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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">kBVcbLWTWgFmQKFh9GWWzRP</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000200303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230247</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Marcadores de Perfus&#227;o Tecidual como Preditores de Desfechos Adversos em Pacientes com Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda Submetidos &#224; Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica (Bypass Coron&#225;rio)</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yamaguti</surname>
            <given-names>Thiana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3919-1743</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Auler</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Otavio Costa</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dallan</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Alberto Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galas</surname>
            <given-names>Filomena Regina Barbosa Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Ligia Cristina C&#226;mara</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Piccioni</surname>
            <given-names>Marilde de Albuquerque</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jos&#233; Otavio Costa Auler Junior &#8226;</bold> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>auler.junior@hc.fm.usp.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Alexandre Colafranceschi</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230247</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca podem estar expostos &#224; hipoperfus&#227;o tecidual e metabolismo anaer&#243;bico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Verificar se os biomarcadores de hipoperfus&#227;o tecidual t&#234;m valor preditivo para perman&#234;ncia prolongada na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda submetidos &#224; cirurgia de bypass da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s aprova&#231;&#227;o pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica institucional e assinatura do termo de consentimento, 87 pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt;50%) submetidos &#224; cirurgia de bypass coron&#225;rio foram inclu&#237;dos. Biomarcadores hemodin&#226;micos e metab&#243;licos foram coletados em cinco momentos: ap&#243;s anestesia, ao final da cirurgia, na admiss&#227;o na UTI, e a seis e 12 horas depois. Uma an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia para medidas repetidas seguida de um teste post-hoc de Bonferroni foi usado para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas repetidas (vari&#225;veis metab&#243;licas e hemodin&#226;micas) para determinar diferen&#231;as entre os dois grupos ao longo do estudo. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Trinta e oito pacientes (43,7%) que apresentaram desfechos adversos eram mais velhos, apresentaram um Euroscore mais alto (p&lt;0,001), e gradiente venoarterial de CO<sub>2</sub> (&#916;PCO<sub>2</sub>) elevado, analisados 12 horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o na UTI (p&lt;0,01), enquanto uma concentra&#231;&#227;o de lactato arterial aumentada seis horas ap&#243;s a cirurgia foi um fator preditivo negativo (p&lt;0,01).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>EuroSCORE, lactato arterial seis horas ap&#243;s a cirurgia, &#916;PCO<sub>2</sub>12 horas ap&#243;s a cirurgia e QRe s&#227;o preditores independentes de desfechos adversos em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Cirurgia Tor&#225;cica</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarcadores</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="32"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca podem ser expostos &#224; hipoperfus&#227;o tecidual e ao metabolismo anaer&#243;bico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Os fatores envolvidos na hipoxemia celular s&#227;o hemodilui&#231;&#227;o, baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, e rea&#231;&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias ap&#243;s o <italic>bypass</italic> cardiopulmonar (BCP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Os biomarcadores de hipoperfus&#227;o tecidual, tais como n&#237;veis de lactato, gradiente venoarterial de CO<sub>2</sub> (&#916;PCO<sub>2</sub>), quociente respirat&#243;rio estimado (QRe), e satura&#231;&#227;o venosa central de oxig&#234;nio (SvO2), s&#227;o aumentados por um d&#233;bito card&#237;aco baixo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Os n&#237;veis de lactato durante estados de choque est&#227;o elevados devido &#224; hip&#243;xia tecidual, metabolismo aumentado da glicose, e <italic>clearance</italic> de lactato reduzido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O &#916;PCO<sub>2</sub> aumenta com o baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco ou perfus&#227;o inadequada da microcircula&#231;&#227;o, que significa estagna&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo no compartimento venoso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Ainda, o QRe (&#916;PCO<sub>2</sub> corrigido pela diferen&#231;a entre o teor de oxig&#234;nio arterial e venoso) mostrou melhor sensibilidade para a detec&#231;&#227;o do metabolismo anaer&#243;bico em compara&#231;&#227;o ao &#916;PCO<sub>2.</sub><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Contudo, a hipoperfus&#227;o tecidual poderia estar mascarada pela resposta inflamat&#243;ria e pelo estado de vasodilata&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o <italic>bypass</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca s&#227;o mais propensos a apresentar s&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco associada com uma resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A situa&#231;&#227;o resulta em uma perman&#234;ncia prolongada na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) e maiores taxas de mortalidade em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A detec&#231;&#227;o precoce da hipoperfus&#227;o tecidual pode predizer desfechos adversos nesse grupo de pacientes que contribuem &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o prolongada na UTI e alta mortalidade. Otimizar o perfil hemodin&#226;mico com base em certos valores de &#237;ndice card&#237;aco e no fornecimento de oxig&#234;nio &#224;s c&#233;lulas &#233; a principal regra no manejo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre aa medida do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e biomarcadores da perfus&#227;o tecidual pode definir o suporte com drogas vasoativas e ajuste de volume. A pergunta abordada neste estudo &#233; se os biomarcadores de hipoperfus&#227;o tecidual t&#234;m um valor preditivo para perman&#234;ncia prolongada na UTI em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular submetidos a <italic>bypass</italic> de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este &#233; um estudo observacional prospetivo conduzido h&#225; mais de dois anos no Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. Todos os pacientes assinaram um termo de consentimento, e o comit&#234; de &#233;tica local aprovou o estudo (CAPPESQ n. 0517/04).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Pacientes</title>
        <p>Este foi um estudo observacional prospectivo do tipo coorte conduzido durante 24 meses consecutivos. Durante esse per&#237;odo, 183 pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 50%) foram submetidos ao <italic>bypass</italic> coron&#225;rio e 110 pacientes foram eleg&#237;veis para o estudo. Vinte e tr&#234;s pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos. A Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (FEVE) foi medida antes da cirurgia usando ecocardiografia bidimensional. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram insufici&#234;ncia renal (<italic>clearance</italic> de creatinina menor que 40 mL/min/m<sup>2</sup>), disfun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica, doen&#231;as end&#243;crinas, doen&#231;a pulmonar, diabetes mellitus n&#227;o controlada, hist&#243;ria de febre ou infec&#231;&#227;o na semana anterior &#224; cirurgia, e anemia pr&#233;via (hemoglobina &#8804; 10,0 g/dL).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Anestesia, cirurgia e manejo do BCP</title>
        <p>A anestesia foi induzida com fentanil 3-5 &#956;g/Kg, midazolam 0,05 mg/kg, etomidato 0,2-0,3 mg/kg, relaxamento muscular, e fentanil e sedoflurano para manuten&#231;&#227;o. O monitoramento padr&#227;o para cirurgia card&#237;aca foi usado, e um cateter foi introduzido na art&#233;ria pulmonar para monitoramento hemodin&#226;mico. Uma dose inicial de 500UI de heparina foi administrada para anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, e o tempo de coagula&#231;&#227;o ativado foi fixado a 480 segundos. Ao final do BCP, a a&#231;&#227;o da heparina foi neutralizada pelo cloreto de protamina, na propor&#231;&#227;o 1:1 da dose de ataque, independentemente da dosagem total de heparina. O fluxo sangu&#237;neo durante o BCP foi estabelecido entre 2,0 e 2,4mL/m<sup>2</sup> ou de acordo com a press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia mantida a aproximadamente 60mm Hg. Um oxigenador de membrana foi usado em todos os pacientes, e cardioplegia sangu&#237;nea fria intermitente (a cada 10 minutos, anter&#243;grada) foi usada para prote&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio. Durante o BCP, a temperatura central foi mantida a 32-34<sup>o</sup>C, e os n&#237;veis de hemat&#243;crito foram entre 22% e 25%.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados e defini&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Os dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e operat&#243;rios registrados foram idade (anos), sexo, peso (Kg), &#193;rea da Superf&#237;cie Corporal (ASC, m<sup>2</sup>) Euro SCORE,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> FEVE pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (%), angina inst&#225;vel pr&#233;via, bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico pr&#233;vio, dura&#231;&#227;o do BCP (minutos), e dura&#231;&#227;o da anestesia (minutos). Par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos e metab&#243;licos foram obtidos em cinco momentos: ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica (INICIAL), no final da cirurgia (FINAL), na admiss&#227;o na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI-1), seis horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o na UTI (UTI-6), e 12 horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o na UTI (UTI-12). O d&#233;bito card&#237;aco foi adquirido pela t&#233;cnica de hemodilui&#231;&#227;o, e amostras de sangue misto e arterial foram colhidas simultaneamente e analisadas (ABL 750; Radiometer, Copenhagen, Dinamarca) para a determina&#231;&#227;o das seguintes vari&#225;veis: tens&#227;o arterial de oxig&#234;nio (PaO<sub>2</sub>), tens&#227;o arterial de di&#243;xido de carbono (PaCO<sub>2</sub>), tens&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio no sangue misto (PvO<sub>2</sub>), tens&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono no sangue misto (PvCO<sub>2</sub>), satura&#231;&#227;o arterial de oxig&#234;nio (SaO<sub>2</sub>) e satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio no sangue venoso misto (SvO<sub>2</sub>). A concentra&#231;&#227;o de hemoglobina (Hb) tamb&#233;m foi medida. A concentra&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio arterial (O<sub>2</sub>a), a concentra&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono (CO<sub>2</sub>) no sangue venoso misto (CO<sub>2</sub>v), a diferen&#231;a arteriovenosa de oxig&#234;nio (<sub>a-v</sub>O<sub>2</sub>), a oferta de oxig&#234;nio (OO<sub>2</sub>), o consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>) e a taxa de extra&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio (TEO<sub>2</sub>) foram calculadas utilizando-se f&#243;rmulas. A diferen&#231;a venoarterial de CO<sub>2</sub> (&#916;CO<sub>2</sub>) e o Quociente Respirat&#243;rio Estimado (QRe) foram calculados pela f&#243;rmula: &#916;PCO<sub>2</sub>= PvCO<sub>2</sub>&#8211;PaCO<sub>2</sub> eRQ= &#916;PCO<sub>2</sub>/ C<sub>a-v</sub>O<sub>2</sub>.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a cirurgia, os pacientes foram admitidos na UTI p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgica. Os desfechos em termos de tempo de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar e na UTI, desfechos cl&#237;nicos na UTI, e mortalidade hospitalar foram registrados.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica: grupo com desfecho negativo (&#243;bito dentro de 30 dias ap&#243;s a cirurgia ou tempo de perman&#234;ncia na UTI superior a quatro dias) e grupo com desfecho positivo (tempo de perman&#234;ncia na UTI igual ou inferior a quatro dias) e alta hospitalar.</p>
        <p>Complica&#231;&#245;es no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foram definidas como: tempo de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica maior que 48 horas ou reintuba&#231;&#227;o por qualquer motivo, complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas caracterizadas por disfun&#231;&#227;o cognitiva aguda, isquemia cerebral documentada por tomografia computadorizada 48 horas ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca, insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda definida por um aumento de 50% no valor anterior de creatinina s&#233;rica ou terapia renal substitutiva, e infec&#231;&#227;o, tais como pneumonia, mediastinite, infec&#231;&#227;o relacionada ao cateter ou bacteremia. D&#233;bito card&#237;aco baixo foi definido como necessidade de suporte inotr&#243;pico por mais de 24 horas ou um &#237;ndice card&#237;aco menor que 2,2L/min/m<sup>2</sup>; embora um tratamento inotr&#243;pico tenha sido utilizado, n&#227;o houve arritmias que necessitassem de interven&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica ou cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A normalidade dos dados foi avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram descritas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) e aqueles sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram descritas usando medianas e intervalos interquartis (IIQs).</p>
        <p>O teste t n&#227;o pareado ou o teste de Mann-Whitney foi usado para os dados cont&#237;nuos conforme apropriado. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como propor&#231;&#245;es e comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado ou o teste exato de Fisher. Uma an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia para medidas repetidas, seguida de um teste post-hoc de Bonferroni, foi usada para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas repetidas (vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas e metab&#243;licas) para determinar diferen&#231;as entre os dois grupos ao longo do estudo. Um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada foi realizado pelo m&#233;todo <italic>backwards</italic> para identificar os fatores de risco independentes para perman&#234;ncia prolongada na UTI. Resultados de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica s&#227;o apresentados como raz&#227;o de chance (odds ratio &#8211; OR) ajustada e intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%. Curvas Caracter&#237;sticas de Opera&#231;&#227;o do Receptor (curvas ROC) foram constru&#237;das para identificar os pontos de corte &#243;timos associados com o desfecho. O ponto de corte &#243;timo foi definido como o valor associado com a soma mais alta da especificidade e sensibilidade. A &#225;rea sob a curva ROC foi determinada e comparada. O programa GraphPrism (vers&#227;o 5.0 GraphPad software, San Diego, CA, EUA) e o programa SPSS vers&#227;o 15.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, EUA) foram usados para as an&#225;lises, e o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia aplicado foi p&lt;0,05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Dados cl&#237;nicos e demogr&#225;ficos</title>
        <p>Um total de 87 pacientes com idade entre 35 e 83 anos foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Trinta e oito (43,7%) pacientes apresentaram desfechos adversos, e 49 pacientes (56,3%) apresentaram evolu&#231;&#227;o normal (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Pacientes com desfechos negativos eram mais velhos e apresentaram menores peso corporal e ASC em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com desfechos positivos. Pacientes com desfechos negativos apresentaram valores mais altos de EUROSCORE (mediana 6, IIQ 5-8) que aqueles com desfechos positivos (mediana 3, IIQ 3-5). As outras vari&#225;veis pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias e dados cir&#250;rgicos n&#227;o foram diferentes entre os grupos. O grupo que apresentou desfechos adversos apresentou um n&#250;mero significativo de complica&#231;&#245;es no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Dados demogr&#225;ficos, pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios, cir&#250;rgicos, e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios dos pacientes com evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica complicada ou n&#227;o complicada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color: #76B3CE">
                <th valign="middle" align="left">Par&#226;metros</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Evolu&#231;&#227;o complicada (n= 49)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Evolu&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o complicada (n= 38)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">
                  <bold>Demogr&#225;ficos</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">59,7 &#177; 9,4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">66,3 &#177; 10</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Peso (Kg)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">74 (65,5-80)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">65 (60-73,5)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,005<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">ASC (m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,81 &#177; 0,17</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,71 &#177; 0,16</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,006<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Sexo feminino</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">12 (24,5%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">15 (39,5%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">
                  <bold>Pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">EuroSCORE</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3 (3-5)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">6 (5-8)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">FEVE (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">40 (35-45,3)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">42,5 (34,9-48)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,40</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">BIA</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3 (6,1%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">4 (10,5%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,71</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">
                  <bold>Cir&#250;rgicos</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Dura&#231;&#227;o da cirurgia (min)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">280 (240-340)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">312 (245-374)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Dura&#231;&#227;o da anestesia (min)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">390 (320-430)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">400 (334-480)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Tempo de BCP (min)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">95 (75-118)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">90 (69-140)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,77</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">
                  <bold>P&#243;s-operat&#243;rio</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Perman&#234;ncia na UTI (dias)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3 (2-4)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">9 (6-20)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Perman&#234;ncia no hospital (dias)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">9 (7-13)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">23 (14-29,5)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Complica&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">21 (42,8%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">29 (76,3%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Complica&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">8 (21%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Complica&#231;&#245;es renais</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1 (2%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">18 (47,4%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Infec&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">15 (30,6%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">28 (73,7%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">S&#237;ndrome de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">8 (16,3%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">34 (89,5%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Arritmias</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">8 (16,3%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">25 (65,8%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa; dados apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, medianas (intervalo interquartil) ou valores absolutos (%); ASC: &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; BIA: uso pr&#233;vio de Bal&#227;o Intra-a&#243;rtico; BCP: Bypass Cardiopulmonar.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas e metab&#243;licas medidas nos cinco momentos pr&#233;-estabelecidos foram comparadas entre ambos os grupos at&#233; a sexta hora de coleta (lactato) e a d&#233;cima segunda hora de coleta de amostra (gradiente de CO<sub>2</sub>) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vari&#225;veis metab&#243;licas e hemodin&#226;micas dos pacientes de acordo com a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B3CE">
                <th valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2">Par&#226;metro</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2">Desfecho</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="5" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Time</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B3CE">
                <th valign="middle" align="left">INICIAL</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">FINAL</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">UTI-1</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">UTI-6</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">UTI-12</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">QRe</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">N&#227;o complicado Complicado</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,35&#177;0,58 1,36&#177;0,65</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,82&#177;0,68 1,91&#177;0,90</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,69&#177;0,69 1,70&#177;0,97</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,51&#177;0,84 1,59&#177;0,61</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,41&#177;0,67 1,86&#177;0,82<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">&#916;CO<sub>2</sub> (mmHg)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">N&#227;o complicado Complicado</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">6,11&#177;2,98 6,01&#177;2,62</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">5,81&#177;1,81 5,51&#177;2,40</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">6,20&#177;2,26 6,45&#177;3,60</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">6,30&#177;3,11 6,76&#177;2,78</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">5,55&#177;2,86 7,75&#177;3,10<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Lactato (mmol/L)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">N&#227;o complicado Complicado</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,57&#177;0,58 1,67&#177;0,73</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3,77&#177;1,82 4,96&#177;3,21</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3,86&#177;2,19 5,17&#177;3,54</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2,63&#177;1,45 4,26&#177;2,63<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2,04&#177;0,83 3,05&#177;2,31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">BE</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">N&#227;o complicado Complicado</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0,49&#177;1,90 -0,69&#177;2,99</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-4,45&#177;2,49 -5,17&#177;3,00</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-4,74&#177;3,22 -5,40&#177;3,47</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-4,09&#177;2,97 -5,20&#177;4,15</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-3,44&#177;2,43 -3,82&#177;3,61</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Svo<sub>2</sub> (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">N&#227;o complicado Complicado</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">74,58&#177;7,50 73,32&#177;8,87</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">77,29&#177;4,59 77,87&#177;6,77</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">73,68&#177;6,41 72,05&#177;8,44</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">65,92&#177;7,09 66,19&#177;8,21</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">68,44&#177;6,69 67,19&#177;7,51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"><sub>a-v</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (mL/dL)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">N&#227;o complicado Complicado</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">4,56&#177;1,26 4,72&#177;1,75</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3,30&#177;0,69 3,01&#177;0,75</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3,80&#177;0,95 3,92&#177;0,99</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">4,34&#177;0,89 4,44&#177;1,17</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">4,01&#177;1,08 4,38&#177;1,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">OO<sub>2</sub> (mL/min)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">N&#227;o complicado Complicado</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">485,0&#177;212,0 467,2&#177;186,5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">813,0&#177;297,8 727,7&#177;163,5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">566,0&#177;241,7 625,3&#177;294,5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">788,8&#177;252,8 763,5&#177;282,3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">869,4&#177;291,3 744,3&#177;197,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> (mL/min)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">N&#227;o complicado Complicado</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">125,7&#177;59,25 131,3&#177;67,88</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">194,8&#177;73,13 164,1&#177;40,31</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">146,9&#177;64,98 161,7&#177;84,34</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">243,4&#177;74,63 234,2&#177;73,49</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">253,8&#177;80,55 228,0&#177;47,24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">TEO<sub>2</sub> (%)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">N&#227;o complicado Complicado</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">26,44&#177;7,30 28,07&#177;8,06</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">24,69&#177;5,92 23,18&#177;5,76</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">26,05&#177;6,37 27,94&#177;7,96</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">31,80&#177;6,56 32,08&#177;8,17</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">30,37&#177;6,74 32,07&#177;7,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">IC (L/min/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">N&#227;o complicado Complicado</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2,40&#177;0,68 2,34&#177;0,73</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3,52&#177;1,04 3,31&#177;0,61</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3,06&#177;0,78 3,03&#177;0,88</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3,21&#177;0,77 3,16&#177;1,01</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3,62&#177;0,91 3,17&#177;0,71</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>p&lt;0,05 entre grupos;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>**</label>
              <p>p&lt;0.01 between groups.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3a">
              <p>INITIAL: ap&#243;s indu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica; FINAL: final da cirurgia, UTI-1: admiss&#227;o na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI); UTI-6: seis horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o na UTI; UTI-12: 12 horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o na UTI (UTI-12); QRe: quociente respirat&#243;rio estimado; &#916;PCO2: gradiente venoarterial de di&#243;xido de carbono; SvO2: satura&#231;&#227;o venosa central de oxig&#234;nio; a-vO2: diferen&#231;a arteriovenosa de oxig&#234;nio; OO2: oferta de oxig&#234;nio; VO2: consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO2); TEO2: taxa de extra&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio; IC: &#237;ndice card&#237;aco.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Quociente respirat&#243;rio estimado e &#916;pCO<sub>2</sub></title>
        <p>Pacientes com complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas apresentaram valores de QRe significativamente mais altos 12 horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o na UTI. Resultados similares foram observados para &#916;CO<sub>2</sub>, que tamb&#233;m foram mais altos no tempo UTI-12 naquele grupo. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Lactato</title>
        <p>Valores de lactato arterial n&#227;o foram diferentes entre os grupos em nenhum dos tempos avaliados exceto &#224;s seis horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o na UTI (UTI-6), quando pacientes com piores desfechos apresentaram n&#237;veis significativamente mais altos desse biomarcador (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p><italic>Excesso de base, Sv</italic><italic>O</italic><sub>2</sub>, <sub>a-v</sub><italic>O</italic><sub>2</sub><italic>, O</italic><italic>O</italic><sub>2</sub><italic>, V</italic><italic>O</italic><sub>2</sub>, TEO<sub>2</sub><italic>e &#237;ndice card&#237;aco</italic> Esses par&#226;metros n&#227;o foram diferentes entre os grupos em nenhum dos tempos avaliados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Modelo multivariado para identificar determinantes independentes de perman&#234;ncia prolongada na UTI</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis identificadas como significativamente diferentes entre os grupos (EuroSCORE, peso corporal, UTI-12 QRe, UTI-12 &#916;PCO<sub>2</sub> e lactate em UTI-6) foram inclu&#237;dos neste modelo para identificar determinantes independentes de perman&#234;ncia prolongada na UTI. As idades dos pacientes foram distribu&#237;das em cinco grupos para an&#225;lises: &#8804; 50 anos, 51 a 60 anos, 61 a 70 anos, 71 a 80 anos, e &#8805; 81 anos.</p>
        <p>No primeiro modelo de an&#225;lise, "&#916;PCO<sub>2</sub> em UTI012" foi exclu&#237;da porque existe uma rela&#231;&#227;o matem&#225;tica entre &#916;PCO<sub>2</sub> e QRe que poderia resultar em colinearidade e uma modifica&#231;&#227;o dos resultados. Uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica por <italic>stepwise</italic> mostrou que Euro SCORE, e medidas de lactato nos tempos UTI-12 e UTI-6 foram independentemente associados com uma evolu&#231;&#227;o complicada no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica na predi&#231;&#227;o de uma evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica complicada ap&#243;s a cirurgia de bypass coron&#225;rio em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda &#8211;primeiro modelo: sem o gradiente venoarterial de di&#243;xido de carbono (&#916;CO2), medido 12 horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o da unidade de terapia intensiva</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B3CE">
                <th valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B3CE">
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Odds ratio</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">IC95%</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p univariado</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Odds ratio</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">IC95%</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p multivariado</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Grupo et&#225;rio (10 anos)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,77</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,67 a 4,69</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,249</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Peso (kg)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,95</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,88 a 1,01</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,124</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">EuroSCORE</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2,25</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,35 a 3,77</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,002</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2,50</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,58 a 3,97</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Lactato UTI-6 (mmol/l)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,68</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,10 a 2,56</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,017</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,81</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,16 a 2,83</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">QRe UTI-12 (mmHg/mL/dL)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">4,11</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,26 a 13,34</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,019</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3,21</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,16 a 8,86</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,024</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>Grupo et&#225;rio: cada 10 anos acima dos 50 anos de idade; UTI-6: seis horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o na unidade de terapia intensiva; QRe: quociente respirat&#243;rio estimado; UTI-12: 12 horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o na unidade de terapia intensiva; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>No segundo modelo de an&#225;lise, "&#916;PCO<sub>2</sub> no tempo UTI-12" foi inclu&#237;do, e o "QRe no UTI-12" exclu&#237;do. Resultados similares foram observados para Euro SCORE, lactato em UTI-6 e &#916;PCO<sub>2</sub> em UTI-12, que foram independentemente associados com uma evolu&#231;&#227;o complicada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica na predi&#231;&#227;o de uma evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica complicada ap&#243;s a cirurgia de <italic>bypass</italic> coron&#225;rio em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (segundo modelo &#8211; sem quociente respirat&#243;rio em T4</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B3CE">
                <th valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B3CE">
                <th valign="middle" align="left">Odds ratio</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">IC95%</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p univariado</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Odds ratio</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">IC95%</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p multivariado</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Grupo et&#225;rio (10 anos)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2,13</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,75 a 6,05</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,154</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Peso (kg)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,94</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,88 a 1,01</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,114</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">EuroSCORE</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2,19</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,32 a 3,63</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,002</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2,51</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,58 a 3,97</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Lactato UTI-6 (mmol/l)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,61</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,07 a 2,43</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,022</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,68</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,10 a 2,56</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,016</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">&#916;CO<sub>2</sub> UTI-12 (mmHg)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,47</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,10 a 1,95</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,009</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,33</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,05 a 1,68</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,015</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>Grupo et&#225;rio: cada 10 anos acima dos 50 anos de idade; UTI-6: seis horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o na unidade de terapia intensiva; QRe: quociente respirat&#243;rio estimado; UTI-12: 12 horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o na unidade de terapia intensiva; &#916;CO<sub>2</sub>: gradiente venoarterial de di&#243;xido de carbono; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Curvas ROC</title>
        <p>Os valores &#243;timos para os pontos de corte de Euro SCORE, "&#916;PCO<sub>2</sub> no tempo UTI-12"<sub>,</sub> "QRe no UTI-12," e "lactato no UTI-6" para identificar pacientes com desfechos complicados no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foram definidos pela an&#225;lise das curvas ROC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>). As &#225;reas sub as curvas ROC das vari&#225;veis n&#227;o foram significativamente diferentes.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#193;reas sob Curvas Caracter&#237;sticas de Opera&#231;&#227;o do Receptor (curvas ROC) para predizer uma evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica complicada ap&#243;s a cirurgia de bypass coron&#225;rio em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B3CE">
                <th valign="middle" align="left">Par&#226;metro</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">&#193;rea</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">IC95%</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Ponto de corte</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Sensibilidade (%)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">Especificidade (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">EURO SCORE</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,76</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,66 a 0,86</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">78</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Lactato UTI-6 (mmol/l)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,67</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,55 a 0,80</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,0033</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">49</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">84</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">QRe UTI-12 (mmHg/mL/dL)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,68</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,57 a 0,80</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,0010</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1,65</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">54</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">&#916;CO<sub>2</sub> UTI-12 (mmHg)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,72</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0,60 a 0,83</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">6,9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">62</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">80</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>UTI-6: seis horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o na unidade de terapia intensiva; QRe: quociente respirat&#243;rio estimado; UTI-12: 12 horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o na unidade de terapia intensiva; &#916;CO<sub>2</sub>: gradiente venoarterial de di&#243;xido de carbono; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Um EuroSCORE &#8805;5 foi preditor de uma pior evolu&#231;&#227;o com uma sensibilidade de 78% e uma especificidade de 65%. Um QRe &#8805; 1,65 mmHg/mL/dL 12 horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o na UTI foi preditor de um desfecho complicado, com uma sensibilidade de 54% e uma especificidade de 78%. Uma &#916;PCO<sub>2</sub> &#8805; 69 mmHg no tempo UTI-12 foi preditor de uma evolu&#231;&#227;o complicada, com uma sensibilidade de 62% e uma especificidade de 80%, e lactato no tempo UTI-6 &#8805; 4mmol/L foi preditor de complica&#231;&#245;es, com uma sensibilidade de 49% e uma especificidade de 84% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar se marcadores perioperat&#243;rios de hipoperfus&#227;o tecidual s&#227;o preditores de desfechos adversos no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda submetidos &#224; cirurgia de <italic>bypass</italic> coron&#225;rio. Os principais resultados indicaram que o EuroSCORE, o lactato arterial seis horas ap&#243;s o procedimento QRe e &#916;pCO<sub>2</sub> s&#227;o preditores independentes de uma perman&#234;ncia prolongada na UTI.</p>
      <p>Pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda submetidos &#224; cirurgia de <italic>bypass</italic> coron&#225;rio geralmente apresentam taxas mais altas de complica&#231;&#245;es,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> como observado em nosso estudo, resultando em uma perman&#234;ncia prolongada na UTI. A predi&#231;&#227;o precoce de uma evolu&#231;&#227;o complicada no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio pode requerer aten&#231;&#227;o especial para minimizar complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Em nossos dados, foi poss&#237;vel identificar que alguns biomarcadores da perfus&#227;o tecidual foram diferentes na primeira hora e &#224;s 12 horas no grupo de pacientes que apresentaram uma evolu&#231;&#227;o favor&#225;vel. Nossos dados sugerem que um QRe 12 horas ap&#243;s a cirurgia &#233; um marcador confi&#225;vel de dist&#250;rbios de oxig&#234;nio no tecido relacionados a complica&#231;&#245;es. O QR tem sido estudado em diferentes situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas para indicar hip&#243;xia tecidual e metabolismo anaer&#243;bico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Contudo, seu papel como um marcador de desfecho ainda n&#227;o est&#225; bem definido. Mekontso-Dessap et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> estudaram pacientes cr&#237;ticos e sugeriram que o QRe maior que 1,4 mmHg/mL/dL estima uma menor sobrevida global em um m&#234;s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Lundin et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> mostraram que, 24 horas ap&#243;s uma parada card&#237;aca, os n&#237;veis de QR forma independentemente associados com mortalidade na UTI mas n&#227;o com o desfecho neurol&#243;gico tr&#234;s meses depois. Por outro lado, &#916;pCO2 associou-se com uma taxa mais baixa de mortalidade na UTI e um pior desfecho neurol&#243;gico. Entre ScvO2 e &#916;pCO2, somente &#916;pCO2 foi capaz de predizer um pior desfecho.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O presente estudo avaliou o valor preditivo do QRe em pacientes de cirurgia card&#237;aca de alto risco. Nossos resultados sugerem que um QRe maior que 1,65 mmHg/mL/dL poderia predizer complica&#231;&#245;es no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, com uma sensibilidade de 54% e uma especificidade de 78% quando analisado 12 horas ap&#243;s admiss&#227;o na UTI.</p>
      <p>Um QR alto est&#225; relacionado com metabolismo anaer&#243;bico quando a OO<sub>2</sub> &#233; inadequada para atender a demanda de O2 (VO<sub>2</sub>). A resposta fisiol&#243;gica &#224; OO<sub>2</sub> diminui nos tecidos e leva a um amento na TEO<sub>2</sub> do sangue capilar para manter a produ&#231;&#227;o de adenosina trifostato (ATP) e a demanda de energia celular. Contudo, com redu&#231;&#245;es cr&#237;ticas na OO<sub>2</sub>, aumentos compensat&#243;rios na TEO<sub>2</sub> pode n&#227;o ser suficiente para fornecer o oxig&#234;nio necess&#225;rio para manter o metabolismo aer&#243;bico. Nesse contexto, redu&#231;&#245;es no VO<sub>2</sub> celular causam a produ&#231;&#227;o anaer&#243;bica de CO<sub>2</sub>. Essa complexa equa&#231;&#227;o entre o fornecimento e a demanda de oxig&#234;nio explica o aumento no (VCO<sub>2</sub>/VO<sub>2</sub>) quando a OO<sub>2</sub> cai para n&#237;veis cr&#237;ticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A &#916;pCO<sub>2</sub> elevada analisada 12 horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o na UTI e a alta concentra&#231;&#227;o ode lactato arterial seis horas ap&#243;s a cirurgia tamb&#233;m se associaram com piores desfechos. Os valores de outros marcadores de perfus&#227;o &#8211; BE, SvO<sub>2, a-v</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, OO<sub>2</sub>, VO<sub>2</sub>, TEO<sub>2</sub> e &#237;ndice card&#237;aco n&#227;o foram diferentes.</p>
      <p>O mecanismo fisiol&#243;gico da eleva&#231;&#227;o na diferen&#231;a venoarterial de CO<sub>2</sub> (&#916;PCO<sub>2</sub>) para estar mais relacionado com situa&#231;&#245;es de baixo fluxo sangu&#237;neo do que com hip&#243;xia tecidual e produ&#231;&#227;o anaer&#243;bica de CO<sub>2</sub>. Vallet et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> demonstraram, em um modelo experimental de hip&#243;xia isqu&#234;mica e hip&#243;xica que a diminui&#231;&#227;o da OO<sub>2</sub> pela redu&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo resultou em um aumento no &#916;PCO<sub>2</sub>, ao passo que diminuindo-se a OO<sub>2</sub> pela redu&#231;&#227;o da oxigena&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea n&#227;o afetou o &#916;PCO<sub>2</sub>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> O fen&#244;meno de estagna&#231;&#227;o de CO<sub>2</sub> pode explicar a amplia&#231;&#227;o da &#916;PCO<sub>2</sub> em situa&#231;&#245;es de baixo fluxo sangu&#237;neo. O tempo de tr&#226;nsito do fluxo sangu&#237;neo ficou mais lento, resultando em um maior incremento de CO<sub>2</sub> por unidade de sangue percorrendo os microvasos eferentes e gerando hipercarbia venosa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Um alto valor da diferen&#231;a venoarterial de pCO<sub>2</sub> tem sido relacionado a um desfecho desfavor&#225;vel em diferentes cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Na cirurgia card&#237;aca, Cavaliere et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> observaram uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre &#916;PCO<sub>2</sub> elevada e complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias. Dificuldade no desmame do BCP tamb&#233;m foi relacionada a valores elvados de &#916;PCO<sub>2,</sub> como demonstrado por Denault et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> De acordo com nossos resultados, um &#916;PCO<sub>2</sub> maior que 6,9 mmHg correlaciona-se com um desfecho p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio negativo. Curvas ROC apresentaram 62% de sensibilidade e 80% de especificidade na an&#225;lise da &#916;PCO<sub>2</sub> 12 horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o na UTI.</p>
      <p>Um dado interessante &#233; que valores iniciais de &#916;PCO<sub>2</sub> QRe na admiss&#227;o na UTI e seis horas depois n&#227;o foram associados com desfechos em nossos pacientes. Esses achados sugerem que os valores iniciais dos par&#226;metros de perfus&#227;o tecidual n&#227;o tiveram a mesma capacidade preditiva dos valores posteriores quando associados &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. A inflama&#231;&#227;o nesses pacientes, que foi mais pronunciada nas primeiras horas ap&#243;s o BCP, resultou em maior fluxo sangu&#237;neo e poderia explicar por que o QRe apresentou maior rela&#231;&#227;o com a &#916;PCO<sub>2</sub> que o lactato arterial. Essa eleva&#231;&#227;o no QRe pode ser explicada pela equa&#231;&#227;o matem&#225;tica incluindo &#916;PCO<sub>2</sub> do oque com hip&#243;xia tecidual e metabolismo anaer&#243;bico.</p>
      <p>N&#237;veis elevados de lactato plasm&#225;tico tamb&#233;m foram correlacionados com uma perman&#234;ncia prolongada na UTI em nosso estudo. A hiperlactatemia &#233; um marcador bem reconhecido de insufici&#234;ncia circulat&#243;ria, e seus valors foram associados com aumento na mortalidade em v&#225;rias situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Durante a cirurgia card&#237;aca com BCP, uma alta concentra&#231;&#227;o de lactato est&#225; frequentemente (10 a 20%) associada &#224; morbidade e &#224; mortalidade p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> As causas de hiperlactatemia durante e ap&#243;s a cirurgia card&#237;aca permanecem controversas. A maioria dos autores atribuem esse achado &#224; hip&#243;xia tecidual (hiperlactatemia tipo A). No entanto, a hiperlactatemia tipo B, que ocorrem em pacientes sem hip&#243;xia tecidual, pode ocasionalmente ser vista ap&#243;s o BCP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Neste estudo, a concentra&#231;&#227;o de lactato arterial aumentou ap&#243;s a cirurgia e permaneceu elevada at&#233; a admiss&#227;o na UTI, quando diminuiu progressivamente. Os n&#237;veis de lactato seis horas ap&#243;s a cirurgia foram significativamente mais altos no grupo com tempo na UTI prolongado. Essa diferen&#231;a n&#227;o foi mantida, sugerindo que a eleva&#231;&#227;o no lactato se relacionou &#224; hipoperfus&#227;o tecidual intraoperat&#243;ria, que contribuiu para um curso desfavor&#225;vel na nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. De acordo com nossos resultados, uma concentra&#231;&#227;o de lactato arterial &#8805; 4 mmol/L no tempo UTI-6 foi preditor de um desfecho complicado com uma sensibilidade de 49% e uma especificidade de 84%. Essa aus&#234;ncia de sensibilidade foi identificada em um estudo pr&#233;vio<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> e sugere que n&#237;veis iniciais de lactato n&#227;o podem predizer certos eventos adversos p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios.</p>
      <p>Pacientes com desfechos desfavor&#225;veis tamb&#233;m apresentaram um EuroSCORE mais alto. A correla&#231;&#227;o entre o EuroSCORE e a evolu&#231;&#227;o complicada na UTI foi desctit,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> o que enfatiza a import&#226;ncia do EuroSCORE como um par&#226;metro de rastreamento para predizer o tempo de perman&#234;ncia da UTI.</p>
      <p>Como demonstrado em estudos anteriores,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> par&#226;metros derivados de oxig&#234;nio apresentam baixa correla&#231;&#227;o com metabolismo anaer&#243;bico e, portanto, n&#227;o podem ser usados como indicadores progn&#243;sticos em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica. A interpreta&#231;&#227;o para um baixo VO<sub>2</sub> &#233; dif&#237;cil; ele pode estar relacionado &#224; hip&#243;xia tecidual ou a uma demanda reduzida de O2 sem hip&#243;xia sist&#234;mica ou a uma baixa temperatura. Valores baixos de SvO<sub>2</sub> podem estar associados com hip&#243;xia tecidual global, com uma diminui&#231;&#227;o aguda na OO<sub>2</sub>, ou com condi&#231;&#245;es aer&#243;bicas se mecanismos compensat&#243;rios da extra&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub> forem inadequadas. Por outro lado, valores m&#233;dios ou mesmo altos de SvO<sub>2</sub> podem estar associados &#224; hip&#243;xia tecidual profunda relacionada a uma deficiente extra&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio ou baixo metabolismo causado por anestesia profunda e hipotermia. Um desequil&#237;brio de temperatura em diferentes compartimentos do corpo devido a um reaquecimento n&#227;o uniforme ap&#243;s o bypass<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> pode &#224;s vezes explicar nos valores iniciais altos de SvO<sub>2</sub>. Conclus&#245;es similares podem ser tiradas para O<sub>2</sub>ER e <sub>a-v</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. De fato, n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;as significativas entre SvO<sub>2</sub>, DO<sub>2</sub>, VO<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>2</sub>ER, e C<sub>a-v</sub>O<sub>2</sub>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es de nosso estudo devem ser mencionadas. Os fatores de confus&#227;o podem haver influenciado os resultados obtidos; por exemplo, o estado inflamat&#243;rio que causa eleva&#231;&#227;o anormal no d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e otimiza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica inadequada. N&#237;veis elevados de QRe, &#916;PCO<sub>2,</sub> lactato, e EuroSCORE no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foram significativamente correlacionados com uma evolu&#231;&#227;o complicada ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Contudo, n&#227;o podemos concluir se essa eleva&#231;&#227;o nesses par&#226;metros de hipoperfus&#227;o foi relacionada com uma otimiza&#231;&#227;o insuficiente com drogas vasoativas ou &#224; refratariedade ao tratamento. Assim, a otimiza&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o tecidual em pacientes de alto risco submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca deveria ser estudada usando valores &#243;timos de QRe, &#916;PCO<sub>2,</sub> e lactato como alvos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nossos achados mostraram que EuroSCORE, lactato arterial seis horas ap&#243;s a cirurgia, &#916;PCO2 12 horas ap&#243;s a cirurgia, e QRe s&#227;o preditores independentes de eventos adversos em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda ap&#243;s a cirurgia card&#237;aca. O poder preditivo desses par&#226;metros de hipoperfus&#227;o independe de fatores pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios representados pelo EuroSCORE. N&#227;o houve superioridade de nenhum biomarcador identificado como um preditor independente.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Thiana Yamaguti pela Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do CAPPESQ sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 0517/04. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Markers of Tissue Perfusion as Predictors of Adverse Outcomes in Patients with Left Ventricular Dysfunction Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yamaguti</surname>
            <given-names>Thiana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3919-1743</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Auler</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Otavio Costa</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dallan</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s Alberto Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galas</surname>
            <given-names>Filomena Regina Barbosa Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cunha</surname>
            <given-names>Ligia Cristina C&#226;mara</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Piccioni</surname>
            <given-names>Marilde de Albuquerque</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Jos&#233; Otavio Costa Auler Junior &#8226;</bold> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>auler.junior@hc.fm.usp.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Alexandre Colafranceschi</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Cardiac surgery patients may be exposed to tissue hypoperfusion and anaerobic metabolism.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To verify whether the biomarkers of tissue hypoperfusion have predictive value for prolonged intensive care unit (ICU) stay in patients with left ventricular dysfunction who underwent coronary artery bypass surgery.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>After approval by the institution's Ethics Committee and the signing of informed consent, 87 patients with left ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction &lt; 50%) undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery were enrolled. Hemodynamic and metabolic biomarkers were collected at five time points: after anesthesia, at the end of the surgery, at ICU admission, and at six and twelve hours after. An analysis of variance for repeated measures followed by a Bonferroni post hoc test was used for repeated, continuous variables (hemodynamic and metabolic variables) to determine differences between the two groups over the course of the study period. The level of statistical significance adopted was 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Thirty-eight patients (43.7%) who presented adverse outcomes were older, higher Euro score (p&lt;0.001), and elevated &#916;pCO<sub>2</sub> as analyzed 12 hours after ICU admission (p&lt;0.01), while increased arterial lactate concentration at 6 hours postoperatively was found to be a negative predictive factor (p&lt;0.01).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Euro SCORE, six-hour postoperative arterial lactate, 12-hour postoperative &#916;PCO<sub>2</sub>, and eRQ are independent predictors of adverse outcomes in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after cardiac surgery.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Thoracic Surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Left Ventricular Dysfunction</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomarkers</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Patients who undergo cardiac surgery may be exposed to tissue hypoperfusion and anaerobic metabolism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The factors involved in cellular hypoxemia are hemodilution, low cardiac output, and inflammatory reactions following cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The biomarkers of tissue hypoperfusion, such as lactate levels, venoarterial CO<sub>2</sub> gradient (&#916;PCO<sub>2</sub>), estimated respiratory quotient (eRQ), and central venous oxygen saturation (SvO<sub>2</sub>), are increased by low cardiac output.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Lactate levels during shock states are increased due to tissue hypoxia, increased glucose metabolism, and decreased lactate clearance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The &#916;PCO<sub>2</sub> increases with low cardiac output or inadequate microcirculatory perfusion that means blood flow stagnation in the venous compartment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Furthermore, eRQ (&#916;PCO<sub>2</sub> corrected by the arterial-to-venous oxygen content difference) has demonstrated better sensibility for anaerobic metabolism detection when compared with &#916;PCO<sub>2</sub> alone.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Nevertheless, tissue hypoperfusion could be masked by the inflammatory response and vasodilatory states following bypass.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Patients with left ventricular dysfunction under cardiac surgery are more likely to present low cardiac output syndrome associated with a systemic inflammatory response.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> This situation results in a prolonged stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) and higher mortality rates as compared to patients with normal ventricular function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The early detection of tissue hypoperfusion may predict adverse outcomes in this group of patients who contribute to prolonged ICU stay and high mortality. Optimizing the hemodynamic profile based on certain values of cardiac index and oxygen delivery to the cells is the main rule in postoperative management. The association of cardiac output measurement and biomarkers of tissue perfusion may define the support with vasoactive drugs and volume adjustment. The question addressed in this study is whether the biomarkers of tissue hypoperfusion have a predictive value for prolonged ICU stay in patients with left ventricular dysfunction who underwent coronary artery bypass surgery.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This is a prospective observational study conducted over two years at the InCor- Heart Institute of the General Hospital of the University of Sao Paulo Medical School. All the patients gave written consent, and the Local Ethical Committee approved the study (CAPPESQ n. 0517/04).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients</title>
          <p>This was a prospective observational cohort study conducted during 24 consecutive months. During this period, 183 patients with left ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction &lt; 50%) were submitted to coronary bypass graft surgery and 110 patients were eligible in the study. Twenty-three patients were excluded. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was measured preoperatively using 2D echocardiography. The exclusion criteria were renal failure (creatinine clearance lower than 40 mL/min/m<sup>2</sup>), hepatic dysfunction, endocrine disorders, pulmonary disease, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, a history of fever or infection within the week before surgery, and previous anemia (hemoglobin &#8804; 10.0 g/dL).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Anesthesia, surgery, and CPB</title>
          <p>Anesthesia was induced with 3-5 &#956;g/kg fentanyl, 0.05 mg/kg midazolam, etomidate 0.2-0.3 mg/kg, muscle relaxation, and fentanyl and sevoflurane for maintenance. Standard monitoring for cardiac surgery was used, and a pulmonary artery catheter was introduced for hemodynamic monitoring. An initial 500 IU kg dose of heparin was administered for anticoagulation, and the activated clotting time was fixed at 480 seconds. At the end of CPB, heparin was reversed by protamine chloride at a 1:1 ratio of the loading dose, regardless of the total heparin dosage. Blood flow during CPB was set between 2.0 and 2.4 L/m<sup>2</sup> or according to the mean arterial pressure held at approximately 60 mmHg. A membrane oxygenator was used in all patients, and intermittent cold blood cardioplegia (every 10 minutes, anterograde) was used for myocardial protection. During CPB, the core temperature was maintained at 32-34 &#176;C, and hematocrit levels were between 22% and 25%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection and definitions</title>
          <p>The demographic, clinical and operative data recorded were age (years), sex, weight (Kg), body surface area (BSA, m<sup>2</sup>), Euro SCORE,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> preoperative LVEF (%), previous unstable angina, previous intra-aortic balloon (IAB), CPB duration (minutes), surgery and anesthesia duration (minutes). Hemodynamic and metabolic parameters were obtained at five time points: after anesthesia induction (INITIAL), at the end of surgery (FINAL), at admission to the postsurgical intensive care unit (ICU) (ICU-1), six hours after ICU admission (ICU-6), and 12 hours after ICU admission (ICU-12). Cardiac output was acquired by the thermodilution technique, and arterial and mixed venous blood samples were withdrawn simultaneously and analyzed (ABL 750; Radiometer, Copenhagen, Denmark) for determination of the following variables: arterial oxygen tension (PaO<sub>2</sub>), arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO<sub>2</sub>), mixed venous oxygen tension (PvO<sub>2</sub>), mixed venous carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) tension (PvCO<sub>2</sub>), arterial oxygen saturation (SaO<sub>2</sub>) and mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO<sub>2</sub>). Hemoglobin concentration (Hb) was also measured. The arterial oxygen content (CaO<sub>2</sub>), mixed venous oxygen content (CvO<sub>2</sub>), arteriovenous oxygen content difference (C<sub>a-v</sub>O<sub>2</sub>), oxygen delivery (DO<sub>2</sub>), oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>), and oxygen extraction ratio (O<sub>2</sub>ER) were calculated using standard formulas. The veno-arterial CO<sub>2</sub> tension difference (&#916;PCO<sub>2</sub>) and estimated respiratory quotient (eRQ) were calculated with the following formula: &#916;PCO<sub>2</sub>= PvCO<sub>2</sub>&#8211;PaCO<sub>2</sub> eRQ= &#916;PCO<sub>2</sub>/ C<sub>a-v</sub>O<sub>2</sub>.</p>
          <p>After surgery, patients were admitted to the postsurgical ICU. The outcomes in terms of mechanical ventilation time, ICU and hospital length of stay, clinical outcomes in the ICU, and hospital mortality were recorded.</p>
          <p>Patients were divided into two groups according to their postoperative clinical course: the negative outcome group (death within 30 days after surgery or ICU stay &gt; 4 days) and the positive outcome group (ICU stay &#8804; 4 days) and hospital discharge.</p>
          <p>Postoperative complications were defined as follows: mechanical ventilation longer than 48 hours or reintubation for any reason, neurologic complications characterized by acute cognitive dysfunction, brain ischemia as documented by computed tomography scan 48 hours after cardiac surgery, acute renal failure defined as an increase of 50% in the previous value of serum creatinine or renal replacement therapy, and infection, such as pneumonia, mediastinitis, catheter-related infection, or bacteremia. Low cardiac output was defined as requiring inotropic support for more than 24 hours or a cardiac index lower than 2.2 L/min/m<sup>2</sup>; although inotropic treatment was used, there were no arrhythmias that required pharmacological intervention or electric cardioversion.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data normality was assessed by Shapiro-Wilk test. Continuous variables with normal distribution were described through mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) and those without normal distribution were described using median and interquartile range.</p>
          <p>Unpaired t test or Mann&#8211;Whitney <italic>U</italic> test was used for continuous data as appropriate. Categorical variables were presented as proportions and were compared with the chi-square test or Fisher's Exact test. An analysis of variance for repeated measures followed by a Bonferroni <italic>post hoc</italic> test was used for repeated, continuous variables (hemodynamic and metabolic variables) to determine differences between the two groups over the study period. A multivariate logistic regression model was performed backwards to identify the independent risk factors for prolonged ICU stay. Logistic regression results are reported as adjusted odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to identify optimal cutoff values associated with the outcome. The optimum cutoff was defined as the value associated with the highest sum of sensitivity and specificity. The area under the ROC curve was determined and compared. GraphPad Prism version 5.0 for Windows (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA) and SPSS version 15.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA) were used for analyses, and significance was set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Demographic and clinical data</title>
          <p>A total of 87 patients aged 35 to 83 years were included in this study. Thirty-eight patients (43.7%) presented with some adverse outcomes, and 49 patients (56.3%) presented with normal evolution (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 1</xref>). Patients with negative outcomes were older and presented lower body weight and BSA compared to those with positive outcomes. Patients with negative outcomes had higher values of EUROSCORE (median 6, IQR 5-8) than those with positive outcomes (median 3, IQR 3-5). The other preoperative variables and surgical data were not different between the groups. The group that had adverse outcomes had a significant number of postoperative complications (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Demographic, preoperative, surgical, and postoperative data of patients with complicated clinical courses and uncomplicated courses</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B3CE">
                  <th valign="middle" align="left">Parameters</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Uncomplicated course (n= 49)</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Complicated course (n= 38)</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">
                    <bold>Demographic</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Age (years)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">59.7 &#177; 9.4</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">66.3 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Weight (kg)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">74 (65.5-80)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">65 (60-73.5)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.005<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">BSA (m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.81 &#177; 0.17</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.71 &#177; 0.16</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.006<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Female</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">12 (24.5%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">15 (39.5%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">
                    <bold>Preoperative</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">EuroSCORE</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">3 (3-5)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">6 (5-8)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">LVEF (%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">40 (35-45.3)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">42.5 (34.9-48)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.40</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">IAB</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">3 (6.1%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">4 (10.5%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.71</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">
                    <bold>Surgical</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Surgery duration (min)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">280 (240-340)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">312 (245-374)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Anesthesia duration (min)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">390 (320-430)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">400 (334-480)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.38</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">CPB time (min)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">95 (75-118)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">90 (69-140)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.77</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">
                    <bold>Postoperative</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">ICU length of stay (days)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">3 (2-4)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">9 (6-20)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Hospital length of stay (days)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">9 (7-13)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">23 (14-29.5)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Respiratory complications</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">21 (42.8%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">29 (76.3%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Neurologic complications</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">8 (21%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.002<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Renal complications</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1 (2%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">18 (47.4%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Infection</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">15 (30.6%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">28 (73.7%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Low cardiac output syndrome</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">8 (16.3%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">34 (89.5%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Arrhythmias</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">8 (16.3%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">25 (65.8%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0.001<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Statistically significant difference. Data are presented as the means &#177; standard deviation, medians (interquartile range) or absolute values (%); BSA: body surface area; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; IAB: previous use of intraaortic balloon counterpulsation; CPB: cardiopulmonary bypass.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Hemodynamic and metabolic variables measured at the five preestablished time points were compared between both groups up to the sixth hour of collection (lactate) and the twelfth hour of sample collection (CO<sub>2</sub> gradient) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Hemodynamic and metabolic variables of patients according to the postoperative clinical course (mean &#177; SD)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B3CE">
                  <th valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2">Parameter</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center" rowspan="2">Outcome</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="5" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Time</th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B3CE">
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">INITIAL</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">FINAL</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">ICU-1</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">ICU-6</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">ICU-12</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">eRQ</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">Uncomplicated Complicated</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.35&#177;0.58 1.36&#177;0.65</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.82&#177;0.68 1.91&#177;0.90</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.69&#177;0.69 1.70&#177;0.97</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.51&#177;0.84 1.59&#177;0.61</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.41&#177;0.67 1.86&#177;0.82<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">&#916;CO<sub>2</sub> (mmHg)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">Uncomplicated Complicated</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">6.11&#177;2.98 6.01&#177;2.62</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">5.81&#177;1.81 5.51&#177;2.40</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">6.20&#177;2.26 6.45&#177;3.60</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">6.30&#177;3.11 6.76&#177;2.78</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">5.55&#177;2.86 7.75&#177;3.10<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">**</xref></td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Lactate (mmol/L)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">Uncomplicated Complicated</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.57&#177;0.58 1.67&#177;0.73</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">3.77&#177;1.82 4.96&#177;3.21</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">3.86&#177;2.19 5.17&#177;3.54</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">2.63&#177;1.45 4.26&#177;2.63<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">**</xref></td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">2.04&#177;0.83 3.05&#177;2.31</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">BE</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">Uncomplicated Complicated</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.49&#177;1.90 -0.69&#177;2.99</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">-4.45&#177;2.49 -5.17&#177;3.00</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">-4.74&#177;3.22 -5.40&#177;3.47</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">-4.09&#177;2.97 -5.20&#177;4.15</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">-3.44&#177;2.43 -3.82&#177;3.61</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Svo<sub>2</sub> (%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">Uncomplicated Complicated</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">74.58&#177;7.50 73.32&#177;8.87</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">77.29&#177;4.59 77.87&#177;6.77</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">73.68&#177;6.41 72.05&#177;8.44</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">65.92&#177;7.09 66.19&#177;8.21</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">68.44&#177;6.69 67.19&#177;7.51</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">C<sub>a-v</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (mL/dL)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">Uncomplicated Complicated</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">4.56&#177;1.26 4.72&#177;1.75</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">3.30&#177;0.69 3.01&#177;0.75</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">3.80&#177;0.95 3.92&#177;0.99</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">4.34&#177;0.89 4.44&#177;1.17</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">4.01&#177;1.08 4.38&#177;1.09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">DO<sub>2</sub> (mL/min)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">Uncomplicated Complicated</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">485.0&#177;212.0 467.2&#177;186.5</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">813.0&#177;297.8 727.7&#177;163.5</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">566.0&#177;241.7 625.3&#177;294.5</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">788.8&#177;252.8 763.5&#177;282.3</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">869.4&#177;291.3 744.3&#177;197.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">VO<sub>2</sub> (mL/min)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">Uncomplicated Complicated</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">125.7&#177;59.25 131.3&#177;67.88</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">194.8&#177;73.13 164.1&#177;40.31</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">146.9&#177;64.98 161.7&#177;84.34</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">243.4&#177;74.63 234.2&#177;73.49</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">253.8&#177;80.55 228.0&#177;47.24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">O<sub>2</sub>ER (%)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">Uncomplicated Complicated</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">26.44&#177;7.30 28.07&#177;8.06</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">24.69&#177;5.92 23.18&#177;5.76</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">26.05&#177;6,37 27.94&#177;7.96</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">31.80&#177;6.56 32.08&#177;8.17</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">30.37&#177;6.74 32.07&#177;7.09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">CI (L/min/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">Uncomplicated Complicated</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">2.40&#177;0.68 2.34&#177;0.73</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">3.52&#177;1.04 3.31&#177;0.61</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">3.06&#177;0.78 3.03&#177;0.88</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">3.21&#177;0.77 3.16&#177;1.01</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">3.62&#177;0.91 3.17&#177;0.71</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p&lt;0.05 between groups;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <label>**</label>
                <p>p&lt;0.01 between groups.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN9a">
                <p>INITIAL: after anesthesia induction, FINAL: end of surgery; ICU-1: admission to the postsurgical ICU, ICU-6: 6 hours after ICU admission, ICU-12: 12 hours after ICU admission.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estimated respiratory quotient and &#916;pCO<sub>2</sub></title>
          <p>Patients with clinical complications presented significantly higher eRQ values 12 hours after ICU admission. Similar results were observed for &#916;PCO<sub>2</sub>, which was also higher at ICU-12 in that group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Lactate</title>
          <p>Values of arterial lactate were not different between groups at all time points except at six hours after ICU admission (ICU-6), when patients with worse outcomes had significantly higher levels of this biomarker (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          <p><italic>Base excess, SvO</italic><sub>2</sub><italic>, C</italic><sub>a-v</sub><italic>O</italic><sub>2</sub><italic>, DO</italic><sub>2</sub><italic>, VO</italic><sub>2</sub><italic>, O</italic><sub>2</sub><italic>ER and cardiac index</italic> These parameters were not different between groups at any established moments (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Multivariate model to identify independent determinants of prolonged ICU stay</title>
          <p>Variables identified to be significantly different between groups (EuroSCORE, body weight, ICU-12 eRQ, ICU-12 &#916;PCO<sub>2</sub> and ICU-6 lactate) were included in this model to identify independent determinants of prolonged ICU stay. Patient ages were distributed in five clusters for analysis: &#8804; 50 years, 51 to 60 years, 61 to 70 years, 71 to 80 years, and &#8805; 81 years.</p>
          <p>In the first model of analysis, "ICU-12 &#916;PCO<sub>2</sub>" was excluded because there is a mathematical relation between &#916;PCO<sub>2</sub> and eRQ that could result in collinearity and a modification of the results. A stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that Euro SCORE, ICU-12 and ICU-6 lactate were all independently associated with complicated course in the postoperative period (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Logistic regression for predicting a complicated postoperative clinical course after coronary artery bypass surgery in patients with left ventricular dysfunction; first model: without venoarterial CO<sub>2</sub> gradient (&#916;CO<sub>2</sub>) at 12 hours after intensive care unit admission</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B3CE">
                  <th valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2">Variable</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Univariate logistic regression</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Multivariate logistic regression</th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B3CE">
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Odds ratio</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">95% CI</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Univariate p</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Odds ratio</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">95% CI</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Multivariate p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Age group (10 years)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.77</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.67 to 4.69</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.249</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Weight (kg)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.95</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.88 to 1.01</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.124</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">EuroSCORE</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">2.25</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.35 to 3.77</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.002</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">2.50</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.58 to 3.97</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Lactate ICU-6 (mmol/l)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.68</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.10 to 2.56</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.017</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.81</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.16 to 2.83</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">eRQ ICU-12 (mmHg/mL/dL)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">4.11</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.26 to 13.34</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.019</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">3.21</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.16 to 8.86</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.024</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <p>Age group: every ten years above 50 years old; ICU-6: 6 hours after intensive care unit admission; eRQ: estimated respiratory quotient; ICU-12: 12 hours after intensive care unit admission.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>In the second model of analysis, "ICU-12 &#916;PCO<sub>2</sub>" was included, and "ICU-12 eRQ" was excluded. Similar results were found for Euro SCORE, ICU-6 lactate and ICU-12 &#916;PCO<sub>2</sub>, which were independently associated with complicated course (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Table 4</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t9">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Logistic regression for predicting a complicated clinical course after coronary artery bypass surgery in patients with left ventricular dysfunction (second model &#8211; without T4 eRQ)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B3CE">
                  <th valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2">Variable</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Univariate logistic regression</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Multivariate logistic regression</th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B3CE">
                  <th valign="middle" align="left">Odds ratio</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">95% CI</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Univariate p</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Odds ratio</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">95% CI</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Multivariate p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Age group (10 years)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">2.13</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.75 to 6.05</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.154</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Weight (kg)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.94</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.88 to 1.01</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.114</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">EuroSCORE</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">2.19</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.32 to 3.63</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.002</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">2.51</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.58 to 3.97</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Lactate ICU-6 (mmol/l)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.61</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.07 to 2.43</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.022</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.68</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.10 to 2.56</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.016</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">&#916;CO<sub>2</sub> ICU-12 (mmHg)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.47</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.10 to 1.95</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.009</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.33</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.05 to 1.68</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.015</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN11">
                <p>Age group: every ten years above 50 years old, ICU-6: 6 hours after intensive care unit admission; &#916;CO<sub>2</sub>: venoarterial CO<sub>2</sub> gradient; ICU-12: 12 hours after intensive care unit admission.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC curve)</title>
          <p>The optimal cutoff values of Euro SCORE, "ICU-12 &#916;PCO<sub>2</sub>"<sub>,</sub> "ICU-12 eRQ," and "ICU-6 Lactate" to identify patients with complicated postoperative outcomes were defined by analyzing ROC curves (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Table 5</xref>). The areas under the ROC curves of the variables were not significantly different.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Areas of receiver operating characteristic curves to predict a complicated postoperative clinical course after coronary artery bypass surgery in patients with left ventricular dysfunction</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B3CE">
                  <th valign="middle" align="left">Parameter</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Area</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">95% CI</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Cutoff</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Sensitivity (%)</th>
                  <th valign="middle" align="center">Specificity (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">EURO SCORE</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.76</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.66 to 0.86</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">5</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">78</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">65</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">Lactate ICU-6 (mmol/l)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.67</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.55 to 0.80</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.0033</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">4</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">49</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">84</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">eRQ ICU-12 (mmHg/mL/dL)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.68</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.57 to 0.80</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.0010</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">1.65</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">54</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">78</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C6DFEB">
                  <td valign="middle" align="left">&#916;CO<sub>2</sub> ICU-12 (mmHg)</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.72</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">0.60 to 0.83</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">6.9</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">62</td>
                  <td valign="middle" align="center">80</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <p>ICU-6: 6 hours after intensive care unit admission; &#916;CO<sub>2</sub>: venoarterial CO<sub>2</sub> gradient; ICU-12: 12 hours after intensive care unit admission; CI: Confidence interval.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Euro SCORE &#8805; 5 predicted a worse clinical course with a sensitivity of 78% and a specificity of 65%. An eRQ &#8805; 1.65 mmHg/mL/dL 12 h after ICU admission predicted a complicated outcome with a sensitivity of 54% and a specificity of 78%. ICU-12 &#916;PCO<sub>2</sub>&#8805; 6.9 mmHg also predicted a complicated course with a sensitivity of 62% and a specificity of 80%, and ICU-6 lactate &#8805; 4 mmol/L predicted complications with a sensitivity of 49% and a specificity of 84% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Table 5</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The purpose of the present study was to evaluate whether the perioperative markers of tissue hypoperfusion are predictive of adverse postoperative outcomes in patients with left ventricular dysfunction who underwent coronary artery bypass surgery. The main results indicated that Euro SCORE, 6-hour postoperative arterial lactate, 12-hour postoperative eRQ and &#916;pCO<sub>2</sub> are independent predictors of prolonged ICU length of stay.</p>
        <p>Patients with left ventricular dysfunction who underwent coronary artery bypass surgery usually present higher rates of complications,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> as observed in our study, resulting in a prolonged ICU stay. The early prediction of complicated postoperative evolution may require special attention to minimize complications.</p>
        <p>In our data, it was possible to identify that some biomarkers of tissue perfusion differed in the first and 12 hours in the group of patients who had a favorable course. Our data suggest that a 12-hour postoperative eRQ is a reliable marker of tissue oxygen disturbances related to postoperative complications. The RQ has been studied in different clinical settings to indicate tissue hypoxia and anaerobic metabolism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Nevertheless, its role as an outcome marker is still not well defined. Mekontso-Dessap et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> studied critically ill patients and suggested that an eRQ of higher than 1.4 mmHg/mL/dL estimates a lower overall survival at one month.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Lundin et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> showed that 24 hours after cardiac arrest, levels of RQ were independently associated with ICU mortality but not with neurologic outcome three months later. In contrast, &#916;pCO<sub>2</sub> was associated with a lower rate of ICU mortality and a poor neurologic outcome. Among lactate, ScvO<sub>2</sub> and &#916;pCO<sub>2</sub>, only &#916;pCO<sub>2</sub> was able to predict the worst outcome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The present study examined the predictive value of eRQ in high-risk cardiac surgery patients. Our findings suggest that an eRQ higher than 1.65 mmHg/mL/dL could predict postoperative complications, with 54% sensitivity and 78% specificity when analyzed 12 h after ICU admission.</p>
        <p>A high RQ value is related to anaerobic metabolism when DO<sub>2</sub> is inadequate to meet O<sub>2</sub> demand (VO<sub>2</sub>). The physiological response to DO<sub>2</sub> decreases in the tissues and leads to an increase in the ERO<sub>2</sub> of capillary blood to maintain adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and cellular energy demand. However, with critical decreases in DO<sub>2</sub>, compensatory increases in ERO<sub>2</sub> may not be sufficient to provide the O<sub>2</sub> required to sustain aerobic metabolism. In this setting, cellular VO<sub>2</sub> reductions cause anaerobic CO<sub>2</sub> production. This imbalance between oxygen supply and demand explains an increased RQ (VCO<sub>2</sub>/VO<sub>2</sub>) when DO<sub>2</sub> drops to critical levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Elevated &#916;pCO<sub>2</sub> analyzed at 12 hours after ICU admission and high arterial lactate concentration at 6 hours postoperatively were also associated with poor outcomes. The values of other global perfusion markers, BE, SvO<sub>2,</sub> C<sub>a-v</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, DO<sub>2</sub>, VO<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>2</sub>ER, and cardiac index, were not different.</p>
        <p>The physiological mechanism of venoarterial pCO<sub>2</sub> difference (&#916;PCO<sub>2</sub>) elevation seems to be more related to low blood flow states than to tissue hypoxia with anaerobic production of CO<sub>2</sub>. Vallet et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> demonstrated in an experimental model of hypoxic and ischemic hypoxia that lowering DO<sub>2</sub> by decreasing blood flow resulted in an increased &#916;PCO<sub>2</sub>, whereas lowering DO<sub>2</sub> by reducing blood oxygenation does not affect &#916;PCO<sub>2</sub>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> The CO<sub>2</sub> stagnation phenomenon can explain the widening of &#916;PCO2 in low blood flow states. The blood flow transit time slowed, resulting in an increased addition of CO<sub>2</sub> per unit of blood crossing the efferent microvessels and generating venous hypercarbia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A high value of venoarterial pCO<sub>2</sub> difference has been related to an unfavorable outcome in different clinical scenarios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> In cardiac surgery, Cavaliere et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> observed an association between elevated &#916;PCO<sub>2</sub> and postoperative complications. Difficulty weaning from CPB was also related to high values of &#916;PCO<sub>2,</sub> as demonstrated by Denaut et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> According to our results, a &#916;PCO<sub>2</sub> higher than 6.9 mmHg correlates with a negative postoperative outcome. ROC curves presented 62% sensitivity and 80% specificity when analyzing &#916;PCO<sub>2</sub> 12 h after ICU admission.</p>
        <p>Interestingly, initial values of &#916;PCO<sub>2</sub> and eRQ at ICU admission and 6 hours after were not associated with outcomes in our patients. These findings suggest that the initial values of tissue perfusion parameters were not as predictive as later values when linked to clinical course. Inflammation in these patients, which was more pronounced in the first hours after CPB,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> resulted in higher blood flows and could explain why eRQ was more related to &#916;PCO<sub>2</sub> than to arterial lactate. Such elevation in eRQ may be explained by mathematical equation including &#916;PCO<sub>2</sub> rather than by tissue hypoxia and anaerobic metabolism.</p>
        <p>High levels of plasma lactate were also related to prolonged ICU stay in our study. Hyperlactatemia is a well-recognized marker of circulatory failure, and its values have been associated with increased mortality in various clinical settings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> During cardiac surgery with CPB, a high lactate concentration is frequently (10 to 20%) associated with postoperative morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> The causes of hyperlactatemia during and after cardiac surgery remain controversial. Most authors attribute this finding to tissue hypoxia (type A hyperlactatemia). However, type B hyperlactatemia, which occurs in patients without tissue hypoxia, may occasionally be seen after CPB.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> In this study, the arterial lactate concentration increased after surgery and remained elevated until ICU admission, when it decreased progressively. Six-hour postoperative lactate levels were significantly higher in the prolonged ICU stay group. However, when analyzed 12 hours after ICU admission, the lactate levels were normal. This difference was not maintained, suggesting that the lactate elevation was related to intraoperative tissue hypoperfusion, which contributed to unfavorable course in our population. According to our results, an arterial lactate concentration &#8805; 4 mmol/L at ICU-6 predicted a complicated outcome with a sensitivity of 49% and a specificity of 84%. This lack of sensitivity was identified in a previous study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> and suggests that initial lactate levels cannot predict certain postoperative adverse events.</p>
        <p>Patients with unfavorable outcomes also presented a higher Euro SCORE value. The correlation between Euro SCORE and complicated evolution in the ICU has been described,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> which emphasizes the importance of Euro SCORE as a screening parameter to predict ICU length of stay.</p>
        <p>As demonstrated in previous studies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> oxygen-derived parameters are poorly correlated with anaerobic metabolism and therefore cannot be used as prognostic indicators in our specific population. The interpretation of a low VO<sub>2</sub> is difficult; it can be related to tissue hypoxia or a reduced O<sub>2</sub> demand without systemic hypoxia or low temperature. Low values of SvO<sub>2</sub> can be associated with global tissue hypoxia, an acute decrease in DO<sub>2</sub>, or with aerobic conditions if compensatory mechanisms of O<sub>2</sub> extraction were inadequate. On the other hand, average or even high values of SvO<sub>2</sub> can be associated with profound tissue hypoxia related to impaired O<sub>2</sub> extraction or low metabolism caused by deep anesthesia and hypothermia. An imbalance of temperature in different body compartments related to nonuniform bypass rewarming<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> may sometimes explain the high initial values of SvO<sub>2.</sub> Similar conclusions can be drawn for O<sub>2</sub>ER and C<sub>a-v</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. Accordingly, we did not find significant differences between SvO<sub>2</sub>, DO<sub>2</sub>, VO<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>2</sub>ER, and C<sub>a-v</sub>O<sub>2</sub>.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations of this study</title>
          <p>Limitations of our study should be acknowledged. The confounding factors may have influenced the results; for example, the inflammatory state that leads to abnormally high levels of cardiac output and inadequate hemodynamic optimization. Elevated postoperative eRQ, &#916;PCO<sub>2,</sub> lactate, and higher EuroSCORE were significantly correlated with a complicated postoperative course. However, we cannot conclude whether such elevation in these hypoperfusion parameter was related to an insufficient optimization with vasoactive drugs or to refractoriness to treatment. Therefore, optimizing tissue perfusion in high-risk patients submitted to cardiac surgery should be further studied using optimal eRQ, &#916;PCO<sub>2,</sub> and lactate values as targets.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In conclusion, our findings have shown that Euro SCORE, arterial lactate at six hours postoperatively, &#916;PCO<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> at 12 hours postoperatively, and eRQ are independent predictors of adverse outcomes in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after cardiac surgery. The predictive power of these hypoperfusion parameters is independent of the preoperative factors represented by the EuroSCORE. There was no superiority of any biomarker identified as an independent predictor.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Thiana Yamaguti, from Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the CAPPESQ under the protocol number 0517/04. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
