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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">3X67yxtmj7zJ7k7n3yGhrDz</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000200307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230483</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00307</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Altera&#231;&#245;es Eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e do Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo com a Mudan&#231;a de Postura em Crian&#231;as e Adolescentes com Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0963-948X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Rose Mary Ferreira Lisboa da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Monteze</surname>
            <given-names>Nathalia Mussi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giannetti</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Gurgel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meira</surname>
            <given-names>Zilda Maria Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Cardiologia Pedi&#225;trica, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Rose Mary Ferreira Lisboa da Silva</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Avenida Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, sala 246. CEP <postal-code>30130-100</postal-code>, Centro, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>roselisboa@uol.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230483</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne (DMD) &#233; uma doen&#231;a neuromuscular heredit&#225;ria rara. O acometimento card&#237;aco inicial pode ser assintom&#225;tico. Portanto, a avalia&#231;&#227;o por m&#233;todos n&#227;o invasivos pode auxiliar sua abordagem.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Analisar o eletrocardiograma (ECG) e a variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) do grupo com DMD, e comparar com a do grupo controle pareado por idade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo prospectivo com 27 pacientes masculinos com DMD (idade de 11,9 anos) que foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, ECG, ecocardiograma e Holter. ECG (aumento de 200%) foi avaliado por dois observadores independentes. VFC foi feita no dom&#237;nio do tempo (24 h) e da frequ&#234;ncia na posi&#231;&#227;o supina e sentada. O grupo saud&#225;vel foi de nove pacientes (11,0 anos). Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significante.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A m&#233;dia da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) foi de 60% (34 a 71%). O coeficiente de Kappa para as medidas do ECG variou de 0,64 a 1,00. Foram verificados aumento da rela&#231;&#227;o R/S em V1 em 25,9%, onda Q patol&#243;gica em 29,6% e QRS fragmentado em 22,2% em regi&#245;es inferior/lateral alta, este com correla&#231;&#227;o negativa com FE (p = 0,006). Houve baixa VFC, sem influ&#234;ncia de nenhuma vari&#225;vel, inclusive tratamento. Com a mudan&#231;a da posi&#231;&#227;o, houve aumento da FC (p = 0,004), por&#233;m n&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#227;o da VFC. A rela&#231;&#227;o LF/HF foi de 2,7 na DMD e de 0,7 no controle (p = 0,002).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Nos participantes com DMD, as ondas R proeminentes em V1 e altera&#231;&#245;es nas regi&#245;es inferior/lateral alta ocorreram em quase 30% dos casos. Houve menor t&#244;nus vagal sem influ&#234;ncia das vari&#225;veis idade, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, dispers&#227;o do QT e tratamento. Apesar do aumento da FC, n&#227;o houve resposta adequada da VFC com a mudan&#231;a de posi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Distrofia muscular de Duchenne</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="36"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <fig id="f1">
      <p>DMD: distrofia muscular de Duchenne; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VFC: variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230483-30483-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne (DMD) &#233; uma doen&#231;a neuromuscular heredit&#225;ria, com in&#237;cio na inf&#226;ncia, progressiva, que acomete 1 em 5000 a 6000 nascidos vivos do sexo masculino.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Sua preval&#234;ncia global &#233; estimada em 4,8 por 100.000 pessoas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> &#201; uma doen&#231;a gen&#233;tica recessiva ligada ao cromossomo X com muta&#231;&#245;es no gene da distrofina, resultando em degenera&#231;&#227;o e necrose muscular, fraqueza muscular, preju&#237;zo da deambula&#231;&#227;o, comprometimentos comportamental e cognitivo, e miocardiopatia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A despeito dos avan&#231;os no tratamento, n&#227;o h&#225; cura para a doen&#231;a. Contudo, a abordagem multidisciplinar permitiu melhora da qualidade de vida e aumento da sobrevida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, a miocardiopatia ocorre na maioria dos pacientes e a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; sua principal causa de morte em fase mais tardia, at&#233; a terceira d&#233;cada de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em raz&#227;o da inflama&#231;&#227;o e fibrose card&#237;acas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> v&#225;rias terapias est&#227;o em estudo para retardar a progress&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, tendo um impacto favor&#225;vel na sobrevida dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Entretanto, &#233; imperativa a detec&#231;&#227;o precoce do comprometimento card&#237;aco. Para atingir essa meta, al&#233;m da interconsulta cardiol&#243;gica, uma vez que os pacientes geralmente n&#227;o apresentam sintomas ou eles s&#227;o leves em raz&#227;o de sua doen&#231;a muscular esquel&#233;tica, a realiza&#231;&#227;o de eletrocardiograma (ECG), exames de imagem como ecocardiograma e/ou resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica s&#227;o indicados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Biomarcadores emergentes tamb&#233;m t&#234;m sido pesquisados com o mesmo intuito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A fun&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo tamb&#233;m tem sido avaliada, detectando-se predom&#237;nio simp&#225;tico, o qual &#233; crescente com a progress&#227;o da fibrose e, portanto, da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Entre os medicamentos indicados para prevenir ou reduzir a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica est&#227;o os inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o de angiotensina, os bloqueadores do receptor da angiotensina II, o sacubitril, os antagonistas da aldosterona, al&#233;m dos betabloqueadores (especialmente o carvedilol) e, mais recentemente, a ivabradina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> As terapias com redu&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, como o carvedilol e a ivabradina, resultaram em menor propor&#231;&#227;o de eventos card&#237;acos de maneira significante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Apesar disso, do predom&#237;nio simp&#225;tico em pacientes com DMD<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> e da associa&#231;&#227;o entre taquicardia sinusal e progress&#227;o para miocardiopatia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> h&#225; dois estudos recentes demonstrando que a associa&#231;&#227;o de bisoprolol,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> comparando com placebo, ou de carvedilol<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> com inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o de angiotensina e corticosteroides n&#227;o apresentou impacto significante no decl&#237;nio da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Os autores atribu&#237;ram esses achados &#224;s causas multifatoriais da taquicardia sinusal na DMD, mesmo sem disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, e ao uso de doses moderadas dos betabloqueadores. Portanto, outros estudos, incluindo os randomizados e com maior n&#250;mero de participantes, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para avaliar a dose adequada e de qual betabloqueador entre os aprovados para cardiopatas, al&#233;m da magnitude da redu&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e quais pacientes com DMD seriam beneficiados pela terapia precoce com esses bloqueadores adren&#233;rgicos.</p>
      <p>Por conseguinte, a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco por m&#233;todos n&#227;o invasivos, como ECG e Holter, todavia de baixo custo, pode auxiliar na abordagem dos pacientes com DMD, resultando em in&#237;cio precoce de terapias j&#225; estabelecidas, similar ao indicado para aqueles, mesmo assintom&#225;ticos, que apresentam realce tardio por meio da resson&#226;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Desse modo, este estudo teve como objetivos analisar as altera&#231;&#245;es do ECG e a variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC), inclusive com a mudan&#231;a de posi&#231;&#227;o, dos participantes com DMD, e comparar essa VFC no dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia com um grupo controle.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>O estudo foi observacional, prospectivo e transversal. A popula&#231;&#227;o foi constitu&#237;da por 27 participantes do sexo masculino com idade entre 5 e 18 anos, com diagn&#243;stico de DMD. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes faltosos &#224;s consultas, aqueles com cardiopatia por outra causa, com marca-passo ou pr&#243;tese valvar, com baixa ades&#227;o ao tratamento medicamentoso e em uso de antiarr&#237;tmicos, exceto carvedilol. O grupo controle foi composto por nove participantes saud&#225;veis, tamb&#233;m do sexo masculino, sem uso de medica&#231;&#227;o, e pareados por idade aos participantes com DMD. O tamanho da amostra de ambos os grupos foi por conveni&#234;ncia e os participantes eram provenientes do servi&#231;o ambulatorial regular, o qual possui 70 pacientes com DMD inclu&#237;dos em seu cadastro. A pesquisa foi realizada no per&#237;odo de novembro de 2020 a janeiro de 2022.</p>
      <p>O projeto de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o. Todos os participantes e/ou seus respons&#225;veis legais, ap&#243;s convite e esclarecimento, assinaram o termo de assentimento livre esclarecido e/ou o termo de consentimento livre esclarecido.</p>
      <p>Os participantes com DMD foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, ECG, Holter digital de 24 h e ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico. O grupo controle foi submetido a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, ECG e Holter.</p>
      <p>O ECG foi obtido em 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, faixa de filtro de 0,16-100 Hz, em papel milimetrado com velocidade de 25 mm/s e amplitude de 10 mm/mV, por meio do programa Windcardio&#174; 11.1.0.0 e avaliado conforme a literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A dispers&#227;o do intervalo QT foi feita considerando-se pelo menos oito deriva&#231;&#245;es. As medidas do ECG (com aumento de 200 vezes pelo aplicativo <italic>Microsoft Paint</italic>) foram realizadas por dois observadores habilitados e independentes, sem conhecimento das condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas dos participantes, para analisar a variabilidade interobservador, e em duas ocasi&#245;es distintas com intervalo de sete dias para analisar a variabilidade intraobservador.</p>
      <p>Para a an&#225;lise da VFC, foi utilizado gravador digital de Holter Cardiolight de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, programa CardioSmart CS 550 Vers&#227;o 6.383, compila&#231;&#227;o 2.72. A VFC no dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia (an&#225;lise espectral) foi feita pela transforma&#231;&#227;o de Fourier. Os participantes permaneceram dez minutos na posi&#231;&#227;o supina, seguida da posi&#231;&#227;o sentada tamb&#233;m durante dez minutos, com os registros de todos no final da tarde. Ap&#243;s corre&#231;&#227;o manual de extrass&#237;stoles, pausa e interfer&#234;ncias, foram obtidos os componentes de alta frequ&#234;ncia (HF, <italic>high frequency</italic>), baixa frequ&#234;ncia (LF, <italic>low frequency</italic>) e a rela&#231;&#227;o entre eles (LF/HF). A partir de registros de 24 h, foram obtidos os &#237;ndices SDNN, SDANN, SDNNi, rMSSD e pNN50, referentes &#224; VFC no dom&#237;nio do tempo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> No grupo controle, a an&#225;lise espectral foi feita somente na posi&#231;&#227;o supina.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, foi utilizado o programa SPSS (<italic>Statistical Package for Social Science</italic>) vers&#227;o 16.0. Os resultados foram expressos em n&#250;meros e propor&#231;&#245;es para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e m&#233;dias &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. A confirma&#231;&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal das vari&#225;veis foi verificada pelo teste Shapiro-Wilk. Propor&#231;&#245;es foram comparadas por meio do teste qui-quadrado ou de Fisher, quando apropriado. O teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado foi usado para comparar as m&#233;dias de vari&#225;veis de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal referentes aos participantes com DMD. Para dados quantitativos desses participantes na posi&#231;&#227;o supina e sentada, foi utilizado o teste t de Student pareado para as m&#233;dias de vari&#225;veis de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e, para as medianas, foi usado o teste de Wilcoxon. O teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado foi usado, tamb&#233;m, para comparar a m&#233;dia da idade e os componentes da VFC com sua transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica entre os grupos caso e controle. Para verificar a concord&#226;ncia intra e interobservador quanto &#224;s medidas do ECG, foi utilizada a estat&#237;stica Kappa. A concord&#226;ncia foi definida como ruim se Kappa inferior a 0,40, como razo&#225;vel a boa se entre 0,40 e 0,75 e excelente se acima de 0,75. O coeficiente de Pearson foi usado para correla&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significante.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A casu&#237;stica foi composta por 27 participantes com DMD, com m&#233;dia de idade de 11,9 anos. A presen&#231;a de escoliose foi observada em 12, com m&#233;dia de idade de 15,5 anos. Ao todo, 12 participantes faziam uso de cadeira de rodas, sendo o tempo de uso m&#233;dio igual a 4,5 &#177; 2,6 anos (entre 1 e 9 anos). Os demais dados cl&#237;nicos est&#227;o dispostos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas do grupo com DMD</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="20%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
              <th valign="middle" align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">M&#233;dia</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Desvio padr&#227;o</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Valor m&#237;nimo</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Valor m&#225;ximo</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">11,9</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">4</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">6</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">18</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Idade de in&#237;cio de sintomas (anos)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">3,7</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,8</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Tempo de diagn&#243;stico (anos)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">5,6</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,6</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">3</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">21,5</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">4,9</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">11,7</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">30,7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">FC (bpm)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">99,3</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">14,9</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">73</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">125</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">PA MSD (mmHg)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">101,8/68,5</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">8,7/7,7</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">86/50</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">120/82</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">PA MSE (mmHg)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">99,9/67,8</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">8,2/7,9</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">86/50</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">118/80</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na posi&#231;&#227;o supina; bpm: batimentos por minuto; PA: press&#227;o arterial na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada; MSD: membro superior direito; MSE: membro superior esquerdo.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A m&#233;dia da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ao ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico foi de 60,0 &#177; 0,1%, variando de 34% a 71%. Dezoito participantes com DMD faziam uso de enalapril, 11 de carvedilol, 22 de corticosteroides, quatro de espironolactona e 13 de colecalciferol.</p>
      <p>O uso de suporte ventilat&#243;rio era feito por oito participantes (29,8%), sendo dois em uso de aparelho BIPAP (<italic>Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure</italic> - press&#227;o positiva nas vias a&#233;reas a dois n&#237;veis) e seis em uso de bolsa-v&#225;lvula-m&#225;scara. A m&#233;dia da idade desses participantes foi de 15,5 anos e daqueles sem o suporte ventilat&#243;rio foi de 10,5 anos (p = 0,002).</p>
      <p>A maioria dos participantes com DMD apresentava altera&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica do tipo dele&#231;&#245;es de &#233;xons (66,7%, n = 18), em 3,7% (n = 1) duplica&#231;&#227;o de &#233;xon, em 18,5% (n = 5) muta&#231;&#245;es e em 7,4% (n = 2) c&#243;don de parada.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
        <p>Por meio do ECG, a m&#233;dia da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) foi de 101,3 &#177; 14,7 bpm (varia&#231;&#227;o de 68 a 124 bpm). Em 14,8% (n = 4) foi detectado dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o do ramo direito; em 22,2% (n = 6) QRS fragmentado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>) e em 29,6% (n = 8) presen&#231;a de onda Q patol&#243;gica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 2</xref>), ambos em regi&#245;es inferior e/ou lateral alta.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es realizado em um participante de 15 anos com Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne. Os c&#237;rculos vermelhos indicam deflex&#227;o R' com ou sem ondas Q, sem bloqueio de ramo t&#237;pico (ou seja, dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS &lt; 120ms), em duas deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas, configurando, assim, a presen&#231;a de QRS fragmentado em DII, DIII e aVF (parede inferior).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230483-30483-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es realizado em um participante de 6 anos com Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne. As setas vermelhas indicam presen&#231;a de onda Q patol&#243;gica em DII, DIII e aVF, com amplitudes de 4 a 6 mm.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230483-30483-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s medidas do ECG, as concord&#226;ncias pela estat&#237;stica de Kappa foram de 0,65 (em V2), 0,69 (V1), 0,76 (V3 e V4), 0,88 (D2, aVR e V6), 0,90 (aVL), 0,95 (D1, aVF e V5) e de 1,0 em D3 na an&#225;lise intraobservador. Na an&#225;lise interobservador, as concord&#226;ncias foram de 0,64 (em aVR), 0,69 (V1 e V2), 0,76 (D2), 0,79 (D1), 0,80 (V3), 0,85 (aVL e aVF), 0,92 (V4), 0,94 (D3) e 0,96 (V5 e V6). Quanto &#224; an&#225;lise do QRS fragmentado, a concord&#226;ncia apresentou &#237;ndices entre 0,80 e 0,85.</p>
        <p>A m&#233;dia da dispers&#227;o do intervalo QT foi de 35,6 &#177; 11,5 ms, variando de 20 a 60 ms. Esta medida foi obtida em 11 deriva&#231;&#245;es em tra&#231;ados de cinco participantes e em 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es nos demais. A m&#233;dia do intervalo QT corrigido pela f&#243;rmula de Bazett foi de 413,8 ms (de 371,8 a 483,0 ms), pela f&#243;rmula de Hodges foi de 393,0 ms (de 356,7 a 444 ms) e pela f&#243;rmula de Framingham de 320,8 ms (de 280,1 a 360,1 ms).</p>
        <p>Em 25,9% (n = 7) dos pacientes foram observadas ondas R proeminentes e raz&#227;o R/S aumentada em V1, com m&#233;dia de 1,4 mm (entre 0,11 e 9). Para esta &#250;ltima medida, tamb&#233;m realizada por dois observadores, houve excelente concord&#226;ncia interobservador, com coeficiente de Kappa de 0,85.</p>
        <p>Houve associa&#231;&#227;o e correla&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de QRS fragmentado, a idade (15,8 versus 10,8 anos, com e sem o QRS fragmentado, respectivamente, p = 0,005; Pearson de 0,52) e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (52% versus 63%; p = 0,006, coeficiente de &#8722;0,53).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo por meio do Holter</title>
        <p>Por meio do Holter, a m&#233;dia da FC foi de 99 &#177; 9,9 bpm (variando de 77 a 115 bpm). Entre os 17 participantes que apresentaram extrass&#237;stoles supraventriculares, a mediana das mesmas foi de 1 [intervalo interquartil Q1-Q3:0-14], m&#225;ximo de 156, e na maioria (82,3%) o foco era atrial baixo. Entre os 14 participantes que apresentaram extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares, a mediana foi de 1 [0-3], com m&#225;ximo de 1134. A morfologia dessas &#250;ltimas foi polim&#243;rfica em quatro participantes e monom&#243;rfica em dez.</p>
        <p>Foi feita a VFC no dom&#237;nio do tempo, em 24 h, cujos resultados est&#227;o demonstrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. Est&#227;o demonstrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> os valores da VFC no dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia, na posi&#231;&#227;o supina e na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada dos participantes com DMD e valores-p por meio dos testes t de Student pareado (para as vari&#225;veis de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal) e de Wilcoxon. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 3</xref> apresenta a an&#225;lise espectral na posi&#231;&#227;o supina e sentada de um dos participantes com DMD. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significante entre a VFC nos dois dom&#237;nios e as vari&#225;veis idade, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, intervalo e dispers&#227;o do QT, e terapia farmacol&#243;gica.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>VFC no dom&#237;nio do tempo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th valign="middle" align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">M&#233;dia</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Desvio padr&#227;o</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">M&#237;nimo</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">M&#225;ximo</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">NN m&#233;dio</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">615,8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">66,5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">524,0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">782,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">SDNN</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">97,8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">23,6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">143,0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">86,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">SDANN</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">82,4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">22,9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">33,0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">125,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">SDNNi</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">51,2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">14,6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">23,0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">84,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">rMSSD</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">39,2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">17,9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">15,0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">96,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">pNN50</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">9,6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">7,3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">28,7</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>NN m&#233;dio: intervalos de normal a normal m&#233;dio; SDNN: desvio padr&#227;o de todos os intervalos NN; SDANN: desvio padr&#227;o das m&#233;dias dos intervalos NN normais; SDNNi: &#237;ndice SDNN &#8211; m&#233;dia do desvio padr&#227;o dos intervalos NN normais; rMSSD: raiz quadrada da m&#233;dia do quadrado das diferen&#231;as entre intervalos NN; pNN50: divis&#227;o de NN50 (n&#250;mero de diferen&#231;as entre intervalos NN sucessivos maiores que 50 ms) pelo total de intervalos NN.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o da VFC no dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia de pacientes com DMD na posi&#231;&#227;o supina e sentada pelo teste t de Student pareado e pelo teste de Wilcoxon</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th valign="middle" align="left">Vari&#225;veis (m&#233;dias)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Posi&#231;&#227;o supina</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Posi&#231;&#227;o sentada</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">FC (bpm)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">101,6 &#177; 11,2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">105,9 &#177; 14,7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Pot&#234;ncia total</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1255,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref><break/> [752,0-2989,0]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1052,5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref><break/> [681,7-2876,5]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">VLF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">416,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref><break/> [261,0-1118]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">431,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref><break/> [210,0-699,5]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">LF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">482,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref><break/> [306,0-1222,0]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">373,5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref><break/> [299,2-1069,2]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">HF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">241,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref><break/> [134,0-633,0]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">135,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref><break/> [195,0-618,5]</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,73</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">LF (nu)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">67,9 &#177; 15,1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">68,7 &#177; 14,4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">HF (nu)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">32,1 &#177; 15,1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">31,3 &#177; 14,3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,57</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">LF/HF</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2,7 &#177; 1,6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3,0 &#177; 2,1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,69</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; bpm: batimentos/min; VLF: componente de muito baixa frequ&#234;ncia; LF: componente de baixa frequ&#234;ncia; HF: componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia; ms<sup>2</sup>: milissegundos ao quadrado; nu: unidades normalizadas;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>medianas, seguidas do intervalo interquartil [Q1-Q3].</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Representa&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica da an&#225;lise espectral da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de participante de 6 anos com DMD na posi&#231;&#227;o supina (A) e na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada (B). VLF: componente de muito baixa frequ&#234;ncia (amarelo), LF: componente de baixa frequ&#234;ncia (verde) e HF: componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia (azul). ms&#178;: metros por segundo ao quadrado; n.u.: unidades normalizadas.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230483-30483-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Foi realizada, tamb&#233;m, a compara&#231;&#227;o da VFC no dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia na posi&#231;&#227;o supina do grupo com DMD com a do grupo controle, pareados por idade (m&#233;dia de idade de 12,0 e de 11,0, respectivamente, p = 0,51). Os valores est&#227;o demonstrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> e um exemplo est&#225; demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 4</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Valores dos componentes da VFC com transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica na posi&#231;&#227;o supina do grupo de estudo comparado ao grupo controle</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th valign="middle" align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Grupo caso<break/> (n = 27)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Grupo controle<break/> (n = 9)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">LF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">877,2 &#177; 896,6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1826,0 &#177; 1561,5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,030</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">HF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">488,7 &#177; 685,6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2188,5 &#177; 1820,3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">LF/HF</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2,7 &#177; 1,6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,7 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>LF: componente de baixa frequ&#234;ncia; HF: componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia; ms<sup>2</sup>: milissegundos ao quadrado; valor-p com a transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica da m&#233;dia dos componentes LF e HF pelo teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Diagramas de caixas (boxplot) demonstrando a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos no eixo da abscissa (grupo caso em cor vermelha; grupo controle em cor azul) quanto aos componentes LF (ms&#178;) (A), HF (B) e &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o LF/HF no eixo da ordenada.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230483-30483-gf05.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A aus&#234;ncia de distrofina na DMD resulta em degenera&#231;&#227;o muscular e substitui&#231;&#227;o fibrogordurosa com diminui&#231;&#227;o da capacidade das c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas, com altera&#231;&#245;es histol&#243;gicas, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, as quais s&#227;o precoces, e de imagem. Contudo, h&#225; uma variabilidade fenot&#237;pica no in&#237;cio e durante a progress&#227;o da miocardiopatia. Essa condi&#231;&#227;o pode ser influenciada, tamb&#233;m, pela assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A miocardiopatia por DMD pode ser prevista com anos de anteced&#234;ncia, permitindo uma assist&#234;ncia proativa, com uso de medicamentos que evitem o remodelamento ventricular. Entretanto, somente 1/3 dos pacientes com DMD, segundo a literatura, est&#225; recebendo esse tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Portanto, a detec&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es precoces, como as eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e o predom&#237;nio simp&#225;tico antes da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sist&#243;lica, &#233; tamb&#233;m determinante para a evolu&#231;&#227;o mais favor&#225;vel daqueles pacientes.</p>
      <p>Neste estudo, os principais achados foram: (1) identifica&#231;&#227;o de ondas Q patol&#243;gicas e QRS fragmentado, principalmente em parede inferior e/ou lateral alta em at&#233; 30% dos participantes com DMD; (2) baixa VFC no dom&#237;nio do tempo e da frequ&#234;ncia no grupo com DMD, detectando-se a presen&#231;a de disautonomia quando feita a compara&#231;&#227;o com a an&#225;lise espectral dos participantes do grupo controle; (3) aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#227;o significante da VFC com a mudan&#231;a da posi&#231;&#227;o supina para a sentada, apesar do aumento da FC.</p>
      <p>Altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, como ondas Q em parede inferior, invers&#245;es da onda T na parede lateral e bloqueio de ramo direito, podem preceder a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica na DMD e ser detectadas na primeira inf&#226;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> No cen&#225;rio nacional, em conson&#226;ncia com alguns achados ao ECG do presente estudo, Santos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> avaliaram 131 pacientes (m&#233;dia de idade de 9,4 anos) e observaram ondas R anormais em V1 em 29,7%, ondas Q anormais em parede inferior e/ou lateral alta em 37,4%, dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o do ramo direito em 55,7% e intervalo QTc prolongado em 35,8% dos pacientes. Uma revis&#227;o recente<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> avaliou estudos com popula&#231;&#227;o entre 47 e 246 pacientes com DMD, com idades entre rec&#233;m-nascido a 41 anos. N&#227;o obstante as diferen&#231;as entre os estudos, foram observadas ondas Q patol&#243;gicas em parede inferior e lateral entre 1,6% a 85,7%, aumento da rela&#231;&#227;o R/S na deriva&#231;&#227;o V1, bloqueio de ramo direito entre 0 e 34% dos pacientes, al&#233;m de taquicardia sinusal. O prolongamento do intervalo QT foi raro. Houve um aumento da incid&#234;ncia de anormalidades no ECG com a idade. As altera&#231;&#245;es ao ECG foram atribu&#237;das ao comprometimento das c&#233;lulas de Purkinje em raz&#227;o da defici&#234;ncia da distrofina, ocorrendo antes da inflama&#231;&#227;o, necrose e fibrose dos cardiomi&#243;citos. Contudo, o aumento da amplitude da onda R em V1 foi atribu&#237;do &#224; fibrose da parte basal card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Esse achado foi corroborado pelo acometimento mais acentuado das paredes basais inferolaterais e basais inferiores do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo por meio do ecocardiograma com an&#225;lise da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (<italic>strain</italic>) com Doppler tecidual nos pacientes com DMD quando comparados com saud&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Outra altera&#231;&#227;o ao ECG foi a presen&#231;a do QRS fragmentado, resultante da ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular heterog&#234;nea devido a fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, presente em 22,2% dos pacientes no presente estudo e com moderada correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com a idade e negativa com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o. H&#225; cita&#231;&#227;o sobre este achado na literatura,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> todavia um estudo com este objetivo foi realizado em 37 pacientes com DMD, com m&#233;dia de idade de 15,6 anos, os quais foram submetidos, tamb&#233;m, ao ecocardiograma e &#224; resson&#226;ncia nuclear magn&#233;tica. Foi detectado QRS fragmentado em 83,7% dos pacientes, sendo em 76% dos pacientes na parede anterior, 65% na parede lateral e 54% na inferior, ou seja, ocorrendo em mais de uma regi&#227;o. Houve associa&#231;&#227;o dessa fragmenta&#231;&#227;o com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, tamb&#233;m observada no estudo em quest&#227;o, e com fibrose e arritmias ventriculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Dessa maneira, esse achado de QRS fragmentado pode servir como ferramenta de triagem simples, exequ&#237;vel e de baixo custo na DMD, visto a dificuldade enfrentada por esses pacientes ao serem submetidos a exames de imagem, principalmente &#224; resson&#226;ncia, em raz&#227;o de seu acometimento muscular e respirat&#243;rio.</p>
      <p>Outro comprometimento na DMD e que est&#225; implicado em sua progress&#227;o &#233; a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, com aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica e diminui&#231;&#227;o da parassimp&#225;tica, verificada tamb&#233;m em modelos experimentais e em outras distrofias musculares, e com associa&#231;&#227;o com eventos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Assim, alguns estudos t&#234;m sido desenvolvidos sobre este tema, com os resultados do presente estudo similares aos da literatura. Yotsukura et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> demonstraram essas altera&#231;&#245;es auton&#244;micas com a progress&#227;o da DMD em 55 pacientes, incluindo, tamb&#233;m, adultos jovens, com diminui&#231;&#227;o dos componentes vagais (HF, pNN50) e aumento da rela&#231;&#227;o LF/HF. Inoue et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m incluindo pacientes com DMD de at&#233; 27 anos, conclu&#237;ram que o componente SDNN (balan&#231;o simp&#225;tico-vagal) foi mais sens&#237;vel como &#237;ndice de disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e sem associa&#231;&#227;o com a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e com o pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico. Uma metan&#225;lise recente<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> com oito estudos, com casu&#237;stica entre 17 e 124 pacientes com DMD (total de 549), com idades entre 5 a 44 anos, dois deles sem grupo controle, demonstrou diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade vagal por meio dos componentes da VFC no dom&#237;nio do tempo (SDNN, rMSSD, pNN50) e da frequ&#234;ncia (HF), apesar da heterogeneidade dos estudos. Dentre os estudos, o estudo de Dhargave et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> foi o mais similar ao nosso. Nele, foram inclu&#237;das somente crian&#231;as com DMD (n = 124), com idade entre 5 e 10 anos, com rela&#231;&#227;o caso-controle de 1:2,5, transversal, demonstrando, tamb&#233;m, aumento da rela&#231;&#227;o LF/HF e diminui&#231;&#227;o do HF e do rMSSD em posi&#231;&#227;o supina.</p>
      <p>Para avalia&#231;&#227;o do barorreflexo com a mudan&#231;a de posi&#231;&#227;o, foi feita a compara&#231;&#227;o da VFC pela an&#225;lise espectral entre a posi&#231;&#227;o supina e a sentada no grupo com DMD. Houve aumento da FC, todavia sem altera&#231;&#227;o significante da VFC. Em saud&#225;veis, a mudan&#231;a de postura da supina para o ortostatismo resulta em redu&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus vagal e ativa&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica pela menor distens&#227;o das termina&#231;&#245;es nervosas dos barorreceptores, com aumento da FC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> A taquicardia sinusal, inclusive ao repouso, pode ocorrer na DMD sem disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, sendo considerada um risco para miocardiopatia dilatada futura,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> e pode associar-se ao desequil&#237;brio simp&#225;tico vagal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Inbaraj et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> com uma casu&#237;stica de 38 pacientes com DMD e 37 saud&#225;veis com mediana de idade de 8 anos demonstraram, em concord&#226;ncia com os resultados deste estudo, taquicardia sinusal e diminui&#231;&#227;o da VFC no grupo com DMD, concluindo que essas altera&#231;&#245;es podem ser detectadas no estado pr&#233;-cl&#237;nico. Por&#233;m, a VFC foi feita somente com a deriva&#231;&#227;o D2, diferente do presente estudo, no qual foram utilizadas 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es e com corre&#231;&#227;o manual de batimentos ect&#243;picos, pausas e interfer&#234;ncias.</p>
      <p>Na literatura, h&#225; somente um estudo sobre VFC com mudan&#231;a de posi&#231;&#227;o de maneira semelhante ao nosso estudo (da posi&#231;&#227;o supina para sentada), o qual foi realizado com 28 adolescentes com DMD com m&#233;dia de idade de 15,0 anos, detectando-se redu&#231;&#227;o vagal e aumento simp&#225;tico, ou seja, disautonomia quando os dados foram comparados com o grupo de saud&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Esse desequil&#237;brio da regula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica na DMD pode ser explicado por fibrose do n&#243; sinusal, hipometabolismo em giros temporais, &#250;ncus, hipocampo e cerebelo, altera&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico, al&#233;m de perda neuronal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Altera&#231;&#245;es sin&#225;pticas com diminui&#231;&#227;o de receptores p&#243;s-sin&#225;pticos do &#225;cido gama-aminobut&#237;rico pela defici&#234;ncia de distrofina no c&#233;rebro, como a perda da &#243;xido n&#237;trico-sintase neuronal, tamb&#233;m podem explicar aquela disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, assim como os dist&#250;rbios cognitivos e de musculatura esquel&#233;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Dessa forma, a VFC pode representar uma ferramenta &#250;til para verificar a disautonomia nos pacientes com DMD na fase pr&#233;-cl&#237;nica de acometimento card&#237;aco, sem associa&#231;&#227;o entre a VFC e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, como demonstrado pelo presente estudo, com impacto favor&#225;vel na abordagem desses pacientes.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>N&#227;o foi feita a compara&#231;&#227;o dos componentes da VFC no dom&#237;nio da frequ&#234;ncia entre os participantes com DMD na posi&#231;&#227;o supina e em ortostatismo para uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais adequada do barorreflexo. Entretanto, esses pacientes apresentavam seu comprometimento muscular esquel&#233;tico e 44,4% deles necessitavam de cadeira de rodas, o que inviabilizou tal avalia&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o foi realizado o exame de resson&#226;ncia card&#237;aca para adequada caracteriza&#231;&#227;o tecidual e detec&#231;&#227;o de presen&#231;a de fibrose. Al&#233;m disso, a casu&#237;stica foi pequena.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Os participantes com DMD apresentaram onda Q patol&#243;gica e complexo QRS fragmentado na regi&#227;o inferolateral alta e onda R proeminente em V1 em at&#233; 30% dos casos. Houve correla&#231;&#227;o moderada positiva e negativa entre o QRS fragmentado e a idade e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, respectivamente. Houve disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica com menor t&#244;nus vagal sem influ&#234;ncia das vari&#225;veis idade, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, dispers&#227;o do QT e tratamento. Apesar do aumento da FC, n&#227;o houve resposta adequada da VFC com a mudan&#231;a de posi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de mestrado de Nat&#225;lia Mussi Monteze pelo Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de da Crian&#231;a e Adolescente da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da UFMG sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 27491219.3.0000.5149. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Nat&#225;lia Olivetti</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Electrocardiographic and Autonomic Nervous System Changes after Changes in the Posture of Children and Adolescents with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0963-948X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Rose Mary Ferreira Lisboa da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Monteze</surname>
            <given-names>Nathalia Mussi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giannetti</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Gurgel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meira</surname>
            <given-names>Zilda Maria Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Cardiologia Pedi&#225;trica, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Rose Mary Ferreira Lisboa da Silva</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Avenida Prof. Alfredo Balena, 190, sala 246. Postal Code <postal-code>30130-100</postal-code>, Centro, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>roselisboa@uol.com.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a rare inherited neuromuscular disease. At first, cardiac involvement may be asymptomatic. Therefore, assessing patients using non-invasive methods can help detect any changes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>Analyze the electrocardiogram (ECG) test and heart rate variability (HRV) of the DMD group and compare the information with that of the age-matched control group.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A prospective study with 27 male patients with DMD (11.9 years old), who underwent clinical evaluation, ECG, echocardiogram, and Holter monitoring. ECG (200% increase) was assessed by two independent observers. HRV was measured over time (24 h) and in the frequency domain, in the supine and sitting positions. The healthy group consisted of nine patients (11.0 years old). A value of p &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The mean ejection fraction (EF) was 60% (34 to 71%). The Kappa coefficient for ECG measurements ranged from 0.64 to 1.00. An increase in the R/S ratio in V1 was observed in 25.9% of the subjects, pathological Q wave in 29.6%, and fragmented QRS in 22.2% in inferior/high lateral regions, with a negative correlation with EF (p = 0.006). There was low HRV, without the influence of any variable, including treatment. With the change in position, there was an increase in HR (p = 0.004), but there was no change in HRV. The LF/HF ratio was 2.7 in the DMD group and 0.7 in the control group (p = 0.002).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>In DMD subjects, prominent R waves in V1 and changes in the inferior/high lateral regions occurred in almost 30% of the cases. Lower vagal tone was observed without the influence of the variables age, ejection fraction, QT dispersion, and treatment. Despite the increase in HR, there was no adequate HRV response to the change in position.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
        <kwd>Autonomic Nervous System</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a hereditary, progressive, childhood-onset neuromuscular disease that affects 1 in 5,000 to 6,000 live male births.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Its global prevalence is estimated at 4.8 per 100,000 people.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> It is a recessive genetic disease linked to the X chromosome with mutations in the dystrophin gene, resulting in muscle degeneration and necrosis, muscle weakness, impaired walking, behavioral and cognitive impairments, and cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite advances in treatment, there is no cure for the disease. Nevertheless, a multidisciplinary approach has allowed better quality of life and increased survival.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Still, most of the patients have cardiomyopathy, and heart failure is the main cause of death later on, happening by the third decade of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Due to cardiac inflammation and fibrosis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> several therapies are being studied to delay the progression of ventricular dysfunction with a favorable impact on patient survival.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> However, it is fundamental to detect any cardiac involvement early. To achieve this goal, in addition to cardiological consultations, since patients generally do not have symptoms or only have mild symptoms because of their skeletal muscle disease, an electrocardiogram (ECG) and imaging tests, such as echocardiogram and/or MRI, are recommended.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Emerging biomarkers have also been researched with the same purpose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The function of the autonomic nervous system has also been evaluated, detecting sympathetic predominance, which increases with the progression of fibrosis and, therefore, the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Among the medications indicated to prevent or reduce systolic dysfunction are angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, sacubitril, aldosterone antagonists, as well as beta-blockers (especially carvedilol) and, more recently, ivabradine.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Therapies that reduce heart rate, such as carvedilol and ivabradine, resulted in a significantly lower proportion of cardiac events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Despite this and the sympathetic predominance in patients with DMD<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> and the association between sinus tachycardia and progression to cardiomyopathy,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> two recent studies showed that the combination of bisoprolol,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> compared with placebo, or carvedilol<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and corticosteroids did not have a significant impact on reduced cardiac function. The authors attributed these findings to the multifactorial causes of sinus tachycardia in DMD, even without systolic dysfunction, and to the use of moderate doses of beta-blockers. Therefore, other studies, including randomized ones with a larger number of subjects, are needed to evaluate the appropriate dose and the beta-blocker among those approved for heart disease, in addition to the extent of the reduction in heart rate and which patients with DMD would benefit from an early therapy with these adrenergic blockers.</p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <p>DMD: Duchenne muscular dystrophy; EF: left ventricular ejection fraction; HRV: heart rate variability.</p>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230483-30483-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Consequently, risk stratification using non-invasive methods, such as ECG and Holter monitoring, are cost-effective and can help in the approach of DMD patients, resulting in the early initiation of already established therapies, similar to the therapies recommended for patients with delayed enhancement on cardiac MRI, despite being asymptomatic.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> On that account, this study analyzed changes in the ECG and heart rate variability (HRV), including after changes in body position, in subjects with DMD, and compared such HRV to that of a control group in the frequency domain.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This was an observational, prospective, and cross-sectional study. The population consisted of 27 male subjects aged between 5 and 18 years diagnosed with DMD. Patients who missed appointments were excluded, as well as those with heart disease due to another cause, with a pacemaker or valve prosthesis, with low adherence to drug treatment, and those taking antiarrhythmic drugs, except carvedilol. The control group was made up of nine healthy male subjects who were not taking medication and were matched by age to DMD subjects. The sample size for both groups was determined based on convenience, and the subjects came from the regular outpatient service that has 70 registered DMD patients. The research was carried out from November 2020 to January 2022.</p>
        <p>The research project was approved by the institution's Research Ethics Committee. After being invited to participate in the study and have all their questions answered, all subjects and/or their legal guardians signed the informed consent form.</p>
        <p>DMD subjects underwent clinical evaluation, ECG, 24-hour digital Holter monitoring, and transthoracic echocardiography. The control group underwent clinical evaluation, ECG, and Holter monitoring.</p>
        <p>It was a 12-lead ECG with a filter range of 0.16-100 Hz on graph paper with a speed of 25 mm/s and an amplitude of 10 mm/m, using the Windcardio&#174; 11.1.0.0 software. The tests were evaluated according to the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> QT interval dispersion was measured considering at least eight leads. The ECG measurements (with a 200-fold magnification using the Microsoft Paint application) were carried out by two qualified and independent observers, who were blind to the subjects' clinical conditions, to analyze interobserver variability, and on two separate occasions after a seven-day interval to analyze intra-observer variability.</p>
        <p>For HRV analysis, a 12-lead Cardiolight digital Holter recorder, CardioSmart CS 550 software, Version 6.383, compilation 2.72, was used. HRV in the frequency domain (spectral analysis) was performed using Fourier transformation. The subjects remained in the supine position for ten minutes and then sat for ten minutes. All values were recorded in the late afternoon. After the manual correction of extrasystoles, pauses, and interferences, high frequency (HF), low frequency (LF), and the ratio between them (LF/HF) were obtained. After 24-hour recordings, the SDNN, SDANN, SDNNi, rMSSD, and pNN50 indices were obtained, referring to HRV in the time domain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> In the control group, the spectral analysis was performed only in the supine position.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) software was used for statistical analysis, version 16.0. The results were expressed as numbers and proportions for categorical variables and as means &#177; standard deviation for continuous variables. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check the normal distribution of variables. Proportions were compared using the chi-square or Fisher test, where applicable. An unpaired Student's t-test was used to compare the means of normally distributed variables for DMD subjects. For the subjects' quantitative data in the supine and sitting positions, a paired Student's t-test was used for the means of normally distributed variables, and a Wilcoxon test was used for the medians. An unpaired Student's t-test was also used to compare the mean age and HRV components with their logarithmic transformation between the DMD and control groups. A Kappa statistic was used to verify intra- and inter-observer agreement regarding ECG measurements. Agreement was defined as poor if Kappa was below 0.40, as fair to good if Kappa was between 0.40 and 0.75, and as excellent if Kappa was above 0.75. The Pearson coefficient was used to correlate continuous variables. A value of p &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The sample size consisted of 27 DMD subjects, with a mean age of 11.9 years. The presence of scoliosis was observed in 12 subjects, with a mean age of 15.5 years. Twelve subjects relied on a wheelchair, with an average time of use equal to 4.5 &#177; 2.6 years (between 1 and 9 years). The remaining clinical data are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of the DMD group</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th valign="middle" align="left">Variables</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Mean</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Standard deviation</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Minimum value</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Maximum value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">11.9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Age at onset of symptoms (years)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3.7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Time since the diagnosis (years)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">5.6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">21.5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">4.9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">11.7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">30.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">HR (bpm)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">99.3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">14.9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">73</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">125</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">BP right arm (mmHg)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">101.8/68.5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">8.7/7.7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">86/50</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">120/82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">BP left arm (mmHg)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">99.9/67.8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">8.2/7.9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">86/50</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">118/80</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>BMI: body mass index; HR: heart rate in the supine position; bpm: beats per minute; BP: blood pressure in the sitting position.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The mean ejection fraction on transthoracic echocardiography was 60.0 &#177; 0.1%, ranging from 34% to 71%. Eighteen DMD subjects were taking enalapril, 11 were taking carvedilol, 22 were taking corticosteroids, four were taking spironolactone, and 13 were taking cholecalciferol.</p>
        <p>Ventilatory support was required for eight subjects (29.8%), two of whom were using a BIPAP (Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure) device, and six were using a bag-valve mask. The mean age of these subjects was 15.5 years, and the mean age of those without ventilatory support was 10.5 years (p = 0.002).</p>
        <p>The majority of DMD subjects had genetic alterations such as exon deletions (66.7%, n = 18), exon duplication (3.7%, n = 1), mutations (18.5%, n = 5), and stop codon (7.4%, n = 2).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Electrocardiographic Findings</title>
          <p>Using the ECG, the mean heart rate (HR) was 101.3 &#177; 14.7 bpm (range: 68 to 124 bpm). In 14.8% (n = 4) of the subjects, a right bundle branch block was detected; in 22.2% (n = 6), fragmented QRS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 1</xref>), and in 29.6% (n = 8), the presence of pathological Q wave (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 2</xref>), both in the inferior and/or high lateral regions.</p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Twelve-lead electrocardiogram performed on a 15-year-old subject with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Red circles indicate R' deflection with or without Q waves, without typical bundle branch block (i.e., QRS duration &lt; 120 ms), in two contiguous leads, thus confirming the presence of fragmented QRS in DII, DIII, and aVF (inferior wall).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230483-30483-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Twelve-lead electrocardiogram performed on a 6-year-old subject with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. The red arrows indicate the presence of a pathological Q wave in DII, DIII, and aVF, with amplitudes of 4 to 6 mm.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230483-30483-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Regarding ECG measurements, the agreements according to the Kappa statistic were 0.65 (V2), 0.69 (V1), 0.76 (V3 and V4), 0.88 (D2, aVR, and V6), 0.90 (aVL), 0.95 (D1, aVF, and V5), and 1.0 (D3) in the intra-observer analysis. In the inter-observer analysis, agreements were 0.64 (aVR), 0.69 (V1 and V2), 0.76 (D2), 0.79 (D1), 0.80 (V3), 0.85 (aVL and aVF), 0.92 (V4), 0.94 (D3), and 0.96 (V5 and V6). Regarding fragmented QRS analysis, the agreement ranged from 0.80 to 0.85.</p>
          <p>The mean QT interval dispersion was 35.6 &#177; 11.5 ms, ranging from 20 to 60 ms. This measurement was obtained with 11 leads in tracings from five subjects, and 12 leads for the others. The mean QT interval corrected by the Bazett formula was 413.8 ms (from 371.8 to 483.0 ms); by the Hodges formula it was 393.0 ms (from 356.7 to 444 ms); and by the Framingham formula, it was 320.8 ms (from 280.1 to 360.1 ms).</p>
          <p>Prominent R waves and an increased R/S ratio were observed in V1 in 25.9% (n=7) of the subjects, with a mean of 1.4 mm (from 0.11 to 9). This last measurement, also carried out by two observers, showed excellent interobserver agreement, with a Kappa coefficient of 0.85.</p>
          <p>There was an association and correlation between the presence of fragmented QRS and age (15.8 versus 10.8 years, with and without fragmented QRS, respectively, p = 0.005; Pearson 0.52) and ejection fraction (52% versus 63%; p = 0.006, coefficient of &#8722;0.53).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Analysis of the autonomic nervous system using Holter monitoring</title>
          <p>Using the Holter, the mean HR was 99 &#177; 9.9 bpm (ranging from 77 to 115 bpm). Among the 17 subjects who had supraventricular extrasystoles, the median was 1 [interquartile range Q1-Q3:0-14], with a maximum of 156. The majority (82.3%) had a low atrial focus. Among the 14 subjects who had ventricular extrasystoles, the median was 1 [0-3], with a maximum of 1134. Four subjects had polymorphic ventricular extrasystole, and ten had monomorphic ventricular extrasystole.</p>
          <p>HRV was measured in the time domain over 24 hours, the results of which are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref>. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref> shows the HRV values in the frequency domain, with DMD subjects in the supine and sitting positions, and p-values using a paired Student's t-test (for normally distributed variables) and the Wilcoxon test. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 3</xref> shows the spectral analysis in the supine and sitting positions of one of the DMD subjects. There was no significant difference between HRV in the two domains and the variables age, ejection fraction, QT interval and dispersion, and pharmacological therapy.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>HRV in the time domain</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th valign="middle" align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Mean</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Standard deviation</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Minimum</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Maximum</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Mean NN</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">615.8</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">66.5</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">524.0</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">782.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">SDNN</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">97.8</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">23.6</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">143.0</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">86.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">SDANN</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">82.4</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">22.9</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">33.0</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">125.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">SDNNi</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">51.2</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">14.6</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">23.0</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">84.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">rMSSD</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">39.2</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">17.9</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">15.0</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">96.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">pNN50</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">9.6</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">7.3</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.5</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">28.7</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p>Mean NN: mean normal-to-normal intervals; SDNN: standard deviation of all NN intervals; SDANN: standard deviation of the means of normal NN intervals; SDNNi: SDNN index &#8211; mean standard deviation of normal NN intervals; rMSSD: square root of the mean of the differences between NN intervals squared; pNN50: division of NN50 (number of differences between successive NN intervals greater than 50 ms) by the total number of NN intervals.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Comparison of HRV values in the frequency domain, with DMD subjects in the supine and sitting positions, using a paired Student's t-test and the Wilcoxon test</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th valign="middle" align="left">Variables (means)</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Supine position</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Sitting position</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">HR (bpm)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">101.6 &#177; 11.2</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">105.9 &#177; 14.7</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Total potency</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1255.0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref><break/> [752.0-2989.0]</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1052.5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref><break/> [681.7-2876.5]</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.28</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">VLF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">416.0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref><break/> [261.0-1118]</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">431.0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref><break/> [210.0-699.5]</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.56</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">LF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">482.0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref><break/> [306.0-1222.0]</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">373.5<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref><break/> [299.2-1069.2]</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">HF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">241.0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref><break/> [134.0-633.0]</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">135.0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref><break/> [195.0-618.5]</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.73</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">LF (nu)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">67.9 &#177; 15.1</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">68.7 &#177; 14.4</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.54</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">HF (nu)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">32.1 &#177; 15.1</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">31.3 &#177; 14.3</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.57</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">LF/HF</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">2.7 &#177; 1.6</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">3.0 &#177; 2.1</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.69</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>HR: heart rate; bpm: beats/min; VLF: very low-frequency component; LF: low-frequency component; HF: high-frequency component; ms<sup>2</sup>: milliseconds squared; nu: normalized units;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>medians, followed by the interquartile range [Q1-Q3]</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <fig id="f9">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Graphical representation of the spectral analysis of the heart rate of a 6-year-old DMD subject in the supine position (A) and the sitting position (B). VLF: very low-frequency component (yellow), LF: low-frequency component (green), and HF: high-frequency component (blue). ms<sup>2</sup>: meters per second squared; n.u.: normalized units.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230483-30483-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>DMD group HRV, in the frequency domain, in the supine position, was also compared to that of the control group, matched by age (mean age of 12.0 and 11.0, respectively, p = 0.51). The values are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 4</xref>, and an example is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 4</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>HRV values with logarithmic transformation in the supine position - study group vs. control group</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th valign="middle" align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Study group<break/> (n = 27)</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Control group<break/> (n = 9)</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">LF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">877.2 &#177; 896.6</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1826.0 &#177; 1561.5</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.030</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">HF (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">488.7 &#177; 685.6</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">2188.5 &#177; 1820.3</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">LF/HF</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">2.7 &#177; 1.6</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.7 &#177; 0.4</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <p>LF: low-frequency component; HF: high-frequency component; ms<sup>2</sup>: milliseconds squared; p-value with the logarithmic transformation of the mean of the LF and HF components by the unpaired Student's t-test.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Boxplots demonstrating the comparison between the groups on the abscissa axis (study group in red; control group in blue). As for LF (ms<sup>2</sup>) (A), HF (B), and the LF/HF ratio, on the ordinate axis.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230483-30483-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The absence of dystrophin in DMD results in muscle degeneration and fibrofatty replacement with decreased capacity of cardiac cells, histological changes, and electrocardiographic changes, which have an early onset and can be detected in imaging tests. Also, phenotypic variability can be observed at the beginning and during the progression of cardiomyopathy, and this condition can also be influenced by medical care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> DMD cardiomyopathy can be predicted years in advance, allowing proactive medical care with the use of medications that prevent ventricular remodeling. However, according to the literature, only 1/3 of the patients with DMD receive such treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Therefore, detecting early changes, such as electrocardiographic changes and sympathetic predominance, before systolic ventricular dysfunction, is also critical for a more favorable evolution of the patients.</p>
        <p>In this study, the main findings were: (1) identification of pathological Q waves and fragmented QRS, mainly in the inferior and/or high lateral wall, in up to 30% of the DMD subjects; (2) low HRV in the time and frequency domains in the DMD group, detecting the presence of dysautonomia when compared to the control group based on the spectral analysis; (3) no significant change in HRV when changing from the supine to the sitting position, despite increased HR.</p>
        <p>Electrocardiographic changes, such as Q waves in the inferior wall, T wave inversions in the lateral wall, and right bundle branch block, may precede systolic dysfunction in DMD and can be detected in early childhood.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> In Brazil, in line with some ECG findings in this study, Santos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> evaluated 131 patients (mean age of 9.4 years) and observed abnormal R waves in V1 in 29.7%, abnormal Q waves in the inferior and/or high lateral wall in 37.4%, right bundle branch conduction disorder in 55.7%, and prolonged QTc interval in 35.8% of the patients. A recent review<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> evaluated studies with a population ranging from 47 to 246 patients with DMD, newborn to 41 years old. Despite the differences between the studies, pathological Q waves in the inferior and lateral walls were observed in 1.6% to 85.7%, increased R/S ratio in the V1 lead, and right bundle branch block from 0 to 34% of the patients, in addition to sinus tachycardia. QT prolongation was rare. There was an increased incidence of ECG abnormalities with age. The ECG changes were attributed to Purkinje cell impairment due to dystrophin deficiency, occurring before inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis of the cardiomyocytes. However, increased R wave amplitude in V1 was attributed to fibrosis of the basal portion of the heart.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> This finding was corroborated by the more accentuated involvement of the inferolateral and inferior basal walls of the left ventricle using echocardiography with analysis of myocardial deformation (strain) using tissue Doppler in patients with DMD when compared to healthy subjects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Another ECG change was the presence of a fragmented QRS, resulting from heterogeneous ventricular activation due to myocardial fibrosis, present in 22.2% of the patients in this study, with a moderate positive correlation with age and a negative correlation with ejection fraction. This finding is cited in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Nevertheless, a study with this objective was carried out on 37 patients with DMD, with a mean age of 15.6 years, who also underwent echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging. Fragmented QRS was detected in 83.7% of the patients, in 76% of the patients in the anterior wall, 65% in the lateral wall, and 54% in the inferior wall, i.e., occurring in more than one region. Such fragmentation was associated with left ventricular dysfunction, also observed in the study in question, and with fibrosis and ventricular arrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Therefore, fragmented QRS can be used as a simple, feasible, and low-cost screening tool in DMD, considering that DMD patients face great difficulty in undergoing imaging exams, especially MRI, because of their muscular and respiratory involvement.</p>
        <p>Autonomic modulation is another DMD symptom that is implicated in disease progression. It involves increased sympathetic activity and decreased parasympathetic activity, also found in experimental models and in other muscular dystrophies, and associated with cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Thus, some studies have been conducted on the topic, and the results hereof are similar to those found in the literature. Yotsukura et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> demonstrated these autonomic changes with DMD progression in 55 patients, including young adults, with decreased vagal components (HF, pNN50) and increased LF/HF ratio. Inoue et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> who also included DMD patients up to 27 years of age, concluded that the SDNN component (sympathetic-vagal balance) was more sensitive as an index of autonomic dysfunction, without association with ventricular function and the natriuretic peptide. A recent meta-analysis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> with eight studies, with a sample size ranging from 17 to 124 patients with DMD (total of 549), aged 5-44 years, two of them without a control group, demonstrated a decrease in vagal activity through HRV components in the time (SDNN, rMSSD, pNN50) and frequency (HF) domains despite the heterogeneity of the studies. Among the studies, the study by Dhargave et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> was the most similar to ours. It included only children with DMD (n = 124), aged between 5 and 10 years, with a study-control ratio of 1:2.5, cross-sectional, also demonstrating increased LF/HF ratio and decreased HF and rMSSD in the supine position.</p>
        <p>To evaluate the baroreflex with changes in position, HRV was compared using spectral analysis between the supine and sitting positions in the DMD group. The HR increased, but there was no significant change in HRV. In healthy subjects, changing posture from supine to standing results in reduced vagal tone and sympathetic activation due to the baroreceptor nerve endings being less distended, with an increase in HR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Sinus tachycardia, even at rest, can occur in DMD without systolic dysfunction, being considered a risk for future dilated cardiomyopathy,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> and can be associated with vagal-sympathetic imbalance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Inbaraj et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> with a sample size of 38 patients with DMD and 37 healthy subjects with a median age of eight years, demonstrated, in agreement with the results of this study, sinus tachycardia and decreased HRV in the DMD group, concluding that these changes can be detected in the preclinical state. However, HRV was measured only with the D2 lead, unlike the present study that used 12 leads and manually corrected ectopic beats, pauses, and interference.</p>
        <p>In the literature, there is only one study on HRV with a change in position in a way similar to our study (from the supine to the sitting position), which was carried out with 28 adolescents with DMD with a mean age of 15.0 years. The study detected a vagal reduction and sympathetic increase, i.e., dysautonomia, when the data were compared to that of the healthy group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This autonomic regulation imbalance in DMD can be explained by fibrosis of the sinus node, hypometabolism in the temporal gyri, uncus, hippocampus, and cerebellum, altered production of nitric oxide, in addition to neuronal loss.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Synaptic changes with a decrease in postsynaptic gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors due to dystrophin deficiency in the brain, such as the loss of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, can also explain the autonomic dysfunction, as well as cognitive and skeletal muscle disorders.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Therefore, HRV may represent a useful tool to verify dysautonomia in patients with DMD in the preclinical phase of cardiac involvement, without association between HRV and left ventricular ejection fraction, as demonstrated by the present study, with a favorable impact on the management of these patients.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>A comparison of HRV components in the frequency domain was not made between DMD subjects in the supine and standing positions for a more adequate assessment of the baroreflex. However, these patients had skeletal muscle impairment and 44.4% of them required a wheelchair, which made that assessment unfeasible. A cardiac MRI was not performed for adequate tissue characterization and detection of the presence of fibrosis. Furthermore, the sample size was small.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>DMD subjects had pathological Q waves and fragmented QRS complex in the inferior and high lateral regions and a prominent R wave in V1 in up to 30% of the cases. There was a moderate positive and a negative correlation between fragmented QRS and age and ejection fraction, respectively. Autonomic dysfunction was observed with lower vagal tone without the influence of the variables age, ejection fraction, QT dispersion, and treatment. Despite the increase in HR, there was no adequate HRV response to the change in position.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Study association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of Nat&#225;lia Mussi Monteze's master's thesis from P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de da Crian&#231;a e Adolescente da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the UFMG under the protocol number 27491219.3.0000.5149. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Nat&#225;lia Olivetti</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
