moving from imaging centers to the point-of-care, with a potential to reach unserved settings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Therefore, a two-step approach, which includes the performance of echo by non-experts, followed by remote interpretation by certified cardiologists, is a promising screening strategy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> This may enable more effective resource allocation and implementation of broader screening programs, allowing for earlier diagnosis and prompt treatment, especially where resources are scarce.</p>
        <p>Currently, the Brazilian SUS allows primary care (PC) physicians to request echo for any diagnostic purposes, and patients are prioritized based only on the date of request. Long queues and the lack of a prioritization system for more urgent cases frequently lead to delayed diagnosis, contributing to unfavorable outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In this setting, given that local health systems have an extremely limited availability of specialized tests and referrals for secondary care, long waiting times are commonly observed. Furthermore, referrals of patients without significant clinical abnormalities for specialized tests are frequent, contributing to long delays.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In an attempt to solve this problem, it has been demonstrated that the addition of screening echo to a clinical risk stratification score may be a promising tool for prioritizing referrals for conventional echo and cardiology appointments, which can potentially result in a reduction of waiting lists in underserved areas and better allocation of health resources.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>An important tool for expanding portable echo screening is telemedicine, as it allows for prompt remote interpretation by specialists, markedly in regions with greater social vulnerability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The Telehealth Network of Minas Gerais was implemented in 2005 by the Government of the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, aimed at connecting university hospitals to local health services, offering support to health professionals through tele-electrocardiography (ECG), tele-assistance, and, more recently, tele-echo, in addition to providing support through teleconsultations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The tele-ECG system is now available throughout the country, with a recent expansion to other South American nations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In this study, we aimed to evaluate the accuracy of tele-ECG in remote sites to predict abnormalities in screening echo in Brazilian PC, as a combined strategy for risk stratification.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>The procedures and methods of this study will be made available for replication upon reasonable request directed to the corresponding author. The Institutional Review Board of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) approved the study under CAAE number 37228120.9.0000.5149 and by the local boards of health. The PROVAR+ study is a cardiovascular screening program established in 2014, as an international collaboration between UFMG, the Telehealth Network of Minas Gerais<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> and the Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, United States. This sub study took place between February 2022 and May, 2023 in the city of Divin&#243;polis, located in the central region of the state of Minas Gerais, in the Southeast Region of Brazil. The city has 231,091 inhabitants and mean Human Development Index of 0.764 (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app2">Supplement Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>The PROVAR+ study utilizes non-experts for image acquisition through task-shifting, on handheld devices (VScan&#174; Extend, GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States) for echocardiographic detection of HD in the PC setting and remote interpretation by experts in Brazil and the United States, according to the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> criteria. The PC centers participating in the study were included according to the priorities of health authorities, based on low socioeconomic indexes (considering the Human Development Index) and limited access to secondary and tertiary cardiovascular care, with long queues for elective standard echo.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Implementation and training</title>
          <p>During the implementation phase, 6 healthcare workers (3 nurses, 3 nursing technicians) at 16 PC centers underwent a mixed educational process on echo, consisting of 9 standardized online modules (available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.wiredhealthresources.net/EchoProject/index.html">http://www.wiredhealthresources.net/EchoProject/index.html</ext-link>) and were trained on simplified echo protocols at the UFMG University Hospital, utilizing handheld machines, performing an average of 32 hours of hands-on training. Locally, a patient/community educational curriculum on HD was deployed by the study staff, community health agents, and medical students, during regular visits and in scheduled group activities (known as Operational Groups), using educational printed flipcharts designed for the study, as a collaboration with the Reach Foundation, Cape Town, South Africa (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app2">Supplement Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Inclusion criteria</title>
          <p>All adult patients (&#8805; 18 years) of both sexes presenting to the participant PC facilities for scheduled or non-scheduled appointments, who were submitted to the tele-ECG based on clinical indications by the attending team, were potentially eligible and prospectively enrolled based on the ECG results, after signing the informed consent form.</p>
          <p>The ECGs were captured by commercial equipment linked to specific proprietary software, which makes it possible to obtain ECG signal and clinical data, and transmitted by internet to a central server at the UFMG Telehealth Center. The requesting healthcare provider collected baseline history, demographic information, and clinical data. ECGs were centrally analyzed by a team of experienced cardiologists, utilizing specific semi-automated software with measurement and magnification tools, with visual inspection and subsequent classification by the Minnesota code, which is the most widely used ECG classification system worldwide. It was developed in the 1950s by Dr. Henry Blackburn, and it utilizes a defined set of measurement rules to assign specific numerical codes according to the severity of findings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> In the presence of a discrepancy between automated reports and the cardiologist's interpretation, exams were audited for a final classification.</p>
          <p>Through a proprietary trigger system developed for the project (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>), all patients with major ECG abnormalities by the Minnesota code, after the final ECG diagnosis (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app2">Supplement Table 1</xref>), and a random 1:5 sample of individuals without abnormalities were flagged in the team's user interface for inclusion in the study. Consented patients were then scheduled for an appointment for application of a clinical questionnaire, followed by echo screening performed by non-physicians (GE VScan Extend&#174;), which was remotely interpreted exclusively by certified cardiologists.</p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Trigger system developed for the study, based on the proprietary tele-electrocardiography system (SigTel, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil), flagging exams with major abnormalities by the Minnesota code, triggering the screening echocardiogram with remote interpretation by certified cardiologists. ECG: electrocardiogram; echo: echocardiogram.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230653-30653-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Screening echocardiography procedures</title>
          <p>A point-of-care 7-view protocol was applied for screening, focusing on valvular assessment and left/right ventricular morphology and function, in addition to pericardial effusion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>), utilizing handheld devices (GE VScan Extend&#174;). The ASE diagnostic criteria<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> were applied, with the exception of spectral Doppler measurements, which were absent in these devices. Significant HD was defined as moderate to severe valve disease (regurgitation or stenosis), ventricular dysfunction/hypertrophy, congenital heart disease, pericardial effusion, or any wall-motion abnormalities<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app2">Supplement Table 1</xref>). Repeated screening was recommended for those with suboptimal image quality. For interpretation, DICOM images were uploaded to a proprietary cloud computing environment (SigTel&#174;, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil) for online reporting utilizing commercially available imaging software,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> in Brazil and the United States (CAS, MCN, CS). All reports were made available online for the PC centers, informing that it was not a final diagnosis.</p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Simplified screening protocol for handheld devices for evaluation of heart diseases in adults, consisting of 14 images (7 views): 10 loops and 4 still frames. AP4: apical four chambers; AP5: apical five chambers; AO: aorta; AV: aortic valve; AR: aortic regurgitation; LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; MR: mitral regurgitation; MV: mitral valve; PLAX: parasternal long axis; PSAX: parasternal short axis; PV: pulmonary valve; RA: right atrium; RV: right ventricle; TV: tricuspid valve.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230653-30653-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data were entered to the proprietary SigTel&#174; cloud and exported to the RedCap&#174; database.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS&#174; software version 23.0 for Mac OSX (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, United States). As an exploratory study, no pre-specified sample size calculation was performed, and all eligible individuals undergoing tele-ECG screening in 17 months were enrolled. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess the distribution of continuous variables. Categorical variables, expressed as numbers and percentages, were compared between groups (with and without major HD in echo screening) using Fisher's exact test, whereas continuous data, expressed as median and Q1/Q3 (25%/75%), were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test, as appropriate.</p>
          <p>Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association between the presence of major ECG abnormalities according to the Minnesota code and the presence of major HD in screening echo. Significant variables (p &lt; 0.10) in univariate analyses were included in multivariate models. Four regression models were adjusted as follows: 1) unadjusted model; model 2) model 1 adjusted for age and sex; model 3) model 2 plus cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension and diabetes); model 4) model 3 plus history of cardiovascular disease (Chagas, rheumatic heart disease [RHD], ischemic heart disease, stroke, and heart failure). All clinical variables considered were collected during the clinical interview. For all analyses, a two-tailed significance level of 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>After the initial training period, the quality of the acquired exams was graded as satisfactory for interpretation in &gt; 90% of the 50 initial cases during the quality assurance period, and patient enrollment was then initiated.</p>
        <p>A total of 1,411 patients underwent screening echo in 17 months. Based on the Minnesota code, 1,149 (81%) had major ECG abnormalities, and 19% were enrolled in the control group. Median age was 67 (IQR 60 to 74) years; 51.4% were male; 76.3% had hypertension, 37.7% diabetes, and 22.3% ischemic heart disease. Although the rates of preexisting heart failure, Chagas disease and RHD were overall low, the clinical and demographic variables depict a high-risk profile of the sample. Overall, patients found to have major HD in echo screening were older, and they had higher prevalence of hypertension and diabetes, as well as higher rates of previously known heart failure and ischemic heart disease (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of the included sample and comparison of demographic and clinical variables between patients with and without major heart disease detected by screening echocardiography</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Characteristic</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">N</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Overall<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Major echo abnormality<break/> (n=475)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Normal<break/> (n=936)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p value<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Sex</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,411</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,092</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Female</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">686 (48.6%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">216 (45.5%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">470 (50.2%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Male</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">725 (51.4%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">259 (54.5%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">466 (49.8%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Age (years)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,411</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">67.0 (59.5; 74.0)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">73.0 (64.0; 80.0)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">64.0 (58.0; 71.0)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">ECG</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,411</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Major abnormality</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,149 (81.4%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">424 (89.3%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">725 (77.5%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Normal</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">262 (18.6%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">51 (10.7%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">211 (22.5%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Follow-up echo promptly recommended</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,411</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">368 (26.1%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">334 (70.3%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">34 (3.6%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Hypertension</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,411</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,076 (76.3%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">397 (83.6%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">679 (72.5%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Diabetes</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,411</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">532 (37.7%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">197 (41.5%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">335 (35.8%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>0.037</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Chagas disease</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,411</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">13 (0.9%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">6 (1.3%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">7 (0.7%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.381</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Heart failure</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,411</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">38 (2.7%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">27 (5.7%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">11 (1.2%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">AMI/coronary artery disease</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,411</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">314 (22.3%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">142 (29.9%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">172 (18.4%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Rheumatic heart disease</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,411</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">4 (0.3%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1 (0.2%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3 (0.3%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&gt;0.999</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Stroke</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,411</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">78 (5.5%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">32 (6.7%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">46 (4.9%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.157</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <label>1</label>
              <p>n (%); median (interquartile range).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>2</label>
              <p>Pearson's chi-squared test; Wilcoxon rank sum test; Fisher's exact test. AMI: acute myocardial infarction; ECG: electrocardiogram; echo: echocardiogram.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A total of 475 (33.7%) patients had major HD in screening echo. Among those with major ECG abnormalities, 37% (N = 424) had abnormal echo, compared to 19% (N = 51) of those without major ECG findings (p &lt; 0.001). After consensus evaluation of the screening images, a priority follow-up echo was recommended for 334 patients (70.3%) with major HD in screening, and for 34 (3.6%) of those without abnormalities, for diagnostic clarification or due to suboptimal images.</p>
        <p>In regression models, major ECG abnormalities by the Minnesota code were associated with a 2.4 higher chance of having major HD in screening echo in the bivariate analysis, and remained significant (p &lt; 0.001) after adjustments in model 2 (OR = 2.57), model 3 (OR = 2.52), and model 4 (OR = 2.23) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>). Despite multiple adjustments, the association between ECG and echo abnormalities remained strong in model 4, with OR &gt; 2.0 and p value &lt; 0.001 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Adjusted regression models (4) to assess the association between major tele-ECG abnormalities by the Minnesota Code and the presence of major heart disease detected by screening echocardiography</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Variables/model</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">OR (95% CI)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Model 1</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">(Intercept)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.24 (0.18-0.33)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Major ECG abnormality</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2.42 (1.76-3.39)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Model 2</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">(Intercept)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0 (0-0)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Major ECG abnormality</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2.57 (1.84-3.65)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Sex</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.37 (1.08-1.74)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>0.009</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Age</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.07 (1.06-1.08)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Model 3</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">(Intercept)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0 (0-0)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Major ECG abnormality</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2.52 (1.80-3.58)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Sex</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.41 (1.11-1.79)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>0.005</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Age</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.07 (1.06-1.08)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Hypertension</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.46 (1.07-2.00)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>0.017</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.05 (0.82-1.35)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.688</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Model 4</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">(Intercept)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0 (0-0)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Major ECG abnormality</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2.23 (1.59-3.19)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Sex</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.35 (1.06-1.73)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>0.015</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Age</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.07 (1.06-1.09)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Hypertension</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.32 (0.97-1.81)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.083</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Diabetes</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.03 (0.80-1.33)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.825</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Chagas disease</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.09 (0.29-3.82)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.897</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Heart failure</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">5.18 (2.43-11.87)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">AMI/coronary artery disease</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.56 (1.18-2.07)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">
                  <bold>0.002</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Rheumatic heart disease (known)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.37 (0.01-6.16)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.491</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Stroke</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.18 (0.72-1.93)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.504</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>AMI: acute myocardial infarction; ECG: electrocardiography.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Among the demographic and clinical variables considered for the models, age (each 1 year), male sex, and previous history of heart failure and acute myocardial infarction/coronary artery disease were independent predictors of major HD on screening echo, in addition to major ECG abnormalities (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Our proof-of-concept study showed that a combination of tele-cardiology tools may be a promising strategy for screening for HD and prioritization of referral tests in the PC setting. Major abnormalities in the tele-ECG (a widespread telehealth resource in Brazil) adequately predicts the presence of major HD in echo screening with remote interpretation, independently of clinical variables. These findings point towards the utility of such tools to improve cardiovascular care in low-resourced regions, through the potential incorporation of low-cost and available modalities into clinical risk scores. In Brazil, access to health care is unequal,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> and mortality rates associated with cardiovascular disease also vary depending on regional characteristics and socioeconomic conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Therefore, decentralization of health services is a challenge and a growing necessity in the country in order to provide better access to healthcare for the population in need.</p>
        <p>Accordingly, in addition to improving efficiency and reducing costs, telemedicine can expand the boundaries of PC, providing access to healthcare for remote populations and potentially expanding the actions of health professionals, integrating them with specialized health services located in hospitals and reference centers and ultimately democratizing access to prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> However, it is known that Brazil has numerous structural drawbacks for achieving universal access to telehealth devices, especially related to adequate access to internet connection. This situation tends to be even worse in remote and peripheral regions, representing a significant barrier for the dissemination and consolidation of telemedicine in the country.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Even if the technical infrastructure for telemedicine is solved in Brazil, there will still be a risk of shortage of local capacity and personnel to promote the expansion of access to healthcare, given that remote services are essentially inter- and multidisciplinary.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Thus, consolidation of partnerships between public and private sectors is an essential step to make telehealth resources available and effectively functional in multiple locations, given the country's continental dimensions.</p>
        <p>Aimed at addressing these issues, government programs have implemented tele-ECG as one of the priority telehealth tools in several regions of the country in the past decades,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> taking advantage of partnerships between the PC of several Brazilian municipalities and university hospitals, where the ECG tracing is interpreted in real-time, and reports are immediately sent back to the basic units.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Tele-ECG has proven to be a robust telehealth tool for locations far from large urban centers with limited access to specialized health services.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Available data consolidated it as a valid and cost-effective tool for improving diagnostic and therapeutic accuracy in places where lacking specialists, in addition to promoting healthcare for populations with suboptimal access.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Our data reinforce the diagnostic utility of tele-ECG from a broader perspective, with optimal prediction of major HD detected by screening echo, even after adjustment for relevant clinical variables.</p>
        <p>In this scenario, the combination of telecardiology tools for cardiovascular risk stratification in PC appears as a promising strategy, considering the possibility of integration of echo screening performed by non-physicians with remote interpretation by certified cardiologists into usual care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> It is worth highlighting that screening echo with handheld devices, as tested in our protocol, is not proposed as a tool for final diagnosis, with detailed analysis of morpho-functional variables; rather, it is intended for fast acquisition of simplified ultrasound protocols by non-medical staff with brief technical training, aimed at flagging major abnormalities for triage purposes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Individuals with abnormal findings must ideally undergo a confirmatory standard echo with a comprehensive protocol, focused on deeper assessment of morpho-functional changes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Essentially, simpler and faster screening protocols are easier to replicate by non-medical personnel briefly trained for probe positioning, potentially facilitating the deployment of the strategy to more regions, integrated with PC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> In Brazil, however, this task-shifting approach is only allowed in research protocols, as ultrasound images can be acquired exclusively by certified physicians. Discussions about such regulations with policymakers and medical councils are warranted to allow for the expansion of the strategy, if proven feasible and cost-effective, beyond research.</p>
        <p>Studies focused on RHD have demonstrated that the screening strategy is effective for early diagnosis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> and it admittedly improves prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Screening echo is usually more sensitive than specific for detection of latent RHD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> For other cardiac pathologies, screening findings have a significant correlation with standard echo performed by specialists.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Even though there are recognized reasons for the discrepancies between findings of screening and standard echo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> the experience and training background of scanners, in addition to the limited features of the ultraportable screening devices compared to the fully functional standard machines, are additional factors that account for disagreement. Thus, investments in staff education, training, and quality assurance and collaborative technological development are key approaches for better results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Considering this, the association between tele-ECG findings and major HD detected by screening echo with remote reading raise the possibility of combining such tools in the future, optimizing the utilization of health resources, avoiding transportation costs, and rationalizing referrals from primary to secondary care levels. Our results suggest that the association between major abnormalities in tele-ECG and tele-echo is independent of the patients&#8217; demographic and clinical profiles, as denoted by the multiple adjusted models. This reinforces the hypothesis that a possible combination of these tests would enable more accurate risk stratification in PC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Furthermore, the possibility of having the patient pre-screened at the primary health center whenever echo is ordered by the attending physician, through a clinical questionnaire, triage tele-ECG and, when indicated, screening echo, would be a feasible way to accurately predict the presence of significant HD, rationalize indications of standard echo and avoid long and sometimes unnecessary referral delays.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> The feasibility of integrating screening echo into PC has been previously demonstrated by our group, as well as the potential to provide early diagnosis of HD for adults and the elderly.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The scenario of Brazilian public secondary care is challenging in most states, with long delays for complementary cardiovascular exams and appointments, especially in areas with difficult access, small municipalities, and regions far from large urban centers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Long waiting times frequently represent a delay for initiation and optimization of treatment. In this context, a more precise risk stratification strategy might be useful both to adapt patient's treatment and to reduce the demand for referrals, ultimately leading to shorter waiting lists. Based on our findings, the possibility of pre-triage with tele-ECG is already a reality, with compelling initial results. Additionally, the possibility of having semi-automated ECG diagnosis, as already available in the Telehealth Network of Minas Gerais,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> and machine learning algorithms for ECG<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> and echo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> may further boost the predictive power of the methods and reduce operational costs.</p>
        <p>One question that remains unexplored is the possibility of developing a prediction score combining simple clinical variables, tele-ECG, and screening echo with remote reading. Although the addition of screening echo to clinical variables admittedly improves the predictive power of an existing risk score,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> the effect of including tele-ECG in the model and the prognostic impact of the strategy are still unknown. More studies are warranted to define optimal echo screening imaging protocols (e.g. simplified versus single-view), as well as to establish indications and ideal screening scenarios for optimization of active case-finding. Finally, discussions with medical councils and health authorities are needed in the light of emerging data on this topic, considering that imaging acquisition by non-physicians is not allowed outside research projects in Brazil and other developing countries, even with exclusive interpretation by cardiologists. Corporatist restrictions may be a barrier for the implementation of cost-saving strategies in the cardiovascular field.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>Our study has several limitations. First, this is a proof-of-concept implementation study, in which only the accuracy of tele-ECG was assessed, as opposed to its incorporation into a comprehensive risk score. However, a stepwise assessment of the accuracy of individual tests is a crucial step for the development of predictive scores, as planned for further stages of the PROVAR+ study. Second, the gold standard for defining major HD was screening echo with handheld devices, which may have led to diagnostic limitations. In addition, this generation of GE-VSCAN Extend does not have spectral Doppler capabilities. All interpretation, however, was consensually made by at least 2 experienced cardiologists, with expertise in research projects related to screening. Third, no stratified sampling procedures were performed, and enrollment was consecutively done by convenience based on the tele-ECG system, limiting the extrapolation of findings to the Brazilian population. Also, screening echo data from patients non-eligible for screening, based on the ECG results, are not available for comparison. Finally, sample size limits deeper insights about specific associations between individual ECG abnormalities and functional/morphological echo findings. Despite the aforementioned limitations, to the best of our knowledge, this is the largest study conducted in Latin America aimed at evaluating a combined approach of telecardiology tools in PC, and our data point towards the need for further assessment, as planned for the near future.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Major tele-ECG abnormalities increased the likelihood of major HD on screening echo, even after adjustments for demographic and clinical variables. The combination of tele-cardiology tools and clinical data may improve risk stratification in PC, and the results point towards the development of risk scores encompassing different modalities for prioritization of care.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Financing</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Bruno R. Nascimento is partially funded by CNPq (Research Productivity Grant 310749/2022-0), Edwards Lifesciences Foundation (Improving the Prevention and Detection of Heart Valve Disease Across the Lifespan, 2022), and FAPEMIG (APQ project 000627-20). Antonio LP Ribeiro is supported in part by CNPq (310790/2021-2 and 465518/2014-1), by FAPEMIG (PPM-00428-17 and RED-00081-16) and CAPES (88887.507149/2020-00). The PROVAR+ program is funded by Edwards Lifesciences Foundation (Improving the Prevention and Detection of Heart Valve Disease Across the Lifespan, 2022) and by CNPq. Medical students received scholarships from the National Institute of Science and Technology for Health Technology Assessment (IATS, project 465518/2014-1).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn7">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by the Edwards Lifesciences Foundation, CNPq, IATS and FAPEMIG.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <p>
            <bold>Study association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn9">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) under the protocol number CAAE 37228120.9.0000.5149. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn10">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app2">
          <title>*Supplemental Materials</title>
          <p>For additional tables, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12102/2023-0653_AO_Supplementary_tables.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <p>For additional figures, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12102/2023-0653_AO_Supplement_Figures.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </app>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
