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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">9fk8zjmf5hpKWjsSqmJVqTC</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000200503</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00503</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220866</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impress&#227;o 3D na Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Pericardite Constritiva</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1878-2293</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abrantes</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Cadilho</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Turque</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8217-851X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Demier</surname>
            <given-names>Bernardo Fr&#243;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3030-2718</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Neves</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Gama</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3988-4304</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yahiro</surname>
            <given-names>Davi Shunji</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kubo</surname>
            <given-names>Tadeu Takao Almodovar</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Canale</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1466-9413</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense - Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Diagn&#243;sticos da Am&#233;rica AS</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Diagn&#243;sticos da Am&#233;rica AS, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Radiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense - Faculdade de Medicina - Departamento de Radiologia, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold> Juliana Cadilho Abrantes &#8226; Universidade Federal Fluminense - Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro - Radiologia Av. Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303. CEP <postal-code>24033-900</postal-code>, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>julianacadilho@id.uff.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220866</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palabras clave:</title>
        <kwd>Pericardite Constritiva/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Pericardiectomia</kwd>
        <kwd>Imagem Tridimensional/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Educa&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica</kwd>
        <kwd>Modelos Anat&#244;micos</kwd>
        <kwd>Planejamento de Assist&#234;ncia ao Paciente</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A pericardite constritiva &#233; uma doen&#231;a pouco frequente e seu diagn&#243;stico muitas vezes &#233; feito tardiamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A pericardiectomia radical &#233; o procedimento mais indicado em casos de pericardite constritiva,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> entretanto, trata-se de uma cirurgia complexa e demorada. Estes aspectos s&#227;o potencialmente interessantes para o uso da impress&#227;o 3D no planejamento cir&#250;rgico, pois o estudo do modelo impresso pela equipe de sa&#250;de permite melhor compreens&#227;o da &#225;rea cir&#250;rgica, obtendo um planejamento mais eficiente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos tamb&#233;m t&#234;m apresentado resultados satisfat&#243;rios na educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica, principalmente em anatomia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> com relatos de impress&#227;o de modelos anat&#244;micos de alta fidelidade, incluindo exemplares com defeitos card&#237;acos cong&#234;nitos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Apesar disso, at&#233; o momento, n&#227;o h&#225; relatos do uso da impress&#227;o 3D card&#237;aca no orienta&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica e tampouco no ensino sobre a pericardite constritiva.</p>
      <p>Diante disso, a partir do caso de uma paciente com pericardite constritiva grave, avaliamos por meio da impress&#227;o 3D a extens&#227;o retirada de peric&#225;rdio durante a pericardiectomia total. Utilizamos o modelo 3D impresso para ensinar para estudantes de gradua&#231;&#227;o e p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em ci&#234;ncias cardiovasculares sobre a pericardite constritiva e explicar como &#233; realizado o procedimento de pericardiectomia radical. O objetivo deste relato &#233;, portanto, demonstrar o uso da impress&#227;o 3D na educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica de casos de pericardite constritiva e demonstrar a possibilidade do uso desses modelos no planejamento cir&#250;rgico da pericardiectomia radical.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de caso</title>
      <p>Uma paciente de 51 anos apresentou desconforto abdominal p&#243;s-prandial h&#225; 5 anos, sendo diagnosticada com cirrose hep&#225;tica e encaminhada ao hepatologista. Apresentava ao exame, ascite leve e aus&#234;ncia de edema de membros inferiores. Ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o do especialista, foi iniciada espironolactona e furosemida. O diagn&#243;stico de cirrose foi refutado, e a paciente foi encaminhada posteriormente a cardiologia devido a calcifica&#231;&#227;o na regi&#227;o do peric&#225;rdio. Em 2021, a paciente foi internada por pericardiectomia radical, com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea de 110 minutos. No p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio a paciente evoluiu com drenagem de grande quantidade de l&#237;quido (transudato) por ambos os drenos (Hemot&#243;rax direito e esquerdo). Ap&#243;s a retirada dos drenos, foi encaminhada para a enfermaria da Cardiologia, onde permaneceu por 7 dias, recebendo alta para domic&#237;lio. A an&#225;lise histopatol&#243;gica demonstrou pericardite calcificada. Ap&#243;s a cirurgia foi realizada a impress&#227;o 3D do cora&#231;&#227;o e do peric&#225;rdio atrav&#233;s de imagens de TC realizadas no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio. O objetivo foi compreender melhor a extens&#227;o da doen&#231;a e o potencial benef&#237;cio da abordagem cir&#250;rgica.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>T&#233;cnica de Impress&#227;o 3D</title>
        <p>O modelo impresso originou-se de imagens tomogr&#225;ficas do t&#243;rax contrastadas, que foram segmentadas selecionando apenas o cora&#231;&#227;o e o peric&#225;rdio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1a</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1b</xref>). A imagem foi transformada em um modelo digital salvo no formato <italic>Standard Tesselletion Language (STL)</italic> em um programa de design assistido por computador chamado <italic>3D Slicer</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2a</xref>). O procedimento de segmenta&#231;&#227;o durou aproximadamente 2 horas. O modelo foi impresso por meio da tecnologia Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) que produz pe&#231;as camada por camada, ao aquecer e extrudar filamentos termopl&#225;sticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A impress&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o foi realizada na impressora GTMAX<sup>&#174;</sup> em baixa qualidade com dura&#231;&#227;o de 20 horas e 55 minutos e o peric&#225;rdio foi impresso em uma impressora PRUSA<sup>&#174;</sup> em ultra qualidade em 21 horas e 12 minutos. Os pesos e tamanhos dos modelos impressos foram, cora&#231;&#227;o 191g com 15% de preenchimento tipo grade com LxPxA: 12,6 &#215; 11,3 &#215; 14,9 cm, peric&#225;rdio 94 g com 100% da pe&#231;a preenchida com LxPxA: 9,7 &#215; 12,2 &#215; 10,2 cm.</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>1a) Tomografia Computadorizada do cora&#231;&#227;o com peric&#225;rdio calcificado. 1b) Renderiza&#231;&#227;o 3D da imagem tomogr&#225;fica do cora&#231;&#227;o com peric&#225;rdio calcificado.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20220866-20866-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Foi poss&#237;vel observar na cirurgia o comprometimento extenso do &#225;trio e do ventr&#237;culo direito pela calcifica&#231;&#227;o do peric&#225;rdio enquanto o &#225;pice do cora&#231;&#227;o estava livre de calcifica&#231;&#227;o, este padr&#227;o de calcifica&#231;&#227;o foi reproduzido fielmente no modelo impresso, sendo poss&#237;vel perceber com exatid&#227;o o formato e a espessura do peric&#225;rdio calcificado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2b</xref>). Durante a segmenta&#231;&#227;o da imagem, notou-se a identifica&#231;&#227;o fidedigna do c&#225;lcio presente no peric&#225;rdio ao compararmos com a densidade encontrada nas v&#233;rtebras (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2a</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>2a) Processo de segmenta&#231;&#227;o da imagem tomogr&#225;fica e cria&#231;&#227;o do modelo 3D em STL no programa 3D Slicer. Na imagem &#233; poss&#237;vel observar o processo de delimita&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio em vermelho o do peric&#225;rdio calcificado em amarelo. 2b) Modelos impressos em 3D do cora&#231;&#227;o em branco e peric&#225;rdio calcificado em preto, acoplados. O &#225;pice do cora&#231;&#227;o est&#225; localizado onde aponta a seta verde.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20220866-20866-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es na qualidade do modelo digital foram a n&#227;o realiza&#231;&#227;o da TC sincronizada ao eletrocardiograma (ECG) e a aquisi&#231;&#227;o em uma fase venosa mais precoce ou uma fase arterial, certamente teriam acarretado uma qualidade da segmenta&#231;&#227;o melhor, o que implicou em menor acur&#225;cia do modelo. Entretanto, o fato n&#227;o comprometeu o entendimento da pericardite constritiva. Desta forma, o modelo n&#227;o seria indicado em caso de planejamento cir&#250;rgico, no entanto, ele foi utilizado para fins educacionais, demonstrando as estruturas da pericardite constritiva e como foi realizado o procedimento cir&#250;rgico de pericardiectomia total.</p>
        <p>A impress&#227;o 3D se apresentou apropriado no ensino-aprendizado das caracter&#237;sticas anatomofuncionais da pericardite constritiva para pacientes e profissionais de sa&#250;de, e demonstrou a exist&#234;ncia da possibilidade do uso da impress&#227;o 3D com potencial no planejamento cir&#250;rgico em casos de pericardiectomia.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o da impress&#227;o 3D na medicina tem sido alvo de crescente interesse e investiga&#231;&#227;o, oferecendo novas perspectivas para o diagn&#243;stico, planejamento cir&#250;rgico e educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Neste trabalho, apresentamos a experi&#234;ncia de aplica&#231;&#227;o da tecnologia de impress&#227;o 3D em uma pericardiectomia total, ressaltando seu potencial para fins educacionais e planejamento cir&#250;rgico, mesmo que n&#227;o tenha sido usada diretamente para o planejamento pr&#233;-cir&#250;rgico.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dimens&#227;o educacional, a impress&#227;o 3D possibilita uma visualiza&#231;&#227;o t&#225;til e tridimensional das complexas rela&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas, tornando-se uma ferramenta poderosa para treinamento pr&#233;vio, aprimoramento de habilidades t&#233;cnicas e compreens&#227;o mais aprofundada da anatomia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A utiliza&#231;&#227;o da impress&#227;o 3D como recurso educacional p&#244;de promover a colabora&#231;&#227;o interdisciplinar, permitindo que cardiologistas, cirurgi&#245;es e radiologistas trabalhassem de forma integrada na compreens&#227;o dos detalhes anat&#244;micos e no aprimoramento das estrat&#233;gias de abordagem cir&#250;rgica. Al&#233;m de ser valiosa para alunos de gradua&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea da sa&#250;de para entenderem com mais clareza os aspectos anatomopatol&#243;gicos da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A revis&#227;o de Ford e Minshall<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> relata que essa tecnologia j&#225; est&#225; sendo usada at&#233; mesmo para ensino de pessoas com defici&#234;ncia visual ou cegas em outras &#225;reas do conhecimento, como por exemplo em matem&#225;tica, hist&#243;ria ou geoci&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Outra faceta intrigante da aplica&#231;&#227;o da impress&#227;o 3D nesse cen&#225;rio foi sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o para o contato com o p&#250;blico em geral para a visualiza&#231;&#227;o das v&#225;rias formas que o cora&#231;&#227;o humano pode assumir.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> O modelo impresso foi apresentado em uma exposi&#231;&#227;o no renomado Museu do Amanh&#227; na exposi&#231;&#227;o &#8220;Cora&#231;&#227;o S2, Pulso da Vida&#8221; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>). Essa iniciativa exemplifica como a impress&#227;o 3D pode transcender as fronteiras da medicina puramente t&#233;cnica e se insere em contextos que ampliam o alcance da ci&#234;ncia m&#233;dica para a sociedade em geral. A exposi&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o impresso proporcionou uma oportunidade &#250;nica para a popula&#231;&#227;o apreciar a complexidade da anatomia card&#237;aca. Essa abordagem contribui ainda mais para a humaniza&#231;&#227;o da medicina, aproximando as pessoas do cora&#231;&#227;o como s&#237;mbolo de vida e vitalidade, o que ajuda na comunica&#231;&#227;o com o paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a exposi&#231;&#227;o serviu como um ve&#237;culo poderoso para a divulga&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica, ampliando a aten&#231;&#227;o do p&#250;blico sobre a import&#226;ncia de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e as conquistas da medicina moderna.</p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#8211; 3a) Modelos em exposi&#231;&#227;o no renomado Museu do Amanh&#227; na exposi&#231;&#227;o &#8220;Cora&#231;&#227;o S2, Pulso da Vida&#8221;. 3b) Modelo do estudo que foi apresentado no Museu do Amanh&#227; na exposi&#231;&#227;o &#8220;Cora&#231;&#227;o S2, Pulso da Vida.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20220866-20866-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Embora a impress&#227;o 3D n&#227;o tenha sido utilizada diretamente no planejamento cir&#250;rgico da pericardiectomia total, seus benef&#237;cios n&#227;o devem ser subestimados. A tecnologia de impress&#227;o 3D continua a evoluir, e sua aplica&#231;&#227;o educacional abre caminho para futuras investiga&#231;&#245;es e poss&#237;veis aplica&#231;&#245;es diretas no planejamento cir&#250;rgico de interven&#231;&#245;es complexas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A integra&#231;&#227;o da impress&#227;o 3D em cen&#225;rios de sa&#250;de representa uma mudan&#231;a de paradigma. Este estudo sugere que a impress&#227;o 3D pode ter um papel significativo no ensino das caracter&#237;sticas anatomofuncionais da pericardite constritiva e na orienta&#231;&#227;o sobre como &#233; realizado o procedimento de pericardiectomia total.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o Eucl&#237;des da Cunha (FEC).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal Fluminense sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE: 60475422.9.0000.5243. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>3D Printing in Constrictive Pericarditis Assessment</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1878-2293</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abrantes</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Cadilho</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Turque</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8217-851X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Demier</surname>
            <given-names>Bernardo Fr&#243;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3030-2718</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Neves</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Gama</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3988-4304</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yahiro</surname>
            <given-names>Davi Shunji</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kubo</surname>
            <given-names>Tadeu Takao Almodovar</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Canale</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1466-9413</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense - Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Diagn&#243;sticos da Am&#233;rica AS, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff9">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff10">
          <label>5</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense - Faculdade de Medicina - Departamento de Radiologia, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Juliana Cadilho Abrantes &#8226;</bold> Universidade Federal Fluminense - Hospital Universit&#225;rio Ant&#244;nio Pedro &#8211; Radiologia - Av. Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303. Postal Code <postal-code>24033-900</postal-code>, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>julianacadilho@id.uff.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Pericarditis Constrictive/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Pericardiectomy/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Imaging, Threedimensional/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Education Medical</kwd>
        <kwd>Patient Care Planning</kwd>
        <kwd>Models Anatomic</kwd>
        <kwd>Patient Caare Planning</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Constrictive pericarditis is a rare disease, often diagnosed belatedly.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Radical pericardiectomy is the recommended procedure in cases of constrictive pericarditis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> although it is a complex and time-consuming surgery. These aspects make 3D printing potentially valuable in surgical planning, allowing the healthcare team to study a printed model for better comprehension of the surgical area and more efficient planning.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Studies have also shown satisfactory results in medical education, particularly in anatomy,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> with reports of high-fidelity anatomical models, including those with congenital heart defects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> However, until now, there have been no reports of using 3D cardiac printing for surgical guidance or teaching about constrictive pericarditis.</p>
        <p>Therefore, based on a severe case of constrictive pericarditis in a patient, we evaluated the extent of pericardial removal during total pericardiectomy using 3D printing. We used the 3D printed model to educate undergraduate and postgraduate cardiovascular science students about constrictive pericarditis and to explain how the radical pericardiectomy procedure is performed. This report aims to demonstrate the use of 3D printing in medical education for cases of constrictive pericarditis and to show the potential use of these models in the surgical planning of radical pericardiectomy.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>A 51-year-old patient presented with postprandial abdominal discomfort for 5 years, initially diagnosed with liver cirrhosis and referred to a hepatologist. She had mild ascites and no lower limb edema on examination. After evaluation by the specialist, spironolactone and furosemide were initiated. The diagnosis of cirrhosis was refuted, and subsequently, due to pericardial calcification, the patient was referred to cardiology. In 2021, the patient underwent radical pericardiectomy, with 110 minutes of extracorporeal circulation. Postoperatively, the patient had significant fluid drainage (transudate) from both drains (right and left hemithorax). After drain removal, she was transferred to the Cardiology ward, where she stayed for 7 days before being discharged home. Histopathological analysis demonstrated calcified pericarditis. After surgery, a 3D printing of the heart and pericardium was performed using preoperative CT images to understand better the extent of the disease and the potential benefit of the surgical approach.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>3D Printing</title>
          <p>The printed model originated from contrasted thoracic tomographic images that were segmented to select only the heart and pericardium (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1a</xref>; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1b</xref>). The image was transformed into a digital model saved in Standard Tessellation Language (STL) format using a computer-aided design program called 3D Slicer (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2a</xref>). The segmentation process took approximately 2 hours. The model was printed using Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) technology, producing layer-by-layer pieces by heating and extruding thermoplastic filaments.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Printing of the heart took place on a GTMAX<sup>&#174;</sup> printer at low quality, lasting 20 hours and 55 minutes, and the pericardium was printed on a PRUSA<sup>&#174;</sup> printer at ultra-quality for 21 hours and 12 minutes. The weights and sizes of the printed models were: heart 191g with 15% grid-type filling at 12.6 &#215; 11.3 &#215; 14.9 cm, pericardium 94g fully filled at 9.7 &#215; 12.2 &#215; 10.2 cm.</p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>1a) Computed Tomography of the heart with calcified pericardium. 1b) 3D rendering of the tomographic image of the heart with calcified pericardium.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20220866-20866-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>During surgery, extensive involvement of the right atrium and ventricle by pericardial calcification was observed, while the heart's apex was free of calcification. This pattern of calcification was faithfully reproduced in the printed model, accurately displaying the shape and thickness of the calcified pericardium (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2b</xref>). During image segmentation, the accurate identification of calcium in the pericardium was noted by comparing it to the density found in the vertebrae (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2a</xref>). Limitations in the digital model's quality were the lack of synchronized CT with the electrocardiogram (ECG) and the acquisition in an earlier venous phase or an arterial phase. Certainly, a better phase of acquisition would have resulted in improved segmentation quality, enhancing the model's accuracy. However, this limitation did not compromise the understanding of constrictive pericarditis. Thus, while the model was not recommended for surgical planning, it was used for educational purposes, demonstrating the structures of constrictive pericarditis and how the total pericardiectomy surgical procedure was performed.</p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>2a) Image segmentation process and creation of the 3D model in STL format in the 3D Slicer program. In the image, it is possible to observe the delimitation process of the myocardium in red and the calcified pericardium in yellow. 2b) 3D printed models of the heart in white and calcified pericardium in black, joined. The apex of the heart is located where the green arrow points.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20220866-20866-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>3D printing proved suitable for teaching and learning the anatomofunctional characteristics of constrictive pericarditis for both patients and healthcare professionals, demonstrating the potential use of 3D printing in the surgical planning of pericardiectomy.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The use of 3D printing in medicine has garnered increasing interest and investigation, offering new perspectives for diagnosis, surgical planning, and medical education.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In this work, we present the experience of applying 3D printing technology in a total pericardiectomy, highlighting its potential for educational and surgical planning purposes, even though it was not directly used for pre-surgical planning.</p>
        <p>Regarding its educational dimension, 3D printing allows tactile and three-dimensional visualization of complex anatomical relationships, becoming a powerful tool for pre-training, technical skill enhancement, and a deeper understanding of cardiac anatomy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Using 3D printing as an educational resource can promote interdisciplinary collaboration, allowing cardiologists, surgeons, and radiologists to work together to understand anatomical details and improve surgical approach strategies. It is also valuable for undergraduate health science students to gain clearer insights into anatomopathological aspects of the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The review by Ford and Minshall<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> reports that this technology is already being used even for teaching visually impaired or blind individuals in other areas of knowledge, such as mathematics, history, and geoscience.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Another intriguing aspect of 3D printing's application in this scenario was its use for public engagement to visualize the various shapes the human heart can assume.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The printed model was exhibited in the renowned Museum of Tomorrow in the &#8220;Heart S2, Pulse of Life&#8221; exhibition (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3</xref>). This initiative exemplifies how 3D printing can transcend the boundaries of purely technical medicine and fit into contexts that broaden the reach of medical science to society at large. The display of the printed heart provided a unique opportunity for the public to appreciate the complexity of cardiac anatomy. This approach further contributes to humanizing medicine, bringing people closer to the heart as a symbol of life and vitality, and aiding in communication with patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Additionally, the exhibition served as a powerful vehicle for scientific outreach, increasing public attention to the importance of cardiovascular diseases and the achievements of modern medicine.</p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>3a) Models on display at the renowned Museum of Tomorrow in the exhibition &#8220;Heart S2, Pulse of Life&#8221;. 3b) Model from the study presented at the Museum of Tomorrow in the exhibition &#8220;Heart S2, Pulse of Life&#8221;.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-02-e20220866-20866-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Although 3D printing was not directly used in the surgical planning of total pericardiectomy, its benefits should not be underestimated. 3D printing technology continues to evolve, and its educational application paves the way for future investigations and potential direct applications in the surgical planning of complex interventions.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The integration of 3D printing into healthcare settings represents a paradigm shift. This study suggests that 3D printing can play a significant role in teaching the anatomofunctional characteristics of constrictive pericarditis and in guiding how the total pericardiectomy procedure is performed.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by Funda&#231;&#227;o Eucl&#237;des da Cunha (FEC).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal Fluminense under the protocol number CAAE: 60475422.9.0000.5243. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
