<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">qbwntf4h7WNKKG9ThzCg7VC</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000200306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230405</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeito Anti-Hipertensivo de Novos Agonistas do Receptor de Adenosina em Ratos Espontaneamente Hipertensos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9006-0597</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>de Souza Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3946-4753</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Jaqueline Soares da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pedreira</surname>
            <given-names>J&#250;lia Galvez Bulh&#245;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1196-0149</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Montagnoli</surname>
            <given-names>Tadeu Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreiro</surname>
            <given-names>Eliezer Jesus</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9066-5027</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zapata-Sudo</surname>
            <given-names>Gisele</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Gisele Zapata-Sudo &#8226;</bold> Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373. CEP <postal-code>21941-901</postal-code>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>gsudo@icb.ufrj.br</email>, <email>gzsudo@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Marina Okoshi</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230405</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f9">
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/qbwntf4h7WNKKG9ThzCg7VC/db15fc45192c023d93fba696232a90f4b4c487a4.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/qbwntf4h7WNKKG9ThzCg7VC/dff8fb0b57f8b6dffc6cef172ce75d5e19d05a5f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/qbwntf4h7WNKKG9ThzCg7VC/638ac1fbd7e619e7cc6f9060309fdca15d6b73a3.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica &#233; um fator de risco para disfun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, renais e metab&#243;licas. A busca por novas estrat&#233;gias para prevenir e tratar doen&#231;as cardiovasculares levou &#224; s&#237;ntese de novas <italic><bold>N</bold></italic>-acilidrazonas para produzir efeito anti-hipertensivo. Os receptores de adenosina s&#227;o um alvo alternativo para reduzir a press&#227;o arterial devido &#224; sua a&#231;&#227;o vasodilatadora e propriedades antioxidantes, que podem reduzir o estresse oxidativo caracter&#237;stico da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p>Avaliar o perfil anti-hipertensivo de novos compostos contendo sel&#234;nio desenvolvidos para melhorar sua intera&#231;&#227;o com os receptores de adenosina.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Foi avaliada a reatividade vascular, registrando-se a tens&#227;o isom&#233;trica da aorta tor&#225;cica pr&#233;-contra&#237;da de ratos Wistar machos ap&#243;s exposi&#231;&#227;o a concentra&#231;&#245;es crescentes de cada derivado (0,1 a 100 &#956;M). Para investigar o efeito anti-hipertensivo em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos, foram determinadas a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica, press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de 10 e 30 &#956;mol/kg do composto selecionado LASSBio-2062.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>Os compostos denominados LASSBio-2062, LASSBio-2063, LASSBio-2075, LASSBio-2076, LASSBio-2084, LASSBio-430, LASSBio-2092 e LASSBio-2093 promoveram vasodilata&#231;&#227;o com concentra&#231;&#245;es efetivas m&#233;dias de 15,5 &#177; 6,5; 14,6 &#177; 2,9; 18,7 &#177; 9,6; 6,7 &#177; 4,1; &gt; 100; 6,0 &#177; 3,6; 37,8 &#177; 11,8; e 15,9 &#177; 5,7 &#956;M, respectivamente. O LASSBio-2062 (30 &#956;mol/kg) reduziu a press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos de 124,6 &#177; 8,6 para 72,0 &#177; 12,3 mmHg (p &lt; 0,05). A ativa&#231;&#227;o do receptor de adenosina subtipo A<sub>3</sub> e dos canais de pot&#225;ssio parece estar envolvida no efeito anti-hipertensivo do LASSBio-2062.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p>O novo agonista do receptor de adenosina e ativador dos canais de pot&#225;ssio &#233; um potencial agente terap&#234;utico para o tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palabras clave:</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasodilata&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Canais de C&#225;lcio</kwd>
        <kwd>Receptores Purin&#233;rgicos P1</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="18"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="55"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Segundo estimativas da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de, a morte de aproximadamente 23,6 milh&#245;es de pessoas ocorrer&#225; at&#233; 2030 em decorr&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Mesmo com a grande variedade de tratamentos existentes, a hipertens&#227;o arterial continua a ser a principal causa de morte card&#237;aca em todo o mundo, sendo respons&#225;vel por 10,4 milh&#245;es de mortes por ano, com o maior n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos afetados pela hipertens&#227;o em pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora existam diversas terapias modernas para o tratamento da hipertens&#227;o, ela continua sendo a principal causa de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, como cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e acidente vascular cerebral, agravadas pelo envelhecimento populacional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Devido ao car&#225;ter assintom&#225;tico, a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica pode evoluir com altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e/ou funcionais em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo (cora&#231;&#227;o, c&#233;rebro, rins e vasos).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> &#201; importante buscar novas estrat&#233;gias para a preven&#231;&#227;o e o tratamento da hipertens&#227;o; dessa maneira, foram projetadas novas <italic>N</italic>-acilidrazonas, sintetizadas a partir da 3,4-metilenodioxibenzoil-2-tienilhidrazona (LASSBio-294) para testar a atividade vasodilatadora. O LASSBio-294, caracterizado como agente inotr&#243;pico card&#237;aco positivo com atividade vasodilatadora, preveniu a disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca induzida por infarto do mioc&#225;rdio em ratos normotensos e hipertensos, possivelmente devido &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o de receptores de adenosina A<sub>2A</sub>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Para melhorar a intera&#231;&#227;o entre a mol&#233;cula e seu s&#237;tio de a&#231;&#227;o, os novos compostos possuem o &#225;tomo de enxofre (&#8211;S) em vez de sel&#234;nio (&#8211;Se), o que confere uma conforma&#231;&#227;o restrita, levando a uma melhor intera&#231;&#227;o composto-receptor<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> e, consequentemente, aumentando a pot&#234;ncia vasodilatadora. Algumas altera&#231;&#245;es na estrutura molecular poderiam gerar compostos com mecanismos de a&#231;&#227;o multialvos, favorecendo a ades&#227;o dos pacientes &#224; terapia, uma vez que a polifarm&#225;cia &#233; comum para o controle da hipertens&#227;o arterial na maioria dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A busca por novas terapias para hipertens&#227;o &#233; uma tentativa de aumentar a ades&#227;o dos pacientes ao tratamento, pois este &#233; um grande desafio para os cardiologistas, devido ao uso de m&#250;ltiplos medicamentos e/ou administra&#231;&#245;es, alta incid&#234;ncia de efeitos adversos e doen&#231;a prim&#225;ria n&#227;o diagnosticada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O principal objetivo deste estudo foi identificar uma nova N-acilidrazona, na qual a substitui&#231;&#227;o do &#225;tomo de enxofre pelo sel&#234;nio pudesse aumentar a atividade vasodilatadora e produzir um efeito anti-hipertensivo. Com base nos resultados, foi selecionado o LASSBio-2062, que foi um vasodilatador potente atrav&#233;s da ativa&#231;&#227;o dos receptores de adenosina A<sub>3</sub> e dos canais K. O LASSBio-2062 poderia ser uma nova abordagem &#224; monoterapia para hipertens&#227;o, uma vez que promoveu a normaliza&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Os experimentos estavam de acordo com o Comit&#234; de &#201;tica no Uso de Animais da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (017/19). Os animais inclu&#237;dos neste estudo foram divididos aleatoriamente, com base no peso e/ou idade. Cinco ratos Wistar machos (220 a 250 g) ou quatro SHR machos (12 a 15 semanas e 220 a 250 g) foram utilizados para cada protocolo conduzido em experimentos <italic>in vitro</italic> e <italic>in vivo</italic>, respectivamente. Os SHR foram tratados com inje&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de dose &#250;nica de LASSBio-2062 e foram eutanasiados com administra&#231;&#227;o intraperitoneal (IP) de tiopental (120 mg/kg) imediatamente ap&#243;s a medi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Todos os animais foram mantidos sob controle de temperatura e ciclo claro/escuro de 12 horas, com acesso a &#225;gua e alimentos <italic>ad libitum.</italic></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Compostos</title>
        <p>Os derivados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>) foram sintetizados e fornecidos pelo Laborat&#243;rio de Avalia&#231;&#227;o e S&#237;ntese de Subst&#226;ncias Bioativas (LASSBio<sup>&#174;</sup>) da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. O prot&#243;tipo, 3,4-metilenodioxibenzoil-2-tienilhidrazona e seus an&#225;logos foram denominados LASSBio-294, LASSBio-2062, LASSBio-2063, LASSBio-430, LASSBio-2075, LASSBio-2084, LASSBio-2076, LASSBio-2092 e LASSBio-2093.</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>(A) Estrutura qu&#237;mica do LASSBio-294. (B) Estrutura indicando os pontos de mudan&#231;a na mol&#233;cula que originou os seguintes an&#225;logos: X = S ou Se; R1 = -OCH<sub>2</sub>O- ou -3,4-OCH<sub>3</sub> ou -3-OCH<sub>3</sub> ou -4-OCH<sub>3</sub> e R2 = -H ou -CH<sub>3</sub>.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230405-30405-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Experimentos <italic>in vitro</italic></title>
        <sec>
          <title>Reatividade vascular</title>
          <p>A aorta tor&#225;cica de ratos Wistar machos foi removida e cortada em an&#233;is de 2 a 3 mm, os quais foram posicionados em c&#226;maras experimentais contendo 20 mL de solu&#231;&#227;o de Tyrode modificada composta por (em mM): 123 NaCl; 4,7 KCl; 15,5 NaHCO<sub>3</sub>; 1,2 CaCl<sub>2</sub>; 1,2 KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>; 1,2 MgCl<sub>2</sub>; e 11,5 glicose. Foram oxigenados com mistura de carbog&#234;nio a 37 &#176;C e pH 7,4. Ap&#243;s 2 horas de equil&#237;brio e sob 1 g de tens&#227;o inicial, os an&#233;is a&#243;rticos foram inicialmente expostos a 10 &#956;M de fenilefrina para promover a contra&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima registrada por meio de um transdutor de for&#231;a (MLT884, ADInstruments, Austr&#225;lia), conectado a um sistema de aquisi&#231;&#227;o (Powerlab, ADInstruments, Austr&#225;lia), utilizando o programa Lab Chart (vers&#227;o 7.0, ADInstruments, Austr&#225;lia). Os an&#233;is pr&#233;-contra&#237;dos foram expostos a 10 &#956;M de acetilcolina para promover relaxamento que, quando igual ou superior a 80%, determinou a presen&#231;a de endot&#233;lio intacto. Em contrapartida, quando os an&#233;is a&#243;rticos submetidos &#224; remo&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica do endot&#233;lio produziram menos de 10% de relaxamento, houve falta de endot&#233;lio funcional. Concentra&#231;&#245;es crescentes (0,1 a 100 &#956;M) de todos os an&#225;logos (LASSBio-2062, LASSBio-2063, LASSBio-430, LASSBio-2075, LASSBio-2084, LASSBio-2076, LASSBio-2092, LASSBio-2093) foram adicionadas &#224;s c&#226;maras contendo os an&#233;is a&#243;rticos contra&#237;dos com fenilefrina para obter as curvas de concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta de relaxamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Investigamos os mecanismos envolvidos no relaxamento vascular induzido pelo composto selecionado, LASSBio-2062, com pr&#233;-exposi&#231;&#227;o de an&#233;is a&#243;rticos com endot&#233;lio intacto a um antagonista do receptor de adenosina A<sub>2A</sub>, ZM-241385 (0,1 &#956;M). An&#233;is a&#243;rticos sem endot&#233;lio foram pr&#233;-incubados com um dos seguintes: um antagonista do receptor de adenosina A<sub>3</sub> (MRE 3008F20, 0,1 &#956;M); um antagonista dos canais de pot&#225;ssio sens&#237;vel a ATP (glibenclamida, 10 &#956;M); um bloqueador do canal de pot&#225;ssio voltagem-dependente (4-aminopiridina, 3 mM); ou um bloqueador do canal de pot&#225;ssio c&#225;lcio-dependente de alta condut&#226;ncia (cloreto de tetraetilam&#244;nio, 3 mM).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Experimentos <italic>in vivo</italic></title>
        <sec>
          <title>Medi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial</title>
          <p>Os SHR sob anestesia com cetamina (80 mg/kg, IP) e xilazina (15 mg/kg, IP) foram submetidos ao cateterismo, utilizando um cateter preenchido com solu&#231;&#227;o salina e heparina, conectado a um transdutor de press&#227;o (MLT884, ADInstruments, Austr&#225;lia). Esse procedimento possibilitou o registro das press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica e da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante a inje&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de LASSBio-2062 (10 e 30 &#956;mol/kg) pela veia jugular esquerda. Os par&#226;metros foram obtidos utilizando um sistema de aquisi&#231;&#227;o (Powerlab, ADInstruments, Austr&#225;lia) e o software Lab Chart (vers&#227;o 7.0, ADInstruments, Austr&#225;lia).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia. Para cada subst&#226;ncia testada, calculamos a concentra&#231;&#227;o que causou metade do efeito m&#225;ximo de relaxamento (EC<sub>50</sub>). Foi utilizada a an&#225;lise ANOVA bidirecional seguida de p&#243;s-teste de Tukey para avaliar dados de experimentos <italic>in vitro</italic>. Foi realizada a an&#225;lise pelo teste t de Student em dados de experimentos <italic>in vivo</italic>. A diferen&#231;a entre os grupos experimentais foi considerada estatisticamente significativa quando p &lt; 0,05. Foram considerados poder estat&#237;stico (&#946;) de 80% e taxa de falsos positivos (&#945;) de 5%. Para identificar altera&#231;&#245;es com poder estat&#237;stico (&#946;) de 80% e taxa de falsos positivos (&#945;) de 5%, foi necess&#225;rio um n&#250;mero experimental de 5 animais para o protocolo <italic>in vitro</italic>. Dessa maneira, o teste estat&#237;stico diferencia as respostas com varia&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos 15% e desvio padr&#227;o m&#233;dio de 8,0%, em percentuais relativos &#224; m&#233;dia do grupo controle. Quanto aos protocolos <italic>in vivo</italic>, o desvio padr&#227;o m&#233;dio foi de 7,0% em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle, com n&#250;mero experimental de 4 animais para cada grupo. Foi utilizado o software http://powerandsamplesize.com/Calculators para calcular o tamanho da amostra.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Reatividade vascular em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos com ou sem endot&#233;lio intacto</title>
        <p>As <italic>N</italic>-acilidrazonas foram avaliadas quanto ao potencial de produzir vasodilata&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o ao prot&#243;tipo (LASSBio-294). Cada derivado foi testado em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos com e sem endot&#233;lio intacto, que foram expostos a concentra&#231;&#245;es crescentes (0,1 a 100 &#956;M). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> inclui os valores de EC<sub>50</sub> nos an&#233;is a&#243;rticos. As curvas de concentra&#231;&#227;o-relaxamento vascular para todos os an&#225;logos testados s&#227;o exibidas na Figura 2. A remo&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica do endot&#233;lio aumentou a EC<sub>50</sub> de 15,5 &#177; 6,5 para 49,4 &#177; 10,0 &#956;M para o LASSBio-2062, indicando que o seu efeito &#233; parcialmente dependente da integridade funcional do endot&#233;lio vascular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2A</xref>). Os valores de EC<sub>50</sub> para o LASSBio-2063 foram 14,6 &#177; 2,9 e 22,8 &#177; 8,0 &#956;M em an&#233;is com e sem endot&#233;lio, respectivamente, sugerindo que n&#227;o depende da integridade endotelial (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2B</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>EC<sub>50</sub> de an&#225;logos para relaxamento vascular em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos de ratos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#E6E7E9">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Composto</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">R<sub>1</sub></th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">R<sub>2</sub></th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">X</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">EC<sub>50</sub> (&#181;M) (com endot&#233;lio)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">EC<sub>50</sub> (&#181;M) (sem endot&#233;lio)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LASSBio-294</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-OCH<sub>2</sub>O-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">H</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">65,4 &#177; 30,0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 100<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#c7dfec">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LASSBio-2062</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-OCH<sub>2</sub>O-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">H</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Se</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15,5 &#177; 6,5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">49,4 &#177; 10,0<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LASSBio-785</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-OCH<sub>2</sub>O-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">CH<sub>3</sub></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10,2 &#177; 0,5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">18,5 &#177; 3,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#c7dfec">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LASSBio-2063</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-OCH<sub>2</sub>O-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">CH<sub>3</sub></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Se</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14,6 &#177; 2,9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22,8 &#177; 8,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LASSBio-430</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,4-OCH<sub>3</sub></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">H</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6,0 &#177; 3,6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14,1 &#177; 2,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#c7dfec">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LASSBio-2075</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3,4-OCH<sub>3</sub></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">H</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Se</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">18,7 &#177; 9,6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 100<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LASSBio-2084</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4-OCH<sub>3</sub></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">H</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 100</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 100</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#c7dfec">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LASSBio-2076</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4-OCH<sub>3</sub></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">H</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Se</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6,7 &#177; 4,1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">60,1 &#177; 20,2<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LASSBio-2092</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3-OCH<sub>3</sub></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">H</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">37,8 &#177; 11,8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">59,8 &#177; 11,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#c7dfec">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LASSBio-2093</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3-OCH<sub>3</sub></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">H</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Se</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15,9 &#177; 5,7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 100<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>
                <italic>p &lt; 0,05, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os dados com endot&#233;lio intacto usando an&#225;lise ANOVA bidirecional. EC<sub>50</sub>: concentra&#231;&#227;o que produziu metade do efeito m&#225;ximo; R<sub>1</sub>: radical 1; R<sub>2</sub>: radical 2.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Curvas de concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta vascular para (A) LASSBio-294; (B) LASSBio-2062; (C) LASSBio-2063; (D) LASSBio-2084; (E) LASSBio-2076;(F) LASSBio-430; (G) LASSBio-2075; (H) LASSBio-2092; e (I) LASSBio-2093 em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos com ou sem endot&#233;lio funcional. Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia. *p &lt; 0,05 comparado ao endot&#233;lio intacto. An&#225;lise por ANOVA bidirecional seguida de p&#243;s-teste de Tukey.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230405-30405-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <p>O <italic>design</italic> e a s&#237;ntese do LASSBio-430 basearam-se na abertura do anel 1,3-benzodioxol, cujos resultados indicam que essa altera&#231;&#227;o estrutural pode levar ao aumento da efic&#225;cia e da pot&#234;ncia da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o, com relaxamento m&#225;ximo independente do endot&#233;lio de 99,2% &#177; 0,8 % e EC<sub>50</sub> de 6,0 &#177; 3,6 &#956;M.</p>
        <p>Em contrapartida, o LASSBio-2075, que possui presen&#231;a adicional do anel selenof&#234;nico no lugar do anel tiof&#234;nico, possui EC<sub>50</sub> de 18,7 &#177; 9,6 e o relaxamento vascular &#233; dependente da integridade do endot&#233;lio, porque o valor passou a ser &gt; 100 &#956;M quando o endot&#233;lio foi removido. O LASSBio-2084 n&#227;o apresentou melhora na pot&#234;ncia indicando que a metoxila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o interfere na reatividade vascular. Da mesma forma, o relaxamento vascular induzido pelo LASSBio-2093 foi dependente da integridade do endot&#233;lio, uma vez que a EC<sub>50</sub> aumentou de 15,9 &#177; 5,7 para &gt; 100 &#956;M.</p>
        <p>A depend&#234;ncia da integridade vascular para a a&#231;&#227;o vasodilatadora do LASSBio-2076 foi confirmada pelo aumento da EC<sub>50</sub> de 6,7 &#177; 4,1 para 60,1 &#177; 20,2 &#956;M. Assim, a metoxila&#231;&#227;o somada &#224; presen&#231;a do anel selenof&#234;nico promoveu um aumento na pot&#234;ncia do LASSBio-2076 em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos com endot&#233;lio &#237;ntegro. O an&#225;logo LASSBio-2092 apresentou valores de EC<sub>50</sub> de 37,8 &#177; 11,8 e 59,8 &#177; 11,9 &#956;M em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos com e sem endot&#233;lio, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>O LASSBio-2062 foi selecionado para investiga&#231;&#227;o dos mecanismos envolvidos no relaxamento vascular, devido &#224; grande semelhan&#231;a estrutural com o composto original.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Investiga&#231;&#227;o dos mecanismos envolvidos na a&#231;&#227;o vasodilatadora do LASSBio-2062</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Via do receptor de adenosina</title>
          <p>N&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#227;o no relaxamento vascular promovido pelo LASSBio-2062 na presen&#231;a de um antagonista do receptor de adenosina A<sub>2A</sub>, ZM-241385 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3A</xref>). Por&#233;m, quando os an&#233;is a&#243;rticos foram pr&#233;-incubados com o antagonista do receptor de adenosina A<sub>3</sub>, MRE 3008F20, a curva de concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta apresentou desvio para a direita (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3B</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, o relaxamento m&#225;ximo induzido pelo LASSBio-2062 alterou de 72,1% &#177; 4,0% para 23,6% &#177; 7,7% na presen&#231;a do MRE 3008F20. Esses dados indicam que o composto promove vasodilata&#231;&#227;o pela ativa&#231;&#227;o do receptor de adenosina tipo A<sub>3</sub>, mas n&#227;o do receptor de adenosina tipo A<sub>2A</sub>.</p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curvas concentra&#231;&#227;o-relaxamento vascular do LASSBio-2062 em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos com endot&#233;lio: (A) na aus&#234;ncia ou presen&#231;a de ZM-241385 (0,1 &#956;M), antagonista do receptor A2A da adenosina; e (B) na presen&#231;a de MRE 3008F20 (0,1 &#956;M), um antagonista do receptor A3 de adenosina. Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia. *p &lt; 0,05 comparado ao endot&#233;lio intacto. An&#225;lise por ANOVA dois fatores seguida de p&#243;s-teste de Tukey.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230405-30405-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Envolvimento de canais de pot&#225;ssio</title>
          <p>Quando os an&#233;is a&#243;rticos foram pr&#233;-incubados com glibenclamida (10 &#956;M), que &#233; um bloqueador do canal de pot&#225;ssio sens&#237;vel a ATP, a resposta de concentra&#231;&#245;es crescentes de LASSBio-2062 foi alterada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4A</xref>). Quando na presen&#231;a de 4-aminopiridina (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4B</xref>) ou cloreto de tetraetilam&#244;nio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4C</xref>), a curva concentra&#231;&#227;o-relaxamento do LASSio-2062 se deslocou para a direita, indicando que a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o induzida pelo LASSBio-2062 pode ser consequente &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o do canal de pot&#225;ssio sens&#237;vel a ATP, do canal de pot&#225;ssio voltagem-dependente e do canal de pot&#225;ssio c&#225;lcio-dependente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curvas de concentra&#231;&#227;o-relaxamento vascular do LASSBio-2062 em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos sem endot&#233;lio na aus&#234;ncia ou presen&#231;a de: (A) glibenclamida (10 &#956;M), um bloqueador do canal de pot&#225;ssio sens&#237;vel a ATP; (B) 4-aminopiridina (4-AP, 3 mM), um bloqueador do canal de pot&#225;ssio voltagem- dependente; e (C) cloreto de tetraetilam&#244;nio (TEA, 3 mM), um bloqueador do canal de pot&#225;ssio c&#225;lcio-dependente de alta condut&#226;ncia. Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia. *p &lt; 0,05 comparado ao controle. An&#225;lise por ANOVA bidirecional seguida de p&#243;s-teste de Tukey.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230405-30405-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Influ&#234;ncia do influxo de c&#225;lcio na a&#231;&#227;o das <italic>N</italic>-acilidrazonas</title>
          <p>Para verificar se o LASSBio-2062 induzia vasodilata&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s de uma interfer&#234;ncia adicional na concentra&#231;&#227;o intracelular de Ca<sup>2+</sup>, an&#233;is a&#243;rticos sem endot&#233;lio foram expostos a concentra&#231;&#245;es crescentes de CaCl<sub>2</sub> (1 a 1000 &#181;M), na aus&#234;ncia ou presen&#231;a do an&#225;logo (50 &#956;M) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5</xref>). A curva concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta se deslocou para a direita com a exposi&#231;&#227;o ao LASSBio-2062, com aumento da EC<sub>50</sub> de 157,6 &#177; 51,3 para 420,0 &#177; 11,0 &#956;M (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Curvas de concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta de CaCl<sub>2</sub> na aus&#234;ncia ou presen&#231;a do LASSBio-2062 em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos sem endot&#233;lio. Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia. *p &lt; 0,05 comparado ao controle. An&#225;lise por ANOVA bidirecional seguida de p&#243;s-teste de Tukey.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230405-30405-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efeito anti-hipertensivo do LASSBio-2062</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa do LASSBio-2062, a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica dos SHR reduziu de 155,1 &#177; 10,1 para 110,6 &#177; 8,0 e de 151,1 &#177; 10,0 para 109,4 &#177; 13,8 mmHg nas doses de 10 e 30 &#956;mol/kg, respectivamente. A press&#227;o diast&#243;lica tamb&#233;m foi reduzida com a administra&#231;&#227;o de LASSBio-2062 de 111,0 &#177; 9,1 para 63,9 &#177; 14,7 (10 &#956;mol/kg) e de 100,2 &#177; 7,8 para 54,0 &#177; 10,4 mmHg (30 &#956;mol/kg). A press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia diminuiu de 132,0 &#177; 9,2 e 124,6 &#177; 8,6 mmHg (grupo controle) para 82,1 &#177; 12,6 (p &lt; 0,05) e 72,0 &#177; 12,3 mmHg (p &lt; 0,05) ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de 10 e 30 &#181;mol/kg de LASSBio-2062 nos SHR. A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca alterou-se de 248,1 &#177; 12,1 para 146,5 &#177; 21,0 e de 228,4 &#177; 11,3 para 109,8 &#177; 21,4 bpm com doses diferentes de LASSBio-2062 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 6</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos observados em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos antes (controle) e ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de LASSBio-2062. (A) Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica; (B) press&#227;o diast&#243;lica; (C) press&#227;o m&#233;dia; e (D) frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, medidas antes e ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de 10 &#956;mol/kg (n = 4) e 30 &#956;mol/kg (n = 4) de LASSBio-2062. Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia. *p &lt; 0,05 versus controle. An&#225;lise pelo teste t de Student.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230405-30405-gf06.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A semelhan&#231;a nas propriedades qu&#237;micas do enxofre e do sel&#234;nio incentivou o <italic>design</italic>, a s&#237;ntese e a avalia&#231;&#227;o comparativa de uma ampla variedade de mol&#233;culas contendo sel&#234;nio. Por&#233;m, existem diferen&#231;as nas propriedades f&#237;sico-qu&#237;micas entre subst&#226;ncias que cont&#234;m enxofre ou sel&#234;nio em suas estruturas, que constituem a base para a promo&#231;&#227;o de efeitos biol&#243;gicos espec&#237;ficos. Entre as diversas fun&#231;&#245;es biol&#243;gicas promovidas pelo sel&#234;nio, tem sido descrita a a&#231;&#227;o antioxidante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As novas <italic>N</italic>-acilidrazonas testadas visaram identificar novos agentes anti-hipertensivos que pudessem, al&#233;m de reduzir a press&#227;o arterial, interferir no estresse oxidativo, que &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o comum na hipertens&#227;o arterial. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os compostos demonstrou aumento da pot&#234;ncia do relaxamento vascular independente do endot&#233;lio induzido pelo LASSBio-2062, que teve substitui&#231;&#227;o do anel tiof&#234;nico pelo anel selenof&#234;nico. A <italic>N</italic>-metila&#231;&#227;o observada no LASSBio-2063 proporcionou n&#227;o somente o aumento da pot&#234;ncia da a&#231;&#227;o vasodilatadora, mas tamb&#233;m a independ&#234;ncia da integridade do endot&#233;lio vascular, semelhantemente ao observado para o LASSBio-785, que apresenta N-metila&#231;&#227;o em seu estrutura, mas com &#225;tomo de enxofre.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> A <italic>N</italic>-metila&#231;&#227;o parece estar envolvida com o aumento da pot&#234;ncia, possivelmente porque o grupo metil, ligado &#224; liga&#231;&#227;o amida da <italic>N</italic>-acilidrazona, &#233; capaz de induzir altera&#231;&#227;o na conforma&#231;&#227;o da estrutura molecular da subst&#226;ncia. Assim, a avalia&#231;&#227;o desses novos derivados reafirma que as modifica&#231;&#245;es estruturais introduzidas pelo grupo metil s&#227;o essenciais tanto para o aumento da efic&#225;cia e da pot&#234;ncia vasodilatadora quanto para altera&#231;&#245;es nas vias envolvidas para o efeito vascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> A abertura do anel benzodioxol, al&#233;m da substitui&#231;&#227;o do &#225;tomo de enxofre pelo sel&#234;nio (LASSBio-2075) resultou em relaxamento vascular dependente da integridade endotelial, diferentemente do LASSBio-430, que possui um &#225;tomo de enxofre em sua estrutura.</p>
      <p>Dentre todos os derivados testados, apenas o LASSBio-2084 n&#227;o apresentou melhora na pot&#234;ncia em compara&#231;&#227;o ao prot&#243;tipo LASSBio-294, indicando que a para-metoxila&#231;&#227;o reduziu tanto a pot&#234;ncia quanto a efic&#225;cia da subst&#226;ncia para relaxamento vascular, caracter&#237;sticas revertidas pela presen&#231;a do &#225;tomo de sel&#234;nio (LASSBio-2076). Os derivados metoxilados na meta-posi&#231;&#227;o contendo &#225;tomo de enxofre (LASSBio-2092) ou sel&#234;nio (LASSBio-2093) n&#227;o apresentaram altera&#231;&#227;o significativa da pot&#234;ncia.</p>
      <p>A substitui&#231;&#227;o do anel tiof&#234;nico pelo anel selenof&#234;nico proporcionou aumento ou manuten&#231;&#227;o da pot&#234;ncia de relaxamento vascular, que foi mediada pela ativa&#231;&#227;o de receptores presentes no endot&#233;lio vascular. Assim, a <italic>N</italic>-metila&#231;&#227;o proporciona relaxamento vascular diretamente relacionado &#224; a&#231;&#227;o na musculatura lisa vascular, de forma semelhante ao LASSBio-785, que &#233; N-metilado, com &#225;tomo de enxofre.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> A a&#231;&#227;o direta na musculatura lisa vascular produzida pelo LASSBio-2063, LASSBio-430 e LASSBio-2092 pode ser vantajosa devido ao fato de que a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e o remodelamento vascular que ocorrem na hipertens&#227;o arterial podem prejudicar a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o dependente do endot&#233;lio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As modifica&#231;&#245;es estruturais e os respectivos resultados principais quanto &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es de pot&#234;ncia dos derivados <italic>N</italic>-acilidraz&#244;nicos avaliados neste estudo est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figura 7</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="f7">
        <label>Figura 7</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Lista de modifica&#231;&#245;es estruturais e respectivos resultados relacionados &#224; reatividade vascular (Imagem criada por Tadeu L. Montagnoli).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230405-30405-gf07.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Os mecanismos envolvidos na a&#231;&#227;o vasodilatadora e no efeito anti-hipertensivo induzidos pelo LASSBio-2062 foram investigados pelos seguintes motivos: (1) sua semelhan&#231;a com a estrutura qu&#237;mica do LASSBio-294 (prot&#243;tipo) diferia apenas pela substitui&#231;&#227;o do anel tiof&#234;nico pelo anel selenof&#234;nico; e (2) apresentou pot&#234;ncia 4 vezes maior que o prot&#243;tipo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> em promover relaxamento vascular com a&#231;&#227;o no endot&#233;lio e na musculatura lisa vascular.</p>
      <p>A a&#231;&#227;o vasodilatadora devido &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o de receptores de adenosina subtipo A<sub>2A</sub>, localizados tanto na musculatura lisa vascular quanto no endot&#233;lio, j&#225; foi demonstrada anteriormente para muitos derivados <italic>N</italic>-acilidraz&#244;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Assim, foi inicialmente investigado o envolvimento de receptores de adenosina A<sub>2A</sub> para relaxamento vascular induzido pelo LASSBio-2062. A efic&#225;cia e a pot&#234;ncia n&#227;o foram alteradas na presen&#231;a de um antagonista do receptor de adenosina A<sub>2A</sub>, devido ao fato de que a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a concentra&#231;&#227;o e o relaxamento vascular permaneceu inalterada, sugerindo a n&#227;o participa&#231;&#227;o da ativa&#231;&#227;o desses receptores no tecido vascular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3A</xref>).</p>
      <p>Visto que a ativa&#231;&#227;o dos receptores de adenosina A<sub>3</sub> tamb&#233;m desempenha um papel importante no processo de relaxamento vascular,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> a a&#231;&#227;o do LASSBio-2062 foi avaliada na presen&#231;a do antagonista MRE 3008F20. A pot&#234;ncia e a resposta m&#225;xima de relaxamento vascular foram reduzidas na presen&#231;a do antagonista do receptor de adenosina A<sub>3</sub>, indicando a participa&#231;&#227;o da ativa&#231;&#227;o desses receptores na vasodilata&#231;&#227;o induzida por esses derivados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3B</xref>). Nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias de ratos, a ativa&#231;&#227;o de receptores de adenosina do subtipo A<sub>3</sub><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> pelos agonistas N<sub>6</sub>-(3-iodobenzil)-adenosina-5&#8217;-N-metiluronamida (IB-MECA) e 2-cloro-N<sub>6</sub>-(3-iodobenzil)-adenosina-5&#8217;-N-metilcarboxamida (Cl-IB-MECA) produz vasodilata&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A cardioprote&#231;&#227;o ocorre com a ativa&#231;&#227;o dos receptores de adenosina A<sub>3</sub>, que &#233; abolida pela glibenclamida, um bloqueador do canal de pot&#225;ssio sens&#237;vel a ATP, indicando que esse receptor pode interferir na ativa&#231;&#227;o desses canais, resultando na sua abertura<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> e hiperpolariza&#231;&#227;o celular. N&#227;o foi observado relaxamento vascular induzido pelo LASSBio-2062 ap&#243;s pr&#233;-incuba&#231;&#227;o com glibenclamida em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos sem endot&#233;lio funcional (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4A</xref>). A ativa&#231;&#227;o de canais de pot&#225;ssio sens&#237;veis a ATP expressos na musculatura lisa vascular leva &#224; hiperpolariza&#231;&#227;o da membrana celular do m&#250;sculo vascular, promovendo vasodilata&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> A ativa&#231;&#227;o dos receptores de adenosina A<sub>3</sub> influencia a atividade dos canais de K+, especialmente dos canais de pot&#225;ssio sens&#237;veis a ATP, podendo induzir sua abertura,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> o que resulta em hiperpolariza&#231;&#227;o e consequente bloqueio dos canais de Ca<sup>2+</sup>. A redu&#231;&#227;o do influxo de c&#225;lcio leva &#224; menor concentra&#231;&#227;o intracelular de c&#225;lcio e resulta em vasodilata&#231;&#227;o<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 8</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f8">
        <label>Figura 8</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Poss&#237;veis mecanismos envolvidos nos efeitos do LASSBio-2062. A ativa&#231;&#227;o do receptor de adenosina A3 pelo LASSBio-2062 pode promover a inibi&#231;&#227;o da AC atrav&#233;s da prote&#237;na Gi e, consequentemente, levar &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o na produ&#231;&#227;o da AMPc. A subunidade G&#946;&#947; pode promover a ativa&#231;&#227;o da PLC, bem como a ativa&#231;&#227;o dos canais de K<sup>+</sup> e o bloqueio dos canais de Ca<sup>2+</sup>. O receptor de adenosina tamb&#233;m est&#225; acoplado &#224; prote&#237;na Gq, que ativa a PKC e a PLC para promover a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o. A ativa&#231;&#227;o dos canais K<sub>ATP</sub> e o bloqueio dos canais de Ca<sup>2+</sup> tipo L pelo LASSBio-2062 podem ocorrer diretamente neste canal ou como resultado da ativa&#231;&#227;o do receptor de adenosina A<sub>3</sub>. A ativa&#231;&#227;o dos canais de pot&#225;ssio pelo LASSBio-2062 n&#227;o se restringe ao K<sub>ATP</sub>, pois os antagonistas dos canais K<sub>Ca</sub> e K<sub>V</sub> reduziram a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o. A<sub>3</sub>R: receptor de adenosina subtipo A<sub>3</sub>; AC: adenilato ciclase; AMPc: adenosina monofosfato c&#237;clico; ATP: trifosfato de adenosina; &#946;&#947;: subunidade &#946;&#947;; BK<sub>Ca</sub>: canal de pot&#225;ssio c&#225;lcio-dependente de alta condut&#226;ncia; Gi/0: prote&#237;na Gi/0; Gq: prote&#237;na Gq; K : canal de pot&#225;ssio sens&#237;vel a ATP; K<sub>V</sub>: canal de pot&#225;ssio voltagem-dependente; PKC: prote&#237;na quinase C; PLC: fosfolipase C.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230405-30405-gf08.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Dessa maneira, a ativa&#231;&#227;o do receptor de adenosina A<sub>3</sub> promove a inibi&#231;&#227;o da adenilato ciclase via prote&#237;na Gi e, consequentemente, leva &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o de adenosina monofosfato c&#237;clico. O receptor de adenosina A<sub>3</sub> tamb&#233;m est&#225; acoplado &#224; prote&#237;na Gq, que ativa a prote&#237;na quinase C, que interage com canais de c&#225;lcio no ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico e canais de pot&#225;ssio sens&#237;veis a ATP para promover vasodilata&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, atrav&#233;s da ativa&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas Gi/o, via subunidades G&#946;&#947;, resulta na ativa&#231;&#227;o de canais de pot&#225;ssio sens&#237;veis a ATP e na redu&#231;&#227;o da entrada de c&#225;lcio no ambiente intracelular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> A ativa&#231;&#227;o de canais de pot&#225;ssio sens&#237;veis a ATP pelo LASSBio-2062 pode ocorrer diretamente neste canal e/ou atrav&#233;s da ativa&#231;&#227;o do receptor de adenosina A<sub>3</sub>. A ativa&#231;&#227;o dos canais de pot&#225;ssio pelo LASSBio-2062 n&#227;o se restringe ao canal de pot&#225;ssio sens&#237;vel a ATP, uma vez que a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o foi inibida pela exposi&#231;&#227;o aos antagonistas dos canais de pot&#225;ssio voltagem-dependentes e c&#225;lcio-dependentes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4B</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">4C</xref>, respectivamente).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> A ativa&#231;&#227;o desses canais pode ser um alvo farmacol&#243;gico alternativo ao tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial. O maior efluxo de pot&#225;ssio, atrav&#233;s de diferentes canais de pot&#225;ssio ativados pelo LASSBio-2062, resultaria em hiperpolariza&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas musculares lisas, o que poderia levar ao fechamento dos canais de c&#225;lcio e &#224; consequente redu&#231;&#227;o da concentra&#231;&#227;o intracelular de c&#225;lcio e vasodilata&#231;&#227;o. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, o LASSBio-2062 pode promover vasodilata&#231;&#227;o ativando o receptor de adenosina A<sub>3</sub> e os canais de K+ e bloqueando diretamente os canais de Ca<sup>2+</sup>, conforme indicado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figura 8</xref>.</p>
      <p>Altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais dos receptores de adenosina A<sub>3</sub> ou altera&#231;&#245;es nos diferentes est&#225;gios da via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o interferem no desenvolvimento da hipertens&#227;o arterial essencial. Os receptores de adenosina A<sub>3</sub> encontrados em humanos est&#227;o envolvidos em v&#225;rias fun&#231;&#245;es citoprotetoras, enquanto sua ativa&#231;&#227;o est&#225; ligada a efeitos anti-inflamat&#243;rios e cardioprotetores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> O agonista do receptor de adenosina A<sub>3</sub>, namodenoson, tem efeitos anti-inflamat&#243;rios, antifibr&#243;ticos e de anti-esteatose, uma vez que mostrou resultados promissores em um estudo de fase III para o tratamento do c&#226;ncer de f&#237;gado e em um estudo de fase II para o tratamento da esteatohepatite n&#227;o alco&#243;lica. A namodenoson atua ativando os receptores de adenosina A<sub>3</sub>, inibindo a produ&#231;&#227;o de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias como fator de necrose tumoral &#945; (TNF-&#945;), interleucina (IL)-12, interferon-&#611;, IL-17 e IL-23 e regulando negativamente o NF-&#954;B.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Existe uma regula&#231;&#227;o negativa da express&#227;o do receptor de adenosina A<sub>3</sub> no cora&#231;&#227;o de animais hipertensos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> indicando que esses receptores s&#227;o potenciais alvos farmacol&#243;gicos para o tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial. O efeito vasodilatador do LASSBio-2062 pode ser mediado pela ativa&#231;&#227;o do receptor de adenosina A<sub>3</sub> e sua administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa em SHR reduziu a press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia nas duas doses utilizadas, 10 e 30 &#956;mol/kg (3 e 10 mg/kg). Quando comparamos o efeito anti-hipertensivo do LASSBio-2062 com alguns medicamentos clinicamente dispon&#237;veis, identificamos que a inibi&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos da angiotensina II pelo inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina enalapril ocorre com a administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de 8,2 &#956;g/kg em ratos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> Em contrapartida, a a&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva desse agonista do receptor de adenosina A<sub>3</sub> foi compar&#225;vel &#224; descri&#231;&#227;o da administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa em ratos hipertensos do anti-hipertensivo losartana (10 mg/kg de antagonista do receptor da angiotensina II).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de bradicardia ap&#243;s administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de LASSBio-2062 pode ser ben&#233;fica devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia das caracter&#237;sticas de taquicardia reflexa de muitos medicamentos vasodilatadores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Devido &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o dos canais de pot&#225;ssio sens&#237;veis a ATP induzida pelo LASSBio-2062, seria esperado o surgimento de efeitos colaterais adversos, como hiperglicemia, por causa da poss&#237;vel redu&#231;&#227;o da libera&#231;&#227;o de insulina nas c&#233;lulas beta pancre&#225;ticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> Entretanto, h&#225; uma diferen&#231;a entre as subunidades dos canais de pot&#225;ssio sens&#237;veis a ATP nos v&#225;rios tecidos onde s&#227;o expressos, que incluem p&#226;ncreas, c&#233;rebro, cora&#231;&#227;o e m&#250;sculo liso e esquel&#233;tico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> O LASSBio-2062 usado como agente anti-hipertensivo provavelmente n&#227;o afetaria pacientes com diabetes, pois os canais de pot&#225;ssio sens&#237;veis a ATP presentes nos vasos s&#227;o diferentes daqueles localizados no p&#226;ncreas. A aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#227;o no n&#237;vel de glicose plasm&#225;tica ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de LASSBio-2062 refor&#231;a a falta de interfer&#234;ncia nos dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos. A glicemia foi de 139,5 &#177; 5,0 e 127,0 &#177; 11,0 mg/dL 10 e 30 minutos ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o intravenosa do ve&#237;culo. O tratamento com LASSBio-2062 (30 umol/kg, intravenoso) n&#227;o alterou significativamente esse par&#226;metro com 172,0 &#177; 24,0 e149,5 &#177; 24,0 mg/dL.</p>
      <p>O novo agonista do receptor de adenosina A<sub>3</sub>, LASSBio-2062, representa uma alternativa terap&#234;utica para o tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial, indicando que o sistema de adenosina &#233; um novo potencial alvo farmacol&#243;gico. A ativa&#231;&#227;o do receptor de adenosina A<sub>3</sub> tem efeitos ben&#233;ficos no sistema cardiovascular, pois atenua a condi&#231;&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> previne les&#227;o de isquemia/reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup> e induz vasodilata&#231;&#227;o coronariana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a ativa&#231;&#227;o desses receptores expressos em neutr&#243;filos, bas&#243;filos, eosin&#243;filos e mast&#243;citos reduz a resposta inflamat&#243;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref></sup> Assim, a ativa&#231;&#227;o dos receptores de adenosina A<sub>3</sub> pode, al&#233;m de produzir vasodilata&#231;&#227;o, reduzir o componente inflamat&#243;rio da hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, sugerindo m&#250;ltiplos efeitos ben&#233;ficos, que s&#227;o fatores importantes, por se tratar de uma doen&#231;a multifatorial. O LASSBio-2062 parece atuar em m&#250;ltiplos alvos, o que poderia facilitar o uso em regime de monoterapia ou combinado com outros medicamentos, proporcionando intera&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa ideal e reduzindo a dose utilizada. A combina&#231;&#227;o &#233; capaz de reduzir os efeitos adversos e melhorar o controle da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Com exce&#231;&#227;o do LASSBio-2084, todas as <italic>N</italic>-acilidrazonas apresentaram a&#231;&#227;o vasodilatadora mais potente que o prot&#243;tipo LASSBio-294, provavelmente devido &#224; substitui&#231;&#227;o do anel tiof&#234;nico pelo anel selenof&#234;nico. O aumento da pot&#234;ncia indica melhora na intera&#231;&#227;o alvo molecular-subst&#226;ncia. O relaxamento vascular induzido pelo LASSBio-2062 pode ocorrer atrav&#233;s da ativa&#231;&#227;o dos receptores de adenosina A<sub>3</sub> e da ativa&#231;&#227;o direta/indireta dos canais de pot&#225;ssio. A administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de LASSBio-2062 promoveu efeito anti-hipertensivo, sugerindo que o receptor de adenosina A<sub>3</sub> &#233; um alvo farmacol&#243;gico inovador para o tratamento da hipertens&#227;o arterial.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela CAPES, CNPq, FAPERJ, INCT-INOFAR.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Bruna de Souza Rocha pela Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 017/19. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Radovanovic</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marcon</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Arterial Hypertension and Other Risk Factors Associated with Cardiovascular Diseases among Adults</article-title>
          <source>Rev Lat Am Enfermagem</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>547</fpage>
          <lpage>553</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0104-1169.3345.2450</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 Radovanovic CA, Santos LA, Carvalho MD, Marcon SS. Arterial Hypertension and Other Risk Factors Associated with Cardiovascular Diseases among Adults. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2014;22(4):547-53. doi: 10.1590/0104-1169.3345.2450.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>GBD 2017 Risk Factor Collaborators</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Global, Regional, and National Comparative Risk Assessment of 84 Behavioural, Environmental and Occupational, and Metabolic Risks or Clusters of Risks for 195 Countries and Territories, 1990-2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>392</volume>
          <issue>10159</issue>
          <fpage>1923</fpage>
          <lpage>1994</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32225-6</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2 GBD 2017 Risk Factor Collaborators. Global, Regional, and National Comparative Risk Assessment of 84 Behavioural, Environmental and Occupational, and Metabolic Risks or Clusters of Risks for 195 Countries and Territories, 1990-2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018;392(10159):1923-94. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32225-6.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)]</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Worldwide Trends in Blood Pressure from 1975 to 2015: A Pooled Analysis of 1479 Population-Based Measurement Studies with 19&#183;1 Million Participants</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>389</volume>
          <issue>10064</issue>
          <fpage>37</fpage>
          <lpage>55</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31919-5</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3 NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Worldwide Trends in Blood Pressure from 1975 to 2015: A Pooled Analysis of 1479 Population-Based Measurement Studies with 19&#183;1 Million Participants. Lancet. 2017;389(10064):37-55. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31919-5.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mills</surname>
              <given-names>KT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bundy</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kelly</surname>
              <given-names>TN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reed</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kearney</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reynolds</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Global Disparities of Hypertension Prevalence and Control: A Systematic Analysis of Population-Based Studies from 90 Countries</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>134</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>441</fpage>
          <lpage>450</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018912</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4 Mills KT, Bundy JD, Kelly TN, Reed JE, Kearney PM, Reynolds K, et al. Global Disparities of Hypertension Prevalence and Control: A Systematic Analysis of Population-Based Studies from 90 Countries. Circulation. 2016;134(6):441-50. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018912.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Unger</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borghi</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Charchar</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khan</surname>
              <given-names>NA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poulter</surname>
              <given-names>NR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prabhakaran</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2020 International Society of Hypertension Global Hypertension Practice Guidelines</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>75</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1334</fpage>
          <lpage>1357</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15026</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5 Unger T, Borghi C, Charchar F, Khan NA, Poulter NR, Prabhakaran D, et al. 2020 International Society of Hypertension Global Hypertension Practice Guidelines. Hypertension. 2020;75(6):1334-57. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15026.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Touyz</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hypertension 2022 Update: Focusing on the Future</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>79</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1559</fpage>
          <lpage>1562</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.19564</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6 Touyz RM. Hypertension 2022 Update: Focusing on the Future. Hypertension. 2022;79(8):1559-62. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.19564.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Muntner</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hardy</surname>
              <given-names>ST</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fine</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jaeger</surname>
              <given-names>BC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wozniak</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levitan</surname>
              <given-names>EB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Trends in Blood Pressure Control among US Adults with Hypertension, 1999-2000 to 2017-2018</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>324</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1190</fpage>
          <lpage>1200</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jama.2020.14545</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7 Muntner P, Hardy ST, Fine LJ, Jaeger BC, Wozniak G, Levitan EB, et al. Trends in Blood Pressure Control among US Adults with Hypertension, 1999-2000 to 2017-2018. JAMA. 2020;324(12):1190-200. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.14545.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Leung</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Williams</surname>
              <given-names>JVA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McAlister</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campbell</surname>
              <given-names>NRC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Padwal</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hypertension Canada's Research and Evaluation Committee. Worsening Hypertension Awareness, Treatment, and Control Rates in Canadian Women between 2007 and 2017</article-title>
          <source>Can J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>732</fpage>
          <lpage>739</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.cjca.2020.02.092</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8 Leung AA, Williams JVA, McAlister FA, Campbell NRC, Padwal RS; Hypertension Canada's Research and Evaluation Committee. Worsening Hypertension Awareness, Treatment, and Control Rates in Canadian Women between 2007 and 2017. Can J Cardiol. 2020;36(5):732-9. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2020.02.092.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zhou</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perel</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mensah</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ezzati</surname>
              <given-names>M.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Global Epidemiology, Health Burden and Effective Interventions for Elevated Blood Pressure and Hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Nat Rev Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>785</fpage>
          <lpage>802</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41569-021-00559-8</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9 Zhou B, Perel P, Mensah GA, Ezzati M. Global Epidemiology, Health Burden and Effective Interventions for Elevated Blood Pressure and Hypertension. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2021;18(11):785-802. doi: 10.1038/s41569-021-00559-8.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barroso</surname>
              <given-names>WKS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
              <given-names>CIS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bortolotto</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mota-Gomes</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feitosa</surname>
              <given-names>ADM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Brazilian Guidelines of Hypertension - 2020</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>116</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>516</fpage>
          <lpage>658</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201238</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10 Barroso WKS, Rodrigues CIS, Bortolotto LA, Mota-Gomes MA, Brand&#227;o AA, Feitosa ADM, et al. Brazilian Guidelines of Hypertension - 2020. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021;116(3):516-658. doi: 10.36660/abc.20201238.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barreiro</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Estrat&#233;gia de Simplifica&#231;&#227;o Molecular no Planejamento Racional de F&#225;rmacos: A Descoberta de Novo Agente Cardioativo</article-title>
          <source>Quim Nova</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1172</fpage>
          <lpage>1180</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0100-40422002000700018</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>11 Barreiro EJ. Estrat&#233;gia de Simplifica&#231;&#227;o Molecular no Planejamento Racional de F&#225;rmacos: A Descoberta de Novo Agente Cardioativo. Quim Nova. 2002;25(6):1172-80. doi: 10.1590/S0100-40422002000700018.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sudo</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zapata-Sudo</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barreiro</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The New Compound, LASSBio 294, Increases the Contractility of Intact and Saponin-Skinned Cardiac Muscle from Wistar Rats</article-title>
          <source>Br J Pharmacol</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>134</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>603</fpage>
          <lpage>613</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/sj.bjp.0704291</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>12 Sudo RT, Zapata-Sudo G, Barreiro EJ. The New Compound, LASSBio 294, Increases the Contractility of Intact and Saponin-Skinned Cardiac Muscle from Wistar Rats. Br J Pharmacol. 2001;134(3):603-13. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704291.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>K&#252;mmerle</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sudo</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Landgraf</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caruso-Neves</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>LASSBio-294, A Compound with Inotropic and Lusitropic Activity, Decreases Cardiac Remodeling and Improves Ca&#178;(+) Influx Into Sarcoplasmic Reticulum After Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
          <source>Am J Hypertens</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1220</fpage>
          <lpage>1227</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/ajh.2010.157</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>13 Costa DG, Silva JS, K&#252;mmerle AE, Sudo RT, Landgraf SS, Caruso-Neves C, et al. LASSBio-294, A Compound with Inotropic and Lusitropic Activity, Decreases Cardiac Remodeling and Improves Ca&#178;(+) Influx Into Sarcoplasmic Reticulum After Myocardial Infarction. Am J Hypertens. 2010;23(11):1220-7. doi: 10.1038/ajh.2010.157.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="other">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>TF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Planejamento, S&#237;ntese e Avalia&#231;&#227;o Farmacol&#243;gica de uma Nova S&#233;rie de Derivados Cicloalquil-N-acilidrazonas: An&#225;logos de LASSBio-294 [dissertation].</article-title>
          <source>Rio de Janeiro: Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Qu&#237;mica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</source>
          <year>2012</year>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>14 Silva TF. Planejamento, S&#237;ntese e Avalia&#231;&#227;o Farmacol&#243;gica de uma Nova S&#233;rie de Derivados Cicloalquil-N-acilidrazonas: An&#225;logos de LASSBio-294 [dissertation]. Rio de Janeiro: Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Qu&#237;mica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; 2012.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>da Silva</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maia Rdo</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Landgraf</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caruso-Neves</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>K&#252;mmerle</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>N-Acylhydrazone Improves Exercise Intolerance in Rats Submitted to Myocardial Infarction by the Recovery of Calcium Homeostasis in Skeletal Muscle</article-title>
          <source>Life Sci</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>94</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>30</fpage>
          <lpage>36</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.lfs.2013.11.012</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>15 da Silva JS, Pereira SL, Maia Rdo C, Landgraf SS, Caruso-Neves C, K&#252;mmerle AE, et al. N-Acylhydrazone Improves Exercise Intolerance in Rats Submitted to Myocardial Infarction by the Recovery of Calcium Homeostasis in Skeletal Muscle. Life Sci. 2014;94(1):30-6. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.11.012.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>da Silva</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gabriel-Costa</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sudo</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Groban</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferraz</surname>
              <given-names>EB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Adenosine A2A Receptor Agonist Prevents Cardiac Remodeling and Dysfunction in Spontaneously Hypertensive Male Rats after Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
          <source>Drug Des Devel Ther</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <fpage>553</fpage>
          <lpage>562</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2147/DDDT.S113289</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>16 da Silva JS, Gabriel-Costa D, Sudo RT, Wang H, Groban L, Ferraz EB, et al. Adenosine A2A Receptor Agonist Prevents Cardiac Remodeling and Dysfunction in Spontaneously Hypertensive Male Rats after Myocardial Infarction. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2017;11:553-62. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S113289.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barreiro</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>12&#186; Webin&#225;rio INCT-INOFAR online</source>
          <publisher-loc>Rio Janeiro</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>INCT-INOFAR</publisher-name>
          <year>2021</year>
          <comment>[cited 2023 Jan 4]. Video 2h27 min. Available from <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GM6ZWzlbnjg.">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GM6ZWzlbnjg.</ext-link> </comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>17 Barreiro EJ. 12&#186; Webin&#225;rio INCT-INOFAR online. Rio Janeiro: INCT-INOFAR; 2021 [cited 2023 Jan 4]. Video 2h27 min. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GM6ZWzlbnjg.">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GM6ZWzlbnjg.</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barroso</surname>
              <given-names>WKS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
              <given-names>CIS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bortolotto</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mota-Gomes</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feitosa</surname>
              <given-names>ADM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Brazilian Guidelines of Hypertension - 2020</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>116</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>516</fpage>
          <lpage>658</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201238</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>18 Barroso WKS, Rodrigues CIS, Bortolotto LA, Mota-Gomes MA, Brand&#227;o AA, Feitosa ADM, et al. Brazilian Guidelines of Hypertension - 2020. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021;116(3):516-658. doi: 10.36660/abc.20201238.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yugar-Toledo</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moreno</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
              <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gus</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosito</surname>
              <given-names>GBA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scala</surname>
              <given-names>LCN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Muxfeldt</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Brazilian Position Statement on Resistant Hypertension - 2020</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>576</fpage>
          <lpage>596</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200198</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>19 Yugar-Toledo JC, Moreno J&#250;nior H, Gus M, Rosito GBA, Scala LCN, Muxfeldt ES, et al. Brazilian Position Statement on Resistant Hypertension - 2020. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020;114(3):576-96. doi: 10.36660/abc.20200198.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
              <given-names>IM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Montes</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fraga</surname>
              <given-names>HCJR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pinheiro</surname>
              <given-names>IM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Machado</surname>
              <given-names>AO</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Systemic Arterial Hypertension: Treatment with Integrative and Complementary Health Practices</article-title>
          <source>Res Soc Dev</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <elocation-id>e45991110156</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33448/rsd-v9i11.10156</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>20 Pinheiro IM, Montes SS, Fraga HCJR, Souza RS, Pinheiro IM, Machado AO et al. Systemic Arterial Hypertension: Treatment with Integrative and Complementary Health Practices. Res Soc Dev. 2020;9(11):e45991110156. doi: 10.33448/rsd-v9i11.10156.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fabiano</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salom&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>KCC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freitas</surname>
              <given-names>PLZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neves</surname>
              <given-names>CQ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borges</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Rodent Model of Human-Dose-Equivalent 5-Fluorouracil: Toxicity in the Liver, Kidneys, and Lungs</article-title>
          <source>Antioxidants</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1005</fpage>
          <lpage>1005</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/antiox12051005</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>21 Silva MC, Fabiano LC, Salom&#227;o KCC, Freitas PLZ, Neves CQ, Borges SC, et al. A Rodent Model of Human-Dose-Equivalent 5-Fluorouracil: Toxicity in the Liver, Kidneys, and Lungs. Antioxidants. 2023;12(5):1005. doi: 10.3390/antiox12051005.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kummerle</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fraga</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barreiro</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sudo</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zapata-Sudo</surname>
              <given-names>G.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Vasodilator and Antihypertensive Effects of a Novel N-Acylhydrazone Derivative Mediated by the Inhibition of L-type Ca&#178;&#8314; Channels</article-title>
          <source>Fundam Clin Pharmacol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>29</fpage>
          <lpage>41</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1472-8206.2012.01076.x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>22 Pereira SL, Kummerle AE, Fraga CA, Barreiro EJ, Sudo RT, Zapata-Sudo G. Vasodilator and Antihypertensive Effects of a Novel N-Acylhydrazone Derivative Mediated by the Inhibition of L-type Ca&#178;&#8314; Channels. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2014;28(1):29-41. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2012.01076.x.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Meotti</surname>
              <given-names>FC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nogueira</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A&#231;&#245;es Biol&#243;gicas de Compostos de Sel&#234;nio e Tel&#250;rio: Efeitos T&#243;xicos sobre o Sistema Nervoso Central</article-title>
          <source>Cienc Nat</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>25</issue>
          <fpage>163</fpage>
          <lpage>188</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5902/2179460X27244</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>23 Meotti FC, Nogueira CW. A&#231;&#245;es Biol&#243;gicas de Compostos de Sel&#234;nio e Tel&#250;rio: Efeitos T&#243;xicos sobre o Sistema Nervoso Central. Cienc Nat. 2003;25(25):163-188. doi: 10.5902/2179460X27244.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>K&#252;mmerle</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Raimundo</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leal</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Balliano</surname>
              <given-names>TL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Studies Towards the Identification of Putative Bioactive Conformation of Potent Vasodilator Arylidene N-Acylhydrazone Derivatives</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Med Chem</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>4004</fpage>
          <lpage>4009</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.04.044</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>24 K&#252;mmerle AE, Raimundo JM, Leal CM, Silva GS, Balliano TL, Pereira MA, et al. Studies Towards the Identification of Putative Bioactive Conformation of Potent Vasodilator Arylidene N-Acylhydrazone Derivatives. Eur J Med Chem. 2009;44(10):4004-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.04.044.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brown</surname>
              <given-names>IAM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Diederich</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Good</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>DeLalio</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murphy</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cortese-Krott</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Vascular Smooth Muscle Remodeling in Conductive and Resistance Arteries in Hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1969</fpage>
          <lpage>1985</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/ATVBAHA.118.311229</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>25 Brown IAM, Diederich L, Good ME, DeLalio LJ, Murphy SA, Cortese-Krott MM, et al. Vascular Smooth Muscle Remodeling in Conductive and Resistance Arteries in Hypertension. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2018;38(9):1969-85. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.118.311229.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>No&#235;l</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barreiro</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cyclic GMP-Dependent Vasodilatory Properties of LASSBio 294 in Rat Aorta</article-title>
          <source>Br J Pharmacol</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>135</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>293</fpage>
          <lpage>298</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/sj.bjp.0704473</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>26 Silva CL, No&#235;l F, Barreiro EJ. Cyclic GMP-Dependent Vasodilatory Properties of LASSBio 294 in Rat Aorta. Br J Pharmacol. 2002;135(1):293-8. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704473.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ray</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marshall</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Cellular Mechanisms by Which Adenosine Evokes Release of Nitric Oxide from Rat Aortic Endothelium</article-title>
          <source>J Physiol</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>570</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>85</fpage>
          <lpage>96</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1113/jphysiol.2005.099390</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>27 Ray CJ, Marshall JM. The Cellular Mechanisms by Which Adenosine Evokes Release of Nitric Oxide from Rat Aortic Endothelium. J Physiol. 2006;570(1):85-96. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2005.099390.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ho</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Low</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rose&#8217;Meyer</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pharmacology of the Adenosine A3 Receptor in the Vasculature and Essential Hypertension</article-title>
          <source>PLoS One</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <elocation-id>e0150021</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0150021</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>28 Ho MF, Low LM, Rose&#8217;Meyer RB. Pharmacology of the Adenosine A3 Receptor in the Vasculature and Essential Hypertension. PLoS One. 2016;11(2):e0150021. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150021.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fozard</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hannon</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>BW-A522 Blocks Adenosine A3 Receptor-Mediated Hypotensive Responses in the Rat</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Pharmacol</source>
          <year>1994</year>
          <volume>252</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>5</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0014-2999(94)90604-1</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>29 Fozard JR, Hannon JP. BW-A522 Blocks Adenosine A3 Receptor-Mediated Hypotensive Responses in the Rat. Eur J Pharmacol. 1994;252(2):5-6. doi: 10.1016/0014-2999(94)90604-1.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lasley</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Narayan</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jahania</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Partin</surname>
              <given-names>EL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kraft</surname>
              <given-names>KR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mentzer</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Species-Dependent Hemodynamic Effects of Adenosine A3-Receptor Agonists IB-MECA and Cl-IB-MECA</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>276</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>2076</fpage>
          <lpage>2084</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1152/ajpheart.1999.276.6.H2076</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>30 Lasley RD, Narayan P, Jahania MS, Partin EL, Kraft KR, Mentzer RM Jr. Species-Dependent Hemodynamic Effects of Adenosine A3-Receptor Agonists IB-MECA and Cl-IB-MECA. Am J Physiol. 1999;276(6):2076-84. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.1999.276.6.H2076.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zucchi</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yu</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ghelardoni</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ronca</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ronca-Testoni</surname>
              <given-names>S.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A3 Adenosine Receptor Stimulation Modulates Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca(2+) Release in Rat Heart</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Res</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>50</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>56</fpage>
          <lpage>64</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0008-6363(00)00318-7</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>31 Zucchi R, Yu G, Ghelardoni S, Ronca F, Ronca-Testoni S. A3 Adenosine Receptor Stimulation Modulates Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca(2+) Release in Rat Heart. Cardiovasc Res. 2001;50(1):56-64. doi: 10.1016/s0008-6363(00)00318-7.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thourani</surname>
              <given-names>VH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nakamura</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ronson</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jordan</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhao</surname>
              <given-names>ZQ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levy</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Adenosine A(3)-Receptor Stimulation Attenuates Postischemic Dysfunction Through K(ATP) Channels</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>277</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>228</fpage>
          <lpage>235</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1152/ajpheart.1999.277.1.H228</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>32 Thourani VH, Nakamura M, Ronson RS, Jordan JE, Zhao ZQ, Levy JH, et al. Adenosine A(3)-Receptor Stimulation Attenuates Postischemic Dysfunction Through K(ATP) Channels. Am J Physiol. 1999;277(1):228-35. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.1999.277.1.H228.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tracey</surname>
              <given-names>WR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Magee</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Masamune</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oleynek</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hill</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Selective Activation of Adenosine A3 Receptors with N6-(3-chlorobenzyl)-5&#8217;-N-Methylcarboxamidoadenosine (CB-MECA) Provides Cardioprotection via KATP Channel Activation</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Res</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>138</fpage>
          <lpage>145</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0008-6363(98)00112-6</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>33 Tracey WR, Magee W, Masamune H, Oleynek JJ, Hill RJ. Selective Activation of Adenosine A3 Receptors with N6-(3-chlorobenzyl)-5&#8217;-N-Methylcarboxamidoadenosine (CB-MECA) Provides Cardioprotection via KATP Channel Activation. Cardiovasc Res. 1998;40(1):138-45. doi: 10.1016/s0008-6363(98)00112-6.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brayden</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Functional Roles of KATP Channels in Vascular Smooth Muscle</article-title>
          <source>Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>312</fpage>
          <lpage>316</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1046/j.1440-1681.2002.03650.x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>34 Brayden JE. Functional Roles of KATP Channels in Vascular Smooth Muscle. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2002;29(4):312-6. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1681.2002.03650.x.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Procopio</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lauro</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nasso</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carerj</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Squadrito</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bitto</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Role of Adenosine and Purinergic Receptors in Myocardial Infarction: Focus on Different Signal Transduction Pathways</article-title>
          <source>Biomedicines</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>204</fpage>
          <lpage>204</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/biomedicines9020204</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>35 Procopio MC, Lauro R, Nasso C, Carerj S, Squadrito F, Bitto A, et al. Role of Adenosine and Purinergic Receptors in Myocardial Infarction: Focus on Different Signal Transduction Pathways. Biomedicines. 2021;9(2):204. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9020204.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fenton</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cutler</surname>
              <given-names>BS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dobson</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Adenosine Enhances Nitric Oxide Production by Vascular Endothelial Cells</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <volume>269</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <fpage>519</fpage>
          <lpage>23</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1152/ajpcell.1995.269.2.C519</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>36 Li JM, Fenton RA, Cutler BS, Dobson JG Jr. Adenosine Enhances Nitric Oxide Production by Vascular Endothelial Cells. Am J Physiol. 1995;269(21):519-23. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.1995.269.2.C519.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jenner</surname>
              <given-names>TL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rose&#8217;meyer</surname>
              <given-names>RB.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Adenosine A(3) Receptor Mediated Coronary Vasodilation in the Rat Heart: Changes that Occur with Maturation</article-title>
          <source>Mech Ageing Dev</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>127</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>264</fpage>
          <lpage>273</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.mad.2005.10.005</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>37 Jenner TL, Rose&#8217;meyer RB. Adenosine A(3) Receptor Mediated Coronary Vasodilation in the Rat Heart: Changes that Occur with Maturation. Mech Ageing Dev. 2006;127(3):264-73. doi: 10.1016/j.mad.2005.10.005.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <label>38</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tabrizchi</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bedi</surname>
              <given-names>S.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pharmacology of Adenosine Receptors in the Vasculature</article-title>
          <source>Pharmacol Ther</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>91</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>133</fpage>
          <lpage>147</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0163-7258(01)00152-8</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>38 Tabrizchi R, Bedi S. Pharmacology of Adenosine Receptors in the Vasculature. Pharmacol Ther. 2001;91(2):133-47. doi: 10.1016/s0163-7258(01)00152-8.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <label>39</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nishat</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khan</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ansari</surname>
              <given-names>ZM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Basir</surname>
              <given-names>SF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Adenosine A3 Receptor: A Promising Therapeutic Target in Cardiovascular Disease</article-title>
          <source>Curr Cardiol Rev</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>18</fpage>
          <lpage>26</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2174/1573403&#215;12666160111125116</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>39 Nishat S, Khan LA, Ansari ZM, Basir SF. Adenosine A3 Receptor: A Promising Therapeutic Target in Cardiovascular Disease. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2016;12(1):18-26. doi: 10.2174/1573403&#215;12666160111125116.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <label>40</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nelson</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Quayle</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Physiological Roles and Properties of Potassium Channels in Arterial Smooth Muscle</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <volume>268</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>799</fpage>
          <lpage>822</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1152/ajpcell.1995.268.4.C799</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>40 Nelson MT, Quayle JM. Physiological Roles and Properties of Potassium Channels in Arterial Smooth Muscle. Am J Physiol. 1995;268(4):799-822. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.1995.268.4.C799.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B41">
        <label>41</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sordi</surname>
              <given-names>R.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Participa&#231;&#227;o de Canais de Pot&#225;ssio no Desenvolvimento do Processo Inflamat&#243;rio e nas Altera&#231;&#245;es Cardiovasculares que ocorrem durante a Sepse/Choque S&#233;ptico [dissertation]</source>
          <publisher-loc>Florian&#243;polis</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</publisher-name>
          <year>2009</year>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>41 Sordi R. Participa&#231;&#227;o de Canais de Pot&#225;ssio no Desenvolvimento do Processo Inflamat&#243;rio e nas Altera&#231;&#245;es Cardiovasculares que ocorrem durante a Sepse/Choque S&#233;ptico [dissertation]. Florian&#243;polis: Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina; 2009.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B42">
        <label>42</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ciancetta</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jacobson</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Structural Probing and Molecular Modeling of the A&#8323; Adenosine Receptor: A Focus on Agonist Binding</article-title>
          <source>Molecules</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>449</fpage>
          <lpage>449</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/molecules22030449</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>42 Ciancetta A, Jacobson KA. Structural Probing and Molecular Modeling of the A&#8323; Adenosine Receptor: A Focus on Agonist Binding. Molecules. 2017;22(3):449. doi: 10.3390/molecules22030449.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B43">
        <label>43</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fishman</surname>
              <given-names>P.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Drugs Targeting the A3 Adenosine Receptor: Human Clinical Study Data</article-title>
          <source>Molecules</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>3680</fpage>
          <lpage>3680</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/molecules27123680</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>43 Fishman P. Drugs Targeting the A3 Adenosine Receptor: Human Clinical Study Data. Molecules. 2022;27(12):3680. doi: 10.3390/molecules27123680.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B44">
        <label>44</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gross</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sweet</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ulm</surname>
              <given-names>EH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Backlund</surname>
              <given-names>EP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morris</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weitz</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of N-[(S)-1-carboxy-3-phenylpropyl]-L-Ala-L-Pro and its ethyl ester (MK-421) on Angiotensin Converting Enzyme in Vitro and Angiotensin I Pressor Responses in Vivo</article-title>
          <source>J Pharmacol Exp Ther</source>
          <year>1981</year>
          <volume>216</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>552</fpage>
          <lpage>557</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>44 Gross DM, Sweet CS, Ulm EH, Backlund EP, Morris AA, Weitz D, et al. Effect of N-[(S)-1-carboxy-3-phenylpropyl]-L-Ala-L-Pro and its ethyl ester (MK-421) on Angiotensin Converting Enzyme in Vitro and Angiotensin I Pressor Responses in Vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1981;216(3):552-7.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B45">
        <label>45</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Siegl</surname>
              <given-names>PK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kivlighn</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Broten</surname>
              <given-names>TP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pharmacology of Losartan, an Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonist, in Animal Models of Hypertension</article-title>
          <source>J Hypertens Suppl</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>S15</fpage>
          <lpage>S21</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/00004872-199507001-00002</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>45 Siegl PK, Kivlighn SD, Broten TP. Pharmacology of Losartan, an Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonist, in Animal Models of Hypertension. J Hypertens Suppl. 1995;13(1):S15-21. doi: 10.1097/00004872-199507001-00002.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B46">
        <label>46</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Malachias</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>WKSB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Plavnik</surname>
              <given-names>FL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
              <given-names>CIS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neves</surname>
              <given-names>MFT</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>7th Brazilian Guideline of Arterial Hypertension: Presentation</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>107</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl 3</supplement>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>103</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20160140</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>46 Malachias MV, Souza WKSB, Plavnik FL, Rodrigues CIS, Brand&#227;o AA, Neves MFT, et al. 7th Brazilian Guideline of Arterial Hypertension: Presentation. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2016;107(3 Suppl 3):1-103. doi: 10.5935/abc.20160140.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B47">
        <label>47</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Seino</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miki</surname>
              <given-names>T.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Physiological and Pathophysiological Roles of ATP-Sensitive K+ Channels</article-title>
          <source>Prog Biophys Mol Biol</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>81</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>133</fpage>
          <lpage>176</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0079-6107(02)00053-6</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>47 Seino S, Miki T. Physiological and Pathophysiological Roles of ATP-Sensitive K+ Channels. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2003;81(2):133-76. doi: 10.1016/s0079-6107(02)00053-6.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B48">
        <label>48</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rodrigo</surname>
              <given-names>GC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Standen</surname>
              <given-names>NB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channels</article-title>
          <source>Curr Pharm Des</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>15</issue>
          <fpage>1915</fpage>
          <lpage>1940</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2174/1381612054021015</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>48 Rodrigo GC, Standen NB. ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channels. Curr Pharm Des. 2005;11(15):1915-40. doi: 10.2174/1381612054021015.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B49">
        <label>49</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Park</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jeong</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yu</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jeong</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oh</surname>
              <given-names>GT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>LJ-1888, a Selective Antagonist for the A3 Adenosine Receptor, Ameliorates the Development of Atherosclerosis and Hypercholesterolemia in Apolipoprotein E knock-out Mice</article-title>
          <source>BMB Rep</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>51</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>520</fpage>
          <lpage>525</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5483/BMBRep.2018.51.10.098</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>49 Park JG, Jeong SJ, Yu J, Kim G, Jeong LS, Oh GT. LJ-1888, a Selective Antagonist for the A3 Adenosine Receptor, Ameliorates the Development of Atherosclerosis and Hypercholesterolemia in Apolipoprotein E knock-out Mice. BMB Rep. 2018;51(10):520-5. doi: 10.5483/BMBRep.2018.51.10.098.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B50">
        <label>50</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Burnstock</surname>
              <given-names>G.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Purinergic Signalling: Therapeutic Developments</article-title>
          <source>Front Pharmacol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <fpage>661</fpage>
          <lpage>661</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fphar.2017.00661</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>50 Burnstock G. Purinergic Signalling: Therapeutic Developments. Front Pharmacol. 2017;8:661. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00661.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B51">
        <label>51</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Antonioli</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pacher</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hask&#243;</surname>
              <given-names>G.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Adenosine and Inflammation: It&#8217;s Time to (re)solve the Problem</article-title>
          <source>Trends Pharmacol Sci</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>43</fpage>
          <lpage>55</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.tips.2021.10.010</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>51 Antonioli L, Pacher P, Hask&#243; G. Adenosine and Inflammation: It&#8217;s Time to (re)solve the Problem. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2022;43(1):43-55. doi: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.10.010.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B52">
        <label>52</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fisher</surname>
              <given-names>CL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fallot</surname>
              <given-names>LB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wan</surname>
              <given-names>TC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Keyes</surname>
              <given-names>RF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Suresh</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rothwell</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Characterization of Dual-Acting A3 Adenosine Receptor Positive Allosteric Modulators that Preferentially Enhance Adenosine-Induced G&#945;i3 and G&#945;oA Isoprotein Activation</article-title>
          <source>ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>625</fpage>
          <lpage>641</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1021/acsptsci.2c00076</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>52 Fisher CL, Fallot LB, Wan TC, Keyes RF, Suresh RR, Rothwell AC, et al. Characterization of Dual-Acting A3 Adenosine Receptor Positive Allosteric Modulators that Preferentially Enhance Adenosine-Induced G&#945;i3 and G&#945;oA Isoprotein Activation. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci. 2022;5(8):625-41. doi: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00076.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B53">
        <label>53</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ge</surname>
              <given-names>ZD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van der Hoeven</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maas</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wan</surname>
              <given-names>TC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Auchampach</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A(3) Adenosine Receptor Activation During Reperfusion Reduces Infarct Size Through Actions on Bone Marrow-Derived Cells</article-title>
          <source>J Mol Cell Cardiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>49</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>280</fpage>
          <lpage>286</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.01.018</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>53 Ge ZD, van der Hoeven D, Maas JE, Wan TC, Auchampach JA. A(3) Adenosine Receptor Activation During Reperfusion Reduces Infarct Size Through Actions on Bone Marrow-Derived Cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2010;49(2):280-6. doi: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.01.018.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B54">
        <label>54</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jordan</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thourani</surname>
              <given-names>VH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Auchampach</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Robinson</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>NP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vinten-Johansen</surname>
              <given-names>J.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A(3) Adenosine Receptor Activation Attenuates Neutrophil Function and Neutrophil-Mediated Reperfusion Injury</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>277</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>H1895</fpage>
          <lpage>H1905</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1152/ajpheart.1999.277.5.H1895</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>54 Jordan JE, Thourani VH, Auchampach JA, Robinson JA, Wang NP, Vinten-Johansen J. A(3) Adenosine Receptor Activation Attenuates Neutrophil Function and Neutrophil-Mediated Reperfusion Injury. Am J Physiol. 1999;277(5):H1895-905. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.1999.277.5.H1895.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B55">
        <label>55</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>P&#243;voa</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barroso</surname>
              <given-names>WS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jardim</surname>
              <given-names>PC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barroso</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Passarelli</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>I Brazilian Position Paper on Antihypertensive Drug Combination</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>102</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>203</fpage>
          <lpage>210</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20140023</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>55 P&#243;voa R, Barroso WS, Brand&#227;o AA, Jardim PC, Barroso O, Passarelli O Jr, et al. I Brazilian Position Paper on Antihypertensive Drug Combination. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2014;102(3):203-10. doi: 10.5935/abc.20140023.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Antihypertensive Effect of New Agonist of Adenosine Receptor in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9006-0597</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3946-4753</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Jaqueline Soares da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pedreira</surname>
            <given-names>J&#250;lia Galvez Bulh&#245;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1196-0149</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Montagnoli</surname>
            <given-names>Tadeu Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreiro</surname>
            <given-names>Eliezer Jesus</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9066-5027</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zapata-Sudo</surname>
            <given-names>Gisele</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Gisele Zapata-Sudo &#8226;</bold> Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373. Postal code <postal-code>21941-901</postal-code>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>gsudo@icb.ufrj.br</email>, <email>gzsudo@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Marina Okoshi</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f18">
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230405-30405-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Systemic arterial hypertension is a risk factor for cardiac, renal, and metabolic dysfunction. The search for new strategies to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases led to the synthesis of new N-acylhydrazones to produce antihypertensive effect. Adenosine receptors are an alternative target to reduce blood pressure because of their vasodilatory action and antioxidant properties, which may reduce oxidative stress characteristic of systemic arterial hypertension.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To evaluate the antihypertensive profile of novel selenium-containing compounds designed to improve their interaction with adenosine receptors.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Vascular reactivity was evaluated by recording the isometric tension of pre-contracted thoracic aorta of male Wistar rats after exposure to increasing concentrations of each derivative (0.1 to 100 &#956;M). To investigate the antihypertensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats, systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure and heart rate were determined after intravenous administration of 10 and 30 &#956;mol/kg of the selected compound LASSBio-2062.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Compounds named LASSBio-2062, LASSBio-2063, LASSBio-2075, LASSBio-2076, LASSBio-2084, LASSBio-430, LASSBio-2092, and LASSBio-2093 promoted vasodilation with mean effective concentrations of 15.5 &#177; 6.5; 14.6 &#177; 2.9; 18.7 &#177; 9.6; 6.7 &#177; 4.1; &gt; 100; 6.0 &#177; 3.6; 37.8 &#177; 11.8; and 15.9 &#177; 5.7 &#956;M, respectively. LASSBio-2062 (30 &#956;mol/kg) reduced mean arterial pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats from 124.6 &#177; 8.6 to 72.0 &#177; 12.3 mmHg (p &lt; 0.05). Activation of adenosine receptor subtype A<sub>3</sub> and potassium channels seem to be involved in the antihypertensive effect of LASSBio-2062.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>The new agonist of adenosine receptor and activator of potassium channels is a potential therapeutic agent to treat systemic arterial hypertension.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasodilation</kwd>
        <kwd>Calcium Channels</kwd>
        <kwd>Purinergic P1 Receptors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>According to the World Health Organization, the death of an estimated 23.6 million people will occur by 2030 as a result of cardiovascular diseases.&#185; Even with the wide variety of existing treatments, high blood pressure remains the leading cause of cardiac death worldwide, accounting for 10.4 million deaths per year, with the highest number of individuals affected by hypertension in low- and middle-income countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Even though there are several modern therapies for the treatment of hypertension, it remains the main cause of cardiovascular diseases, such as ischemic heart disease, heart failure, and stroke, worsened by population aging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Because of the asymptomatic feature, systemic arterial hypertension can progress with structural and/or functional alterations in target organs (heart, brain, kidneys, and vessels).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> It is important to seek new strategies for the prevention and treatment of hypertension; thus, new <italic>N</italic>-acylhydrazones have been designed, synthetized from the 3,4-methylenedioxybenzoyl-2-thienylhydrazone (LASSBio-294) to test for vasodilatory activity. LASSBio-294, characterized as a positive cardiac inotropic agent with vasodilator activity, prevented cardiac dysfunction induced by myocardial infarction in normotensive and hypertensive rats, possibly due to activation of A<sub>2A</sub> adenosine receptors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> To improve the interaction between the molecule and its site of action, the novel compounds have the sulfur atom (&#8211;S) instead of selenium (&#8211;Se), which confers a restrict conformation, leading to better compound-receptor interaction<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> and, consequently, increasing the vasodilator potency. Some changes in the molecular structure could generate compounds with multi-target mechanisms of action, favoring the adherence of patients to therapy, since polypharmacy is common for hypertension control in most patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> The search for new therapies for hypertension is an attempt to increase patient adherence to treatment, since this is a major challenge to cardiologists, because of the use of multiple drugs and/or administrations, high incidence of adverse effects and undiagnosed primary disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The main purpose of this study was to identify a new <italic>N</italic>-acylhydrazone, in which the replacement of the sulfur atom by selenium could increase vasodilator activity and produce antihypertensive effect. Based on the results, LASSBio-2062 was selected, which was a potent vasodilator through the activation of adenosine A<sub>3</sub> receptors and K channels. LASSBio-2062 could be a new approach to monotherapy for hypertension since it promoted normalization of blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>The experiments were in accordance with the Committee of Ethics on the Use of Animals of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (017/19). The animals included in this study were randomly divided, based on weight and/or age. Five male Wistar rats (220 to 250 g) or 4 male SHR (12 to 15 weeks and 220 to 250 g) were used for each protocol conducted in <italic>in vitro</italic> and <italic>in vivo</italic> experiments, respectively. SHR were treated with an intravenous injection of a single dose of LASSBio-2062 and were euthanized with intraperitoneal (IP) administration of thiopental (120 mg/kg) immediately after blood pressure measurement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> All animals were kept under temperature control and light/dark cycles of 12 hours, with access to water and food <italic>ad libitum</italic>.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Compounds</title>
          <p>Derivatives (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 1</xref>) were synthesized and provided by the Laboratory for Evaluation and Synthesis of Bioactive Substances (Laborat&#243;rio de Avalia&#231;&#227;o e S&#237;ntese de Subst&#226;ncias Bioativas, LASSBio<sup>&#174;</sup>) of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. The prototype, 3,4-methylenedioxybenzoil-2-tienilhydrazone and its analogues were named LASSBio-294, LASSBio-2062, LASSBio-2063, LASSBio-430, LASSBio-2075, LASSBio-2084, LASSBio-2076, LASSBio-2092, and LASSBio-2093.</p>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>(A) Chemical structure of LASSBio-294. (B) Structure indicating the points of change in the molecule which originated the following analogues: X = S or Se; R<sub>1</sub> = -OCH<sub>2</sub>O- or -3,4-OCH<sub>3</sub> or -3-OCH<sub>3</sub> or -4-OCH<sub>3</sub> and R<sub>2</sub> = -H or -CH<sub>3</sub>.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230405-30405-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>In vitro experiments</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Vascular reactivity</title>
            <p>Thoracic aorta from male Wistar rats were removed and cut into 2 to 3 mm rings, which were positioned in experimental chambers containing 20 mL of modified Tyrode solution consisting of the following (in mM): 123 NaCl; 4.7 KCl; 15.5 NaHCO<sub>3</sub>; 1.2 CaCl<sub>2</sub>; 1.2 KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>; 1.2 MgCl<sub>2</sub>; and 11.5 glucose. They were oxygenated with carbogen mixture at 37 &#176;C and pH 7.4. After 2 hours of equilibrium and under 1 g of initial tension, the aortic rings were initially exposed to 10 &#956;M phenylephrine to promote maximum contraction recorded using a force transducer (MLT884, ADInstruments), connected to an acquisition system (Powerlab, ADInstruments, Australia), using the Lab Chart program (version 7.0, ADInstruments, Australia). Pre-contracted rings were exposed to 10 &#956;M of acetylcholine in order to promote relaxation which, when equal to or greater than 80%, determined the presence of intact endothelium. In contrast, when aortic rings submitted to mechanical removal of the endothelium produced less than 10% of relaxation, there was a lack of functional endothelium. Increasing concentrations (0.1 to 100 &#956;M) of all analogues (LASSBio-2062, LASSBio-2063, LASSBio-430, LASSBio-2075, LASSBio-2084, LASSBio-2076, LASSBio-2092, LASSBio-2093) were added to the chambers containing the phenylephrine-contracted aortic rings to obtain the concentration-relaxation response curves.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
            <p>We investigated the mechanisms involved in the vascular relaxation induced by the selected compound, LASSBio-2062, with pre-exposure of aortic rings with intact endothelium to an antagonist of adenosine A<sub>2A</sub> receptor, ZM-241385 (0.1 &#956;M). Endothelium-free aortic rings were pre-incubated with one of the following: an adenosine A<sub>3</sub> receptor antagonist (MRE 3008F20, 0.1 &#956;M); an ATP-sensitive potassium channel antagonist (glibenclamide, 10 &#956;M); a voltage-dependent potassium channel blocker (4-aminopyridine, 3 mM); or a high-conductance calcium-dependent potassium channel blocker (tetraethylammonium chloride, 3 mM).</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>In vivo experiments</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Blood pressure measurement</title>
            <p>SHR under anesthesia with ketamine (80 mg/kg, IP) and xylazine (15 mg/kg, IP) were submitted to catheterization, using a catheter filled with saline and heparin, connected to a pressure transducer (MLT884, ADInstruments, Australia). This procedure provided the recording of systolic and diastolic blood pressures and heart rate, during intravenous injection of LASSBio-2062 (10 and 30 &#956;mol/kg) through the left jugular vein. Parameters were obtained using an acquisition system (Powerlab, ADInstruments, Australia) and the software Lab Chart (version 7.0, ADInstruments, Australia).</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data are expressed as mean &#177; standard error of the mean. For each substance tested, we calculated the concentration that caused half-maximal relaxing effect (EC<sub>50</sub>). Two-way ANOVA analysis followed by Tukey's post-test was used to evaluate data from <italic>in vitro</italic> experiments. Analysis by Student's t test was performed on data from <italic>in vivo</italic> experiments. The difference between the experimental groups was considered statistically significant when p &lt; 0.05. Statistical power (&#946;) of 80% and false positive rate (&#945;) of 5% were considered. In order to identify changes with statistical power (&#946;) of 80% and false positive rate (&#945;) of 5%, an experimental number of 5 animals was necessary for the <italic>in vitro</italic> protocol. Thus, the statistical test differentiates responses with a change of at least 15% and an average standard deviation of 8.0%, in percentages relative to the mean of the control group. Regarding <italic>in vivo</italic> protocols, average standard deviation was 7.0%, relative to the control group, with an experimental number of 4 animals for each group. The software http://powerandsamplesize.com/Calculators was used to calculate the sample size.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Vascular reactivity in aortic rings with or without intact endothelium</title>
          <p><italic>N</italic>-acylhydrazones were evaluated for the potential to produce vasodilation compared to the prototype (LASSBio-294). Each derivative was tested in aortic rings with and without intact endothelium, which were exposed to increasing concentrations (0.1 to 100 &#956;M). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref> includes the EC<sub>50</sub> values in aortic rings. The concentration-vascular relaxation curves for all analogues tested are displayed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 2</xref>. The mechanical removal of endothelium increased the EC<sub>50</sub> from 15.5 &#177; 6.5 to 49.4 &#177; 10.0 &#956;M for LASSBio-2062, indicating that its effect is partially dependent on the functional integrity of vascular endothelium (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 2A</xref>). EC<sub>50</sub> values for LASSBio-2063 were 14.6 &#177; 2.9 and 22.8 &#177; 8.0 &#956;M in rings with and without endothelium, respectively, suggesting that it is not dependent on endothelial integrity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 2B</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t2" position="float">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>EC<sub>50</sub> of analogues for vascular relaxation in aortic rings from rats</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="box" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="16%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#E6E7E9">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Compound</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">R<sub>1</sub></th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">R<sub>2</sub></th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">X</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">EC<sub>50</sub> (&#181;M) (with endothelium)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">EC<sub>50</sub> (&#181;M) (without endothelium)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">LASSBio-294</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-OCH<sub>2</sub>O-</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">H</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">65.4 &#177; 30.0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 100*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#c7dfec">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">LASSBio-2062</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-OCH<sub>2</sub>O-</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">H</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Se</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">15.5 &#177; 6.5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">49.4 &#177; 10.0*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">LASSBio-785</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-OCH<sub>2</sub>O-</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">CH<sub>3</sub></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">10.2 &#177; 0.5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">18.5 &#177; 3.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#c7dfec">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">LASSBio-2063</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">-OCH<sub>2</sub>O-</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">CH<sub>3</sub></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Se</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">14.6 &#177; 2.9</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">22.8 &#177; 8.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">LASSBio-430</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3,4-OCH<sub>3</sub></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">H</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">6.0 &#177; 3.6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">14.1 &#177; 2.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#c7dfec">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">LASSBio-2075</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3,4-OCH<sub>3</sub></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">H</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Se</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">18.7 &#177; 9.6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 100*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">LASSBio-2084</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4-OCH<sub>3</sub></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">H</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 100</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 100</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#c7dfec">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">LASSBio-2076</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">4-OCH<sub>3</sub></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">H</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Se</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">6.7 &#177; 4.1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">60.1 &#177; 20.2*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">LASSBio-2092</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3-OCH<sub>3</sub></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">H</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">S</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">37.8 &#177; 11.8</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">59.8 &#177; 11.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#c7dfec">
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">LASSBio-2093</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3-OCH<sub>3</sub></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">H</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Se</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">15.9 &#177; 5.7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">&gt; 100*</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn fn-type="other" id="TFN2">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>
                  <italic>p &lt; 0,05, compared to data with intact endothelium using two-way ANOVA analysis. EC<sub>50</sub>: half-maximal effective concentration; R<sub>1</sub>: radical 1; R<sub>2</sub>: radical 2.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <fig id="f11">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Concentration-vascular response curves for (A) LASSBio-294; (B) LASSBio-2062; (C) LASSBio-2063; (D) LASSBio-2084; (E) LASSBio-2076;(F) LASSBio-430; (G) LASSBio-2075; (H) LASSBio-2092; and (I) LASSBio-2093 in aortic rings with or without functional endothelium. Data are shown as mean &#177; standard error of the mean. *p &lt; 0.05 compared to intact endothelium. Analysis by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-test.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230405-30405-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>The design and synthesis of LASSBio-430 was based on the opening of the 1,3-benzodioxol ring, whose results indicate that this structural change may lead to increased efficacy and potency of vasodilation, with endothelium-independent maximum relaxation of 99.2% &#177; 0.8% and EC<sub>50</sub> of 6.0 &#177; 3.6 &#956;M.</p>
          <p>In contrast, LASSBio-2075, which has additional presence of selenophene ring in place of the tiophene ring has EC<sub>50</sub> of 18.7 &#177; 9.6 and the vascular relaxation is dependent on endothelium integrity, because the value became &gt; 100 &#956;M when the endothelium was removed. LASSBio-2084 showed no improvement in potency indicating that methoxylation does not interfere with vascular reactivity. Likewise, LASSBio-2093-induced vascular relaxation was dependent on endothelium integrity since EC<sub>50</sub> increased from 15.9 &#177; 5.7 to &gt; 100 &#956;M.</p>
          <p>The dependence of vascular integrity for the vasodilator action of LASSBio-2076 was confirmed by the increase of EC<sub>50</sub> from 6.7 &#177; 4.1 to 60.1 &#177; 20.2 &#956;M. Thus, methoxylation added to the presence of the selenophene ring promoted an increase in the potency of LASSBio-2076 in aortic rings with intact endothelium. The LASSBio-2092 analogue presented EC<sub>50</sub> values of 37.8 &#177; 11.8 and 59.8 &#177; 11.9 &#956;M in aortic rings with and without endothelium, respectively.</p>
          <p>LASSBio-2062 was selected for the investigation of the mechanisms involved in the vascular relaxation, due to the great structural similarity with the original compound.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Investigation of the mechanisms involved in the vasodilator action of LASSBio-2062</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Adenosine receptor pathway</title>
            <p>There was no alteration in the vascular relaxation promoted by LASSBio-2062 in the presence of an adenosine A<sub>2A</sub> receptor antagonist, ZM-241385 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 3A</xref>). However, when the aortic rings were pre-incubated with the adenosine A<sub>3</sub> receptor antagonist, MRE 3008F20, the concentration-response curve showed a shift to the right (Figure 3B). Additionally, the maximum relaxation induced by LASSBio-2062 altered from 72.1% &#177; 4.0% to 23.6% &#177; 7.7% in the presence of MRE 3008F20. These data indicate that the compound promotes vasodilation by activation of the adenosine receptor type A<sub>3</sub>, but not adenosine receptor type A<sub>2A</sub>.</p>
            <fig id="f12">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Concentration-vascular relaxation curves of LASSBio-2062 in aortic rings with endothelium: (A) in the absence or presence of ZM-241385 (0.1 &#956;M), an adenosine A<sub>2A</sub> receptor antagonist; and (B) in the presence of MRE 3008F20 (0.1 &#956;M), an adenosine A<sub>3</sub> receptor antagonist. Data are shown as mean &#177; standard error of the mean. *p &lt; 0.05 compared to intact endothelium. Analysis by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-test.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230405-30405-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Involvement of potassium channels</title>
            <p>When aortic rings were pre-incubated with glibenclamide (10 &#956;M), which is an ATP-sensitive potassium channel blocker, the response of increasing concentrations of LASSBio-2062 was altered (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figure 4A</xref>). When in the presence of 4-aminopyridine (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figure 4B</xref>) or tetraethylammonium chloride (Figure 4C), the concentration-relaxation curve for LASSio-2062 shifted to the right, indicating that LASSBio-2062-induced vasodilation can be consequent to the activation of ATP-sensitive potassium, voltage-dependent potassium, and calcium-dependent potassium channels (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f13">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
            <fig id="f13">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Concentration-vascular relaxation curves of LASSBio-2062 in aortic rings without endothelium in the absence or presence of: (A) glibenclamide (10 &#956;M), an ATP-sensitive potassium channel blocker; (B) 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, 3 mM), a voltage-dependent potassium channel blocker; and (C) tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA, 3 mM), a high-conductance calcium-dependent potassium channel blocker. Data are expressed as mean &#177; standard error of the mean. *p &lt; 0.05 compared to control. Analysis by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-test.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230405-30405-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Influence of calcium influx on the action of <italic>N</italic>-acylhydrazones</title>
            <p>In order to verify whether LASSBio-2062 induced vasodilation through an additional interference on intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentration, endothelium-free aortic rings were exposed to increasing concentrations of CaCl<sub>2</sub> (1 to 1000 &#181;M), in the absence or presence of analogue (50 &#956;M) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f14">Figure 5</xref>). The concentration-response curve was observed to shift to the right with exposure to LASSBio-2062 with an increase of EC<sub>50</sub> from 157.6 &#177; 51.3 to 420.0 &#177; 11.0 &#956;M (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
            <fig id="f14">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Concentration-response curves of CaCl<sub>2</sub> in the absence or presence of LASSBio-2062 in aortic rings without endothelium. Data are expressed as mean &#177; standard error of the mean. *p &lt; 0.05 compared to control. Analysis by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-test</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230405-30405-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Antihypertensive effect of LASSBio-2062</title>
            <p>After intravenous administration of LASSBio-2062, systolic pressure of SHR was reduced from 155.1 &#177; 10.1 to 110.6 &#177; 8.0 and from 151.1 &#177; 10.0 to 109.4 &#177; 13.8 mmHg at a dose of 10 and 30 &#956;mol/kg, respectively. Diastolic pressure was also reduced by administration of LASSBio-2062 from 111.0 &#177; 9.1 to 63.9 &#177; 14.7 (10 &#956;mol/kg) and from 100.2 &#177; 7.8 to 54.0 &#177; 10.4 mmHg (30 &#956;mol/kg). Mean arterial pressure decreased from 132.0 &#177; 9.2 and 124.6 &#177; 8.6 mmHg (control group) to 82.1 &#177; 12.6 (p &lt; 0.05) and 72.0 &#177; 12.3 mmHg (p &lt; 0.05) after intravenous injection of 10 and 30 &#181;mol/kg of LASSBio-2062 in the SHR. Heart rate altered from 248.1 &#177; 12.1 to 146.5 &#177; 21.0 and from 228.4 &#177; 11.3 to 109.8 &#177; 21.4 bpm with different doses of LASSBio-2062 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f15">Figure 6</xref>).</p>
            <fig id="f15">
              <label>Figure 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Hemodynamic parameters observed in spontaneously hypertensive rats before (control) and after intravenous administration of LASSBio-2062.(A) Systolic pressure; (B) diastolic pressure; (C) mean pressure; and (D) heart rate, measured before and after administration 10 &#956;mol/kg (n = 4) and 30 &#956;mol/kg (n = 4) of LASSBio-2062. Data are expressed as mean &#177; standard error of the mean. *p &lt; 0.05 versus control. Analysis by Student's t test.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230405-30405-gf07-en.tif"/></fig>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The similarity in the chemical properties of sulfur and selenium has encouraged the design, synthesis, and comparative evaluation of a wide variety of selenium-containing molecules. However, there are differences in the physicochemical properties between substances that contain sulfur or selenium in their structures, which constitute the basis for the promotion of specific biological effects. Among the various biological functions promoted by selenium, antioxidant action has been described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Novel <italic>N</italic>-acylhydrazones tested aimed to identify new antihypertensive agents, which could, in addition to reducing blood pressure, interfere with oxidative stress, a common condition in arterial hypertension. The comparison among compounds demonstrated an increase of potency of the endothelium-independent vascular relaxation induced by LASSBio-2062, which had a replacement of the thiophene ring by selenophene. The <italic>N</italic>-methylation observed in LASSBio-2063 provided not only the increase in the potency of the vasodilator action, but also independence on the integrity of the vascular endothelium, similarly to that observed for LASSBio-785, which presents <italic>N</italic>-methylation in its structure, but with a sulfur atom.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> <italic>N</italic>-methylation seems to be involved with the increase in potency, possibly because the methyl group, linked to the amide bond of <italic>N</italic>-acylhydrazone, could induce change in the conformation of the molecular structure of the substance. Thus, the evaluation of these new derivatives reaffirms that the structural modifications introduced by the methyl group are essential for both the increase in efficacy and vasodilator potency and changes in the pathways involved for vascular effect.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> The opening of the benzodioxol ring, added with the replacement of the sulfur atom by selenium (LASSBio-2075) resulted in vascular relaxation dependent on endothelial integrity, unlike LASSBio-430, which has a sulfur atom in its structure.</p>
        <p>Among all tested derivatives, only LASSBio-2084 showed no improvement in potency compared to the prototype LASSBio-294, indicating that para-methoxylation reduced both the potency and efficacy of the substance for vascular relaxation, characteristics reversed by the presence of the selenium atom (LASSBio-2076). Methoxylated derivatives at the meta-position containing a sulfur atom (LASSBio-2092) or selenium (LASSBio-2093) did not show significant potency alteration.</p>
        <p>Replacement of the thiophene ring by the selenophene ring provided increase or maintenance of the potency of vascular relaxation, which was mediated by activation of receptors present in the vascular endothelium. Thus, <italic>N</italic>-methylation provides vascular relaxation directly related to the action on vascular smooth muscle, similarly to LASSBio-785, which is <italic>N</italic>-methylated, with a sulfur atom.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> The direct action on vascular smooth muscle produced by LASSBio-2063, LASSBio-430 and LASSBio-2092 may be advantageous due to the fact that endothelial dysfunction and vascular remodeling which occur in arterial hypertension could impair endothelium-dependent vasodilation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The structural modifications and the respective main results regarding the changes in potency of the <italic>N</italic>-acylhydrazonic derivatives evaluated in this work are summarized in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f16">Figure 7</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f16">
          <label>Figure 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>List of structural modifications and respective results related to vascular reactivity (Image created by Tadeu L. Montagnoli).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230405-30405-gf08-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Mechanisms involved in the vasodilator action and antihypertensive effect induced by LASSBio-2062 were investigated because of the following: (1) its similarity to the chemical structure of LASSBio-294 (prototype) differing only by the replacement of the thiophene ring by selenophene; and (2) the fact that it showed potency 4 times greater than the prototype<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> in promoting vascular relaxation with action on the endothelium and vascular smooth muscle.</p>
        <p>Vasodilator action due to the activation of adenosine receptors subtype A<sub>2A</sub> located both in the vascular smooth muscle and in the endothelium has previously demonstrated for many <italic>N</italic>-acylhydrazonic derivatives.<sup>16,26,27</sup> Thus, it was initially investigated the involvement of adenosine A<sub>2A</sub> receptors for vascular relaxation induced by LASSBio-2062. The efficacy and potency were not altered in the presence of an adenosine A<sub>2A</sub> receptor antagonist, due to the fact that the concentration-vascular relaxation relationship remained unchanged, suggesting the non-participation of activation of these receptors in the vascular tissue (Figure 3A).</p>
        <p>Since the activation of adenosine A<sub>3</sub> receptors also plays an important role in the process of vascular relaxation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> the action of LASSBio-2062 was evaluated in the presence of the antagonist MRE 3008F20. The maximum vascular relaxing response and potency were reduced in the presence of the A<sub>3</sub> adenosine receptor antagonist, indicating the participation of the activation of these receptors in the vasodilation induced by these derivatives (Figure 3B). In rat coronary arteries, activation of adenosine receptors of subtype A<sub>3</sub><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> by agonists N<sub>6</sub>-(3-iodobenzyl)-adenosine-5&#8217;-N-methyluronamide (IB-MECA) and 2-chloro-N<sub>6</sub>-(3-iodobenzyl)-adenosine-5&#8217;-N-methylcarboxamide (Cl-IB-MECA) produces coronary vasodilation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Cardioprotection occurs with activation of adenosine A<sub>3</sub> receptors, which is abolished by glibenclamide, an ATP-sensitive potassium channel blocker, indicating that this receptor may interfere with the activation of these channels, resulting in their opening<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> and cellular hyperpolarization. No LASSBio-2062-induced vascular relaxation was observed after pre-incubation with glibenclamide on aortic rings without functional endothelium (Figure 4A). The activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels expressed in vascular smooth muscle leads to hyperpolarization of the vascular muscle cell membrane, promoting vasodilation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> The activation of adenosine A<sub>3</sub> receptors influences the activity of K<sup>+</sup> channels, especially ATP-sensitive potassium channels, and may induce their opening,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> which results in hyperpolarization and consequent blockade of Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels. The reduced influx of calcium leads to lower intracellular calcium concentration and results in vasodilation<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f17">Figure 8</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f17">
          <label>Figure 8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Possible mechanisms involved in the effects of LASSBio-2062. The activation of the A<sub>3</sub> adenosine receptor by LASSBio-2062 could promote inhibition of AC through Gi protein and, consequently, lead to a reduction in cAMP production. G&#946;&#947; subunit, could promote PLC activation, as well as activation of K<sup>+</sup> channels and blockade of Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels. The adenosine receptor is also coupled to the Gq protein, which activates PKC and PLC to promote vasodilation. Activation of K<sub>ATP</sub> channels and blockade of membrane L-type Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels by LASSBio-2062 could occur directly on this channel or as result of activation of the A<sub>3</sub> adenosine receptor. Activation of potassium channels by LASSBio-2062 is not restricted to K<sub>ATP</sub>, because K<sub>Ca</sub> and K<sub>v</sub> channel antagonists reduced vasodilation. A<sub>3</sub>R: adenosine receptor subtype A<sub>3</sub>; AC: adenylate cyclase; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; &#946;&#947;: subunit &#946;&#947;; BK<sub>Ca:</sub> high conductance calcium-dependent potassium channel; cAMP: cyclic adenosine monophosphate; Gi/0: Gi/0 protein; Gq: Gq protein; K<sub>ATP</sub>: ATP-sensitive potassium channel; K<sub>v</sub>: voltage-gated potassium channel; PKC: protein kinase C; PLC: phospholipase C.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230405-30405-gf09-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Thus, the activation of the adenosine A<sub>3</sub> receptor promotes the inhibition of adenylate cyclase via Gi protein, and, consequently, leads to a reduction in cAMP production. Adenosine A<sub>3</sub> receptor is also coupled to the Gq protein, which activates protein kinase C, which interacts with calcium channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and ATP-sensitive potassium channels to promote vasodilation.<sup>28,31,37,38</sup> Furthermore, through the activation of Gi/o proteins, via G&#946;&#947; subunits, it results in the activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels and the reduction of calcium entry into the intracellular environment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels by LASSBio-2062 could occur directly in this channel and/or through the activation of adenosine A<sub>3</sub> receptor. The activation of potassium channels by LASSBio-2062 is not restricted to ATP-sensitive potassium channel, since vasodilation was inhibited by exposure to voltage-dependent potassium and calcium-dependent potassium channel antagonists (Figure 4B e 4C, respectively).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Activation of these channels can be an alternative pharmacological target to the treatment of arterial hypertension. The greater efflux of potassium, through different K channels activated by LASSBio-2062, would result in hyperpolarization of smooth muscle cells, which could lead to the closure of calcium channels and consequent reduction of intracellular calcium concentration and vasodilation. According to the results obtained, LASSBio-2062 could promote vasodilation by activating adenosine A<sub>3</sub> receptor and K<sup>+</sup> channels and directly blocking Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels, as indicated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f17">Figure 8</xref>.</p>
        <p>Structural alterations of adenosine A<sub>3</sub> receptors or changes in the different stages of the signaling pathway interfere with the development of essential arterial hypertension. Adenosine A<sub>3</sub> receptors found in humans are involved in several cytoprotective functions while its activation is linked to anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> The adenosine A<sub>3</sub> receptor agonist namodenoson has anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, and anti-steatosis effects, since it has shown promising results in a phase III study for the treatment of liver cancer and in a phase II study for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Namodenoson acts by activating adenosine A<sub>3</sub> receptors, inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor &#945; (TNF-&#945;), interleukin (IL)-12, interferon-&#611;, IL-17 and IL-23 and negatively regulating NF-&#954;B.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> There is a negative regulation of adenosine A<sub>3</sub> receptor expression in the hearts of hypertensive animals,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> indicating that those receptors are potential pharmacological targets for treatment of arterial hypertension. The vasodilatory effect of LASSBio-2062 could be mediated by activation of the adenosine A<sub>3</sub> receptor and its intravenous administration in SHR reduced mean arterial pressure at both doses used, 10 and 30 &#956;mol/kg (3 and 10 mg/kg). When we compared the antihypertensive effect of LASSBio-2062 with some clinically available drugs, we identified that the inhibition of the effects of angiotensin II by the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril occurs with intravenous administration of 8.2 &#956;g/kg in rats.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> In contrast, the antihypertensive action of this adenosine A<sub>3</sub> receptor agonist was comparable to the description that intravenous administration in hypertension rats of the antihypertensive losartan (10 mg/kg angiotensin II receptor antagonist).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The occurrence of bradycardia after intravenous administration of LASSBio-2062 could be beneficial because of the absence of the reflex tachycardia characteristics of many vasodilator drugs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Due to the activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels induced by LASSBio-2062, the advent of adverse side effects, such as hyperglycemia, would be expected, because of possible reduction of insulin release in pancreatic beta cells.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> However, there is a difference between the subunits of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in the various tissues where they are expressed, which include the pancreas, brain, heart, and smooth and skeletal muscle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> LASSBio-2062 used as an antihypertensive agent probably would not affect patients with diabetes, because the ATP-sensitive potassium channels present in the vessels are different from those located in the pancreas. Absence of change in plasmatic glucose level after intravenous injection of LASSBio-2062 reinforces the lack of interference in metabolic disorders. Blood glucose was 139.5 &#177; 5.0 and 127.0 &#177; 11.0 mg/dL 10 and 30 minutes after intravenous injection of vehicle. Treatment with LASSBio-2062 (30 umol/kg, intravenous) did not significantly alter this parameter with 172.0 &#177; 24.0 and 149.5 &#177; 24.0 mg/dL.</p>
        <p>The new agonist of adenosine A<sub>3</sub> receptor, LASSBio-2062, represents a therapeutic alternative for the treatment of arterial hypertension, indicating that the adenosine system is a new potential pharmacological target. Activation of adenosine A3 receptor has beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system, since it attenuates atherosclerotic condition,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> prevents myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup> and induces coronary vasodilation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Additionally, the activation of those receptors expressed in neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and mast cells reduces the inflammatory response.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref></sup> Thus, activation of adenosine A3 receptors could, in addition to producing vasodilation, reduce the inflammatory component of systemic arterial hypertension, suggesting multiple beneficial effects, which are important factors, since it is a multifactorial disease. LASSBio-2062 seems to act on multiple targets, which could facilitate the use in monotherapy regimen or combined with other drugs, providing ideal drug interaction and reducing the dose used. The combination could reduce adverse effects and improve disease control.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">55</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Except for LASSBio-2084, all N-acyhydrazones showed more potent vasodilator action than the prototype LASSBio-294, probably because of the replacement of the thiophene ring by selenophene. Increased potency indicates improvement in the molecular target-substance interaction. LASSBio-2062-induced vascular relaxation may occur through the activation of A<sub>3</sub> adenosine receptors and direct/indirect activation of K channels. Intravenous administration of LASSBio-2062 promoted antihypertensive effect, suggesting that the adenosine A<sub>3</sub> receptor is an innovative pharmacological target for the treatment of arterial hypertension.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by CAPES, CNPq, FAPERJ, INCT-INOFAR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Bruna de Souza Rocha, from Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro under the protocol number 017/19. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
