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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">ZzCJW3rKMVn8HtzFby8CLxH</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000200308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230540</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00308</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Rela&#231;&#227;o entre o &#205;ndice de Imuno-Inflama&#231;&#227;o Sist&#234;mica e Isquemia com Art&#233;rias Coron&#225;rias N&#227;o Obstrutivas em Pacientes Submetidos &#224; Angiografia Coron&#225;ria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7385-120X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Karakayali</surname>
            <given-names>Muammer</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5351-5022</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Altunova</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8254-7218</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yakisan</surname>
            <given-names>Turab</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9112-5754</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aslan</surname>
            <given-names>Serkan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2481-0505</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Omar</surname>
            <given-names>Timor</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2694-8978</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Artac</surname>
            <given-names>Inanc</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1871-5157</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ilis</surname>
            <given-names>Do&#287;an</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9152-1199</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Arslan</surname>
            <given-names>Ayca</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-4622-5040</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cagin</surname>
            <given-names>Zihni</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8156-315X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Karabag</surname>
            <given-names>Yavuz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0070-9197</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rencuzogullari</surname>
            <given-names>Ibrahim</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Kafkas University School of Medicine</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Kars</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Kafkas University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Kars &#8211; Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training Research Hospital</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training Research Hospital, Istanbul &#8211; Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Yozgat City Hospital</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Yozgat</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Yozgat City Hospital, Yozgat &#8211; Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Muammer Karakayal&#305;</bold> &#8226; &#350;ehitler mah., Kafkas &#220;nv., <postal-code>36000</postal-code>, Merkez /Kars &#8211; Turquia. E-mail: <email>muammer-28@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230540</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A isquemia com art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria n&#227;o obstrutiva (INOCA) &#233; uma doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica que inclui principalmente disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular coronariana e/ou vasoespasmo coronariano epic&#225;rdico devido &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o vascular coronariana subjacente e pode ser observada mais comumente em pacientes do sexo feminino. O &#237;ndice de inflama&#231;&#227;o imunol&#243;gica sist&#234;mica (SII, rela&#231;&#227;o plaquetas &#215; neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos) &#233; um novo marcador que prediz resultados cl&#237;nicos adversos na doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre INOCA e SII, um novo marcador associado &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Um total de 424 pacientes (212 pacientes com INOCA e 212 controles normais) foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Amostras de sangue venoso perif&#233;rico foram recebidas de toda a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo antes da angiografia coron&#225;ria para medir o SII e outros par&#226;metros hematol&#243;gicos. Em nosso estudo o valor de p&lt;0,05&#8217; foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O valor de corte ideal do SII para prever o INOCA foi 153,8, com sensibilidade de 44,8% e especificidade de 78,77% (&#193;rea sob a curva [AUC]: 0,651 [IC 95%: 0,603&#8211;0,696, p=0,0265]). Suas curvas ROC foram comparadas para avaliar se o SII tinha um efeito preditivo adicional valor sobre os componentes. O valor da AUC do SII foi significativamente maior do que o do linf&#243;cito (AUC: 0,607 [IC 95%: 0,559&#8211;0,654, p = 0,0273]), neutr&#243;filos (AUC: 0,559 [IC 95%: 0,511&#8211;0,607, p = 0,028]) e plaquetas (AUC: 0,590 [IC 95%: 0,541&#8211;0,637, p = 0,0276]) em pacientes INOCA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Verificou-se que um n&#237;vel elevado de SII estava independentemente associado &#224; exist&#234;ncia de INOCA. O valor do SII pode ser usado como um indicador para adicionar aos m&#233;todos tradicionais e caros comumente usados na previs&#227;o do INOCA.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Isquemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiografia Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="25"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <fig id="f1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230540-30540-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A maioria dos pacientes com sintomas anginosos n&#227;o apresenta doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) obstrutiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Este grupo tem preponder&#226;ncia feminina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A disfun&#231;&#227;o vascular coronariana parece ser a causa subjacente da isquemia em at&#233; 59-89% dos pacientes chamados de &#8216;Isquemia sem Art&#233;rias Coron&#225;rias Obstrutivas (INOCA)&#8217;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> e abrange disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular coronariana, bem como vasoespasmo coronariano epic&#225;rdico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Embora n&#227;o se saiba muito sobre a patog&#234;nese da INOCA, alguns estudos afirmam que as anormalidades coron&#225;rias microcirculares e a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial desempenham um papel importante na patog&#234;nese da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O &#237;ndice de imuno-inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica (SII) &#233; um novo &#237;ndice inflamat&#243;rio que inclui tr&#234;s tipos de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias que podem ser facilmente obtidos a partir de um hemograma completo e pode representar de forma mais abrangente o estado imunol&#243;gico e inflamat&#243;rio em pacientes (SII, rela&#231;&#227;o plaquetas &#215; neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Relatos anteriores mostraram que o SII estava significativamente associado &#224; gravidade da DAC, ao escore Syntax elevado (SxS) e aos principais eventos adversos cardiovasculares e cerebrovasculares (MACCE) em pacientes com angina de peito est&#225;vel submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, foi demonstrado que o SII prediz resultados cl&#237;nicos intra-hospitalares e de longo prazo para pacientes idosos com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) que recebem ICP, e um valor alto de SII est&#225; independentemente associado a um mau progn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Acredita-se que a inflama&#231;&#227;o desempenhe um papel central na etiopatogenia da INOCA; pens&#225;vamos que o SII pode estar elevado em pacientes com INOCA. Portanto, nosso objetivo foi investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o do SII com os pacientes INOCA.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e m&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Dos quatrocentos e vinte e quatro pacientes, 212 foram diagnosticados com INOCA ap&#243;s angiografia coron&#225;ria entre junho de 2019 e julho de 2021, e 212 pacientes estavam no grupo controle. Pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica tipo angina, eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es normal em repouso, resposta positiva ao teste ergom&#233;trico ou isquemia na cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e angiografia coronariana normal foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo como pacientes INOCA. O grupo controle incluiu pacientes com dados demogr&#225;ficos de idade e sexo correspondentes, ecocardiografia normal, sem evid&#234;ncia de isquemia no teste ergom&#233;trico ou cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e pacientes submetidos &#224; angiografia coronariana com suspeita de DAC, e os resultados mostraram angiografia coronariana normal.</p>
        <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo os pacientes com DAC na cineangiocoronariografia e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ou mec&#226;nica.</p>
        <p>Idade, sexo, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, tabagismo e hist&#243;rico familiar foram registrados como caracter&#237;sticas basais. O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local (Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Reitoria da Faculdade de Medicina - aprova&#231;&#227;o do comit&#234; de &#233;tica 80576354-050-99/216).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Amostras de sangue</title>
        <p>O hemograma completo e os valores bioqu&#237;micos foram coletados retrospectivamente das amostras de sangue colhidas por via intravenosa antes da angiografia coron&#225;ria. As amostras de sangue foram coletadas dos pacientes ap&#243;s jejum de 12 horas pela manh&#227;. M&#233;todos padr&#227;o foram utilizados para testes bioqu&#237;micos de rotina, incluindo perfis de glicose, ureia, creatinina e lip&#237;dios. O SII foi calculado como contagem total de plaquetas perif&#233;ricas (P) &#215; rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filos-linf&#243;citos (N/L) (SII = rela&#231;&#227;o P &#215; N/L).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise angiogr&#225;fica</title>
        <p>Na angiografia coronariana (Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Alemanha), foi utilizada a t&#233;cnica padr&#227;o de Judkins sem o uso de nitroglicerina. A avalia&#231;&#227;o dos angiogramas foi realizada por dois m&#233;dicos experientes e cegos para o estudo. Contornos visualmente lisos e sem irregularidades de parede foram considerados normais na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos angiogramas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>No procedimento de an&#225;lise dos dados foi utilizado o software SPSS vers&#227;o 18.0 para Windows (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL). O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi realizado para testar a normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com e sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) ou mediana e intervalo interquartil, respectivamente. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. Para descobrir as diferen&#231;as nas vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas dos grupos, foram utilizados os testes t para amostras independentes e U de Mann-Whitney de acordo com o padr&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o, e o teste do qui-quadrado foi utilizado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Para avaliar os preditores independentes do INOCA, as vari&#225;veis cujo valor de p foi &lt;0,05 na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada foram avaliadas por an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada. Portanto, ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise univariada, todas as vari&#225;veis significativas foram inclu&#237;das no modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Os resultados s&#227;o apresentados como odds ratio (OR) com intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%. Os valores de &#225;rea sob a curva (AUC) obtidos a partir da an&#225;lise da curva caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (ROC) foram utilizados para determinar o valor preditivo poderes do SII em pacientes INOCA.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Um total de 424 pacientes com idade m&#233;dia de 56 &#177; 11 anos (91 [65,1%] pacientes eram mulheres) foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o diagn&#243;stico de INOCA. Os dados demogr&#225;ficos, bioqu&#237;micos e hematol&#243;gicos basais dos pacientes de acordo com os grupos s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos grupos controle e INOCA</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="12%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2">Grupo 0 (Grupo Controle)<break/> (n:212)</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Grupo 1 (pacientes INOCA)<break/> (n:212)</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Todos os pacientes</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Anos de idade)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">57</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;12</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">54</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;9</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">56</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;11</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0,158</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Sexo, n (%) (feminino)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">137</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(64,6)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">139</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(65,6)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">276</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(65,1)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0,839</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">96</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(45,3)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">94</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(44,3)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">190</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(44,8)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0,845</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC, n (%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">33</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(15.6)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">64</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(30.2)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">97</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(22,9)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">90</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(42,5)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">89</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(42,0)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">179</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(42,2)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0,922</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Diabetes, n (%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">40</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(18,9)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">43</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(20.3)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">83</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(19.6)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0,714</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Hemoglobina (g/dL)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">13,77</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;1,54</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">14,91</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;1,67</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">14h34</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;1,70</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">RDW</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">12,5</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;1,9</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">13,5</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;1,6</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">13</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;1,8</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Plaquetas (10^3/mL)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">252</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;66</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">271</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;71</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">261</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;69</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">VPM</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">8,72</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;5,29</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">9,92</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;1,11</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">9h32</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">3,86</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Linf&#243;cito (10^3/mL)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2,62</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;0,91</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">2,35</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;1,04</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">2.488</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;0,985</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Neutr&#243;filo (10^3/mL)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">4,54</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;1,44</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">4,92</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;1,90</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">4.728</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;1,695</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0,034</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">PLR</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">103,38</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;34,19</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">126,36</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;47,48</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">114,87</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">42,89</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">SII</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">169,59</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(114,84-249,52)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">234,86</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(162,38-377,12)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">200,50</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(134,61-319,78)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">NLR</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,75</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(1,42-2,21)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">2.06</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(1,55-2,71)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">1,89</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(1,47-2,47)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">MHR</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,00115</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(0,0090-0,0175)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0,0095</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(0,0072-0,0127)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0,0108</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(0,0080-0,0142)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Glicose (mg/dL)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">98</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;23</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">113</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;40</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">106</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;34</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Colesterol Total (mg/dL)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">176</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;41</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">194</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;46</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">185</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;44</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Triglicer&#237;deo (mg/L)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">127</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(90-165)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">144</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(102-198)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">137</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(98-189)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0,005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">LDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">102</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;38</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">117</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;43</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">110</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;41</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">HDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">48</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;12</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">46</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;12</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">47</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;12</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0,179</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Ureia (mg/dL)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">28,08</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;8,097</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">15,04</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;10,40</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">21h57</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;11,36</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Creatina (mg/dL)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,71</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(0,62-0,83)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0,70</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(0,60-0,90)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0,77</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;0,45</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0,056</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">PCRas (mg/L)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2,3</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(1.1-4.4)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">4,5</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(3,1-8,9)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">3.6</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(1,6-6,9)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">FE (%)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">64</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;4</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">61</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;8</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">62</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;7</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>INOCA: isquemia com art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias n&#227;o obstrutivas; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, RDW: largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o de gl&#243;bulos vermelhos; VPM: volume m&#233;dio de plaquetas; PLR: propor&#231;&#227;o de plaquetas para linf&#243;citos; SII: &#237;ndice de imuno-inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica; NLR: propor&#231;&#227;o de neutr&#243;filos para linf&#243;citos; MHR: Raz&#227;o Mon&#243;citos/HDL-C; LDL-C: Colesterol Lipoproteico de Baixa Densidade; HDL-C: Colesterol Lipoproteico de Alta Densidade; PCRas: Prote&#237;na C Reativa de alta sensibilidade; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Os pacientes com INOCA eram mais propensos a ter uma contagem mais elevada de plaquetas, rela&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filos-linf&#243;citos (NLR) e valores de SII. O SII do grupo INOCA foi significativamente maior que o grupo controle. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas em idade, sexo, tabagismo, hipertensos e diab&#233;ticos entre os grupos.</p>
      <p>A hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC foi estatisticamente significativamente maior nos pacientes INOCA do que no grupo controle. Dos par&#226;metros sangu&#237;neos e bioqu&#237;micos: Hemoglobina (Hgb), largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o de gl&#243;bulos vermelhos (RDW), volume m&#233;dio de plaquetas (VPM), rela&#231;&#227;o plaquetas/linf&#243;citos (PLR), rela&#231;&#227;o mon&#243;citos/HDL-C (MHR), glicose, colesterol total (CT), triglicer&#237;deos (TG), colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-C), creatina e prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade (PCR-as) foram estatisticamente significativos no lado do grupo INOCA. Por outro lado, linf&#243;citos, ureia e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) foram maiores no lado do grupo controle.</p>
      <p>Como resultado da an&#225;lise multivariada de Hgb, VPM, SII, NLR, MHR, TG, ureia, creatinina, PCR-as, FE, LDL-C e CT, que foram considerados significativos pela an&#225;lise univariada, SII, ureia, creatinina, FE e CT foram considerados preditores independentes de INOCA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Preditores significativos do INOCA na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="14%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2"/>
              <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Univariada</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3" style="border-left: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Multivariada</th>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2">OR univariada,<break/> IC 95%</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">OR multivariado,<break/> IC 95%</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">SII</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1.003</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(1.001-1.005)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,011</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">1.004</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(1.002-1.007)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,003</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Ureia</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,794</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(0,761-0,828)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0,787</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(0,750-0,826)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Creatinina</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1.411</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(1.205-1.752)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,046</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">2.015</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(1.153-3.524))</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,014</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">FE</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,897</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(0,857-0,939)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0,879</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(0,817-0,945)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Colesterol total</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1.010</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(1.005-1.014)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">1.036</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">(1.012-1.060)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,003</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p>OR: raz&#227;o de chances, IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a, SII: &#237;ndice de imuno-inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>O valor de corte ideal do SII para prever o INOCA foi 153,8, com sensibilidade de 44,8% e especificidade de 78,77% ([AUC]: 0,651 [IC 95%: 0,603&#8211;0,696, p = 0,0265]) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>). Para avaliar se o SII tinha valor preditivo adicional sobre os componentes, suas curvas ROC foram comparadas. O valor da AUC do SII foi significativamente maior do que o dos linf&#243;citos e plaquetas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>) em pacientes INOCA.</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>An&#225;lise da curva ROC do SII para prever INOCA.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230540-30540-gf02.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a determinar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre SII e INOCA. Descobrimos que os n&#237;veis de SII foram significativamente maiores no grupo INOCA quando comparados ao grupo controle. Nosso estudo atual n&#227;o tem como objetivo prever a exist&#234;ncia de INOCA usando o &#237;ndice de imuno-inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica (SII), antes da angiografia coron&#225;ria (CAG). O diagn&#243;stico de INOCA ainda se baseia na combina&#231;&#227;o de evid&#234;ncias de isquemia e exames de imagem coronarianos. Nosso objetivo neste estudo n&#227;o &#233; definir a doen&#231;a sem utiliz&#225;-los. &#201; para ajudar a identificar pacientes com maior probabilidade de ter INOCA.</p>
      <p>Os mecanismos que contribuem para a INOCA parecem ser multifatoriais e podem funcionar isoladamente ou em combina&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Embora estes possam incluir hipertens&#227;o, estenose a&#243;rtica grave, anemia grave, enfarte do mioc&#225;rdio tipo II, shunts, certos medicamentos, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) ou choque cardiog&#234;nico, angina variante de Prinzmetal (espasmo coron&#225;rio), doen&#231;as do mioc&#225;rdio (por exemplo, miocardite), doen&#231;as card&#237;acas cong&#233;nitas doen&#231;a coronariana, anomalias coronarianas, pontes mioc&#225;rdicas e outras causas em um paciente ocasional, os mecanismos subjacentes e as estrat&#233;gias apropriadas de diagn&#243;stico e tratamento nessas situa&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o geralmente aparentes.</p>
      <p>Um mecanismo proposto que contribui para a INOCA &#233; a disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular coronariana (DMC), definida como disfun&#231;&#227;o epic&#225;rdica, microvascular endotelial ou n&#227;o endotelial que limita a perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, mais frequentemente detectada como redu&#231;&#227;o da reserva de fluxo coronariano (CFR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A DMC pode ocorrer na aus&#234;ncia de DAC obstrutiva e doen&#231;a mioc&#225;rdica, na doen&#231;a mioc&#225;rdica ou DAC obstrutiva, ou pode ser iatrog&#234;nica. Vinte e quatro disfun&#231;&#245;es vasomotoras coronarianas identificam pacientes com risco de morte card&#237;aca, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de estenose limitante de fluxo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Existe uma distribui&#231;&#227;o de risco em toda a faixa de CFR, desde aqueles com doen&#231;a obstrutiva angiogr&#225;fica at&#233; aqueles com aterosclerose n&#227;o obstrutiva difusa, aqueles com angiogramas de apar&#234;ncia normal e aqueles com apenas disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular coronariana. Existe uma correla&#231;&#227;o limitada entre a gravidade anat&#244;mica da DAC e o comprometimento funcional, conforme refletido no CFR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O valor SII &#233; um &#237;ndice f&#225;cil de usar e econ&#244;mico calculado usando as contagens de subtipos de leuc&#243;citos do teste de hemograma de rotina na admiss&#227;o hospitalar. Devido aos elevados n&#237;veis de neutr&#243;filos e plaquetas e &#224; baixa concentra&#231;&#227;o de linf&#243;citos, um SII elevado pode estar associado ao aumento da atividade inflamat&#243;ria e, portanto, levar a resultados cl&#237;nicos desfavor&#225;veis.</p>
      <p>Estudos recentes demonstraram que o SII &#233; um fator de risco para aterosclerose e pode ser um preditor de gravidade da les&#227;o arterial coronariana, e um valor elevado de SII est&#225; significativamente associado ao SxS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, foi demonstrado que o SII prediz resultados cl&#237;nicos intra-hospitalares e de longo prazo para pacientes idosos com IAM submetidos a ICP, e um valor alto de SII est&#225; independentemente associado a um mau progn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O SII &#233; um novo e interessante marcador de inflama&#231;&#227;o e do sistema imunol&#243;gico que merece ser investigado em diversas condi&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas. O SII &#233; barato e n&#227;o invasivo e pode ser facilmente calculado a partir de um hemograma completo. Tamb&#233;m reflete a inflama&#231;&#227;o e a atividade do sistema imunol&#243;gico em n&#237;vel sist&#234;mico.</p>
      <p>Uma grande propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com INOCA apresenta disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular. As evid&#234;ncias sugerem que a inflama&#231;&#227;o contribui para a disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular que ocorre precocemente na les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica. O aumento da prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR) tem sido associado ao comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial coronariana em pacientes INOCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, os valores de PCR-as foram significativamente maiores no grupo INOCA em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle.</p>
      <p>Em um estudo, foi demonstrado que n&#237;veis elevados de RDW estavam associados &#224; presen&#231;a de s&#237;ndrome card&#237;aca X (SCX).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, os valores de RDW foram maiores no grupo INOCA, semelhante ao CSX.</p>
      <p>Em outro estudo realizado por Dogan, A. et al., a FCM elevada foi associada a TMC e SCX. Em nosso estudo, foi encontrada maior FCM em pacientes INOCA, semelhante &#224; CSX.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre o VPM e a gravidade angiogr&#225;fica da DAC foi investigada e foi encontrada uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre eles. Em um estudo realizado por Oylumlu, M. et al., os valores de VPM foram significativamente maiores nos grupos de SCX e DAC em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, os valores do VPM foram significativamente maiores no grupo INOCA do que no grupo controle.</p>
      <p>Os neutr&#243;filos suicidas podem liberar mediadores pr&#243;-oxidantes e pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios e causar a forma&#231;&#227;o de armadilhas extracelulares de neutr&#243;filos (NETs). Os NETs podem desencadear a forma&#231;&#227;o de placas ateroscler&#243;ticas e aumentar a estabilidade do trombo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> A NLR foi reconhecida como um marcador de inflama&#231;&#227;o subcl&#237;nica. Na DAC, foi relatado que a RNL &#233; um preditor independente de eventos cardiovasculares e mortalidade no IM com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> A RNL tamb&#233;m pode ser um preditor de estenose cr&#237;tica e pode estar associada tanto &#224; gravidade quanto &#224; morfologia da placa da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica coronariana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Al&#233;m da RNL, as plaquetas desempenham um papel importante na patog&#234;nese da DAC e da s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Agregados plaquet&#225;rios intravasculares oclusivos e danos endoteliais contribuem para a etiologia da aterosclerose. As plaquetas foram vistas como um dos biomarcadores da DAC, predizendo o potencial pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tico e a sensibilidade sangu&#237;nea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Foi relatado que a PLR &#233; um preditor eficaz de aterosclerose grave.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, de acordo com a literatura, a RNL e a RPL foram maiores nos pacientes INOCA do que no grupo controle.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo tem v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. Este foi um estudo unic&#234;ntrico com um pequeno tamanho de amostra, e n&#227;o avaliamos diretamente a velocidade do fluxo coronariano durante a provoca&#231;&#227;o de acetilcolina, e o diagn&#243;stico de espasmo microvascular n&#227;o foi baseado na avalia&#231;&#227;o do fio Doppler. No entanto, isso est&#225; de acordo com os crit&#233;rios aceitos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> A varredura desses pacientes com um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo/angiotomografia computadorizada coronariana poderia ser considerada de acordo com a recomenda&#231;&#227;o da diretriz, o que pode ser considerado uma limita&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>A INOCA, um importante problema de sa&#250;de, est&#225; associada a subdiagn&#243;stico, tratamento inadequado e mau progn&#243;stico. Um SII mais elevado, indicando um aumento da inflama&#231;&#227;o, foi significativa e independentemente associado &#224; presen&#231;a de INOCA. Acreditamos que o valor do SII ser&#225; adicionado aos m&#233;todos tradicionais e caros comumente usados na previs&#227;o do INOCA. Em conclus&#227;o, o SII, uma vari&#225;vel laboratorial barata e facilmente mensur&#225;vel, foi um preditor independente de pacientes INOCA, mas s&#227;o necess&#225;rios mais estudos para apoiar plenamente esta hip&#243;tese. No entanto, estudos multic&#234;ntricos envolvendo um maior n&#250;mero de pacientes s&#227;o necess&#225;rios nesta &#225;rea. &#201; necess&#225;ria investiga&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua, prospectiva e bem concebida para abordar uma s&#233;rie de quest&#245;es n&#227;o respondidas no diagn&#243;stico e tratamento destes pacientes.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Kafkas University sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 80576354-050-99/216. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Olivei</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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          <subject>Original Article</subject>
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        <article-title>The Relationship between the Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index and Ischemia with Non-Obstructive Coronary Arteries in Patients Undergoing Coronary Angiography</article-title>
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          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5351-5022</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Altunova</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8254-7218</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yakisan</surname>
            <given-names>Turab</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9112-5754</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aslan</surname>
            <given-names>Serkan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2481-0505</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Omar</surname>
            <given-names>Timor</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2694-8978</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Artac</surname>
            <given-names>Inanc</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1871-5157</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ilis</surname>
            <given-names>Do&#287;an</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9152-1199</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Arslan</surname>
            <given-names>Ayca</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-4622-5040</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cagin</surname>
            <given-names>Zihni</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8156-315X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Karabag</surname>
            <given-names>Yavuz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0070-9197</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rencuzogullari</surname>
            <given-names>Ibrahim</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Kars</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Kafkas University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Kars &#8211; Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training Research Hospital, Istanbul &#8211; Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Yozgat</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Yozgat City Hospital, Yozgat &#8211; Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Muammer Karakayal&#305;</bold> &#8226; &#350;ehitler mah., Kafkas &#220;nv., <postal-code>36000</postal-code>, Merkez /Kars &#8211; Turkey E-mail: <email>muammer-28@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Ischemia with the non-obstructive coronary artery (INOCA) is an ischemic heart disease that mostly includes coronary microvascular dysfunction and/or epicardial coronary vasospasm due to underlying coronary vascular dysfunction and can be seen more commonly in female patients. The systemic immune-inflammation index (SII, platelet &#215; neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio) is a new marker that predicts adverse clinical outcomes in coronary artery disease (CAD).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>This study aims to investigate the relationship between INOCA and SII, a new marker associated with inflammation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A total of 424 patients (212 patients with INOCA and 212 normal controls) were included in the study. Peripheral venous blood samples were received from the entire study population prior to coronary angiography to measure SII and other hematological parameters. In our study, the value of p&lt;0.05&#8217; was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The optimal cut-off value of SII for predicting INOCA was 153.8 with a sensitivity of 44.8% and a specificity of 78.77% (Area under the curve [AUC]: 0.651 [95% CI: 0.603&#8211;0.696, p=0.0265]). Their ROC curves were compared to assess whether SII had an additional predictive value over components. The AUC value of SII was found to be significantly higher than that of lymphocyte (AUC: 0.607 [95% CI: 0.559&#8211;0.654, p = 0.0273]), neutrophil (AUC: 0.559 [95%CI: 0.511&#8211;0.607, p=0.028]) and platelet (AUC: 0.590 [95% CI: 0.541&#8211;0.637, p = 0.0276]) in INOCA patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>A high SII level was found to be independently associated with the existence of INOCA. The SII value can be used as an indicator to add to the traditional expensive methods commonly used in INOCA prediction.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Angiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <fig id="f3">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230540-30540-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The majority of patients with anginal symptoms have no obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> This group has a female preponderance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Coronary vascular dysfunction appears to be the underlying cause of ischemia in as much as 59&#8211;89% of these so-called &#8216;Ischaemia with No Obstructive Coronary Arteries (INOCA)&#8217; patients<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> and encompasses coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) as well as epicardial coronary vasospasm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Although not much is known about the pathogenesis of INOCA, certain studies asserted that micro-circular coronary abnormalities and endothelial dysfunction play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) is a new inflammatory index that includes 3 inflammatory cell types that can be easily obtained from a complete blood count and can more comprehensively represent the immune and inflammatory status in patients (SII, platelet &#215; neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Previous reports showed that SII was significantly associated with CAD severity, elevated Syntax score (SxS), and major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) in patients with stable angina pectoris undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Further, SII has been shown to predict in-hospital and long-term clinical outcomes for elderly acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients who receive PCI, and a high SII value is independently associated with poor clinical prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Inflammation is thought to play a central role in the etiopathogenesis of INOCA; we had thought that SII might be elevated in patients with INOCA. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the relationship of SII to INOCA patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>Of four hundred and twenty-four patients, 212 were diagnosed with INOCA after coronary angiography between June 2019 and July 2021, and 212 patients were in the control group. Patients with typical angina-like chest pain, normal 12-lead electrocardiography at rest, a positive response to the exercise test or ischemia on myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, and normal coronary angiography were included in the study as INOCA patients. The control group included patients with matching age and sex demographics, normal echocardiography, no evidence of ischemia at treadmill exercise test or myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, and patients who underwent coronary angiography with suspected CAD, and the results showed normal coronary angiography.</p>
          <p>The patients with CAD at coronary angiography and surgical or mechanical revascularization were excluded from the study.</p>
          <p>Age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and family history were recorded as baseline characteristics. The study protocol was approved by the local ethics committee (Ethics Committee of the Dean of the Faculty of Medicine - numbered ethics committee approval numbered 80576354-050-99/216).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Blood samples</title>
          <p>Complete blood count and biochemical values were gathered retrospectively from the blood samples taken intravenously before the coronary angiography. The blood samples were collected from patients after 12 hours of fasting in the morning. Standard methods were used for routine biochemical tests, including glucose, urea, creatinine, and lipid profiles. SII was calculated as total peripheral platelets count (P) &#215; neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (N/L) (SII = P &#215; N/L ratio).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Angiographic analysis</title>
          <p>In coronary angiography (Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany), the standard Judkins technique was used without the use of nitroglycerin. The evaluation of the angiograms was conducted by two experienced physicians who were blinded to the study. Visually smooth contours with no wall irregularities were considered normal in the evaluation of angiograms.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>In the data analysis procedure, the SPSS software version 18.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL) was used. The Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov test was conducted to test the normality of the distribution of continuous variables. Continuous variables with and without normal distribution were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) or median and interquartile range, respectively. Categorical variables were described as absolute and relative frequencies. In order to figure out the differences in continuous variables of groups, independent sample t and Mann&#8211;Whitney U-tests were used according to the distribution pattern, and the chi-square test was used for categorical variables. In order to evaluate the independent predictors of INOCA, variables whose p-value was &lt;.05 in the univariate logistic regression analysis were assessed by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Therefore, after the univariate analysis, all significant variables were included in the logistic regression model. The results are shown as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The area under the curve (AUC) values obtained from the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were used to determine the predictive powers of SII in INOCA patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 424 patients with an average age of 56 &#177;11 years (91 [65.1%] patients were female) were included in the study. The patients were divided into two groups according to the diagnosis of INOCA. The baseline demographic, biochemical, and hematological data of the patients according to the groups are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline characteristics of control and INOCA groups</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="13%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2">Group 0 (Control Group)<break/> (n:212)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Group 1 (INOCA Patients)<break/> (n:212)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">All Patients</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">57</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;12</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">54</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">56</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;11</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0.158</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Sex, n (%) (Female)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">137</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(64.6)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">139</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(65.6)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">276</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(65.1)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0.839</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Smoking, n (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">96</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(45.3)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">94</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(44.3)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">190</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(44.8)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0.845</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Family CAD history, n (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">33</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(15.6)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">64</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(30.2)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">97</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(22.9)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">90</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(42.5)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">89</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(42.0)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">179</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(42.2)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0.922</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">40</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(18.9)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">43</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(20.3)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">83</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(19.6)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0.714</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Hemoglobin (g/dL)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">13.77</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;1.54</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">14.91</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;1.67</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">14h34</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;1.70</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">RDW</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">12.5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;1.9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">13.5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;1.6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">13</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;1.8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Platelet (10^3/mL)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">252</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;66</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">271</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;71</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">261</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;69</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">MPV</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">8.72</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;5.29</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">9.92</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;1.11</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">9h32</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3.86</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Lymphocyte (10^3/mL)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2.62</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;0.91</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">2.35</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;1.04</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">2.488</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;0.985</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Neutrophil (10^3/mL)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">4.54</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;1.44</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">4.92</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;1.90</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">4.728</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;1.695</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0.034</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">PLR</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">103.38</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;34.19</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">126.36</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;47.48</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">114.87</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">42.89</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">SII</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">169.59</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(114.84-249.52)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">234.86</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(162.38-377.12)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">200.50</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(134.61-319.78)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">NLR</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.75</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(1.42-2.21)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">2.06</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(1.55-2.71)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">1.89</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(1.47-2.47)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">MHR</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.00115</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(0.0090-0.0175)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0.0095</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(0.0072-0.0127)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0.0108</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(0.0080-0.0142)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Glucose (mg/dL)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">98</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;23</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">113</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;40</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">106</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;34</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Total Cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">176</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;41</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">194</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;46</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">185</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;44</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Triglyceride (mg/L)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">127</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(90-165)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">144</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(102-198)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">137</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(98-189)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0.005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">LDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">102</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;38</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">117</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;43</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">110</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;41</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">HDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">48</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;12</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">46</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;12</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">47</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;12</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0.179</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Urea (mg/dL)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">28.08</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;8.097</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">15.04</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;10.40</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">21h57</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;11.36</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Creatine (mg/dL)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.71</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(0.62-0.83)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0.70</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(0.60-0.90)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0.77</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;0.45</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0.056</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">hs-CRP (mg/L)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2.3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(1.1-4.4)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">4.5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(3.1-8.9)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">3.6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(1.6-6.9)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">EF (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">64</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">61</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">62</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#177;7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>INOCA: ischaemia with Non-obstructive Coronary Arteries; CAD: coronary artery disease; RDW: red blood cell distribution width; MPV: mean platelet volume; PLR: platelet to lymphocyte ratio; SII: systemic immune-inflammation index; NLR: neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; MHR: monocyte/HDL-C ratio; LDL-C: Low-Density Lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hsCRP: high sensitive C-Reactive Protein; EF: ejection fraction.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The patients with INOCA were more likely to have a higher count of platelet, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and SII values. SII of the INOCA group was significantly higher than the control group. There were no significant differences in age, gender, smoking status, hypertensive and diabetic patients between the groups.</p>
        <p>Family CAD history was statistically significantly higher in INOCA patients than in the control group. From blood and biochemistry parameters: Hemoglobin (Hgb), red blood cell distribution width (RDW), mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), monocyte/HDL-C ratio (MHR), glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), creatine, high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were found to be statistically significant on the side of the INOCA group. On the other hand, lymphocyte, urea, and ejection fraction (EF) were found to be higher on the side of the control group.</p>
        <p>As a result of multivariate analysis from Hgb, MPV, SII, NLR, MHR, TG, urea, creatinine, hs-CRP, EF, LDL-C, and TC, which were found to be significant by univariate analysis, SII, urea, creatinine, EF, TC were found to be independent predictors of INOCA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Significant predictors of INOCA in multiple logistic regression analysis</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2"/>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Univariate</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3" style="border-left: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Multivariate</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2">Univariate OR, 95% CI</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2" style="border-left: thin solid; border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Multivariate OR, 95% CI</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">SII</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.003</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(1.001-1.005)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.011</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">1.004</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(1.002-1.007)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Urea</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.794</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(0.761-0.828)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0.787</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(0.750-0.826)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Creatinine</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.411</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(1.205-1.752)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.046</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">2.015</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(1.153-3.524))</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">EF</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.897</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(0.857-0.939)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">0.879</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(0.817-0.945)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Total Cholesterol</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.010</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(1.005-1.014)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center" style="border-left: thin solid; border-color: #000000">1.036</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">(1.012-1.060)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.003</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; SII: systemic immune-inflammation index; EF: ejection fraction</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The optimal cut-off value of SII for predicting INOCA was 153.8 with a sensitivity of 44.8% and a specificity of 78.77% ([AUC]: 0.651 [95% CI: 0.603&#8211;0.696, p = 0.0265]) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>). Their ROC curves were compared to assess whether SII had an additional predictive value over components, their ROC curves were compare. The AUC value of SII was found to be significantly higher than that of lymphocytes and platelets (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>) in INOCA patients.</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>ROC curve analysis of SII to predict INOCA.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230540-30540-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>To our knowledge, this is the first study to determine the association between SII and INOCA. We have found that SII levels were significantly higher in the INOCA group when compared to the control group. Our current study does not aim to predict INOCA existence using the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), prior to coronary angiography. The diagnosis of INOCA is still based on a combination of ischemia evidence and coronary imaging. Our aim in this study is not to define the disease without using them. It is to help identify patients more likely to have INOCA.</p>
        <p>The mechanisms contributing to INOCA appear to be multifactorial and may work alone or in combination.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Although these may include hypertension, severe aortic stenosis, severe anemia, type II MI, shunts, certain drugs, heart failure (HF) or cardiogenic shock, Prinzmetal variant angina (coronary spasm), myocardial diseases (e.g., myocarditis), congenital heart disease, coronary anomalies, myocardial bridging, and other causes in an occasional patient, underlying mechanisms and appropriate diagnostic and management strategies in these settings are usually apparent.</p>
        <p>One proposed mechanism contributing to INOCA is CMD, defined as epicardial, microvascular endothelial, or nonendothelial dysfunction that limits myocardial perfusion, most often detected as reduced coronary flow reserve (CFR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> CMD may occur in the absence of obstructive CAD and myocardial disease, in myocardial disease or obstructive CAD, or may be iatrogenic. Twenty-four coronary vasomotor dysfunction identifies patients at risk of cardiac death, even in the absence of flow-limiting stenosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> There is a distribution of risk across the CFR range from those with angiographic obstructive disease to those with diffuse non-obstructive atherosclerosis to those with normal-appearing angiograms to those with only CMD. There is a limited correlation between anatomic CAD severity and functional impairment, as reflected in the CFR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The SII value is an easy-to-use and cost-effective index calculated using the counts of WBC subtypes from the routine hemogram test at hospital admission. Due to high neutrophil and platelet levels and low lymphocyte concentration, a high SII may be associated with increased inflammatory activity and, therefore, lead to poor clinical outcomes.</p>
        <p>Recent studies have shown that SII is a risk factor for atherosclerosis and may be a predictor for coronary artery lesion severity, and a high SII value is significantly associated with SxS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Further, SII has been shown to predict in-hospital and long-term clinical outcomes for elderly AMI patients undergoing PCI, and a high SII value is independently associated with poor clinical prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>SII is a new and interesting marker of inflammation and the immune system that deserves to be investigated in various cardiac conditions. SII is inexpensive and noninvasive and can be easily calculated from a complete blood count test. It also reflects both inflammation and immune system activity at the systemic level.</p>
        <p>A large proportion of INOCA patients have microvascular dysfunction. Evidence suggests that inflammation contributes to microvascular dysfunction that occurs early in the atherosclerotic lesion. Increased C-reactive protein (CRP) has been associated with impaired coronary endothelial function in INOCA patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> In our study, hs-CRP values were found to be significantly higher in the INOCA group compared with the control group.</p>
        <p>In one study, it was shown that high RDW levels were associated with the presence of cardiac syndrome X (CSX).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> In our study, RDW values were found to be higher in the INOCA group, similar to CSX.</p>
        <p>In another study by Dogan, A. et al., high MHR was associated with CMD and CSX. In our study, higher MHR was found in INOCA patients, similar to CSX.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The relationship between MPV and angiographic severity of CAD was investigated, and a positive correlation between them was found. In a study by Oylumlu, M. et al., MPV values were found to be significantly higher in the CSX and CAD groups compared to the control group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> In our study, MPV values were found to be significantly higher in the INOCA group than in the control group.</p>
        <p>Suicidal neutrophils can release pro-oxidant and proinflammatory mediators and cause the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs can trigger atherosclerotic plaque formation and increase thrombus stability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> NLR has been recognized as a marker of subclinical inflammation. In CAD, NLR has been reported to be an independent predictor of cardiovascular events and mortality in ST-segment elevation MI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> NLR may also be a predictor of critical stenosis and may be associated with both the severity and plaque morphology of coronary atherosclerotic disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> To NLR in addition, platelets play an important role in the pathogenesis of CAD and acute coronary syndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Occlusive intravascular platelet aggregates and endothelial damage contribute to the etiology of atherosclerosis. Platelets were seen as one of the biomarkers of CAD, predicting prothrombotic potential and blood sensitivity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> PLR has been reported to be an effective predictor for severe atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> In our study, in accordance with the literature, NLR and PLR were found to be higher in INOCA patients than in the control group.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations of the study</title>
          <p>Our study has several limitations. This was a single-center study with a small sample size, and we did not directly assess coronary flow velocity during acetylcholine provocation, and the diagnosis of microvascular spasm was not based on Doppler wire assessment. However, this is in line with the accepted criteria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Scanning these patients with a noninvasive method/coronary angio computerized tomography could be considered according to the guideline recommendation, this can be considered as a limitation.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>INOCA, an important health problem, is associated with underdiagnosis, inadequate treatment, and poor prognosis. Higher SII indicating an increased inflammation was significantly and independently associated with the presence of INOCA. We think that the value of SII will add to the traditional expensive methods commonly used in INOCA prediction. In conclusion, SII, an inexpensive and easily measurable laboratory variable, was an independent predictor of INOCA patients, but further studies are needed to support this hypothesis fully. However, multicentre studies involving larger numbers of patients are needed in this field. Prospective, well-designed ongoing research is needed to address a number of unanswered questions in the diagnosis and management of these patients.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Study association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Kafkas University under the protocol number 80576354-050-99/216. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
