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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">tkhrJ3rsBrmC5gKq9h6HmCz</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000200301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230040</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o do N&#237;vel de ST2 Sol&#250;vel com Mortalidade em 6 Meses e/ou Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o Recorrente Relacionada a Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares em Embolia Pulmonar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3853-5046</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gunes</surname>
            <given-names>Hakan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gunes</surname>
            <given-names>Handan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dagli</surname>
            <given-names>Musa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kiri&#351;&#231;i</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#214;zbek</surname>
            <given-names>Meryem</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Atilla</surname>
            <given-names>Nurhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Y&#305;lmaz</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet Birhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Kahramanmaras</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras &#8211; Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Cumnhuriyet University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Physiology</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Sivas</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Physiology, Cumnhuriyet University, Faculty of Medicine, Sivas &#8211; Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiovascular Surgery</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Kahramanmaras</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras &#8211; Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Chest Diseases</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Kahramanmaras</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Chest Diseases, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras &#8211; Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Dokuz Eylul University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Izmir</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir &#8211; Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Hakan Gunes</bold> &#8226; Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi Tip Fakultesi &#8211; Cardiology &#8211; Kayseri yolu, Av&#351;ar kamp&#252;s&#252; Onikisubat Kahramanmaras, <postal-code>46100</postal-code> &#8211; Turquia E-mail: <email>drhakangunes83@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230040</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o de supress&#227;o sol&#250;vel da tumorig&#234;nese-2 (sST2) com progn&#243;stico em embolia pulmonar (EP) &#233; desconhecida.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de sST2 em pacientes com EP aguda e mortalidade em 6 meses e hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es recorrentes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Este estudo prospectivo incluiu 100 pacientes com EP aguda. Os pacientes foram classificados em dois grupos de acordo com a mortalidade em 6 meses e a presen&#231;a de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es recorrentes relacionadas a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Dois grupos foram comparados. Um valor de p de 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Os n&#237;veis de ST2 sol&#250;vel foram significativamente maiores no grupo com mortalidade e interna&#231;&#245;es recorrentes. (138,6 ng/mL (56,7-236,8) vs. 38 ng/mL (26,3-75,4); p&lt;0,001) O melhor limite de corte para n&#237;veis de sST2 na previs&#227;o de um desfecho composto de mortalidade em 6 meses e/ou a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o recorrente relacionada a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares foi &gt;89,9, com especificidade de 90,6% e sensibilidade de 65,2%, de acordo com a curva <italic><bold>Receiver Operating Characteristic</bold></italic> (&#225;rea sob a curva = 0,798; IC 95%, 0,705&#8211;0,891; p &lt;0,0001). Ap&#243;s ajuste para fatores de confus&#227;o que foram estatisticamente significativos na an&#225;lise univariada ou para as vari&#225;veis correlacionadas com os n&#237;veis de sST2, n&#237;vel de sST2 (OR = 1,019, IC 95%: 1,009-1,028, p 0,001) e prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR). (OR = 1,010, IC 95%: 1,001-1,021, p = 0,046) continuaram a ser preditores significativos de mortalidade em 6 meses e/ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o recorrente relacionada a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares no modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla atrav&#233;s do m&#233;todo <italic><bold>backward stepwise</bold></italic>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>O n&#237;vel de ST2 sol&#250;vel parece ser um biomarcador para prever mortalidade em 6 meses e/ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o recorrente relacionada a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em pacientes com EP aguda.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Embolia Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="34"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <fig id="f1">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230040-30040-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>O embolismo pulmonar (EP) &#233; a s&#237;ndrome cardiovascular mais comum ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e acidente vascular cerebral, com incid&#234;ncia anual variando entre 0,1% e 0,2% nos pa&#237;ses europeus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Como os sintomas iniciais da EP s&#227;o inespec&#237;ficos, a taxa de mortalidade varia entre 1% e 60% dependendo da apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e das caracter&#237;sticas do paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Dados de estudos anteriores revelaram a presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita e instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica evidente como importante preditor de mortalidade em pacientes com EP aguda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Biomarcadores de instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica evidente e fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita t&#234;m sido de interesse recentemente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Concordantemente, foi demonstrada a rela&#231;&#227;o entre troponina card&#237;aca, BNP e n&#237;veis de FABP do tipo card&#237;aco com o curso cl&#237;nico da EP e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>ST2 &#233; um ligante para IL-33, pois pertence &#224; fam&#237;lia de receptores de interleucina (IL) 1. Existem duas isoformas prim&#225;rias, nomeadamente, sol&#250;vel (sST2) e transmembranar ou celular (ST2L). O sistema cardioprotetor, auxiliando na preven&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia e apoptose dos cardiomi&#243;citos, inclui a IL-33 e seu receptor. O ST2 sol&#250;vel liga-se &#224; IL-33 e inibe seus efeitos a jusante, levando a um aumento nas concentra&#231;&#245;es de IL-33 em pacientes com estresse cardiovascular e fibrose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Demonstrou-se que o aumento dos n&#237;veis de sST2 est&#225; relacionado a maior mortalidade e morbidade em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> aguda<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) cr&#244;nica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> e hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> A rela&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de sST2 e o curso da doen&#231;a em pacientes com EP &#233; desconhecida.</p>
      <p>Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de sST2 e a mortalidade em 6 meses e/ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o recorrente relacionada a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em pacientes com EP aguda.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este estudo foi concebido como um estudo prospectivo estudo de coorte. No estudo, foram inclu&#237;dos 100 pacientes que foram internados no pronto-socorro do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Kahramanmara&#351; Sutcu &#304;mam entre dezembro de 2018 e outubro de 2019 e com diagn&#243;stico de EP aguda com angiotomografia computadorizada. Os crit&#233;rios para inclus&#227;o no estudo foram ter idade superior a 18 anos e participar do estudo mediante obten&#231;&#227;o de consentimento informado por escrito. Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo aqueles com hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de IC, s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda no momento da admiss&#227;o, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, portadores de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, portadores de doen&#231;a autoimune cong&#234;nita, em uso de corticosteroides e com diagn&#243;stico de sepse. Os achados cl&#237;nicos na admiss&#227;o, caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, resultados laboratoriais, tratamentos e acompanhamento dos pacientes foram registrados por meio de um question&#225;rio padronizado por investigadores cegos aos n&#237;veis de biomarcadores. Exames bioqu&#237;micos foram realizados no momento da interna&#231;&#227;o. Um aplicativo semelhante foi aplicado para c&#225;lculo da pontua&#231;&#227;o PESI durante a solicita&#231;&#227;o ao pronto-socorro. Exames eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos dos pacientes foram realizados no momento da admiss&#227;o. O tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o e a mortalidade hospitalar foram registrados. De acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes, a terapia anticoagulante oral foi iniciada na alta e os pacientes foram acompanhados. Os pacientes que receberam alta foram acompanhados regularmente a cada tr&#234;s meses para monitorar o desenvolvimento de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar tromboemb&#243;lica cr&#244;nica.</p>
      <p>O <italic>endpoint</italic> prim&#225;rio neste estudo foi mortalidade por todas as causas (MTC) em 6 meses e/ou hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es recorrentes relacionadas a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de 6 meses. IC, s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular e atrial, embolia pulmonar recorrente, edema pulmonar, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e hipertens&#227;o pulmonar tromboemb&#243;lica cr&#244;nica foram consideradas interna&#231;&#245;es recorrentes relacionadas a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Ensaios de biomarcadores</title>
        <p>As amostras foram coletadas por pun&#231;&#227;o venosa perif&#233;rica em tubos contendo EDTA, centrifugadas imediatamente e armazenadas a&#8211;80&#176;C para an&#225;lises posteriores. A avalia&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de sST2 foi realizada em amostras basais usando um imunoensaio monoclonal sandu&#237;che altamente sens&#237;vel (Aspect-PLUS ST2 Rapid Test, TM) com caracter&#237;sticas de limite inferior de detec&#231;&#227;o de 12,5 ng/mL, limite superior de detec&#231;&#227;o de 250 ng/mL, um coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o intraensaio de 10,4% e um coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o interensaio de 13,6%.</p>
        <p>Para medi&#231;&#245;es de D-Dimer, amostras de sangue coletadas em tubos de citrato de s&#243;dio foram centrifugadas a 4.000 rpm por 10 minutos e seu plasma foi separado. Os n&#237;veis de D-Dimer foram medidos a partir do plasma obtido pelo m&#233;todo imunoturbidim&#233;trico, utilizando um kit Innovance D-Dimer e um analisador de coagula&#231;&#227;o Sysmex CS 2000i (Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, Jap&#227;o).</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise do NT pr&#243;-BNP foi avaliada com o aparelho AQT 90 flex (Radiometer Medical Aps, Bronshoj, Dinamarca).</p>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis de PCR foram determinados quantitativamente pelo m&#233;todo imunonefelom&#233;trico utilizando kit apropriado em aparelho Siemens BN II (Alemanha).</p>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis de troponina foram determinados pelo imunoensaio enzim&#225;tico de micropart&#237;culas de troponina ADV da Abbott no Analisador de Imunoensaio Architect i2000SR (Abbott Diagnostics, Chicago, Illinois, EUA).</p>
        <p>A medi&#231;&#227;o da atividade da CK-MB foi realizada pelo m&#233;todo de inibi&#231;&#227;o imunol&#243;gica utilizando instrumentos Abbott Architect c 8000 (Abbott Diagnostics, Chicago, Illinois, EUA).</p>
        <p>As medidas de procalcitonina (PCT) foram medidas a partir do soro pelo m&#233;todo de quimioluminesc&#234;ncia usando o dispositivo Siemens Bayer Advia Centaur CP Immunoassay System (Nova York, EUA) e o kit PCT (BRAHMS Diagnostica, Berlim, Alemanha).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiografia</title>
        <p>Ecocardiografistas especialistas, cegos ao plano de estudo, realizaram exames de ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica utilizando o sistema de ultrassonografia card&#237;aca Vivid 7&#174; (GE VingMed Ultrasound AS; Horten, Noruega) com sondas de 2,5 a 5 MHz. A imagem ecocardiogr&#225;fica foi realizada em posi&#231;&#227;o lateral esquerda e supina com eixos paraesternal longo e curto, e janelas apicais e subcostais foram utilizadas para obten&#231;&#227;o de tra&#231;ados Doppler e imagens 2D. As medidas inclu&#237;ram fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (FEVE; m&#233;todo de Simpson modificado), press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar (PSAP), excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano anular tric&#250;spide (TAPSE), di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria pulmonar (DAP) e altera&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea fracionada do ventr&#237;culo direito (FAC do VD) conforme diretrizes da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Em todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foi utilizado o pacote de software SPSS vers&#227;o 14 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA, institucional). O valor p bilateral &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. N&#250;mero e porcentagem foram utilizados na express&#227;o das vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas; as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia&#177;desvio padr&#227;o (DP) ou mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ), dependendo da normalidade de sua distribui&#231;&#227;o. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi utilizado para determinar o pressuposto de normalidade dos dados. Na compara&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram utilizados teste t para amostras independentes e teste U de Mann-Whitney conforme normalidade dos dados. Para comparar os dados categ&#243;ricos, foi utilizado um teste qui-quadrado apropriado. Nas an&#225;lises de correla&#231;&#227;o, preferiu-se o teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson para vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e o teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman para vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal. Para a previs&#227;o de mortalidade em 6 meses e/ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o recorrente relacionada a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares usando a an&#225;lise da curva receiver-operator-characteristic (ROC) MedCalc (v12.7.8, registro pessoal), foi encontrado um limite de corte ideal para o n&#237;vel de sST2, que foi alcan&#231;ado atrav&#233;s da determina&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea sob a curva (AUC) com um intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. O melhor valor de corte para mortalidade em 6 meses e/ou interna&#231;&#227;o recorrente por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares foi obtido pelo c&#225;lculo da maior soma de sensibilidade e especificidade-1. Utilizando o m&#233;todo <italic>enter</italic>, foi constru&#237;do um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica com uma &#250;nica vari&#225;vel. Utilizando o teste de Pearson para dados param&#233;tricos e o teste de Spearman para dados ordinais, foi determinada correla&#231;&#227;o univariada. Uma an&#225;lise univariada foi realizada para o desfecho prim&#225;rio neste estudo. Para determinar os preditores independentes de mortalidade em 6 meses e/ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o recorrente por doen&#231;a cardiovascular, as vari&#225;veis que tiveram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa na an&#225;lise univariada foram inseridas no modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada usando o m&#233;todo <italic>backward stepwise</italic> juntamente com outros potenciais confundidores.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A idade m&#233;dia dos 100 pacientes (39 homens, 61 mulheres) inclu&#237;dos no estudo foi de 65,5&#177;17,5 anos. Um total de 27 (27%) pacientes morreram, 6 deles (6%) durante a interna&#231;&#227;o &#237;ndice e 21 (21%) morreram durante o acompanhamento de 6 meses. Dezenove pacientes tiveram interna&#231;&#245;es. Os pacientes foram classificados em dois grupos: grupo 1, incluindo pacientes (46) com desfecho composto de mortalidade em 6 meses e/ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o recorrente relacionada a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares durante o acompanhamento, e pacientes do grupo 2 (54) sem desfecho composto. No primeiro grupo, 26 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos devido &#224; mortalidade em 6 meses e 20 pacientes devido a hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es relacionadas a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Os dois grupos foram semelhantes em termos de idade, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) durante a interna&#231;&#227;o &#237;ndice, distribui&#231;&#227;o por sexo, hipertens&#227;o (HT), diabetes mellitus (DM), tabagismo, presen&#231;a de c&#226;ncer e trombose venosa profunda. A s&#237;ncope na admiss&#227;o foi significativamente mais frequente no grupo 1. Os escores PESI dos pacientes do grupo 1 foram estatisticamente significativamente maiores do que os do grupo 2. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>) 7% dos pacientes foram classificados como de muito baixo risco, 9% como tendo um risco baixo, 11% como tendo um risco m&#233;dio, 14% como tendo um risco elevado e 59% como tendo um risco muito elevado. A an&#225;lise da distribui&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos revelou que 37 pacientes do grupo com mortalidade e readmiss&#227;o apresentavam risco muito alto, 4 apresentavam risco alto, 1 apresentava risco m&#233;dio, 3 apresentavam risco baixo e 1 apresentava risco muito baixo. No grupo sem mortalidade e readmiss&#227;o, seis pacientes apresentaram risco muito baixo, seis tiveram risco baixo, dez tiveram risco intermedi&#225;rio, dez tiveram risco alto e doze tiveram risco alto. No grupo de pacientes com readmiss&#227;o e mortalidade, 35 dos 41 pacientes de alto e muito alto risco receberam terapia trombol&#237;tica. 17 dos 22 pacientes de muito alto e alto risco do grupo receberam terapia trombol&#237;tica sem hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o recorrente ou mortalidade. Em ambas as categorias, todos os pacientes com risco extremamente elevado receberam terapia trombol&#237;tica e n&#227;o houve mortes devido a complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; terapia trombol&#237;tica. Seis pacientes desenvolveram hipertens&#227;o pulmonar tromboemb&#243;lica cr&#244;nica durante o acompanhamento de seis meses. Ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de sST2, o grupo que desenvolveu HPTEC apresentou n&#237;veis de sST2 significativamente mais elevados. (172,7&#177;75,6 vs 88,8&#177;75,9 ng/mL; p= 0,041). Em nosso estudo, a taxa de mortalidade hospitalar foi de 12%. A taxa de mortalidade no seguimento de 6 meses foi de 26%.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais, signific&#226;ncia laboratorial, par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
          <colgroup width="24%">
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
              <th valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Mortalidade em 6 meses e/ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular recorrente (n:46)</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">Nenhuma mortalidade em 6 meses e/ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular recorrente (n:54)</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">P</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Anos de idade</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">68,9&#177;15,7</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">62,6&#177;18,6</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,076</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Sexo</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">18 (%39)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">21 (%40)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1.000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">27,6&#177;4,0</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">28,3&#177;3.2</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,743</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">23 (%50)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">24 (%45)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,639</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Diabetes mellitus</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">12 (%26)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">7 (%13)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,172</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Hiperlipidemia</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">17 (%37)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">13 (%25)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,267</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Fumante</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">11 (%24)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">10 (%19)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,741</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">C&#226;ncer</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">14 (%30)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">7 (%13)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,065</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">TVP</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">18 (%39)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">28 (%53)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,173</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">S&#237;ncope</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">15 (%33)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">6 (%11)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,019</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Dor no peito</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">20 (%44)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">16 (%30)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,245</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">S1Q3T3</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">6 (%13)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">9 (%17)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,792</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Escore PESI</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">181&#177;71</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">127&#177;59</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="5">
                <bold>Significado laboratorial</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">PCR, mg/L</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">73 (21,6-134)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">41 (16,8-88)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,040</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">RPC, ng/mL</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,11 (0,05-0,55)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,07 (0,02-0,14)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,012</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">NT-pro BNP, pg/mL</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">992 (397-2855)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">360 (233-1495)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,009</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">D&#237;mero D, ng/mL</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">4,7 (2,0-12,6)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">4,1 (1,7-11,6)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,664</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">CK-MB, ng/mL</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">3,5 (1,5-5,8)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,7 (0,9-4,3)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,040</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Troponina I, ng/mL</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,09 (0,01-0,95)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,04 (0,02-0,47)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,624</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">sST-2,ng/ml</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">138,6 (56,7-236,8)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">38 (26,3-75,4)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="5">
                <bold>Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">TAPSE, mm</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">13.3&#177;3.5</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">16&#177;3.8</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">sPAB, mmHg</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">40&#177;9,9</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">37&#177;9,9</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,150</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">FE VR, %</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">36,6&#177;7,5</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">38,6&#177;7.7</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,206</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Di&#226;metro AP, mm</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">29.2&#177;4.6</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">27.2&#177;4.2</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,026</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Di&#226;metro VD, mm</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">38,2&#177;6.3</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">35.1&#177;6.4</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; TVP: trombose venosa profunda; S1Q3T3: D1 onda S, D3 onda Q, D3 onda T; PESI: &#237;ndice de gravidade de embolia pulmonar; PCR: prote&#237;na C reativa; PRC: procalcitonina; NT-pro BNP: n -pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral pr&#243;-hormonal terminal; CK-MB: creatina quinase&#8211;MB; TAPSE: excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano anular tric&#250;spide; sPAB: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; AP: art&#233;ria pulmonar.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Nos exames laboratoriais, os n&#237;veis de PCR, procalcitonina, pr&#243;-BNP, CK-MB e sST2 foram maiores no grupo 1 em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo 2, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica, a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) do ventr&#237;culo direito, a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar e a FE do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos. O TAPSE foi significativamente menor no grupo 1 do que no grupo 2. O di&#226;metro do ventr&#237;culo direito e o di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria pulmonar foram significativamente maiores no grupo 1 do que no grupo 2, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>Embora os n&#237;veis de sST2 tenham se correlacionado positivamente com idade, escore PESI, press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar, di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria pulmonar, troponina e CK-MB, foram negativamente correlacionados com o TAPSE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o para n&#237;veis sol&#250;veis de ST-2</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">
                <bold>Idade</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,212</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,035</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">
                <bold>PESI</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,459</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">
                <bold>TAPSE</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">-0,408</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">
                <bold>sPAB</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,280</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">
                <bold>Di&#226;metro AP</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,258</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,010</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">
                <bold>CK-MB</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,316</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td valign="middle" align="left">
                <bold>Troponina I</bold>
              </td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,276</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,006</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>PESI: &#237;ndice de gravidade da embolia pulmonar; TAPSE: excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel tric&#250;spide; sPAB: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar; AP: art&#233;ria pulmonar; CK-MB: creatina quinase&#8211;MB.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>O melhor limite de corte para os n&#237;veis de sST2 na predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade em 6 meses e/ou hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es recorrentes relacionadas a doen&#231;as cardiovasculares foi &gt;89,9 ng/mL com especificidade de 90,6% e sensibilidade de 65,2%, de acordo com o curva caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (&#225;rea sob a curva = 0,798; IC 95%, 0,705&#8211;0,891; p &lt;0,0001). (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura Central</xref>)</p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref> tamb&#233;m mostra a compara&#231;&#227;o entre pr&#243;-BNP, marcador direto de sobrecarga ventricular, e sST2 (p=0,009).</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Curva caracter&#237;stica do operador do receptor (ROC) dos n&#237;veis de ST-2 sol&#250;vel e n&#237;veis de NT-pro BNP para prever mortalidade em 6 meses e/ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular recorrente.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230040-30040-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 2</xref> mostra a compara&#231;&#227;o entre o PESI, que determina o risco de mortalidade e a gravidade das complica&#231;&#245;es e sST2 (p=0,175).</p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Curva caracter&#237;stica do operador do receptor (ROC) dos n&#237;veis de ST-2 sol&#250;vel e pontua&#231;&#227;o PESI para prever mortalidade em 6 meses e/ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular recorrente.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230040-30040-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Ap&#243;s ajuste para fatores de confus&#227;o que foram estatisticamente significativos na an&#225;lise univariada ou para as vari&#225;veis correlacionadas com os n&#237;veis de sST2, o n&#237;vel de sST2 e a PCR continuaram a ser preditores significativos de um desfecho composto de mortalidade em 6 meses e/ou doen&#231;a cardiovascular recorrente. interna&#231;&#245;es no modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla via m&#233;todo <italic>backward stepwise</italic> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada representando os preditores independentes de mortalidade em 6 meses e/ou interna&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular recorrente</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
          <colgroup width="19%">
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
              <th valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Univariada</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Multivariada</th>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
              <th valign="middle" align="center">OR (IC 95%)</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">OR (IC 95%)</th>
              <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">sST-2</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,021 (1,012-1,030)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,019 (1,009-1,028)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">PCR</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,009 (1,002-1,017)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,014</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,010 (1,001-1,021)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,046</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">NT-proBNP,pg/ml</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">2,838 (1,281-6,286)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,010</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Procalcitonina</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,008 (0,914-1,111)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,878</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">CK-MB</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,140 (0,993-1,309)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,064</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">PESI</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,012 (1,006-1,011)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">S&#237;ncope</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">3,790 (1,327-10,829)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,013</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">TOQUE</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,831 (0,744-0,928)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,001</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Di&#226;metro PA, mm</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,108 (1,010-1,215)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,029</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Di&#226;metro VD, mm</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,079 (1,011-1,152)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,021</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="6">
                <bold>Valor correlacionado com sST2</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">Anos de idade</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,022 (0,997-1,046)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,080</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="left">TROPONINA I,ng/ml</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">1,216 (0,786-1,881)</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center">0,380</td>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>PCR: prote&#237;na C reativa; NT-PRO BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral pr&#243;-horm&#244;nio n-terminal; CK-MB: creatina quinase&#8211;MB; PESI: &#237;ndice de gravidade da embolia pulmonar; TAPSE: excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano anular tric&#250;spide.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, o n&#237;vel de sST2 foi um preditor independente do desfecho composto de mortalidade em 6 meses e/ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o recorrente por causa cardiovascular em pacientes com EP aguda. Al&#233;m disso, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de PCR tamb&#233;m foram considerados um preditor independente do resultado composto.</p>
      <p>A IL-33 &#233; secretada pelas c&#233;lulas ap&#243;s dano e necrose celular, c&#233;lulas sob estresse mec&#226;nico e no processo inflamat&#243;rio. A IL-33 liga-se ao ST2L, produzindo transcri&#231;&#227;o de genes inflamat&#243;rios e criando uma resposta inflamat&#243;ria com a libera&#231;&#227;o de quimiocinas e citocinas inflamat&#243;rias. A resposta inflamat&#243;ria resulta em apoptose e fibrose. J&#225; o ST2 sol&#250;vel liga-se &#224; IL-33 e suprime essa resposta inflamat&#243;ria, gerando assim um mecanismo de defesa para suprimir a apoptose e a fibrose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> A principal fonte de sST2 circulante em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e pacientes com diversas doen&#231;as n&#227;o est&#225; totalmente elucidada. Dados experimentais sugeriram que o estresse mec&#226;nico poderia induzir a express&#227;o de IL-33 e sST2 em cardiomi&#243;citos e fibroblastos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Foi demonstrado que os n&#237;veis de sST2 estavam ligados &#224; mortalidade e ao progn&#243;stico na IC aguda e cr&#244;nica em rela&#231;&#227;o ao estresse mec&#226;nico e aos processos inflamat&#243;rios dentro do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, os n&#237;veis de sST2 em pacientes com HP demonstraram estar intimamente relacionados aos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos, especialmente &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita, e ser um marcador de mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, em nosso estudo, os n&#237;veis de sST2 foram considerados um preditor independente de desfechos compostos em Pacientes com EP. A obstru&#231;&#227;o por trombo na EP gera espa&#231;os mortos no pulm&#227;o, provoca processo inflamat&#243;rio e hip&#243;xia. O processo inflamat&#243;rio e a hip&#243;xia causam vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o no leito pulmonar, resultando em aumento da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar (RVP) e da press&#227;o arterial pulmonar, o que pode aumentar a press&#227;o de enchimento no ventr&#237;culo direito e, consequentemente, aumentar os n&#237;veis de sST2. Portanto, o sST2 pode ser um bom biomarcador para refletir a carga ventricular direita. &#201; digno de nota que a carga ventricular direita &#233; um marcador de mortalidade em pacientes com EP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Portanto, os n&#237;veis de sST2 podem ser usados como substitutos para resultados insatisfat&#243;rios. Pelo contr&#225;rio, durante o processo inflamat&#243;rio relacionado &#224; EP aguda, o sST2 pode ligar-se &#224; IL-33 e desempenhar um papel na supress&#227;o da inflama&#231;&#227;o, fibrose e preven&#231;&#227;o da remodela&#231;&#227;o. Houve evid&#234;ncias de apoio em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sST2 derivado do endot&#233;lio vascular na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
      <p>H&#225; muito se reconhece que a inflama&#231;&#227;o desempenha um papel na patog&#234;nese da trombose arterial e venosa, ativando cascatas de coagula&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s da gera&#231;&#227;o de trombina e deposi&#231;&#227;o de fibrina. A trombose arterial e venosa &#233; influenciada por mediadores inflamat&#243;rios, especificamente PCR, IL-6, IL-8 e fator de necrose tumoral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Em investiga&#231;&#245;es limitadas em animais, foi demonstrado que a inflama&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s EP contribui para les&#227;o, disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD e inflama&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> A embolia pulmonar pode induzir rea&#231;&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias vasculares via tromboembolismo da art&#233;ria pulmonar, bem como inflama&#231;&#227;o do par&#234;nquima pulmonar via infarto pulmonar mimetizando pneumonia. O tromboembolismo da art&#233;ria pulmonar pode acelerar a disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD atrav&#233;s da inflama&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca que contribui para a les&#227;o dos mi&#243;citos. A prote&#237;na C reativa pode ser usada para avaliar o risco e o progn&#243;stico de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico com base na fisiopatologia da trombose arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m foi demonstrado em estudos anteriores que a PCR elevada, outro marcador inflamat&#243;rio, tamb&#233;m est&#225; associada a um mau progn&#243;stico em pacientes com EP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, os n&#237;veis de PCR foram associados &#224; mortalidade em 6 meses e/ou hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es recorrentes por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
      <p>Pro-BNP, que aumenta em resposta &#224; tens&#227;o ventricular direita; CK-MB, que indica les&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito; e a procalcitonina, que aumenta como resultado do processo inflamat&#243;rio na embolia pulmonar, variaram entre os grupos. Da mesma forma, descobriu-se que dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos como TAPSE, di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria pulmonar e di&#226;metro do VD, que s&#227;o indicadores da fun&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica do ventr&#237;culo direito, variam entre os grupos. Os dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e laboratoriais foram considerados preditores de mortalidade e readmiss&#245;es na an&#225;lise univariada. Diferentemente da literatura, os valores de troponina foram semelhantes nos dois grupos da popula&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo. Como a maioria dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo eram pacientes de alto risco, os valores de troponina estavam acima da normalidade, mas foram semelhantes entre os grupos. Apenas sST2 e CRP foram considerados preditores independentes na an&#225;lise multivariada. Isso pode ocorrer porque nossa instala&#231;&#227;o &#233; um centro terci&#225;rio e a maioria de nossos pacientes s&#227;o pacientes de alto risco. Al&#233;m disso, tanto a mortalidade como a mortalidade associada a hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es recorrentes podem ter contribu&#237;do para a independ&#234;ncia do sST2 e da PCR como preditores.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>O presente estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Uma das limita&#231;&#245;es do nosso estudo &#233; a sua natureza unic&#234;ntrica, o que impede que os achados sejam generalizados para a popula&#231;&#227;o geral de pacientes com EP aguda com graus variados de gravidade. Al&#233;m disso, o tamanho da amostra n&#227;o &#233; grande o suficiente para tirar conclus&#245;es definitivas. &#201; digno de nota que outros marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, como IL-1, IL-6 e TNF-alfa, que poderiam aumentar o sST2, n&#227;o foram medidos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O n&#237;vel de sST2 parece um biomarcador que pode ser usado para prever um resultado composto de 6 meses em pacientes com EP aguda de alto risco, confirmando sua estreita rela&#231;&#227;o com a carga ventricular direita e seu papel no processo inflamat&#243;rio.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 22. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Association of soluble ST2 Level with 6-month Mortality and/or Recurrent Cardiovascular-Related Hospitalization in Pulmonary Embolism</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3853-5046</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gunes</surname>
            <given-names>Hakan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gunes</surname>
            <given-names>Handan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dagli</surname>
            <given-names>Musa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kiri&#351;&#231;i</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#214;zbek</surname>
            <given-names>Meryem</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Atilla</surname>
            <given-names>Nurhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Y&#305;lmaz</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet Birhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Kahramanmaras</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras &#8211; Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Sivas</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Physiology, Cumnhuriyet University, Faculty of Medicine, Sivas &#8211; Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Kahramanmaras</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras &#8211; Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff9">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Kahramanmaras</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Chest Diseases, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaras &#8211; Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff10">
          <label>5</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Izmir</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir &#8211; Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Hakan Gunes</bold> &#8226; Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi Tip Fakultesi &#8211; Cardiology &#8211; Kayseri yolu, Av&#351;ar kamp&#252;s&#252; Onikisubat Kahramanmaras, <postal-code>46100</postal-code> &#8211; Turquia E-mail: <email>drhakangunes83@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The association of soluble suppression of tumorigenesis-2 (sST2) levels with prognosis in pulmonary embolism (PE) is unknown.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>This study aimed to investigate the relationship between sST2 levels in patients with acute PE and 6-month mortality and recurrent hospitalizations.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This prospective study included 100 patients with acute PE. Patients were classified into two groups according to 6-month mortality and the presence of recurrent Cardiovascular-Related hospitalizations. Two groups were compared. A p-value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Soluble ST2 levels were significantly higher in the group with mortality and recurrent hospitalizations. (138.6 ng/mL (56.7-236.8) vs. 38 ng/mL (26.3-75.4); p&lt;0.001) The best cut-off threshold for sST2 levels in the prediction of a composite outcome of 6-month mortality and/or recurrent Cardiovascular-Related hospitalization was found to be &gt;89.9 with a specificity of 90.6% and a sensitivity of 65.2%, according to the receiver operating characteristic curve (area under the curve = 0.798; 95% CI, 0.705&#8211;0.891; p &lt;0.0001). After adjusting for confounding factors that were either statistically significant in the univariate analysis or for the variables correlated with the sST2 levels, sST2 level (OR = 1.019, 95% CI: 1.009-1.028, p 0.001) and C-reactive protein (CRP ) (OR = 1.010, 95% CI: 1.001-1.021, p = 0.046) continued to be significant predictors of 6-month mortality and/or recurrent Cardiovascular-Related hospitalization in the multiple logistic regression model via backward stepwise method.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Soluble ST2 level seems to be a biomarker to predict 6-month mortality and/or recurrent Cardiovascular-Related hospitalization in patients with acute PE.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Embolism</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <fig id="f4">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230040-30040-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Pulmonary embolism (PE) is the most common cardiovascular syndrome after myocardial infarction and stroke, with an annual incidence varying between 0.1% and 0.2% in European countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Since initial symptoms of PE are non-specific, the mortality rate varies between 1% and 60% depending on the clinical presentation and patient characteristics.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Data from previous studies revealed the presence of right ventricular dysfunction and overt hemodynamic instability as an important predictor of mortality in patients with acute PE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Biomarkers of overt hemodynamic instability and right ventricular function have been of interest recently.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Concordantly, the relationship between cardiac troponin, BNP, and heart-type FABP levels with the clinical course of PE and mortality has been demonstrated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>ST2 is a ligand for IL-33 as it is from the interleukin (IL) 1 receptor family. Two primary isoforms, namely, soluble (sST2) and transmembrane or cellular (ST2L), exist. The cardioprotective system, aiding in the prevention of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes, includes IL-33 and its receptor. Soluble ST2 binds IL-33 and inhibits its downstream effects, leading to an increase in the concentrations of IL-33 in patients with cardiovascular stress, and fibrosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Increased sST2 levels were shown to be related to higher mortality and morbidity in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> acute<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> and chronic heart failure (HF),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> and pulmonary arterial hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> The relationship between sST2 levels and the course of the disease in PE patients is unknown.</p>
        <p>This study aimed to investigate the relationship between sST2 levels and 6-month mortality and/or recurrent Cardiovascular-Related hospitalization in patients with acute PE.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This study was designed as a prospective cohort study. In the study, 100 patients who were admitted to the emergency department of Kahramanmara&#351; Sutcu &#304;mam University Hospital between December 2018 and October 2019 and diagnosed to have acute PE with CT angiography were included. The criteria for inclusion in the study were to be over 18 years old and to participate in the study by obtaining written informed consent. Those with a previous history of HF, acute coronary syndrome at the time of admission, chronic renal failure, those with pulmonary hypertension, those with congenital autoimmune disease, those on corticosteroids, and those diagnosed with sepsis were excluded from the study. The clinical findings at admission, demographic characteristics, laboratory results, treatments, and follow-ups of the patients were recorded using a standardized questionnaire by investigators blinded to biomarker levels. Biochemical tests were performed at the time of admission. A similar application was applied for PESI score calculation during the application to the emergency department. ECG and echocardiographic examinations of the patients were performed at the time of admission. The length of hospital stay and in-hospital mortality were recorded. In accordance with guideline recommendations, oral anticoagulant therapy was initiated at discharge, and patients were followed up. Discharged patients were followed up regularly every three months to monitor the development of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.</p>
        <p>The primary endpoint in this study was 6-month all-cause mortality (ACM) and/or recurrent cardiovascular-related hospitalizations during the 6-month follow-up period. HF, acute coronary syndrome, ventricular and atrial fibrillation, recurrent PE, lung edema, pulmonary hypertension, and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension were considered recurrent cardiovascular-related hospitalizations.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Biomarker assays</title>
          <p>Samples were collected via peripheral venepuncture into EDTA-containing tubes, centrifuged immediately, and stored at&#8211;80&#176;C for subsequent analyses. The sST2 levels&#8217; evaluation was performed on baseline samples using a highly sensitive sandwich monoclonal immunoassay (Aspect-PLUS ST2 Rapid Test, TM) with features of a 12.5 ng/mL lower limit of detection, a 250 ng/mL upper limit of detection, an intra-assay coefficient of variation of 10.4% and an inter-assay coefficient of variation of 13.6%.</p>
          <p>For D-Dimer measurements, blood samples taken into sodium citrate tubes were centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes, and their plasma was separated. D-Dimer levels were measured from the obtained plasma by immunoturbidimetric method, using an Innovance D-Dimer kit and Sysmex CS 2000i (Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, Japan) coagulation analyzer.</p>
          <p>NT pro-BNP analysis was evaluated with the AQT 90 flex (Radiometer Medical Aps, Bronshoj, Denmark) device.</p>
          <p>CRP levels were determined quantitatively by the immunonephelometric method using the appropriate kit in a Siemens BN II (Germany) device.</p>
          <p>Troponin levels were determined by Abbott troponin ADV microparticle enzyme immunoassay on the Architect i2000SR Immunoassay Analyzer (Abbott Diagnostics, Chicago, Ill., USA).</p>
          <p>The measurement of CK-MB activity was performed by the immune inhibition method using Abbott Architect c 8000 instruments (Abbott Diagnostics, Chicago, Ill., USA).</p>
          <p>Procalcitonin (PCT) measurements were measured from serum by chemiluminescence method using Siemens Bayer Advia Centaur CP Immunoassay System (New York, USA) device and PCT kit (B.R.A.H.M.S. Diagnostica, Berlin, Germany).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiography</title>
          <p>Expert echocardiographers, blinded to the study plan, performed transthoracic echocardiography examinations using the Vivid 7&#174; cardiac ultrasonography system (GE VingMed Ultrasound AS; Horten, Norway) with 2.5 to 5 MHz probes. Echocardiographic imaging was performed in left lateral and supine positions with parasternal long and short axes, and apical and subcostal windows were used to obtain Doppler tracings and 2D images. The measurements included LV ejection fraction (LVEF; modified Simpson method), pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), pulmonary artery diameter (PAD), and right ventricle fractional area change (RV FAC) as per guidelines of the American Society of Echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>In all the statistical analyses, the SPSS version 14 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA, institutional) software package was used. The two-sided p-value of &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Number and percentage were used in expressing categorical variables; continuous variables were shown as mean&#177;standard deviation (SD) or median and interquartile ranges (IQR), depending on their normality of distribution. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to determine the normality assumption of the data. In the comparison of the continuous variables, an independent sample t-test and a Mann-Whitney U test were used according to data normality. To compare the categorical data, an appropriate Chi-square test was used. In correlation analyses, a Pearson correlation test was preferred for variables that are normally distributed, and a Spearman correlation test was used for non-normally distributed variables. For the prediction of 6-month mortality and/or recurrent Cardiovascular-Related hospitalization using the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis MedCalc (v12.7.8, personal registration), an optimal cut-off threshold was found for sST2 level, which was achieved by determining the area under the curve (AUC) with a 95% confidence interval. The best cut-off value for 6-month mortality and/or recurrent Cardiovascular-Related hospitalization was obtained by the calculation of the highest sum of sensitivity and specificity-1. Using the enter method, a logistic regression model with a single variable was constructed. Using the Pearson test for parametric data and the Spearman test for ordinal data, a univariate correlation was determined. A univariate analysis was performed for the primary endpoint in this study. In order to determine the independent predictors of 6-month mortality and/or recurrent Cardiovascular-Related hospitalization, the variables having significant association in the univariate analysis were entered in the multivariate logistic regression model using the backward stepwise method along with other potential confounders.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The mean age of 100 patients (39 males, 61 females) included in the study was 65.5&#177;17.5 years. A total of 27 (27%) patients died, 6 of them (6%) during the index hospitalization, and 21 (21%) died during the 6-month follow-up. Nineteen patients had hospitalizations. Patients were classified into two groups: group 1, including patients (46) with composite outcome of 6-month mortality and/or recurrent cardiovascular-related hospitalization during follow-up, and group 2 patients (54) without composite outcome. In the first group, 26 patients were included because of 6-month mortality and 20 patients because of cardiovascular-related hospitalizations. The two groups were similar in terms of age, body mass index (BMI) during index hospitalization, gender distribution, hypertension (HT), diabetes mellitus (DM), smoking status, presence of cancer, and deep vein thrombosis. Syncope at admission was significantly more frequent in group 1. The PESI scores of the patients in group 1 were statistically significantly higher than those in group 2. (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>) 7 % of the patients were classified as having a very low risk, 9 % as having a low risk, 11 % as having a medium risk, 14 % as having a high risk, and 59 % as having a very high risk. Analyzing the distribution between groups revealed that 37 patients in the group with mortality and readmission had a very high risk, 4 had a high risk, 1 had a medium risk, 3 had a low risk, and 1 had a very low risk. In the group without mortality and readmission, six patients had a very low risk, six had a low risk, ten had an intermediate risk, ten had a high risk, and twelve had a high risk. In the group of patients with readmission and mortality, 35 of 41 high and very-high-risk patients received thrombolytic therapy. 17 of 22 very high and high-risk patients in the group received thrombolytic therapy without recurrent hospitalization or mortality. In both categories, all patients at extremely high risk received thrombolytic therapy, and there were no fatalities due to thrombolytic therapy-related complications. Six patients developed chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension during the six-month follow-up. Upon evaluation of sST2 levels, the group that developed CTEPH had significantly higher sST2 levels. (172.7&#177;75.6 vs 88.8&#177;75.9 ng/mL; p= 0.041). In our study, the in-hospital mortality rate was 12%. The mortality rate at 6-month follow-up was 26%</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline characteristics, laboratory significance, echocardiographic parameters</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
            <colgroup width="24%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Characteristics</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">6-month mortality and/or recurrent cardiovascular hospitalization (n:46)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">No 6-month mortality and/or recurrent cardiovascular hospitalization (n:54)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">P</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Age, years</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">68.9&#177;15.7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">62.6&#177;18.6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.076</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Sex</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">18 (%39)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">21 (%40)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">27.6&#177;4.0</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">28.3&#177;3.2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.743</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Hypertension</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">23 (%50)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">24 (%45)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.639</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">12 (%26)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">7 (%13)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.172</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Hyperlipidemia</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">17 (%37)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">13 (%25)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.267</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Smoker</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">11 (%24)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">10 (%19)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.741</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Cancer</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">14 (%30)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">7 (%13)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.065</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">DVT</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">18 (%39)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">28 (%53)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.173</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Syncope</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">15 (%33)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">6 (%11)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.019</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Chest pain</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">20 (%44)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">16 (%30)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.245</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">S1Q3T3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">6 (%13)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">9 (%17)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.792</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">PESI score</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">181&#177;71</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">127&#177;59</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Laboratory significance</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">CRP, mg/L</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">73 (21.6-134)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">41 (16.8-88)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.040</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">PRC, ng/mL</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.11 (0.05-0.55)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.07 (0.02-0.14)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">NT-pro BNP, pg/mL</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">992 (397-2855)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">360 (233-1495)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">D-dimer, ng/mL</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">4.7 (2.0-12.6)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">4.1 (1.7-11.6)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.664</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">CK-MB, ng/mL</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3.5 (1.5-5.8)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.7 (0.9-4.3)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.040</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">Troponin I, ng/mL</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.09 (0.01-0.95)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.04 (0.02-0.47)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.624</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">sST-2, ng/ml</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">138.6 (56.7-236.8)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">38 (26.3-75.4)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="5">
                  <bold>Echocardiographic parameters</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">TAPSE, mm</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">13.3&#177;3.5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">16&#177;3.8</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">sPAB, mmHg</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">40&#177;9.9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">37&#177;9.9</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.150</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">RV EF, %</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">36.6&#177;7.5</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">38.6&#177;7.7</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.206</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">PA diamater, mm</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">29.2&#177;4.6</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">27.2&#177;4.2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.026</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">RV diamater, mm</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">38.2&#177;6.3</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">35.1&#177;6.4</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>IBMI: body mass index; DVT: deep vein thrombosis; S1Q3T3:D1 S wave, D3 Q wave, D3 T wave; PESI: pulmonary embolism severity index; CRP: C-reactive protein; PRC: procalcitonin; NT-PRO BNP: n-terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptide; CK-MB: creatine kinase&#8211;MB; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; sPAB: systolic pulmonary artery pressure; EF: ejection fraction; RV: right ventricle; PA: pulmonary artery.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>In the laboratory tests, CRP, procalcitonin, pro-BNP, CK-MB, and sST2 levels were higher in group 1 compared to group 2 respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>In echocardiographic evaluation, right ventricular ejection fraction (EF), systolic pulmonary artery pressure, and left ventricular EF were similar in both groups. TAPSE was significantly lower in group 1 than in group 2. Right ventricular diameter and pulmonary artery diameter were significantly higher in group 1 than in group 2, respectively (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>While sST2 levels were positively correlated with age, PESI score, systolic pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary artery diameter, troponin, and CK-MB, it was negatively correlated with TAPSE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Correlation Coefficients for soluble ST-2 levels</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">
                  <bold>Age</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.212</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.035</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">
                  <bold>PESI</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.459</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">
                  <bold>TAPSE</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">-0.408</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">
                  <bold>sPAB</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.280</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">
                  <bold>PA diamater</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.258</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.010</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left">
                  <bold>CK-MB</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.316</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left">
                  <bold>Troponin I</bold>
                </td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.276</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.006</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>PESI: pulmonary embolism severity index; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; sPAB: systolic pulmonary artery pressure; PA: pulmonary artery; CK-MB: creatine kinase&#8211;MB.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The best cut-off threshold for sST2 levels in the prediction of 6-month mortality and/or recurrent Cardiovascular-Related hospitalizations was found to be &gt;89.9 ng/mL with a specificity of 90.6% and a sensitivity of 65.2%, according to the receiver operating characteristic curve (area under the curve = 0.798; 95% CI, 0.705&#8211;0.891; <italic>p</italic> &lt;0.0001). (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Central Illustration</xref>)</p>
        <p><xref rid="f5" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref> also depicts the comparison between pro-BNP, a direct marker of ventricular overload, and sST2 (p=0.009).</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) Curve of soluble ST-2 levels and NT-pro BNP levels to predict 6-month mortality and/or recurrent cardiovascular hospitalization.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230040-30040-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p><xref rid="f6" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref> depicts the comparison between PESI, which determines the risk of mortality and severity of complications and sST2 (p=0.175).</p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) Curve of soluble ST-2 levels and PESI score to predict 6-month mortality and/or recurrent cardiovascular hospitalization.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20230040-30040-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>After adjusting for confounding factors that were either statistically significant in the univariate analysis or for the variables correlated with the sST2 levels, the sST2 level and CRP continued to be significant predictors of a composite outcome of 6-month mortality and/or recurrent cardiovascular-related hospitalizations in the multiple logistic regression model via backward stepwise method (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis representing the independent predictors of 6-month mortality and/or recurrent cardiovascular hospitalization</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="none">
            <colgroup width="19%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th valign="middle" align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="2">Variables</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Univariate</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Multivariate</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th valign="middle" align="center">OR (95% CI)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">OR (95% CI)</th>
                <th valign="middle" align="center">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">sST-2</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.021 (1.012-1.030)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.019 (1.009-1.028)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">CRP</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.009 (1.002-1.017)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.014</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.010 (1.001-1.021)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.046</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">NT-pro BNP, pg/ml</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">2.838 (1.281-6.286)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.010</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Procalcitonin</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.008 (0.914-1.111)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.878</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">CK-MB</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.140 (0.993-1.309)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.064</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">PESI</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.012 (1.006-1.011)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">Syncope</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">3.790 (1.327-10.829)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.013</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">TAPSE</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.831 (0.744-0.928)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.001</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">PA diameter, mm</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.108 (1.010-1.215)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.029</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">RV diameter, mm</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.079 (1.011-1.152)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.021</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="6">
                  <bold>Correlated value with sST2</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"> Age, years</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.022 (0.997-1.046)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.080</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="left"> TROPONIN I,ng/ml</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">1.216 (0.786-1.881)</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center">0.380</td>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
                <td valign="middle" align="center"/>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>CRP: C reactive protein; NT-PRO BNP: n-terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptide; CK-MB: creatine kinase&#8211;MB; PESI: pulmonary embolism severity index; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this study, sST2 level was an independent predictor of composite outcome of 6-month mortality and/or recurrent cardiovascular-related hospitalization in acute PE patients. In addition, serum CRP levels were also found to be an independent predictor of the composite outcome.</p>
        <p>IL-33 is secreted from cells upon cell damage and necrosis, cells under mechanical stress, and in the inflammatory process. IL-33 binds ST2L, yielding inflammatory gene transcription and creating an inflammatory response with the release of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines. The inflammatory response results in apoptosis and fibrosis. Soluble ST2, on the other hand, binds with IL-33 and suppresses this inflammatory response, thus generating a defense mechanism to suppress apoptosis and fibrosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> The main source of circulating sST2 in healthy individuals and patients with different diseases is not fully elucidated. Experimental data suggested that mechanical stress could induce the expression of both IL-33 and sST2 in cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> It was shown that sST2 levels were linked to mortality and prognosis in acute and chronic HF in relation to mechanical stress and inflammatory processes within the left ventricle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Besides, sST2 levels in PH patients were shown to be closely related to hemodynamic parameters, especially right ventricular dysfunction, and to be a marker of mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Similarly, in our study, sST2 levels were found to be an independent predictor of composite outcomes in PE patients. Obstruction due to a thrombus in PE generates dead spaces in the lung yields an inflammatory process and hypoxia. The inflammatory process and hypoxia cause vasoconstriction in the pulmonary bed, resulting in increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and pulmonary artery pressure, which can increase filling pressure in the right ventricle and hence increase sST2 levels. Therefore, sST2 may be a good biomarker to reflect right ventricular loading. Of note, right ventricular loading is a marker of mortality in PE patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Hence, sST2 levels can be used as a surrogate for poor outcomes. On the contrary, during the inflammatory process related to acute PE, sST2 may bind IL-33 and play a role in inflammation suppression, fibrosis, and remodeling prevention. There was supporting evidence with regard to vascular endothelium-derived sST2 in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It has long been recognized that inflammation plays a role in the pathogenesis of arterial and venous thrombosis by activating coagulation cascades through thrombin generation and fibrin deposition. Arterial and venous thrombosis is influenced by inflammatory mediators, specifically CRP, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> In limited animal investigations, it has been demonstrated that inflammation following PE contributes to RV injury, dysfunction, and cardiac inflammation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> PE can induce vascular inflammatory reactions via thromboembolism of the pulmonary artery, as well as pulmonary parenchymal inflammation via pulmonary infarction mimicking pneumonia. Thromboembolism of the pulmonary artery can hasten RV dysfunction via cardiac inflammation that contributes to myocyte injury. C-reactive protein can be used to assess the risk and prognosis of myocardial ischemia and ischemic stroke based on the pathophysiology of arterial thrombosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> It has also been shown in previous studies that high CRP, another inflammatory marker, is also associated with poor prognosis in PE patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> In our study, CRP levels were associated with 6-month mortality and/or recurrent cardiovascular-related hospitalizations.</p>
        <p>Pro-BNP, which rises in response to right ventricular strain; CK-MB, which indicates right ventricular injury; and procalcitonin, which rises as a result of the inflammatory process in PE, were found to vary between the groups. Similarly, echocardiographic data such as TAPSE, pulmonary artery diameter, and RV diameter, which are indicators of right ventricular echocardiographic function, were discovered to vary between the groups. Echocardiographic data and laboratory data were found to be predictors of mortality and readmissions in univariate analysis. Unlike the literature, troponin values were found to be similar in the two groups in our study population. Since most of the patients included in the study were high-risk patients, troponin values were above the normal range but were similar between the groups. Only sST2 and CRP were discovered to be independent predictors in multivariate analysis. This may be because our facility is a tertiary center, and the majority of our patients are high-risk patients. In addition, both mortality and mortality associated with recurrent hospitalizations may have contributed to the independence of sST2 and CRP as predictors.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The present study has some limitations. One of the limitations of our study is its single-centered nature, which prevents findings from being generalized to the overall population of patients with acute PE with varying degrees of severity. Besides, the sample size is not large enough to draw definitive conclusions. Of note, other inflammatory markers, such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha, which could add to sST2, were not measured.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>sST2 level looks like a biomarker that can be used to predict a 6-month composite outcome in high-risk acute PE patients, confirming its close relationship with right ventricular loading and its role in the inflammatory process.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University under the protocol number 22. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
