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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">RhNmhs6YN6KFYTnVmfLzXgt</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000200502</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00502</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230358</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Morte S&#250;bita em Lactante Portadora de Prolapso da V&#225;lvula Mitral Arritmog&#234;nico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9168-5513</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bragan&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Erika Olivier Vilela</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Luis Val&#233;rio da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">RitmoCheck</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">RitmoCheck, S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Erika Olivier Vilela Bragan&#231;a</bold> &#8226; RitmoCheck &#8211; Arritmia - Av Cassiano Ricardo, 319 sl 504. CEP 12246-870, Ed Patio das Americas, S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>oliviererika@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230358</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Prolapso da V&#225;lvula Mitral</kwd>
        <kwd>Morte S&#250;bita</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O prolapso da v&#225;lvula mitral (PVM) &#233; a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvar mais comum, afetando de 2 a 3% da popula&#231;&#227;o geral e &#233; definido pelo deslocamento sist&#243;lico de um ou ambos os folhetos da v&#225;lvula mitral &#8805;2 mm acima do plano do anel mitral na vis&#227;o sagital da v&#225;lvula mitral ao ecocardiograma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Os desfechos do PVM sem regurgita&#231;&#227;o, em geral, s&#227;o benignos; no entanto, um pequeno subgrupo mal definido de indiv&#237;duos apresenta alto risco de arritmias malignas e morte s&#250;bita (MS). Dados de aut&#243;psia mostram uma preval&#234;ncia de 4 a 7% de PVM em jovens com MS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Devido &#224; baixa taxa de evento e &#224; falta de coortes com um n&#250;mero robusto de pacientes, acessar a incid&#234;ncia precisa de MS e PVM na popula&#231;&#227;o geral e em subgrupos de pacientes permanece um desafio. O diagn&#243;stico de PVM arritmog&#234;nico (PVMA) &#233; feito na presen&#231;a de PVM e arritmia ventricular, considerando densidade de arritmia ventricular &#8805;5% em Holter de eletrocardiograma (ECG) de 24h ou a presen&#231;a de arritmia complexa &#8211; taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada (TVNS), taquicardia ventricular (TV) ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (FV) e na aus&#234;ncia de outro substrato arritmog&#234;nico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Relatamos o caso de JAS, paciente do sexo feminino, 27 anos, casada e internada 13 meses atr&#225;s ap&#243;s parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria (PCR) com relat&#243;rio de alta hospitalar que informa &#8220;PCR em ritmo choc&#225;vel e reanimada com sucesso&#8221;. O relat&#243;rio informa ainda interna&#231;&#227;o por 18 dias, realiza&#231;&#227;o de ECGs sem altera&#231;&#245;es significativas, ecocardiograma com dilata&#231;&#227;o leve a moderada de &#225;trio esquerdo, v&#225;lvula mitral mixomatosa com prolapso significativo de suas c&#250;spides associada a insufici&#234;ncia valvar moderada, dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda moderada com fun&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo preservada (di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo de 45 mm, di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 66 mm e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 67%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1A</xref>) e cinecoronariografia sem les&#245;es obstrutivas. O relat&#243;rio conclui que &#8220;n&#227;o h&#225; necessidade de prolongar interna&#231;&#227;o para investiga&#231;&#227;o adicional e PCR de causa indeterminada ap&#243;s investiga&#231;&#227;o&#8221;. A paciente recebeu alta hospitalar sem medica&#231;&#245;es e foi orientada a procurar o posto de sa&#250;de para acompanhamento. Apresentou, como intercorr&#234;ncias durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, pneumonia broncoaspirativa, insufici&#234;ncia renal que exigiu hemodi&#225;lise, e acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico em regi&#227;o parietal esquerda.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A) Ecocardiograma: doppler colorido da v&#225;lvula mitral com importante regurgita&#231;&#227;o. Observa-se dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular; B) Eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es: ritmo sinusal, bloqueio interatrial de 1 grau (dura&#231;&#227;o de onda P 125 ms), fragmenta&#231;&#227;o de onda R em deriva&#231;&#245;es D1 e aVL, intervalo QTc de 420 ms, ectopia ventricular com morfologia de bloqueio de ramo direito, com eixo superior (D2 e D3 negativos), complexo QRS da ectopia predominantemente negativo em deriva&#231;&#227;o V5 e dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS da ectopia de 195 ms - sugestivo de origem em m&#250;sculo papilar posterior; C) Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica de cora&#231;&#227;o: importante dilata&#231;&#227;o esquerda, prolapso da v&#225;lvula mitral com regurgita&#231;&#227;o severa e disjun&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230358-30358-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a alta, apresentou ciclos menstruais irregulares, n&#227;o fazia controle de natalidade e engravidou. Era prim&#237;para, G<sub>1</sub>P<sub>0</sub>A<sub>0</sub>, e a gesta&#231;&#227;o transcorreu sem anormalidades. Foi submetida a parto cesariana com 38 semanas por indica&#231;&#227;o do cardiologista, e deu &#224; luz a um beb&#234; do sexo feminino, pesando 2.600 gramas, com altura de 47 cent&#237;metros, e Apgar 8 e 10. A alta hospitalar ocorreu em 48 horas. Veio na primeira e &#250;nica consulta com a lactente de 2 semanas, em aleitamento materno, acompanhada da sobrinha de 13 anos e com queixa de cansa&#231;o aos moderados esfor&#231;os. Como antecedentes pessoais, relatou arritmia desde a inf&#226;ncia e os demais supracitados em relat&#243;rio de alta hospitalar. N&#227;o apresentava antecedentes familiares relevantes, n&#227;o era tabagista e/ou etilista, n&#227;o praticava exerc&#237;cios, negava outras cirurgias, n&#227;o teve COVID-19 e n&#227;o fazia uso regular de medica&#231;&#227;o. No exame f&#237;sico chamava a aten&#231;&#227;o que a paciente estava em aleitamento materno e &#224; ausculta card&#237;aca detectou-se um sopro sist&#243;lico em foco mitral +/4+ com irradia&#231;&#227;o para axila e o restante era normal. O ECG mostrava um ritmo sinusal, bloqueio interatrial de 1 grau (dura&#231;&#227;o de onda P 125 ms), fragmenta&#231;&#227;o de onda R em deriva&#231;&#245;es D1 e aVL, intervalo QTc de 420 ms, ectopia ventricular com morfologia de bloqueio de ramo direito, com eixo superior (D2 e D3 negativos), complexo QRS da ectopia predominantemente negativo em deriva&#231;&#227;o V5 e dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS da ectopia de 195 ms, o que &#233; sugestivo de origem em m&#250;sculo papilar posterior (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1B</xref>). Trazia o ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico j&#225; descrito anteriormente e a imagem era sugestiva de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral importante com dilata&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1A</xref>). Tamb&#233;m portava um Holter de ECG de 24h com frequ&#234;ncias que variaram m&#237;nima 42 bpm, m&#233;dia 68 bpm e m&#225;xima 113 bpm, 2.449 (3%) ectopias ventriculares bim&#243;rficas, das quais 2.428 eram isoladas, com 9 pares e 1 TVNS de 3 batimentos e frequ&#234;ncia de 121 bpm, 1 ectopia atrial era isolada, com altera&#231;&#245;es difusas da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular com prolongamento do intervalo QTc (QTc m&#225;ximo 500 ms) e sem correla&#231;&#227;o entre os sintomas e altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas. A hip&#243;tese diagnostica foi de PVMA em paciente recuperada de MS e o cardiodesfibrilador (CDI) e reparo da v&#225;lvula mitral foram indicados. A paciente recusou o tratamento, a despeito de todas as orienta&#231;&#245;es dadas, e solicitou retornar com o marido em consulta agendada. Foi iniciado o tratamento com betabloqueador e foi solicitada resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (RM) de cora&#231;&#227;o. Na data da consulta, 1 m&#234;s depois, a paciente remarcou, solicitando mais um m&#234;s para retornar. Uma semana antes da data agendada a paciente apresentou novo quadro de PCR e tentou-se realizar a reanima&#231;&#227;o sem sucesso. Antes da consulta, a paciente havia realizado a RM de cora&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1C</xref>). O laudo foi obtido <italic>post mortem</italic> na cl&#237;nica que realizou o exame e mostrava aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo, dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo associado a PVM e disjun&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral (DAM), regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral grave e exc&#234;ntrica, e aumento do trabeculado subendoc&#225;rdico associado a fibrose subendoc&#225;rdica &#226;ntero e inferolateral basal e medial.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da defini&#231;&#227;o atual, o PVM tem preval&#234;ncia de 0,6 a 3,1%, dependendo da idade da popula&#231;&#227;o examinada (aumenta com a idade), e leve predomin&#226;ncia no sexo feminino.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Os desfechos cl&#237;nicos s&#227;o primariamente determinados pela severidade da regurgita&#231;&#227;o e suas consequ&#234;ncias no tamanho e fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco pode ser feita baseada no contexto cl&#237;nico associada ao ECG e ao tipo de arritmia encontrado. Na aus&#234;ncia de TV, os achados de fen&#243;tipo de risco ir&#227;o ditar a intensidade de <italic>screening</italic> para a arritmia. As arritmias consideradas de risco s&#227;o a TV sustentada, a TV n&#227;o sustentada polim&#243;rfica, as arritmias r&#225;pidas (Fc &gt;180 bpm) ou aquelas resultando em s&#237;ncope. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ilustra o esquema de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. A MS e as arritmias ventriculares (AVs) podem ocorrer na aus&#234;ncia da regurgita&#231;&#227;o com preval&#234;ncia de 4 a 7% na origem mixomatosa e 13% no subgrupo de mulheres. As arritmias complexas est&#227;o relacionadas a mortalidade independentemente do grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Foi observado prolongamento do intervalo QTc ao Holter ECG 24h que era normal no ECG, m&#233;todo considerado mais adequado para essa medida. Embora a presen&#231;a do aumento do intervalo QTc possa estar relacionada &#224; S&#237;ndrome do QT longo, uma doen&#231;a arr&#237;tmica prim&#225;ria que ocorre por altera&#231;&#227;o nos canais i&#244;nicos que afetam a repolariza&#231;&#227;o, levando a <italic>Torsades de Points</italic> mediado por estresse f&#237;sico ou emocional resultando em s&#237;ncope ou MS, o prolongamento do intervalo QT no PVM, em geral, se correlaciona com prolapsos mais graves e est&#225; independentemente associado a AVs nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, muito embora a correla&#231;&#227;o com mortalidade nessa popula&#231;&#227;o seja incerta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A fragmenta&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS &#233; um outro achado eletrocardiogr&#225;fico que est&#225; associado a arritmias complexas no PVM. A preval&#234;ncia da DAM no PVM varia de 20 a 58% e, entre aqueles com origem mixomatosa, varia de 21,8% a 98%. A DAM &#233; um marcador de doen&#231;a grave, incluindo mais eventos arr&#237;tmicos e maior necessidade de interven&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula mitral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A paciente descrita foi diagnosticada com prolapso de v&#225;lvula mitral arritmog&#234;nico e apresentou o pior cen&#225;rio poss&#237;vel, que foi a MS recuperada, tendo indica&#231;&#227;o classe I de implante de CDI de acordo com a mais recente diretriz sobre o assunto (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">figura 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Esquema de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco nos pacientes com PVM. EVs: ectopias ventriculares; PVM: prolapso da v&#225;lvula mitral; MS: morte s&#250;bita; CDI: cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DAM: disjun&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral; RM: regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral; EVs: ectopias ventriculares; TV: taquicardia ventricular; LI: Looper implant&#225;vel; DAA: droga antiarr&#237;tmica. #M&#233;todo adicional de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o pode ser usado como Looper implant&#225;vel. (Modificado de EHRA expert consensus statement on arrhythmic mitral valve prolapse and mitral annular disjunction complex).3</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230358-30358-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Indica&#231;&#227;o de implante de CDI na preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria de morte s&#250;bita no PVM arritmog&#234;nico. (Modificado de EHRA expert consensus statement on arrhythmic mitral valve prolapse and mitral annular disjunction complex).3 PVM: prolapso da v&#225;lvula mitral; FV: fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular; TV: taquicardia ventricular; CDI: cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230358-30358-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O n&#227;o reconhecimento da entidade PVMA na interna&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s MS recuperada levou a um atraso na indica&#231;&#227;o do CDI, possibilitou a paciente ter uma gesta&#231;&#227;o, e sofrer nova MS dois meses ap&#243;s o parto com desfecho desfavor&#225;vel.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Basso</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berni</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cosyns</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>EHRA Expert Consensus Statement on Arrhythmic Mitral Valve Prolapse and Mitral Annular Disjunction Complex in Collaboration with the ESC Council on Valvular Heart Disease and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging Endorsed Cby the Heart Rhythm Society, by the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society, and by the Latin American Heart Rhythm Society</article-title>
          <source>Europace</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1981</fpage>
          <lpage>2003</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/europace/euac125</pub-id>
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        <mixed-citation>4. Zeppenfeld K, Tfelt-Hansen J, Riva M, Winkel BG, Behr ER, Blom NA, et al. 2022 ESC Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(40):3997-4126. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac262.</mixed-citation>
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              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tfelt-Hansen</surname>
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    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sudden Death in a Breastfeeding Woman with Arrhythmogenic Mitral Valve Prolapse</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9168-5513</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bragan&#231;a</surname>
            <given-names>Erika Olivier Vilela</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Luis Val&#233;rio da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> RitmoCheck, S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Erika Olivier Vilela Bragan&#231;a &#8226;</bold> RitmoCheck &#8211; Arritmia - Av Cassiano Ricardo, 319 sl 504. Postal Code 12246-870, Ed Patio das Americas, S&#227;o Jos&#233; dos Campos, SP - Brazil. E-mail: oliviererika@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Mitral Valve Prolapse</kwd>
        <kwd>Sudden Death</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Arrhythmias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is the most common valvular heart disease, affecting 2-3% of the general population, and is defined by the systolic displacement of one or both mitral valve leaflets &#8805;2 mm above the plane of the mitral annulus in the sagittal view of the mitral valve via echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The outcomes of MVP without regurgitation are generally benign; however, a small, ill-defined subgroup of individuals is at high risk for malignant arrhythmias and sudden death (SD). Autopsy data show a 4% to 7% prevalence of MVP in young people with SD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Due to the low event rate and lack of cohorts with a robust number of patients, accessing the accurate incidence of SD and MVP in the general population and in patient subgroups remains a challenge. The diagnosis of arrhythmogenic MVP is made in the presence of MVP and ventricular arrhythmia, considering a ventricular arrhythmia density &#8805;5% on 24-hour electrocardiogram (ECG) Holter or the presence of complex arrhythmia &#8211; non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT), ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF), as well as in the absence of any other arrhythmogenic substrate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Description</title>
          <p>wWe report the case of JAS, a female, 27-year-old, married patient. Who was hospitalized 13 months ago after cardiorespiratory arrest (CPA), with a hospital discharge report that states &#8220;CPA in a shockable rhythm and successfully resuscitated&#8221;. The report also states hospitalization for 18 days, ECGs with no significant changes, echocardiogram with mild to moderate dilation of the left atrium, myxomatous mitral valve with significant prolapse of its leaflets associated with moderate valve insufficiency, moderate left ventricular dilation with left ventricular function preserved (left atrium diameter of 45 mm, left ventricular diastolic diameter of 66 mm and left ventricular ejection fraction of 67%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1A</xref>) and coronary angiography with no obstructive lesions. The report concludes that &#8220;there is no need to prolong hospitalization for additional investigation and CPA of undetermined cause after investigation&#8221;. The patient was discharged from the hospital without medication and was advised to seek medical attention for follow-up. As complications during hospitalization, the patient presented bronchoaspiration pneumonia, renal failure that required hemodialysis, and ischemic stroke in the left parietal region.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; A) Echocardiogram: color Doppler of the mitral valve with significant regurgitation. Ventricular dilation is observed; B) 12-lead electrocardiogram: sinus rhythm, 1 degree interatrial block (P wave duration 125 ms), R wave fragmentation in leads D1 and aVL, QTc interval of 420 ms, ventricular ectopia with right bundle branch block morphology, with superior axis (D2 and D3 negative), ectopic QRS complex predominantly negative in lead V5, and ectopic QRS duration of 195 ms - suggestive of origin in the posterior papillary muscle; C) Magnetic resonance imaging of the heart: significant left dilatation, mitral valve prolapse with severe regurgitation and disjunction of the mitral annulus.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230358-30358-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>After hospital discharge, the patient presented irregular menstrual cycles, was not taking birth control, and became pregnant. She was primiparous, G1P0A0, and the pregnancy was uneventful. She underwent a Cesarean section at 38 weeks, as recommended by her cardiologist, and gave birth to a female baby, weighing 2,600 grams, with a height of 47 centimeters, and Apgar scores of 8 and 10. She was discharged from the hospital within 48 hours. She came to the first and only consultation with her 2-week-old breastfed baby, accompanied by her 13-year-old niece, complaining of tiredness with moderate exertion. As a personal medical history, she reported arrhythmia since childhood and the other medical conditions mentioned above in the hospital discharge report. She had no relevant family history, was not a smoker and/or alcohol drinker, did not exercise, refused other surgeries, did not have COVID-19, and did not regularly use medication. During the physical examination, it was noted that the patient was breastfeeding and on cardiac auscultation, a systolic murmur was detected in the mitral focus +/4+ radiating to the axilla, but the rest was normal. The ECG showed a sinus rhythm, 1 degree interatrial block (P wave duration 125 ms), R wave fragmentation in leads D1 and aVL, QTc interval of 420 ms, ventricular ectopy with right bundle branch block morphology, with superior axis (D2 and D3 negative), ectopic QRS complex predominantly negative in lead V5, and ectopic QRS duration of 195 ms, which is suggestive of origin in the posterior papillary muscle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1B</xref>). She presented her transthoracic echocardiogram, described above, and the image was suggestive of significant mitral regurgitation with dilation of the left ventricle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1A</xref>). She also presented a 24-hour ECG Holter with frequencies that varied from a minimum of 42 bpm, an average of 68 bpm, and a maximum of 113 bpm, 2,449 (3%) bimorphic ventricular ectopias, of which 2,428 were isolated, with 9 pairs and 1 NSVT of 3 beats and frequency of 121 bpm; 1 atrial ectopia was isolated, with diffuse changes in ventricular repolarization with prolongation of the QTc interval (maximum QTc 500 ms) and no correlation between symptoms and electrocardiographic changes. The diagnostic hypothesis was arrhythmogenic MVP (AMVP) in a patient recovered from SD and the implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) and mitral valve repair were indicated. The patient refused treatment, despite all the instructions given, and requested to return with her husband for a scheduled appointment. Beta-blocker treatment was begun and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the heart was requested. On the appointment date, one month later, the patient rescheduled, requesting another month to return. One week before the scheduled date, the patient developed a new cardiac arrest and resuscitation was attempted without success. Before the consultation, the patient had undergone heart MRI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1C</xref>). The report was obtained post-mortem at the clinic that performed the examination and showed enlargement of the left atrium, dilation of the left ventricle associated with MVP and disjunction of the mitral annulus (MAD), severe and eccentric mitral regurgitation, and increased subendocardial trabeculation associated with anterolateral and inferolateral basal and medial subendocardial fibrosis.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Using the current definition, MVP has a prevalence of 0.6 to 3.1%, depending on the age of the population examined (increases with age), and a slight predominance in females.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Clinical outcomes are primarily determined by the severity of regurgitation and its consequences on the size and function of the left ventricle. Risk stratification can be done based on the clinical context associated with the ECG and the type of arrhythmia found. In the absence of VT, the risk phenotype findings will dictate the intensity of screening for the arrhythmia. The arrhythmias considered at risk are sustained VT, polymorphic non-sustained VT, rapid arrhythmias (HR &gt;180 bpm), or those resulting in syncope. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> illustrates the risk stratification scheme in this population. SD and ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) can occur in the absence of regurgitation with a prevalence of 4% to 7% in myxomatous origin and 13% in the subgroup of women. Complex arrhythmias are related to mortality regardless of the degree of regurgitation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup>Prolongation of the QTc interval was observed on the 24-hour ECG Holter, which was normal in the ECG, a method considered more appropriate for this measurement. Although the presence of an increase in the QTc interval may be related to Long QT Syndrome, a primary arrhythmic disease that occurs due to changes in ion channels that affect repolarization, leading to Torsades de Points mediated by physical or emotional stress, resulting in syncope or SD, QT interval prolongation in MVP generally correlates with more severe prolapses and is independently associated with VAs in this population, although the correlation with mortality in this population is uncertain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Fragmentation of the QRS complex is another electrocardiographic finding that is associated with complex arrhythmias in the MVP. The prevalence of mitral annular disjunction in MVP varies from 20% to 58% and, among those with myxomatous origin, it varies from 21.8% to 98%. MAD is a marker of serious disease, including more arrhythmic events and a greater need for mitral valve intervention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The patient described was diagnosed with AMVP and presented the worst possible scenario, which was recovered SD, indicating a class I ICD implantation according to the most recent guideline on the subject (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Risk stratification scheme in patients with MVP. PVCs: premature ventricular contractions; MVP: mitral valve prolapse; SD: sudden death; ICD: implantable cardioverter defibrillator; LA: left atrium; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MAD: mitral annular disjunction; MR: mitral regurgitation; VEs: ventricular ectopias; VT: ventricular tachycardia; IL: Implantable looper; AAD: antiarrhythmic drug. #Additional monitoring method can be used as deployable Looper. (Modified from EHRA expert consensus statement on arrhythmic mitral valve prolapse and mitral annular disjunction complex).3</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230358-30358-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Indication for ICD implantation in the secondary prevention of sudden death in arrhythmogenic MVP. (Modified from EHRA expert consensus statement on arrhythmic mitral valve prolapse and mitral annular disjunction complex).3 MVP: mitral valve prolapse; VF: ventricular fibrillation; VT: ventricular tachycardia; ICD: implantable cardioverter defibrillator.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230358-30358-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The non-recognition of the AMVP entity upon admission after recovered SD led to a delay in the indication of the ICD, allowing the patient to have a pregnancy, and subsequently suffer a new SD two months after delivery with an unfavorable outcome.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label/>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
