<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">mtymZq8mBVDwxTyXXLD8xNk</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000200302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230350</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre a Complac&#234;ncia Pulmonar Est&#225;tica e a Falha de Extuba&#231;&#227;o em Pacientes P&#243;s-Operat&#243;rio de Cirurgia Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4429-4189</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Thais Bento Rudge</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Castilho</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Claudio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Falc&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Luis Eiras</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2095-8625</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ratti</surname>
            <given-names>L&#237;gia dos Santos Roceto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Petrucci</surname>
            <given-names>Orlando</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dragosavac</surname>
            <given-names>Desanka</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Thais Bento Rudge Ramos</bold> &#8226; Universidade Estadual de Campinas &#8211; cirurgia - Zerafino Vaz, 3000. CEP <postal-code>13083-872</postal-code>, Campinas, SP- Brasil E-mail: <email>thaisbentto@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230350</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Pouco explorada na decis&#227;o de extuba&#231;&#227;o no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca, a complac&#234;ncia pulmonar est&#225;tica seriamente afetada no procedimento cir&#250;rgico pode levar &#224; insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria e &#224; falha na extuba&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a complac&#234;ncia pulmonar est&#225;tica no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca e relacionar sua poss&#237;vel redu&#231;&#227;o aos casos de falha na extuba&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes submetidos ao m&#233;todo <italic>fast-track</italic> de extuba&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes que realizaram cirurgia card&#237;aca com uso de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC) em um hospital universit&#225;rio estadual admitidos na UTI sob seda&#231;&#227;o e bloqueio residual. Tiveram sua complac&#234;ncia pulmonar est&#225;tica avaliada no ventilador mec&#226;nico por meio do software que utiliza o <italic>least squares fitting</italic> (LSF) para a medi&#231;&#227;o. No per&#237;odo de 48 horas ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o os pacientes foram observados respeito &#224; necessidade de reintuba&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado para os testes estat&#237;sticos foi de 5%, ou seja, p&lt;0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Obtiveram sucesso na extuba&#231;&#227;o 77 pacientes (75,49%) e falharam 25 (24,51%). Os pacientes que falharam na extuba&#231;&#227;o tiveram a complac&#234;ncia pulmonar est&#225;tica mais baixa quando comparados aos que tiveram sucesso (p&lt;0,001). Identificamos o ponto de corte para complac&#234;ncia por meio da an&#225;lise da curva <italic>Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve</italic> (ROC) sendo o ponto de corte o valor da complac&#234;ncia &lt;41ml/cmH2O associado com maior probabilidade de falha na extuba&#231;&#227;o (p&lt;0,001). Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla, verificou-se a influ&#234;ncia da complac&#234;ncia pulmonar (dividida pelo ponto de corte da curva ROC) com risco de falha 9,1 vezes maior para pacientes com complac&#234;ncia &lt;41ml/cmH2O (p&lt; 0,003).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>A complac&#234;ncia pulmonar est&#225;tica &lt;41ml/cmH2O &#233; um fator que compromete o sucesso da extuba&#231;&#227;o no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Complac&#234;ncia Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Cuidados P&#243;s-Operat&#243;rios</kwd>
        <kwd>Cirurgia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="12"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="29"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A falha na extuba&#231;&#227;o est&#225; associada a maior morbimortalidade, maior tempo de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e retardo da recupera&#231;&#227;o do paciente, prolongando sua perman&#234;ncia hospitalar. De 4% a 20% dos pacientes extubados falham na extuba&#231;&#227;o, ou seja, s&#227;o reintubados nas primeiras 42 a 72 horas p&#243;s-extuba&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Segundo estudos, a falha na extuba&#231;&#227;o em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca pode ser prevista por diversas vari&#225;veis como a hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica pregressa dos pacientes, dados laboratoriais, &#237;ndice de respira&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida e superficial (RSBI), vari&#225;veis cir&#250;rgicas como complexidade e dura&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia e tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> No entanto, outros preditores potenciais n&#227;o foram adequadamente considerados, sendo generalistas e pouco consensuais os protocolos utilizados para identificar se o paciente estava apto para assumir e manter a ventila&#231;&#227;o de maneira adequada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <caption>
          <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre a complac&#234;ncia pulmonar est&#225;tica e a falha de extuba&#231;&#227;o em pacientes em p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca. Ponto de corte para a complac&#234;ncia pulmonar como preditor de falha de extuba&#231;&#227;o.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230350-30350-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>A partir do in&#237;cio dos anos 1990, os pacientes p&#243;s-cirurgia card&#237;aca passaram a ser extubados t&#227;o logo se estabilizasse a hemodin&#226;mica, o n&#237;vel de consci&#234;ncia e a capacidade ventilat&#243;ria espont&#226;nea. O m&#233;todo conhecido como <italic>&#8220;fast track&#8221;</italic> visa reduzir as complica&#231;&#245;es pulmonares ligadas &#224; ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, acelerar a recupera&#231;&#227;o, diminuir o tempo de perman&#234;ncia na UTI e os custos hospitalares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> N&#227;o h&#225; na literatura um consenso em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo para a extuba&#231;&#227;o, o per&#237;odo varia de duas horas at&#233; doze horas ap&#243;s o fim da cirurgia, outros estudos defendem a extuba&#231;&#227;o ainda no centro cir&#250;rgico, o que ficou conhecido como <italic>&#8220; ultra-fast-track&#8221;</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O sucesso da extuba&#231;&#227;o tem lugar pela manuten&#231;&#227;o da ventila&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea pelo per&#237;odo de 48 horas ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A cirurgia card&#237;aca, sobretudo com uso da CEC, compromete o sistema pulmonar podendo causar atelectasia, infec&#231;&#245;es pulmonares e diminui&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a muscular respirat&#243;ria, isso consequentemente reduz a complac&#234;ncia pulmonar est&#225;tica, a capacidade ventilat&#243;ria e compromete a adequada troca gasosa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Na literatura encontramos estudos pouco consistentes que norteiem a avalia&#231;&#227;o da mec&#226;nica pulmonar no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca e apontem sua repercuss&#227;o no resultado da extuba&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> O objetivo deste estudo &#233; avaliar o comportamento da mec&#226;nica pulmonar no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca por meio da complac&#234;ncia pulmonar est&#225;tica e relacionar sua poss&#237;vel redu&#231;&#227;o aos casos de falha na extuba&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes submetidos ao m&#233;todo <italic>fast-track</italic>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Implica&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas do estudo</title>
        <p>Essa pesquisa est&#225; devidamente aprovada pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa (CEP) (Parecer n&#250;mero: 1.867.312) e em conformidade com a resolu&#231;&#227;o 466/12 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de (CNS). Ao se enquadrar nos fatores de inclus&#227;o da pesquisa, o paciente foi informado sobre sua realiza&#231;&#227;o e assinou o termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE) antes da cirurgia. Todas as decis&#245;es referentes ao tratamento cl&#237;nico dos pacientes foram realizadas pelos m&#233;dicos respons&#225;veis, sem interfer&#234;ncia dos pesquisadores.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Pacientes</title>
        <p>No per&#237;odo de agosto de 2017 a agosto de 2019, 170 pacientes foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca em um hospital universit&#225;rio estadual, destes, 68 pacientes n&#227;o preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>). Foram selecionados para o estudo 102 pacientes com idade maior ou igual a 18 anos, de ambos os sexos que realizaram a cirurgia card&#237;aca eletiva com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de CEC, encaminhados para a UTI, sob seda&#231;&#227;o e bloqueio neuromuscular residual, intubados e acoplados ao ventilador mec&#226;nico <italic>Hamilton Raphael Silver</italic><sup>&#174;</sup>, com par&#226;metros ventilat&#243;rios ajustados previamente, seguindo as diretrizes da institui&#231;&#227;o: Modalidade assisto-controlada a volume: Volume corrente: 500; Frequ&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria: 12; Tempo inspirat&#243;rio: 1:2; Fio2 50%, PEEP de 5, sem incurs&#245;es respirat&#243;rias espont&#226;neas ou sinais de desconforto respirat&#243;rio, com dados completos em seu prontu&#225;rio cl&#237;nico, pacientes est&#225;veis hemodinamicamente (press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia entre 70 e 110 mmHg; frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &lt; 90 bpm, &#237;ndice card&#237;aco &gt; 1,8 l/min/m&#178;; press&#245;es de enchimento normais, afebril, com diurese presente), submetidos &#224; extuba&#231;&#227;o no per&#237;odo de at&#233; 8 horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o. Foram exclu&#237;dos da amostra pacientes que n&#227;o assinaram o TCLE, n&#227;o foram acoplados ao ventilador mec&#226;nico utilizado na pesquisa, foram submetidos a reintuba&#231;&#227;o devido &#224; reabordagem cir&#250;rgica, apresentavam instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, foram extubados no centro cir&#250;rgico e aqueles que sofreram cirurgias pulmonares e pleurais previas como: lobectomia total, pneumectomia, pleuroscopia ou toracoscopia.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Esquema da sele&#231;&#227;o da amostra. TCLE: Termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Fonte: Autor</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230350-30350-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta e monitoramento dos dados</title>
        <p>A coleta e organiza&#231;&#227;o dos dados foram efetuadas por meio de uma ficha elaborada pelos pesquisadores, avaliada e aprovada pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa do Hospital. As vari&#225;veis coletadas no prontu&#225;rio m&#233;dico envolvem dados demogr&#225;ficos como: N&#250;mero de matr&#237;cula, idade, g&#234;nero, peso, altura &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC), tabagismo, <italic>Acute Physiology and Chronic Health disease Classification System II (APACHE II), European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation(EUROSCORE)</italic> e o <italic>Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA)</italic> de admiss&#227;o, dados referentes &#224; cirurgia como: tipo de cirurgia realizada, tempo de CEC, necessidade de hemoderivados, PaO2, SpO2 e rela&#231;&#227;o PaO2/Fio2. Em refer&#234;ncia &#224; extuba&#231;&#227;o, foi coletado o tempo de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica ap&#243;s a cirurgia e em caso de reintuba&#231;&#227;o dados referentes &#224; data, hor&#225;rio, quanto tempo ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o ocorreu a reintuba&#231;&#227;o, causa da reintuba&#231;&#227;o, tempo de perman&#234;ncia do paciente na ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e informa&#231;&#227;o do desfecho referente &#224; alta, ou &#243;bito. O valor da complac&#234;ncia pulmonar est&#225;tica foi coletado diretamente no ventilador acoplado ao paciente no momento de sua admiss&#227;o na UTI com ele j&#225; monitorado e est&#225;vel hemodinamicamente, em dec&#250;bito dorsal e cabeceira elevada a 30&#186;. O ventilador mec&#226;nico <italic>Hamilton Raphae Silverl</italic><sup>&#174;</sup> realizou a medi&#231;&#227;o da complac&#234;ncia est&#225;tica ventilat&#243;ria em toda incurs&#227;o respirat&#243;ria em todos os modos mandat&#243;rios, sem a necessidade de interrup&#231;&#227;o na ventila&#231;&#227;o, fluxo inspirat&#243;rio especial ou padr&#245;es e manobras de oclus&#227;o, isso devido a seu software que utiliza o m&#233;todo estat&#237;stico chamado <italic>least squares fitting</italic> (LSF) para a medi&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Previamente &#224; extuba&#231;&#227;o foi avaliado o &#237;ndice de oxigena&#231;&#227;o pulmonar por meio da gasometria arterial. No per&#237;odo de 48 horas ap&#243;s a extuba&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes foram observados respeito as suas condi&#231;&#245;es ventilat&#243;rias e necessidade de reintuba&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria.</p>
        <p>Coletadas as vari&#225;veis necess&#225;rias para an&#225;lise, descrevemos a casu&#237;stica comparando as vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas, cir&#250;rgicas e pulmonares em dois grupos: pacientes que falharam <italic>versus</italic> os que obtiveram sucesso na extuba&#231;&#227;o. Avaliamos um ponto de corte para a complac&#234;ncia pulmonar est&#225;tica que melhor discriminasse os pacientes que falharam ou n&#227;o na extuba&#231;&#227;o, e por fim comparamos as vari&#225;veis entre os pacientes de acordo com o ponto de corte obtido para a complac&#234;ncia pulmonar.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Para descrever o perfil da amostra segundo as vari&#225;veis em estudo, foram feitas tabelas de frequ&#234;ncia das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, com valores de frequ&#234;ncia absoluta (n) e percentual (%), e estat&#237;sticas descritivas das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, em mediana e intervalo interquartil. Para compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas entre os 2 grupos (com e sem falha) foi utilizado o teste Qui-Quadrado de Pearson, ou o Teste exato de Fisher, na presen&#231;a de valores esperados menores que 5%. Para compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas entre os 2 grupos foi utilizado o Teste de Mann-Whitney, devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal da maioria das vari&#225;veis. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi usado para verificar a normalidade dos dados. Para avaliar um ponto de corte para a complac&#234;ncia pulmonar que melhor discriminasse entre os pacientes com e sem falha de extuba&#231;&#227;o foi usada a an&#225;lise da curva ROC. Para estudar os fatores relacionados com a falha de extuba&#231;&#227;o foi usada a An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox, univariada e m&#250;ltipla, com crit&#233;rio <italic>Stepwise</italic> de sele&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado para os testes estat&#237;sticos foi de 5%, ou seja, p&lt;0.05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Vis&#227;o geral da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos na amostra 102 indiv&#237;duos. Suas caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas cl&#237;nicas e cir&#250;rgicas s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. A popula&#231;&#227;o &#233; formada por maioria do sexo masculino com m&#233;dia de idade de 59 anos, n&#227;o tabagistas e apresentando sobrepeso. Os procedimentos mais realizados foram a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, seguido das trocas valvares. A necessidade de hemoderivados (plasma fresco congelado e concentrado de hem&#225;cias) ocorreu na maioria dos casos. A probabilidade de &#243;bito do paciente na sua primeira hora na UTI verificado pelo score SAPS foi mediana, assim como o &#237;ndice de gravidade desse paciente nas primeiras 24 horas de interna&#231;&#227;o verificado pelo score APACHE III que indicou uma probabilidade de &#243;bito de 15%. No Score SOFA realizado no momento da admiss&#227;o do paciente na UTI, todos apresentaram algum grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o org&#226;nica. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis ventilat&#243;rias, o &#237;ndice de oxigena&#231;&#227;o pulmonar verificado por meio do c&#225;lculo da Pao2/Fio2 foi considerado moderado de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o das Recomenda&#231;&#245;es Brasileiras de Ventila&#231;&#227;o Mec&#226;nica de 2013.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A m&#233;dia da complac&#234;ncia pulmonar est&#225;tica verificada na admiss&#227;o do paciente na UTI foi de 42,55 cmH2O.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas, cir&#250;rgicas e ventilat&#243;rias da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo (n=102)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th valign="middle" align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Resultado</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Sexo masculino % (n)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">56,86 (58)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Sexo feminino % (n)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">43,14 (44)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">61,50 (52,00-69,00)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">M&#233;dia do Indice de massa corp&#243;rea (Kg/m&#178;)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">25,30 (22,60-28,40)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Tabagistas % (n)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">47,06 (48)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">N&#227;o Tabagistas % (n)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">52,94 (54)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Dados cir&#250;rgicos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio % (n)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">48,04 (49)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Troca de v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica % (n)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">16,67 (17)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Troca de v&#225;lvula mitral % (n)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">13,73 (14)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Transplante card&#237;aco % (n)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">6,86 (7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica % (n)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">8,82 (9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Fechamento de comunica&#231;&#227;o intra valvar</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2,94 (3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Outras cirurgias % (n)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3,00 (3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (min)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">88,50 (104,00-75,00)*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Necessidade de hemoderivados % (n)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">52,94% (54)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Scores</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">APACHE</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">13,00 (16,00-10,00)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">SAPS*</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">38,00 (32,00-43,00)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">SOFA* de admiss&#227;o</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">5,00 (4,00-7,00)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Dados Ventilat&#243;rios</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Rela&#231;&#227;o ventila&#231;&#227;o perfus&#227;o ( Pao2/ Fio2)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">169,00 (145,00-243,00)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Complac&#234;ncia pulmonar est&#225;tica ( cmH2O)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">40,00 (35,00-49,00)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>APACHE II: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health disease Classification System; SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure System; SAPS: Simplified Acute Physiology Score. Teste estat&#237;stico Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi usado para verificar a normalidade dos dados; valor de refer&#234;ncia p&lt;0.05. Descri&#231;&#227;o: mediana e intervalo interquartil.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Observamos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 2</xref> a propor&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos de sucesso e de falha na extuba&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Gr&#225;fico referente ao desfecho nas extuba&#231;&#245;es, entre os dois grupos: sucesso e falha na extuba&#231;&#227;o no per&#237;odo de 48 horas.</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Fonte: Autor</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230350-30350-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise comparativa entre os grupos: Falha na extuba&#231;&#227;o versus Sucesso na extuba&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> fornece a compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas, e cir&#250;rgicas entre os dois grupos estudados. Pelos resultados, se verificou diferen&#231;a significativa entre os com e sem falha de extuba&#231;&#227;o no sexo feminino, que apresentou mais falha do que o masculino. Os pacientes reintubados apresentaram de m&#233;dia a alta probabilidade de &#243;bito na aplica&#231;&#227;o dos escores APACHE e SAPS e com elevada disfun&#231;&#227;o org&#226;nica predita pelo escore SOFA.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o categ&#243;rica e num&#233;rica das caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cir&#250;rgicas e cl&#237;nicas entre sucesso versus falha na extuba&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="24%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Falha da extuba&#231;&#227;o (n=25)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Sucesso da extuba&#231;&#227;o (n=77)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2">Valor-p*</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th valign="middle" align="center">% (n)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">% (n)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Sexo Masculino</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">32,00 (8)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">35,06 (27)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Sexo Feminino</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">68,00 (17)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">64,94 (50)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Teste Qui-quadrado: X2=8,35; GL=1; p=0,004</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Tabagistas</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">60,00 (15)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">42,86 (33)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">N&#227;o tabagistas</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">40,00 (10)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">57,14 (44)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Teste Qui-quadrado: X2=2,23; GL=1; p=0,136</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Necessidade de hemoderivados</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">64,00 (16)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">49,35 (38)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Teste Qui-quadrado: X2=2,23; GL=1; p=0,136</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Cirurgia realizada</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">36,00<bold> (</bold>9)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">51,95<bold> (</bold>40)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Troca v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">20,00 (5)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">15,58 (12)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Troca v&#225;lvula mitral</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">12,00 (3)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">14,29 (11)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Transplante card&#237;aco</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">8,00 (2)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">6,49 (5)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Pr&#243;tese de aorta</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">16,00 (4)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">6,49 (5)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Teste exato de Fisher: p=0,463</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">62,00 (53,00-69,00)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">61,00 ( (52,00-68,00)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,864</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Indice de massa corp&#243;rea (Kg/m&#178;)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">25,50 (23,80-26,40)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">25,00 (22,40-28,70)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,741</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">APACHE II</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">15,00 (12,00-18,00)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">12,00 (9,00-14,00)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">SAPS III</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">41,00 (38,00-47,00)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">37,00 (31,00-42,00)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,027</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">SOFA admiss&#227;o</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">6,00 (5,00-8,00)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">5,00 (3,00-6,00)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Tempo de CEC (min)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">91,00 (70,00-104,0)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">88,00 (78,00-103,0)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,861</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Valor-p referente ao teste de Mann-Whitney para compara&#231;&#227;o dos valores entre os 2 grupos. APACHE II: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health disease Classification System; SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure System; SAPS: Simplified Acute Physiology Score.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> e a Figura Central apresentam a compara&#231;&#227;o dos dois grupos quanto ao valor da complac&#234;ncia pulmonar est&#225;tica, sendo este significantemente reduzido nos pacientes que falharam na extuba&#231;&#227;o. Quanto &#224; capacidade pulmonar de oxigena&#231;&#227;o, os dois grupos apresentam valores que indicam oxigena&#231;&#227;o moderada.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vari&#225;veis pulmonares entre falha e sucesso de extuba&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th valign="middle" align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Falha na extuba&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Sucesso na extuba&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Valor-p<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Complac&#234;ncia pulmonar est&#225;tica</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">35,00 (30,00-40,00)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">43,00 ( 38,00-43,00)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Rela&#231;&#227;o Pao2/Fio2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">156,0 (245,0-196,0)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">183,0 (148,0-247,0)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,161</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Valor-p referente ao teste de Mann-Whitney para compara&#231;&#227;o dos valores entre os 2 grupos. Rela&#231;&#227;o PaO2/ Fio2: Press&#227;o parcial de oxig&#234;nio pela fra&#231;&#227;o inspirada de oxig&#234;nio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise da curva ROC para a complac&#234;ncia pulmonar est&#225;tica <italic>versus</italic> falha na extuba&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> fornece o resultado da an&#225;lise da curva ROC (<italic>Receiver Operating Characteristic curve</italic>) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 3</xref>) para avaliar um ponto de corte para a complac&#234;ncia pulmonar como preditor de falha de extuba&#231;&#227;o. Pelos resultados, verificou-se que a complac&#234;ncia pulmonar obteve &#225;rea sob a curva significativa, sendo o ponto de corte o valor da complac&#234;ncia &lt;41,0 cmH2O associado com maior probabilidade de falha de extuba&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Resultado da an&#225;lise da curva ROC para complac&#234;ncia pulmonar versus falha de extuba&#231;&#227;o</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Complac&#234;ncia pulmonar est&#225;tica &lt;41ml/cmH2O</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th valign="middle" align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Falha na extuba&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Sucesso na extuba&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Total</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">% (n)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">22,55% (23)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">33,33% (34)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">55,88% (57)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Ponto de corte (Linha)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">40,35</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">59,65</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Probabilidade de falha (Coluna)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">92,00</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">44,16</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="4">
                  <bold>Complac&#234;ncia pulmonar est&#225;tica &#8805;41ml/cmH2O</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">% (n)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,96% (2)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">42,16% (43)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">44,12 (45)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Ponto de corte (Linha)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">4,44</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">95,56</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Probabilidade de falha (Coluna)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">8,00</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">55,84</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>Sensibilidade (IC95%): 92,00% (72,50; 98,60) Especificidade (IC95%): 55,84% (44,10; 67,00) Valor preditivo positivo (IC95%): 40,35% (27,84; 54,16) Valor preditivo negativo (IC95%): 95,56% (83,64; 99,23) Acur&#225;cia (IC95%): 64,71% (54,55; 73,74) .Teste Qui-Quadrado: X2=17,52; GL=1; p&lt;0,001.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>ROC= Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#193;rea sob a curva: AUC=0,799 (EP: 0,047); p&lt;0,001. IC95%: (0,706; 0,892) Ponto de Corte: Complac&#234;ncia &lt; 41,0cmH2O. Fonte: Pr&#243;prio autor</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230350-30350-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de Regress&#227;o de Cox para a falha na extuba&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>As <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabelas 5</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">6</xref>, a seguir, apresentam os resultados das an&#225;lises de Regress&#227;o de Cox para estudar os fatores relacionados com a falha de extuba&#231;&#227;o. Inicialmente, foi realizada a an&#225;lise univariada, e depois a an&#225;lise m&#250;ltipla com crit&#233;rio <italic>Stepwise</italic> de sele&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Resultados da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox univariada para falha de extuba&#231;&#227;o (n=102)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th valign="middle" align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Categorias</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Valor-p</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">H.R.<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref></th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">IC 95% H.R.<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Idade</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,731</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,006</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,974 &#8211; 1,039</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2">G&#234;nero</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Masculino (ref.)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">---</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.00</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">---</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Feminino</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,016</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2,80</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,21 &#8211; 6,49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">IMC</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,950</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,002</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,936 &#8211; 1,073</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Rela&#231;&#227;o PaO2/FiO2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,235</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,996</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,990 &#8211; 1,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Tempo CEC</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,916</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,999</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,981 &#8211; 1,017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Complac&#234;ncia pulmonar</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">Vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,953</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,929 &#8211; 0,977</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2">Complac&#234;ncia pulmonar (ponto de corte curva ROC)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8805;41 (ref.)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">---</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,00</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">---</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;41</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,003</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">9,08</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2,14 &#8211; 38,50</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>HR (Hazard Ratio): Raz&#227;o de risco para falha; (n=77 sem falha e n=25 com falha). IC95% HR: Intervalo de 95% de confian&#231;a para a raz&#227;o de risco. Ref.: n&#237;vel de refer&#234;ncia. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea; Rela&#231;&#227;o PaO2/ Fio2: press&#227;o parcial de oxig&#234;nio pela fra&#231;&#227;o inspirada de oxig&#234;ni; CEC: circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea; ROC: Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Resultados da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox m&#250;ltipla para falha de extuba&#231;&#227;o (n=102)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Categorias</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Valor-p</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">H.R.<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref></th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">IC 95% H.R.<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2">1. Complac&#234;ncia pulmonar(ponto de corte curva ROC)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8805;41 (ref.)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">---</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,00</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">---</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;41</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,003</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">9,08</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2,14 &#8211; 38,50</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>HR (Hazard Ratio): Raz&#227;o de risco para falha; (n=77 sem falha e n=25 com falha). IC 95% HR: Intervalo de 95% de confian&#231;a para a raz&#227;o de risco. Crit&#233;rio Stepwise de sele&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis. Ref.: n&#237;vel de refer&#234;ncia.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Pelos resultados da an&#225;lise m&#250;ltipla, verificou-se a influ&#234;ncia do seguinte fator na falha de extuba&#231;&#227;o: a complac&#234;ncia pulmonar (dividida pelo ponto de corte da curva ROC) apresenta risco de falha 9,1 vezes maior para os pacientes com complac&#234;ncia &lt; 41 cmH2O.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A falha na extuba&#231;&#227;o est&#225; entre as complica&#231;&#245;es frequentes na unidade de terapia intensiva. Segundo o estudo de Ruan et al., 10% das extuba&#231;&#245;es falham e h&#225; a necessidade de retorno &#224; ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica nas primeiras 48 horas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A falha na extuba&#231;&#227;o eleva substancialmente a probabilidade de &#243;bito, al&#233;m de prorrogar o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o na UTI. Scott et al. em seu estudo, concluem que pacientes que falham na extuba&#231;&#227;o t&#234;m sete vezes mais chance de evoluir a &#243;bito e s&#227;o 31 vezes mais propensos a ter uma interna&#231;&#227;o prolongada quando comparados a pacientes que tiveram sucesso na extuba&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, 77 pacientes (75,49%) tiveram sucesso na extuba&#231;&#227;o, enquanto falharam 25 (24,51%), estes &#237;ndices de sucesso e falha se assemelham a outros estudos como o de Danaga et al. que avaliaram o &#237;ndice de falha de extuba&#231;&#227;o em uma amostra de 73 pacientes, onde 58 (80,0%) permaneceram extubados e 15 (20,0%) falharam e necessitaram retornar &#224; ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Souza e Lugon avaliaram 109 pacientes, 65 pacientes (59,6%) foram extubados com sucesso porem 36 (33%) foram a &#243;bito (8 pacientes j&#225; haviam sido extubados), a taxa de reintuba&#231;&#227;o nesse estudo foi de 10,7%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Ainda que tenhamos mais sucesso do que falhas nas extuba&#231;&#245;es, as consequ&#234;ncias da reintuba&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o graves visto o alto &#237;ndice de morbimortalidade.</p>
      <p>A amostra do estudo foi composta predominantemente por homens, caracter&#237;stica que acompanha a tendencia de outros estudos como o de Dordetto et al. que avaliaram as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas de 100 pacientes submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca, deles 56,0% eram homens e 44,0% mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Isso pode ser justificado pelo fato das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares serem mais letais em mulheres. Segundo a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS) (2018) as cardiopatias correspondem a um ter&#231;o das causas de morte em mulheres no mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Isto &#233; devido ao fato de que os sintomas indicativos de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o mais gen&#233;ricos nas mulheres dificultando o diagn&#243;stico para iniciar o tratamento e impedindo que elas cheguem &#224; cirurgia cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Apesar da maioria masculina no procedimento, o estudo apontou que as mulheres falharam mais na extuba&#231;&#227;o do que os homens, esse fato pode ser justificado pelo estudo de Pereira et al. que apontaram um padr&#227;o respirat&#243;rio na mulher predominantemente tor&#225;cico, isso &#233; por ter as costelas superiores mais m&#243;veis permitindo assim uma maior expans&#227;o apesar de ter a capacidade tor&#225;cica menor devido ao esterno mais curto e a abertura tor&#225;cica superior mais obl&#237;qua.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Sendo assim, devido a toracotomia com ou sem a incis&#227;o pleural, a intensidade da manipula&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica e a quantidade de drenos pleurais, as mulheres tem sua expansibilidade tor&#225;cica mais comprometida, Ambrozin et al. que pesquisaram os aspectos da fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar em pacientes p&#243;s-cirurgia card&#237;aca, constataram a complac&#234;ncia pulmonar est&#225;tica reduzida, na maioria em mulheres,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> resultando em uma pior troca gasosa, o que as deixa mais suscept&#237;veis &#224; insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria aguda e a falhar na extuba&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes de 58,7 anos n&#227;o impactou no resultado da extuba&#231;&#227;o. Este fato pode ser justificado pelo estudo de Rocha et al. que conclu&#237;ram que pacientes com idade acima dos 70 anos s&#227;o mais propensos a desenvolver complica&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca devido &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas que ocorrem no processo de envelhecimento, &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es no tecido conjuntivo que aumentam a rigidez da caixa tor&#225;cica e reduzem o componente el&#225;stico dos pulm&#245;es, influenciando a mec&#226;nica respirat&#243;ria al&#233;m da diminui&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a muscular respirat&#243;ria, somado a isso, o comprometimento tor&#225;cico causado pelo procedimento leva essa popula&#231;&#227;o a serem mais suscept&#237;veis a complica&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O tipo de cirurgia mais realizada foi a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (48,04%), seguida de trocas valvares (30,43%). Segundo o Data SUS (2018) foram realizadas no Brasil cerca de 23 mil cirurgias card&#237;acas, compreendendo plastias e trocas valvares e a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> N&#227;o encontramos influ&#234;ncia do tipo de cirurgia na posterior falha de extuba&#231;&#227;o. No estudo de Assis et. al. que avaliaram a influ&#234;ncia do tipo de cirurgia nas complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias de 57 pacientes, ocorreram apenas duas falhas na extuba&#231;&#227;o, sendo uma em um paciente submetido a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, e a outra em uma revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio associada a troca valvar,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> o que demonstra que o tipo de cirurgia n&#227;o &#233; um fator predominante para a falha na extuba&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>A obesidade torna mais comum a presen&#231;a de atelectasias nas regi&#245;es basais do pulm&#227;o reduzindo sua complac&#234;ncia e a presen&#231;a de tecido adiposo na regi&#227;o tor&#225;cica aumenta a resist&#234;ncia a&#233;rea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Essa condi&#231;&#227;o repercute de maneira negativa no resultado da extuba&#231;&#227;o, Parlow et al. observaram que os pacientes que preencheram os crit&#233;rios para obesidade (&#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) acima de 30 falharam 42,4% mais na extuba&#231;&#227;o do que os pacientes com sobrepeso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Isso justifica o resultado encontrado em nosso estudo onde a m&#233;dia dos pacientes apresentaram sobrepeso (IMC de 25,91) o que n&#227;o impactou de maneira significativa no resultado da extuba&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Apesar de n&#227;o apresentar signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, o tabagismo est&#225; relacionado a um maior n&#250;mero de reintuba&#231;&#245;es neste estudo. Ngaage D et al. justificaram esse resultado alegando que tabagistas desenvolvem complica&#231;&#245;es pulmonares at&#233; duas vezes mais do que os n&#227;o tabagistas ou ex-tabagistas, como consequ&#234;ncia, esses pacientes podem permanecer at&#233; seis horas a mais em ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Possivelmente a extuba&#231;&#227;o precoce dessa popula&#231;&#227;o levou a falha na extuba&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Entre os escores comumente usados nas unidades de terapia intensiva para predizer a gravidade do doente e o risco de &#243;bito temos: APACHE II, SAPS e o SOFA de admiss&#227;o. Observamos que os piores desfechos preditos pelos escores est&#227;o ligados aos pacientes que falharam na extuba&#231;&#227;o, esse resultado corrobora o de Shoji et al. que avaliaram o &#237;ndice de reintuba&#231;&#227;o em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca, e constataram que 7,3% dos 119 pacientes avaliados em seu estudo foram reintubados na sua perman&#234;ncia na UTI, desses, 40,3% evolu&#237;ram a &#243;bito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o PaO2/FiO2 &#233; utilizada para determinar a capacidade de oxigena&#231;&#227;o pulmonar do paciente a ser extubado e &#233; um crit&#233;rio que essa rela&#231;&#227;o esteja &gt;200.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Existe um comprometimento da oxigena&#231;&#227;o em 20 a 90% dos pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca com CEC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo a rela&#231;&#227;o PaO2/Fio2 n&#227;o influenciou de maneira significativa o desfecho da extuba&#231;&#227;o, por&#233;m apresentou-se menor em pacientes que falharam na extuba&#231;&#227;o (178,4 &#177; 64,14) quando comparados &#224;queles que tiveram sucesso (203,0 &#177; 83,00).</p>
      <p>A complac&#234;ncia pulmonar est&#225;tica &#233; um fator importante para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da mec&#226;nica pulmonar, a sua redu&#231;&#227;o aumenta o trabalho respirat&#243;rio e pode evoluir para uma insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria. O comprometimento da complac&#234;ncia pulmonar na cirurgia card&#237;aca &#233; um fato consensual entre os estudos relacionados ao assunto e &#233; atribu&#237;do a fatores inflamat&#243;rios e mec&#226;nicos no pr&#233;, intra e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Segundo o III Consenso de Ventila&#231;&#227;o Mec&#226;nica os valores de complac&#234;ncia considerados normais s&#227;o de 60 a 100 ml/cmH2O.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Observamos neste estudo que entre os fatores que influenciaram a falha na extuba&#231;&#227;o est&#225; a complac&#234;ncia pulmonar est&#225;tica criticamente reduzida no momento da admiss&#227;o. Foi poss&#237;vel identificar como ponto de corte o valor de complac&#234;ncia &lt; 41 ml/cmH2O, como o valor associado com 9,1 vezes maior probabilidade de falha na extuba&#231;&#227;o entre os pacientes. Isso pode ser explicado pelo estudo de Cordeiro et al. que avaliaram o impacto da complac&#234;ncia pulmonar na troca gasosa dos pacientes ap&#243;s a cirurgia card&#237;aca e conclu&#237;ram que quanto menor a complac&#234;ncia pulmonar est&#225;tica do paciente pior &#233; a troca gasosa, gerando a insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria aguda, e aumentando a probabilidade de uma reintuba&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Na tentativa de antever o sucesso ou falha na extuba&#231;&#227;o, in&#250;meras vari&#225;veis a serem avaliadas previamente foram propostas ao longo dos anos, por&#233;m a disparidade entre os estudos dificulta uma avalia&#231;&#227;o eficiente para encontrar par&#226;metros de avalia&#231;&#227;o confi&#225;veis para prever o sucesso da extuba&#231;&#227;o. Baptistella et al. realizaram uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica que incluiu 43 artigos, desses apenas dois artigos abordaram a complac&#234;ncia pulmonar como um par&#226;metro a ser utilizado na decis&#227;o de extuba&#231;&#227;o e nenhum dos estudos teve na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada pacientes ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Como &#233; comprovado neste estudo, o comprometimento da complac&#234;ncia pulmonar est&#225;tica &#233; um fator presente entre os pacientes que falham na extuba&#231;&#227;o, sendo de grande import&#226;ncia inclui-lo na avalia&#231;&#227;o do paciente p&#243;s-operado de cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Este estudo teve algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. O fato de o estudo ter sido realizado em um &#250;nico hospital, com cirurgias realizadas por uma mesma equipe m&#233;dica e cuidados p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios padronizados, pode n&#227;o refletir a realidade de outros hospitais, com protocolos e condutas distintas. Nem todos os pacientes operados puderam participar da pesquisa ainda que falhassem na extuba&#231;&#227;o posteriormente, devido ao fato de serem extubados no centro cir&#250;rgico e n&#227;o ser poss&#237;vel a coleta do valor de complac&#234;ncia no ventilador mec&#226;nico, isso limitou o tamanho da amostra.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes inclu&#237;dos na nossa amostra n&#227;o usavam o Cateter Swan-Ganz, o que impossibilitou a avalia&#231;&#227;o precisa do perfil hemodin&#226;mico e a identifica&#231;&#227;o do choque cardiog&#234;nico por exemplo, como fator indicativo de reintuba&#231;&#227;o, contudo, o que temos &#233; que nenhum paciente apresentou sinais cl&#237;nicos de instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica pr&#233;-extuba&#231;&#227;o nos casos estudados.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Conclu&#237;mos que a complac&#234;ncia pulmonar est&#225;tica quando reduzida &#233; um fator de risco para a falha de extuba&#231;&#227;o em pacientes p&#243;s-operados de cirurgia card&#237;aca, sendo o ponto de corte associado a maior falha, a complac&#234;ncia &lt;41ml/cmH2O, sendo assim, demostramos que essa &#233; uma importante vari&#225;vel a ser avaliada previamente &#224; extuba&#231;&#227;o a fim de evitar uma poss&#237;vel reintuba&#231;&#227;o e todos os riscos dela decorrentes.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela CAPES.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Thais Bento Rudge Ramos pela Universidade Estadual de Campinas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da UNICAMP sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 1.867.312. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ely</surname>
              <given-names>EW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meade</surname>
              <given-names>MO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haponik</surname>
              <given-names>EF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kollef</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cook</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guyatt</surname>
              <given-names>GH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mechanical Ventilator Weaning Protocols Driven by Nonphysician Health-Care Professionals: Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines</article-title>
          <source>Chest</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>120</volume>
          <issue>6 Suppl</issue>
          <fpage>454S</fpage>
          <lpage>463S</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1378/chest.120.6_suppl.454s</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 Ely EW, Meade MO, Haponik EF, Kollef MH, Cook DJ, Guyatt GH, et al. Mechanical Ventilator Weaning Protocols Driven by Nonphysician Health-Care Professionals: Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2001;120(6 Suppl):454S-63S. doi: 10.1378/chest.120.6_suppl.454s.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sanson</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sartori</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dreas</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ciraolo</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fabiani</surname>
              <given-names>A.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Predictors of Extubation Failure After Open-Chest Cardiac Surgery Based on Routinely Collected Data. The Importance of a Shared Interprofessional Clinical Assessment</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>751</fpage>
          <lpage>759</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/1474515118782103</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2 Sanson G, Sartori M, Dreas L, Ciraolo R, Fabiani A. Predictors of Extubation Failure After Open-Chest Cardiac Surgery Based on Routinely Collected Data. The Importance of a Shared Interprofessional Clinical Assessment. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2018;17(8):751-9. doi: 10.1177/1474515118782103.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lugon</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Rapid Shallow Breathing Index as a Predictor of Successful Mechanical Ventilation Weaning: Clinical Utility When Calculated from Ventilator Data</article-title>
          <source>J Bras Pneumol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>530</fpage>
          <lpage>535</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S1806-37132015000000077</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3 Souza LC, Lugon JR. The Rapid Shallow Breathing Index as a Predictor of Successful Mechanical Ventilation Weaning: Clinical Utility When Calculated from Ventilator Data. J Bras Pneumol. 2015;41(6):530-5. doi: 10.1590/S1806-37132015000000077.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Assis</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fortino</surname>
              <given-names>CK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza Saraiva</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frohlich</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>da Silva</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Omizzollo</surname>
              <given-names>S.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Perfil Cl&#237;nico e Sucesso na Extuba&#231;&#227;o de Pacientes P&#243;s Cirurgia Card&#237;aca</article-title>
          <source>Rev Pesq Fisio</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>25</fpage>
          <lpage>32</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17267/2238-2704rpf.v10i1.2619</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4 Assis CR, Fortino CK, Souza Saraiva CA, Frohlich LF, da Silva RE, Omizzollo S. Perfil Cl&#237;nico e Sucesso na Extuba&#231;&#227;o de Pacientes P&#243;s Cirurgia Card&#237;aca. Rev Pesq Fisio. 2020;10(1):25-32. doi: 10.17267/2238-2704rpf.v10i1.2619.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nogueira</surname>
              <given-names>TM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Monteiro</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fast Track in Heart Surgery: When and How to Perform</article-title>
          <source>Rev Med Minas Gerais</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>(4 Suppl 1)</issue>
          <fpage>S31</fpage>
          <lpage>S36</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5 Nogueira TM, Monteiro DS. Fast Track in Heart Surgery: When and How to Perform. Rev Med Minas Gerais. 2010; 20(4 Suppl 1): S31-S36.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nguyen</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nacpil</surname>
              <given-names>N.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effectiveness of Dexmedetomidine Versus Propofol on Extubation Times, Length of Stay and Mortality Rates in Adult Cardiac Surgery Patients: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1220</fpage>
          <lpage>1239</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.11124/JBISRIR-2017-003488</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6 Nguyen J, Nacpil N. Effectiveness of Dexmedetomidine Versus Propofol on Extubation Times, Length of Stay and Mortality Rates in Adult Cardiac Surgery Patients: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep. 2018;16(5):1220-39. doi: 10.11124/JBISRIR-2017-003488.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barbas</surname>
              <given-names>CSV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>&#205;sola</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farias</surname>
              <given-names>AMC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cavalcanti</surname>
              <given-names>AB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gama</surname>
              <given-names>AMC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duarte</surname>
              <given-names>ACM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es brasileiras de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica 2013</article-title>
          <source>Parte Rev I. Bras Ter Intensiva</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>89</fpage>
          <lpage>121</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/0103-507X.20140017</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7 Barbas CSV, &#205;sola AM, Farias AMC, Cavalcanti AB, Gama AMC, Duarte ACM, et al. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es brasileiras de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica 2013. Parte Rev I. Bras Ter Intensiva. 2014;26(2):89-121. doi: 10.5935/0103-507X.20140017.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ritchrmoc</surname>
              <given-names>MK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leite</surname>
              <given-names>WS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>DARG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campos</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Impact of Fast-Track Management on Adult Cardiac Surgery: Clinical and Hospital Outcomes</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Ter Intensiva</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>361</fpage>
          <lpage>367</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/0103-507X.20190059</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8 Lima CA, Ritchrmoc MK, Leite WS, Silva DARG, Lima WA, Campos SL, et al. Impact of Fast-Track Management on Adult Cardiac Surgery: Clinical and Hospital Outcomes. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2019;31(3):361-7. doi: 10.5935/0103-507X.20190059.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>WP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>PCAB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Diniz</surname>
              <given-names>FL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vieira</surname>
              <given-names>BCB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>LLC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Novo Protocolo de Extuba&#231;&#227;o em Paciente Submetido a Cirurgia Cardiaca</article-title>
          <source>SciGen</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>1</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>49</fpage>
          <lpage>55</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9 Santos WP, Santos PCAB, Diniz FL, Vieira BCB, Oliveira LLC, Ferreira LA. Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Novo Protocolo de Extuba&#231;&#227;o em Paciente Submetido a Cirurgia Cardiaca. SciGen. 2020;1(1):49-5.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Salom&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>JM Neto</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Ventilador para Terapia Intensiva RAPHAEL: Manual do Operador</source>
          <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>FLEXIMED</publisher-name>
          <year>2010</year>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10 Salom&#227;o JM Neto. Ventilador para Terapia Intensiva RAPHAEL: Manual do Operador. S&#227;o Paulo: FLEXIMED; 2010.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ruan</surname>
              <given-names>SY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Teng</surname>
              <given-names>NC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>HD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tsai</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>CY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Durability of Weaning Success for Liberation from Invasive Mechanical Ventilation: an Analysis of a Nationwide Database</article-title>
          <source>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>196</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>792</fpage>
          <lpage>795</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1164/rccm.201610-2153LE</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>11 Ruan SY, Teng NC, Wu HD, Tsai SL, Wang CY, Wu CP, et al. Durability of Weaning Success for Liberation from Invasive Mechanical Ventilation: an Analysis of a Nationwide Database. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;196(6):792-5. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201610-2153LE.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Epstein</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ciubotaru</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wong</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of Failed Extubation on the Outcome of Mechanical Ventilation</article-title>
          <source>Chest</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>112</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>186</fpage>
          <lpage>192</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1378/chest.112.1.186</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>12 Epstein SK, Ciubotaru RL, Wong JB. Effect of Failed Extubation on the Outcome of Mechanical Ventilation. Chest. 1997;112(1):186-92. doi: 10.1378/chest.112.1.186.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Danaga</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gut</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Antunes</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yamaguti</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Christovan</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evaluation of the Diagnostic Performance and Cut-Off Value for the Rapid Shallow Breathing Index in Predicting Extubation Failure</article-title>
          <source>J Bras Pneumol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>541</fpage>
          <lpage>547</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/s1806-37132009000600007</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>13 Danaga AR, Gut AL, Antunes LC, Ferreira AL, Yamaguti FA, Christovan JC, et al. Evaluation of the Diagnostic Performance and Cut-Off Value for the Rapid Shallow Breathing Index in Predicting Extubation Failure. J Bras Pneumol. 2009;35(6):541-7. doi: 10.1590/s1806-37132009000600007.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lugon</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>&#205;ndice de Respira&#231;&#227;o R&#225;pida e Superficial Como Previsor de Sucesso de Desmame da Ventila&#231;&#227;o Mec&#226;nica: Utilidade Cl&#237;nica Quando Mensurado a Partir de Dados do Ventilador</article-title>
          <source>J Bras Pneumol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>530</fpage>
          <lpage>535</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S1806-37562015000000077</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>14 Souza LC, Lugon JR. &#205;ndice de Respira&#231;&#227;o R&#225;pida e Superficial Como Previsor de Sucesso de Desmame da Ventila&#231;&#227;o Mec&#226;nica: Utilidade Cl&#237;nica Quando Mensurado a Partir de Dados do Ventilador. J Bras Pneumol. 2015;41(6):530-35. doi: 10.1590/S1806-37562015000000077.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dordetto</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pinto</surname>
              <given-names>GC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosa</surname>
              <given-names>TCSC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pacientes Submetidos &#224; Cirurgia Card&#237;aca: Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o Sociodemogr&#225;fica, Perfil Cl&#237;nico-Epidemiol&#243;gico e Complica&#231;&#245;es</article-title>
          <source>Rev. Fac. Ci&#234;nc. M&#233;d. Sorocaba</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>144</fpage>
          <lpage>149</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5327/Z1984-4840201625868</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>15 Dordetto PR, Pinto GC, Rosa TCSC. Pacientes Submetidos &#224; Cirurgia Card&#237;aca: Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o Sociodemogr&#225;fica, Perfil Cl&#237;nico-Epidemiol&#243;gico e Complica&#231;&#245;es. Rev. Fac. Ci&#234;nc. M&#233;d. Sorocaba. 2016;18(3):144-9. doi: 10.5327/Z1984-4840201625868.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>World Organization</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Technical package for cardiovascular disease management in primary health care: Risk-based CVD management [Internet]</source>
          <publisher-loc>Geneva</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>WHO</publisher-name>
          <year>2020</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">[cited 2023 Dec 5]</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240001367">https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240001367</ext-link></comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>16 World Health Organization. Technical package for cardiovascular disease management in primary health care: Risk-based CVD management [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 2020 [cited 2023 Dec 5]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240001367">https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240001367</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schmidt</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>ADS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schmitt</surname>
              <given-names>KR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moraes</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schmidt</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Stress in Women with Acute Myocardial Infarction: a Closer Look</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>115</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>649</fpage>
          <lpage>657</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190282</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>17 Schmidt K, Lima ADS, Schmitt KR, Moraes MA, Schmidt MM. Stress in Women with Acute Myocardial Infarction: a Closer Look. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020;115(4):649-57. doi: 10.36660/abc.20190282.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Parreira</surname>
              <given-names>VF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bueno</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fran&#231;a</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vieira</surname>
              <given-names>DSR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Britto</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Breathing Pattern snd Thoracoabdominal Motion in Healthy Individuals: Influence of Age And Sex</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Fisioter</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>411</fpage>
          <lpage>416</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>18 Parreira VF, Bueno CJ, Fran&#231;a DC, Vieira DSR, Pereira DR, Britto RR. Breathing Pattern snd Thoracoabdominal Motion in Healthy Individuals: Influence of Age And Sex. Rev Bras Fisioter. 2010;14(5):411-6.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ambrozin</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cataneo</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Aspectos da Fun&#231;&#227;o Pulmonar Ap&#243;s Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do Mioc&#225;rdio Relacionados com Risco Pr&#233;-Operat&#243;rio</article-title>
          <source>Braz J Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>408</fpage>
          <lpage>415</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S0102-76382005000400009</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>19 Ambrozin A, Cataneo AJ. Aspectos da Fun&#231;&#227;o Pulmonar Ap&#243;s Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do Mioc&#225;rdio Relacionados com Risco Pr&#233;-Operat&#243;rio. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;20(4):408-15. doi: 10.1590/S0102-76382005000400009.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rocha</surname>
              <given-names>ASC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pittella</surname>
              <given-names>FJM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lorenzo</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barzan</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colafranceschi</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brito</surname>
              <given-names>JOR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Idade Influencia os Desfechos em Pacientes com Idade Igual ou Superior a 70 Anos Submetidos &#224; Cirurgia de Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica Isolada</article-title>
          <source>Braz J Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>45</fpage>
          <lpage>51</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/1678-9741.20120008</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>20 Rocha ASC, Pittella FJM, Lorenzo AR, Barzan V, Colafranceschi AS, Brito JOR, et al. A Idade Influencia os Desfechos em Pacientes com Idade Igual ou Superior a 70 Anos Submetidos &#224; Cirurgia de Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica Isolada. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg. 2012; 27(1):45&#8211;51. doi: 10.5935/1678-9741.20120008.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lanza</surname>
              <given-names>FC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Camargo</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Archija</surname>
              <given-names>LR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Selman</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Malaguti</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dal Corso</surname>
              <given-names>S.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Chest Wall Mobility is Related to Respiratory Muscle Strength and Lung Volumes in Healthy Subjects</article-title>
          <source>Respir Care</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>58</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>2107</fpage>
          <lpage>2112</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4187/respcare.02415</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>21 Lanza FC, Camargo AA, Archija LR, Selman JP, Malaguti C, Dal Corso S. Chest Wall Mobility is Related to Respiratory Muscle Strength and Lung Volumes in Healthy Subjects. Respir Care. 2013;58(12):2107-12. doi: 10.4187/respcare.02415.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Brasil. Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Sistema de Informa&#231;&#245;es Hospitalares do SUS (SIH/SUS). N&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es e &#243;bitos por ano/m&#234;s processamento segundo regi&#227;o</source>
          <publisher-loc>Bras&#237;lia, DF</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>DATASUS</publisher-name>
          <year>2018</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">[cited 2023 Dec 5]</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br">http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br</ext-link></comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>22 Brasil. Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de. Sistema de Informa&#231;&#245;es Hospitalares do SUS (SIH/SUS). N&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es e &#243;bitos por ano/m&#234;s processamento segundo regi&#227;o. Bras&#237;lia, DF: DATASUS; 2018 [cited 2023 Dec 5]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br">http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>NP</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>Adriana Kathleen Freitas Rocha</collab>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effects of Different Peep Levels on Immediate Postoperative Period in Obese Patients Submitted to Coronary Artery Bypass Graft</article-title>
          <source>Rev Assobrafair Ci&#234;ncia</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>19</fpage>
          <lpage>28</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>23 Santos NP, Adriana Kathleen Freitas Rocha et al. Effects of Different Peep Levels on Immediate Postoperative Period in Obese Patients Submitted to Coronary Artery Bypass Graft. Rev Assobrafair Ci&#234;ncia. 2013;4(3):19-28.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Parlow</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ahn</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Milne</surname>
              <given-names>B.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Obesity is a Risk Factor for Failure of &#8220;Fast Track&#8221; Extubation Following Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery</article-title>
          <source>Can J Anaesth</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>288</fpage>
          <lpage>294</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/BF03022217</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>24 Parlow JL, Ahn R, Milne B. Obesity is a Risk Factor for Failure of &#8220;Fast Track&#8221; Extubation Following Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery. Can J Anaesth. 2006;53(3):288-94. doi: 10.1007/BF03022217.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ngaage</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martins</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Orkell</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Griffin</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cale</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cowen</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Impact of the Duration of Mechanical Ventilation on the Respiratory Outcome in Smokers Undergoing Cardiac Surgery</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>345</fpage>
          <lpage>350</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0967-2109(02)00020-0</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>25 Ngaage DL, Martins E, Orkell E, Griffin S, Cale AR, Cowen ME, et al. The Impact of the Duration of Mechanical Ventilation on the Respiratory Outcome in Smokers Undergoing Cardiac Surgery. Cardiovasc Surg. 2002;10(4):345-50. doi: 10.1016/s0967-2109(02)00020-0.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shoji</surname>
              <given-names>CY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Figuereido</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Calixtre</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
              <given-names>CDA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Falc&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>ALE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martins</surname>
              <given-names>PP</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reintubation of Patients Submitted to Cardiac Surgery: a Retrospective Analysis</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Ter Intensiva</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>180</fpage>
          <lpage>187</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/0103-507X.20170028</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>26 Shoji CY, Figuereido LC, Calixtre EM, Rodrigues CDA, Falc&#227;o ALE, Martins PP, et al. Reintubation of Patients Submitted to Cardiac Surgery: a Retrospective Analysis. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2017;29(2):180-7. doi: 10.5935/0103-507X.20170028.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Toufen</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Franca</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mechanical Ventilation: Principles, Graphic Analysis and Ventilatory Modalities</article-title>
          <source>J Bras Pneumol</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>Suppl 2</issue>
          <fpage>S54</fpage>
          <lpage>S70</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/s1806-37132007000800002</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>27 Carvalho CR, Toufen C Jr, Franca SA. Mechanical Ventilation: Principles, Graphic Analysis and Ventilatory Modalities. J Bras Pneumol. 2007;33(Suppl 2):S54-70. doi: 10.1590/s1806-37132007000800002.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cordeiro</surname>
              <given-names>ALL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>LFL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Queiroz</surname>
              <given-names>TC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santana</surname>
              <given-names>VLL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Melo</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association of Respiratory Mechanics with Oxygenation and Duration of Mechanical Ventilation After Cardiac Surgery</article-title>
          <source>Int. Cardiovasc J. Sci</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>244</fpage>
          <lpage>249</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/2359-4802.20180018</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>28 Cordeiro ALL, Oliveira LFL, Queiroz TC, Santana VLL, Melo TA, Guimar&#227;es AR, et al. Association of Respiratory Mechanics with Oxygenation and Duration of Mechanical Ventilation After Cardiac Surgery. Int. Cardiovasc J. Sci. 2018;31(3):244-49. doi: 10.5935/2359-4802.20180018.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Baptistella</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sarmento</surname>
              <given-names>FJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>KR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baptistella</surname>
              <given-names>SF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taglietti</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zuquello</surname>
              <given-names>R&#193;</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Predictive Factors of Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation and Extubation Outcome: a Systematic Review</article-title>
          <source>J Crit Care</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>48</volume>
          <fpage>56</fpage>
          <lpage>62</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcrc.2018.08.023</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>29 Baptistella AR, Sarmento FJ, Silva KR, Baptistella SF, Taglietti M, Zuquello R&#193;, et al. Predictive Factors of Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation and Extubation Outcome: a Systematic Review. J Crit Care. 2018;48:56-62. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2018.08.023.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Relationship between Static Lung Compliance and Extubation Failure in Postoperative Cardiac Surgery Patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4429-4189</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Thais Bento Rudge</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing e Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Castilho</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Claudio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Falc&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Luis Eiras</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2095-8625</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ratti</surname>
            <given-names>L&#237;gia dos Santos Roceto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Petrucci</surname>
            <given-names>Orlando</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dragosavac</surname>
            <given-names>Desanka</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Thais Bento Rudge Ramos</bold> &#8226; Universidade Estadual de Campinas &#8211; cirurgia - Zerafino Vaz, 3000. Postal Code <postal-code>13083-872</postal-code>, Campinas, SP- Brazil E-mail: <email>thaisbentto@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Static lung compliance, which is seriously affected during surgery, can lead to respiratory failure and extubation failure, which is little explored in the decision to extubate after cardiac surgery.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To evaluate static lung compliance in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery and relate its possible reduction to cases of extubation failure in patients submitted to the fast-track method of extubation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Patients undergoing cardiac surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) at a state university hospital admitted to the ICU under sedation and residual block were included. Their static lung compliance was assessed on the mechanical ventilator using software that uses least squares fitting (LSF) for measurement. Within 48 hours of extubation, the patients were observed for the need for reintubation due to respiratory failure. The level of significance adopted for the statistical tests was 5%, i.e., p&lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>77 patients (75.49%) achieved successful extubation and 25 (24.51%) failed extubation. Patients who failed extubation had lower static lung compliance compared to those who succeeded (p&lt;0.001). We identified the cut-off point for compliance through analysis of the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC), with the cut-off point being compliance &lt;41ml/cmH2O associated with a higher probability of extubation failure (p&lt;0.001). In the multiple regression analysis, the influence of lung compliance (divided by the ROC curve cut-off point) was found to be 9.1 times greater for patients with compliance &lt;41ml/cmH2O (p&lt; 0.003).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Static lung compliance &lt;41ml/cmH2O is a factor that compromises the success of extubation in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Lung Compliance</kwd>
        <kwd>Postoperative Care</kwd>
        <kwd>Thoracic Surgery</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Extubation failure is associated with higher morbidity and mortality, longer mechanical ventilation time, and delayed recovery, prolonging the patient's hospital stay. Between 4% and 20% of extubated patients fail extubation, i.e., they are reintubated in the first 42 to 72 hours after extubation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> According to studies, extubation failure in patients undergoing cardiac surgery can be predicted by several variables, such as the patient's previous medical history, laboratory data, rapid shallow breathing index (RSBI), surgical variables such as the complexity and duration of the surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> However, other potential predictors have not been adequately considered, and the protocols used to identify whether the patient is able to take up and maintain ventilation adequately are still general and not widely agreed upon.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison between static lung compliance and extubation failure in postoperative cardiac surgery patients. Cut-off point for lung compliance as a predictor of extubation failure</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230350-30350-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Since the early 1990s, post-cardiac surgery patients have been extubated as soon as their hemodynamics, level of consciousness, and spontaneous ventilatory capacity are stabilized. The method known as <italic>&#8220;fast track</italic>&#8221; aims to reduce pulmonary complications linked to mechanical ventilation, speed up recovery, and reduce ICU stay and hospital costs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> There is no consensus in the literature regarding the time for extubation; the period varies from two hours to twelve hours after the end of the surgery, while other studies advocate extubation while still in the operating room, which has become known as &#8220;<italic>ultra-fast-track</italic>&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Successful extubation is achieved by maintaining spontaneous ventilation for 48 hours after extubation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Cardiac surgery, especially with the use of CPB, compromises the pulmonary system and can cause atelectasis, lung infections, and decreased respiratory muscle strength, which consequently reduces static lung compliance and ventilatory capacity and compromises adequate gas exchange.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the literature, we found few consistent studies that guide the evaluation of pulmonary mechanics in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery and point to the repercussions of its impairment on the outcome of extubation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The objectives of this study are to evaluate the behavior of pulmonary mechanics in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery through static pulmonary compliance and to relate its possible reduction to cases of extubation failure in patients submitted to the <italic>fast-track</italic> method of extubation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical implications of the study</title>
          <p>This research was duly approved by the Research Ethics Committee (CEP) (opinion number: 1.867.312) and complied with resolution 466/12 of the National Health Council (CNS). Once they met the inclusion criteria for the study, the patients were informed about the study and signed the Informed Consent Form (ICF) before the surgery. All decisions regarding the patients&#8217; clinical treatment were made by the doctors in charge, without interference from the researchers.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients</title>
          <p>From August 2017 to August 2019, 170 patients underwent cardiac surgery at a state university hospital, 68 of whom did not meet the inclusion criteria (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 1</xref>). The study included 102 patients aged 18 years or older, of both sexes, who underwent elective cardiac surgery using CPB, referred to the ICU, under sedation and residual neuromuscular blockade, intubated and attached to the Hamilton Raphael Silver<sup>&#174;</sup> mechanical ventilator, with ventilation parameters previously adjusted, following the institution's guidelines: Volume-controlled assisted mode: Tidal volume: 500; Ventilatory frequency: 12; Inspiratory time: 1:2; Fio2 50%, PEEP of 5, with no spontaneous respiratory incursions or signs of discomfort, with complete data in their clinical record, hemodynamically stable patients (mean arterial pressure between 70 and 110 mmHg; heart rate &lt; 90bpm, cardiac index &gt; 1.8 l/min/m&#178;; normal filling pressures, afebrile, with diuresis present) who underwent extubation within 8 hours of admission. Patients who did not sign the informed consent form, who were not connected to the mechanical ventilator used in the study, who underwent reintubation due to surgical reapproach, with hemodynamic instability, who were extubated in the operating room, and those who had undergone previous lung and pleural surgery such as total lobectomy, pneumectomy, pleuroscopy or thoracoscopy.</p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Sample selection diagram. Caption: ICF: Informed Consent Form.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230350-30350-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection and monitoring</title>
          <p>Data was collected and organized using a form drawn up by the researchers, which was assessed and approved by the hospital's research ethics committee. The variables collected from the medical records include demographic data such as enrollment number, age, gender, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), smoking, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Disease Classification System II (APACHE II), European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EUROSCORE) and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) on admission, data regarding surgery such as type of surgery performed, CPB time, need for blood products, PaO2, SpO2 and PaO2/Fio2 ratio. With regard to extubation, the time spent on mechanical ventilation after surgery was collected. In the event of reintubation, data was collected on the date, time, how long after extubation the reintubation took place, the cause of the reintubation, the length of time the patient remained on mechanical ventilation, and information on the outcome - discharge or death. The static lung compliance value was collected directly from the ventilator attached to the patient on admission to the ICU, with the patient already monitored and hemodynamically stable, in the supine position, head elevated to 30&#186;. The Hamilton Raphae Silverl&#174; mechanical ventilator measures static ventilatory compliance throughout the respiratory incursion in all mandatory modes without the need for interrupted ventilation, special inspiratory flow, or occlusion patterns and maneuvers due to its software, which uses the least squares fitting (LSF) statistical method for measurement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Prior to extubation, the pulmonary oxygenation index was assessed using arterial gasometry. Within 48 hours of extubation, the patients were observed for their ventilatory conditions and the need for reintubation due to respiratory failure.</p>
          <p>Once we had collected the necessary variables for analysis, we described the series, comparing sociodemographic, clinical, surgical, and pulmonary variables in two groups: patients who failed and those who succeeded in extubation. We evaluated a cut-off point for static lung compliance that best discriminates between patients who failed extubation and those who did not. Finally, we compared the variables between patients according to the cut-off point obtained for lung compliance.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>In order to describe the profile of the sample according to the variables under study, frequency tables were drawn up for the categorical variables, with absolute frequency (n) and percentage (%) values, and descriptive statistics for the continuous variables, with median and interquartile range. Pearson's chi-square test was used to compare the categorical variables between the two groups (with and without failure) or Fisher's exact test in the presence of expected values of less than 5%. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the numerical variables between the 2 groups due to the lack of normal distribution of most of the variables. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to verify the normality of the data. ROC curve analysis was used to assess a cut-off point for lung compliance that best discriminates between patients with and without extubation failure. To study the factors related to extubation failure, univariate and multiple Cox regression analysis was used, with a stepwise variable selection criterion. The level of significance adopted for the statistical tests was 5%, i.e., p&lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Overview of the study population</title>
          <p>A total of 102 individuals were included in the sample. Their demographic, clinical, and surgical characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 1</xref>. The majority of the population was male, with a mean age of 59, non-smokers, and overweight. The most commonly performed procedures were myocardial revascularization, followed by valve replacement. The need for blood products (fresh frozen plasma and concentrated red blood cells) occurred in the majority of cases. The probability of death in the patient's first hour in the ICU, as measured by the SAPS score, was medium, as was the patient's severity index in the first 24 hours of hospitalization, as measured by the APACHE III score, which indicated a probability of death of 15%. In the SOFA score carried out at the time of the patient's admission to the ICU, all had some degree of organ dysfunction. In relation to the variables ventilation, the pulmonary oxygenation index verified by calculating Pao2/Fio2 was considered moderate according to the classification of the 2013 Brazilian Mechanical Ventilation Recommendations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The mean static lung static lung compliance was 42.55 cmH2O on admission to the ICU.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Demographic, cl&#237;nical, surgical, and ventilatory of the study population (n=102)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Variable</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Results</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Male% (n)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">56.86( 58)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Female % ( n)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">43.14 (44)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Age (Years)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">61.50 (52.00-69.00)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Average body mass index ( Kg/m&#178;)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">25.30 (22.60-28.40)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Smokers % ( n)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">47.06 (48)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Non-smokers % (n)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">52.94 (54)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">
                    <bold>Surgical data</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Coronary artery bypass grafting % ( n)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">48.04 (49)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Aortic valve replacement % ( n)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">16.67 (17)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Mitral valve replacement % ( n)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">13.73 (14)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Heart transplant % ( n)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">6.86 ( 7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Aortic prosthesis % ( n)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">8.82 (9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Closure of intra-valvar communication</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">2.94 (3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Other surgeries % ( n)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">3.00 (3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Cardiopulmonary bypass time ( min)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">88.50 (104.00-75.00)<bold> *</bold></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Nees for blood products % (n)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">52,94% (54)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">
                    <bold>Scores</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">APACHE</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">13.00 ( 16.00-10.00)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">SAPS*</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">38.00 (32.00-43.00)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">SOFA* de admission</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">5.00(4.00-7.00)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">
                    <bold>Ventilatory data</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Ventilation perfusion ratio ( Pao2/ Fio2)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">169.00 (145.00-243.00)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Static lung compliance ( cmH2O)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">4000 (35.00-49.00)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>APACHE II: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Disease Classification System; SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure System; SAPS: Simplified Acute Physiology Score. Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical test was used to verify the normality of the data; reference value p&gt;0.05. Description: median and interquartile range</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>We observe in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 2</xref> the proportion between groups of extubation success and extubation failure.</p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Graph referring to the outcome of extubations between the two groups: extubation success and failure within 48 hours.</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Source: Author</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230350-30350-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Comparative analysis between the groups: extubation failure versus extubation success</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 2</xref> provides a comparison of the demographic, clinical, and surgical variables between the two groups studied. The results show that there was a significant difference between those with and without extubation failure for females, who had more extubation failure than males, the scores, reintubated patients with a medium to high probability of death through the application of the APACHE and SAPS scores and with high organ dysfunction predicted through the SOFA score.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Categorical and numerical comparison of demographic, surgical, and clinical characteristics between successful and unsuccessful extubation</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="24%">
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                  <th valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Extubation failure (n=25)</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Successful extubation (n=77)</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2">p-Value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">% (n)</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">% (n)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Male</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">32.00 (8)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">35.06 (27)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Female</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">68.00 (17)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">64.94 (50)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Chi-square test: X2=8.35; GL=1; p=0.004</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Smokers</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">60.00 (15)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">42.86 (33)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Non-smokers</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">40.00 (10)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">57.14 (44)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Chi-square test: X2=2.23; GL=1; p=0.136</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Need for blood products</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">64.00 (16)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">49.35 (38)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Chi-square test: X2=2.23; GL=1; p=0.136</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Surgery performed</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Myocardial revascularization</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">36.00 (9)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">51.95 (40)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Aortic valve replacement</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">20.00 (5)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">15.58 (12)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Mitral valve replacement</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">12.00 (3)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">14.29 (11)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Heart transplant</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">8.00 (2)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">6.49 (5)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Aortic prosthesis</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">16.00 (4)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">6.49 (5)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Fisher's exact test: p=0.463</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Age (years)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">62.00 (53.00-69.00)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">61.00 ( (52.00-68.00)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.864</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Body mass index (Kg/m&#178;)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">25.50 (23.80-26.40)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">25.00 (22.40-28.70)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.741</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">APACHE II</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">15.00 (12.00-18.00)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">12.00 (9.00-14.00)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">SAPS III</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">41.00 (38.00-47.00)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">37.00 (31.00-42.00)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.027</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">SOFA admission</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">6.00 (5.00-8.00)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">5.00 (3.00-6.00)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.011</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">CPB time (min)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">91.00 (70.00-104.0)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">88.00 (78.00-103.0)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.861</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <p>P-value referring to the Mann-Whitney test for comparing values between the 2 groups. *APACHE II: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Disease Classification System; SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure System; SAPS: Simplified Acute Physiology Score.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t9">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Pulmonary variables between extubation failure and success</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                  <th valign="middle" align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Extubation failure</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Successful extubation</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">p-Value<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">*</xref></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Static lung compliance</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">35.00 (30.00-40.00)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">43.00 ( 38.00-43.00)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Pao2/Fio2 ratio</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">156.0 (245.0-196.0)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">183.0 (148.0-247.0)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.161</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <p>P-value referring to the Mann-Whitney test for comparing values between the 2 groups. PaO2/ Fio2 ratio: Partial pressure of oxygen by fraction of inspired oxygen.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>ROC curve analysis for static lung compliance versus extubation failure</p>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Table 4</xref> provides the results of the ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic curve) analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">figure 3</xref>) to assess a cut-off point for lung compliance as a predictor of extubation failure. The results showed that lung compliance had a significant area under the curve, with the cut-off point of compliance &lt;41.0 cmH2O being associated with a higher probability of extubation failure.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Results of the ROC*curve analysis for lung compliance versus extubation failure</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                  <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="4" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Static lung compliance &lt;41ml/cmH2O</th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                  <th valign="middle" align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Failure extubation</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Successful extubation</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Total</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">% (n)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">22.55% (23)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">33.33% (34)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">55.88% (57)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Cut-off point (Row)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">40.35</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">59.65</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Probability of failure (Columns)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">92.00</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">44.16</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="4">
                    <bold>Static lung compliance</bold>
                    <italic>&#8805;</italic>
                    <bold>41ml/cmH2O</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">% (n)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.96% (2)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">42.16% (43)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">44.12 (45)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Cut-off point (Row)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">4.44</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">95.56</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Probability of failure (Columns)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">8.00</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">55.84</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TF11">
                <p>Sensitivity (95%CI): 92.00% (72.50; 98.60) Specificity (95%CI): 55.84% (44.10; 67.00) Positive predictive value (95%CI): 40.35% (27.84; 54.16) Negative predictive value (95%CI): 95.56% (83.64; 99.23) Accuracy (95%CI): 64.71% (54.55; 73.74). Chi-Square test: X2=17.52; GL=1; p&lt;0.001. ROC= Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Area under the curve: AUC=0.799 (EP: 0.047); P&lt;0.001. 95%CI: (0.706; 0.892) Cut-off point: compliance &lt; 41.0 cmH2O.</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Source: Autor.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230350-30350-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cox regression analysis for extubation failure</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t11">Tables 5</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t12">6</xref> below show the results of the Cox regression analysis to study the factors related to extubation failure. Initially, univariate analysis was carried out, followed by multiple analysis with Stepwise selection criteria.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t11">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Results of the univariate Cox regression analysis for extubation failure (n=102)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                  <th valign="middle" align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Categories</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">p-Value</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">H.R.*</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">95%CI H.R.*</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Age</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">Continuous variable</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0,731</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1,006</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0,974 &#8211; 1,039</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2">Gender</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">Male (ref.)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">---</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.00</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">---</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">Female</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0,016</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">2,80</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1,21 &#8211; 6,49</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">BMI*</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">Continuous Variable</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0,950</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1,002</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0,936 &#8211; 1,073</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">PaO2/FiO2 ratio</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">Continuous Variable</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0,235</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0,996</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0,990 &#8211; 1,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">CPB time (min)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">Continuous Variable</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0,916</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0,999</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0,981 &#8211; 1,017</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Static lung compliance</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">Continuous Variable</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0,953</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0,929 &#8211; 0,977</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2">Static lung compliance (ROC* curve cut-off point)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8805;41 (ref.)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">---</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1,00</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">---</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;41</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0,003</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">9,08</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">2,14 &#8211; 38,50</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <p>HR (Hazard Ratio): Risk ratio for failure; (n=77 without failure and n=25 with failure). 95% HR = 95% confidence interval for the hazard ratio. Ref: reference level. BMI: body mass index; PaO2/ Fio2 ratio: Partial pressure of oxygen by fraction of inspired oxygen; CPB: cardiopulmonary bypass; ROC: Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t12">
            <label>Table 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211;Results of the multiple Cox regression analysis for extubation failure (n=102)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                  <th valign="middle" align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Categories</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">p-value</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">H.R.<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref></th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">95% CI H.R.<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">*</xref></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">1. Static lung compliance (ROC* curve cut-off point)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&#8805;41 (ref.)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">---</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.00</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">---</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;41</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.003</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">9.08</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">2.14 &#8211; 38.50</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <p>HR (Hazard Ratio) = Risk ratio for failure; (n=77 without failure and n=25 with failure). 95% HR = 95% confidence interval for the hazard ratio. Stepwise variable selection criterion. Ref: reference level.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>The results of the multiple analysis showed the influence of the following factor on extubation failure: lung compliance (divided by the ROC curve cut-off point) presents a 9.1 times greater risk of failure for those with compliance &lt; 41 cmH2O.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Failed extubation is one of the most frequent complications in the intensive care unit. According to the study by Ruan et al., 10% of extubations fail, and there is a need to return to mechanical ventilation within the first 48 hours.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Failed extubation substantially increases the likelihood of death, as well as extending the length of stay in the ICU. Scott et al. concluded in their study that patients who fail extubation are seven times more likely to die and are 31 times more likely to have a prolonged hospital stay when compared to patients who succeed in extubation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> In our study, 77 patients (75.49%) succeeded in extubation, while 25 patients (24.51%) failed extubation. These success and failure rates are similar to those of other studies, such as Danaga et al., who evaluated the extubation failure rate in a sample of 73 patients, where 58 (80.0%) remained extubated, and 15 (20.0%) failed and needed to return to mechanical ventilation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Souza and Lugon evaluated 109 patients; 65 patients (59.6%) were successfully extubated, but 36 (33%) died (8 patients had already been extubated), and the reintubation rate in this study was 10.7%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Although we have more successful extubations than failed ones, the consequences of reintubation are serious, given the high morbidity and mortality rate.</p>
        <p>The study sample was composed predominantly of men, a characteristic that follows the trend of other studies such as that of Dordetto et al., who evaluated the demographic characteristics of 100 patients undergoing cardiac surgery, 56.0% of whom were men and 44.0% women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> This may be justified by the fact that cardiovascular diseases are more lethal in women. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) (2018), heart disease accounts for one-third of the causes of death in women worldwide <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> due to the fact that the symptoms indicative of cardiovascular diseases are more generic in women, making diagnosis more difficult to start treatment and preventing them from reaching cardiovascular surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Despite the majority of men performing the procedure, the study found that women failed extubation more often than men. This fact may be justified by the study by Pereira et al., who pointed out that women's breathing pattern is predominantly thoracic because they have more mobile upper ribs, thus allowing for greater expansion despite having a smaller thoracic capacity due to their shorter sternum and more oblique upper thoracic opening.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Therefore, due to thoracotomy with or without pleural incision, the intensity of surgical manipulation, and the number of pleural drains, women's thoracic expansibility is more compromised. Ambrozin et al., who researched aspects of pulmonary function in post-cardiac surgery patients, found that most women had reduced static lung compliance,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> resulting in worse gas exchange, which makes them more susceptible to acute respiratory failure and failure to extubate.</p>
        <p>The patients&#8217; mean age of 58.7 years did not have an impact on the outcome of extubation. This result can be justified by the study by Rocha et al., who concluded that patients over the age of 70 are more likely to develop respiratory complications in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery due to the physiological changes that occur in the aging process, changes in connective tissue increase the rigidity of the rib cage and reduce the elastic component of the lungs, influencing respiratory mechanics in addition to the decrease in respiratory muscle strength, added to this the thoracic impairment caused by the procedure, leads this population to be more susceptible to complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The most common type of surgery performed was myocardial revascularization (48.04%), followed by valve replacement (30.43%). According to Data SUS (2018), around 23,000 cardiac surgeries were performed in Brazil, including valve repair and replacement and myocardial revascularization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> We found no influence of the type of surgery on subsequent extubation failure. In the study by Assis et al., which assessed the influence of the type of surgery on postoperative complications in 57 patients, there were only two extubation failures, one in a patient undergoing myocardial revascularization and the other in a myocardial revascularization associated with valve replacement,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> which shows that the type of surgery is not a predominant factor in extubation failure.</p>
        <p>Obesity makes the presence of atelectasis in the basal regions of the lung more common, reducing its compliance, and the presence of adipose tissue in the thoracic region increases air resistance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> This condition has a negative impact on the outcome of extubation. Parlow et al. observed that their patients who met the criteria for obesity (body mass index (BMI) over 30) failed extubation 42.4% more often than overweight patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> This justifies the result found in our study, where the average patient was overweight (BMI 25.91), which did not significantly affect the outcome of extubation.</p>
        <p>Although not statistically significant, smoking was related to a higher number of reintubations in this study. Ngaage D et al. justify this result by claiming that smokers develop pulmonary complications up to twice as often as non-smokers or former smokers, and as a result, these patients can remain on mechanical ventilation for up to six hours longer in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> It is possible that early extubation in this population led to extubation failure.</p>
        <p>The scores commonly used in intensive care units to predict patient severity and risk of death are APACHE II, SAPS, and the admission SOFA. We observed that the worst outcomes predicted by the scores were linked to patients who failed extubation. This result corroborates that of Shoji et al., who evaluated the rate of reintubation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery and found that 7.3% of the 119 patients evaluated in their study were reintubated during their stay in the ICU, of which 40.3% died.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The PaO2/FiO2 ratio is used to determine the pulmonary oxygenation capacity of the patient to be extubated, and it is a criterion that this ratio be &gt;200.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Oxygenation is compromised in 20 to 90% of patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> In our study, the PaO2/Fio2 ratio did not significantly influence the outcome of extubation, but it was lower in patients who failed extubation (178.4 &#177; 64.14) when compared to those who succeeded (203.0 &#177; 83.00).</p>
        <p>Static lung compliance is an important factor in assessing lung mechanics, as its reduction increases respiratory work and can lead to respiratory failure. Compromised lung compliance in cardiac surgery is a consensus among studies on the subject and is attributed to inflammatory and mechanical factors in the pre-, intra-, and postoperative periods.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup>According to the Third Consensus on Mechanical Ventilation, compliance values considered normal are 60 to 100 ml/cmH2O.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> In this study, we observed that among the factors influencing extubation failure was critically reduced static lung compliance at the time of admission. It was possible to identify as a cut-off point the value of compliance &lt; 41 ml/cmH2O, as the value associated with a 9.1 times greater likelihood of extubation failure among patients. This can be explained by a study by Cordeiro et al., which evaluated the impact of lung compliance on gas exchange in patients after cardiac surgery and concluded that the lower the patient's static lung compliance, the worse the gas exchange, generating acute respiratory failure and increasing the likelihood of reintubation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In an attempt to predict the success or failure of extubation, numerous variables to be assessed prior to extubation have been proposed over the years. However, the disparity between studies hinders an efficient assessment. In order to find reliable assessment parameters to predict the success of extubation, Baptistella et al. carried out a systematic review that included 43 articles, of which only two addressed lung compliance as a parameter to be used in the decision to extubate and none of the studies had patients after heart surgery as the study population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> As proven in this study, impaired static lung compliance is a factor present among patients who fail extubation, and it is of great importance to include it in the assessment of patients after heart surgery.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations of the study</title>
          <p>This study had some limitations. The fact that the study was carried out in a single hospital, with surgeries performed by the same medical team and standardized postoperative care, may not reflect the reality of other hospitals with different protocols and procedures. Not all the patients who underwent surgery were able to take part in the study, even if they failed extubation afterward, due to the fact that they were extubated in the operating room and it was not possible to collect the compliance value on the mechanical ventilator, which limited the sample size.</p>
          <p>The patients included in our sample were not using the Swan-Ganz catheter, which made it impossible to accurately assess the hemodynamic profile and identify cardiogenic shock, for example, as a factor indicating reintubation, but what we do have is that no patient showed clinical signs of pre-extubation hemodynamic instability in the cases studied.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>We concluded that reduced static pulmonary compliance is a risk factor for extubation failure in post-cardiac surgery patients, with the cut-off point associated with greater failure being compliance &lt;41ml/cmH2O, thus demonstrating that this is an important variable to be assessed prior to extubation in order to avoid possible reintubation and all the risks that this entails.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by CAPES.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Thais Bento Rudge Ramos, from Universidade Estadual de Campinas.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the UNICAMP under the protocol number 1.867.312. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
