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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">c8z57N8krgmQcQBMcDJSxWS</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000100208</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00208</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230888</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Como o COVID-19 pode Influenciar na Evolu&#231;&#227;o de Pacientes com S&#237;ndromes Coronarianas Agudas?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3777-1947</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Soeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre de Matos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Alexandre de Matos Soeiro</bold> &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP <postal-code>09541-001</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>alexandre.soeiro@bol.com.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230888</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesnivelameno do Segmento ST</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Infec&#231;&#245;es por Coronav&#237;rus</kwd>
        <kwd>Embolia Pulmonar</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A pandemia causada pelo v&#237;rus da COVID-19 mudou a forma como encaramos as doen&#231;as infecciosas. De uma forma mais intensa do que em outras situa&#231;&#245;es, o COVID-19 esteve desde o in&#237;cio relacionado a maior n&#250;mero de eventos tromb&#243;ticos, seja na sua apresenta&#231;&#227;o aguda, com microtrombos pulmonares agravando o quadro de hip&#243;xia, ou at&#233; mesmo na sua evolu&#231;&#227;o tardia com grande n&#250;mero de eventos emb&#243;licos pulmonares. A interface entre endot&#233;lio e a cascata de coagula&#231;&#227;o apresentava-se modificada e diferentes mecanismos pr&#243;-tromb&#243;ticos se mostravam de maneira desregulada, com express&#227;o elevada do fator tecidual, CD40, mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o leucocit&#225;rias, citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias, tromboxano e redu&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico. Junto aos pulm&#245;es, o cora&#231;&#227;o &#233; um dos &#243;rg&#227;os mais afetados pela doen&#231;a com acometimento global, seja mioc&#225;rdico, arritmog&#234;nico ou coronariano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Dessa forma, o estudo apresentado de Baytugan et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> traz uma descri&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda com supradesnivelamento de ST (SCACSST) com COVID-19, comparando com o grupo sem COVID-19 em rela&#231;&#227;o aos desfechos cl&#237;nicos encontrados. Alguns pontos interessantes devem ser ressaltados, entre eles o fato da maior demora para os pacientes se apresentarem ao hospital. Isso foi muito comum durante a pandemia e com certeza agravou os desfechos relacionados &#224; SCA. Observou-se tamb&#233;m que pacientes com COVID-19 tinham idade mais avan&#231;ada e mais comorbidades como diabetes e doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica. Por &#250;ltimo, de maneira incisiva e clara, os pacientes com COVID-19 evolu&#237;ram com piores desfechos como maior n&#250;mero de tromboses de stent, mais choque cardiog&#234;nico e maior mortalidade. Fato curioso foi a descri&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis mais elevados de troponina no grupo COVID-19. De forma mais simples, podemos relacionar isso ao maior atraso diagn&#243;stico, por&#233;m vale ressaltar a possibilidade de agress&#227;o direta card&#237;aca causada pelo COVID-19, al&#233;m da maior carga tromb&#243;tica e inflamat&#243;ria que a doen&#231;a pode causar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em 2020, Libby et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> ressaltaram a intera&#231;&#227;o entre disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e COVID-19. O autor levantava a hip&#243;tese de que o COVID-19 em sua ess&#234;ncia fosse uma "doen&#231;a endotelial". O COVID-19 em sua forma grave desencadeava uma tempestade de citocinas e desregulava mecanismos contra-regulat&#243;rios, afetando o balan&#231;o inflamat&#243;rio, mecanismos de trombose e fibrin&#243;lise e a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>De maneira semelhante ao estudo apresentado, uma das primeiras descri&#231;&#245;es sobre SCA e COVID-19 apresentava 18 pacientes, sendo desses apenas 8 com SCACSST e les&#227;o coronariana tromb&#243;tica. J&#225; no in&#237;cio da pandemia, este estudo chamava a aten&#231;&#227;o mostrando uma taxa de 50% de mortalidade nesses pacientes e sinalizando altos n&#237;veis de D-d&#237;mero, achado incomum na fase aguda da SCA em outros estudos. Pela primeira vez, no contexto da SCA, se come&#231;ava a levantar a hip&#243;tese de ruptura de placas, tempestade inflamat&#243;ria, hip&#243;xia, espasmos coronariano, microtrombos e disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial como mecanismos conjuntos nessa forma de apresenta&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em 2020, Stefanini et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> descreveram 28 casos de SCACSST e COVID-19 na regi&#227;o da Lombardia na It&#225;lia. Em 24 pacientes, a SCACSST foi considerada a primeira manifesta&#231;&#227;o do COVID-19. Semelhante a achados pr&#233;vios, o autor chamava a aten&#231;&#227;o para uma mortalidade de 39,3%. Al&#233;m disso, cerca de 40% n&#227;o tinham doen&#231;a obstrutiva coronariana no cateterismo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Seguindo a mesma linha, outro estudo publicado em 2020 comparou 348 casos de SCACSST e COVID-19 com 440 casos retrospectivos de 2019 sem COVID-19. Os autores mostraram menor tempo de ativa&#231;&#227;o do servi&#231;o de sa&#250;de em 2019 vs. 2020 (75 vs. 87 min, p &lt; 0,001), mas isso n&#227;o impactou no tempo de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria culpada. No entanto, a mortalidade dos pacientes com COVID-19 foi de 21,7% vs. 9,3% (p = 0,012), mais uma vez mostrando a gravidade atrelada &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o do COVID-19 na vig&#234;ncia da SCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>De maneira semelhante, outros estudos apresentaram dados sempre com desfechos piores no grupo de pacientes com COVID-19 e SCA. Por&#233;m, cada estudo traz suas particularidades e contribui para que tenhamos um melhor entendimento da doen&#231;a e possamos melhorar o tratamento e os desfechos atrelados &#224; mesma. Talvez a chave para melhores resultados seja realmente o contexto inflamat&#243;rio, mas h&#225; muito ainda que precisa ser esclarecido e estudado.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Desfechos Hospitalares do Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST em Pacientes Positivos para COVID-19 que Passaram por Interven&#231;&#227;o Percut&#226;nea Prim&#225;ria</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>How Can COVID-19 Influence the Evolution of Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3777-1947</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Soeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre de Matos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Benefic&#234;ncia Portuguesa, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Adress: Alexandre de Matos Soeiro</bold> &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code <postal-code>09541-001</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>alexandre.soeiro@bol.com.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
        <kwd>ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronavirus Infections</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Embolism</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The pandemic caused by the COVID-19 virus has changed the way we view infectious diseases. In a more intense way than in other situations, COVID-19 was from the beginning related to a greater number of thrombotic events, whether in its acute presentation, with pulmonary microthrombi worsening the hypoxia, or even in its late evolution with a large number of pulmonary embolic events. The interface between the endothelium and the coagulation cascade was modified, and different pro-thrombotic mechanisms were deregulated, with elevated expression of tissue factor, CD40, leukocyte adhesion molecules, pro-inflammatory cytokines, thromboxane, and reduced production of nitric oxide. Along with the lungs, the heart is one of the organs most affected by the disease with global involvement, whether myocardial, arrhythmogenic, or coronary.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Thus, the study presented by Baytugan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> describes patients with ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (ST-ACS) with COVID-19, comparing them with the group without COVID-19 in relation to the clinical outcomes found. Some interesting points should be highlighted, including the fact that it takes longer for patients to present themselves to the hospital. This was very common during the pandemic and certainly worsened outcomes related to ACS. It was also observed that patients with COVID-19 were older and had more comorbidities, such as diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Finally, in an incisive and clear way, patients with COVID-19 developed worse outcomes, such as a greater number of stent thromboses, more cardiogenic shock, and higher mortality. A curious fact was the description of higher troponin levels in the COVID-19 group. More simply, we can relate this to the greater diagnostic delay; however, it is worth highlighting the possibility of direct cardiac aggression caused by COVID-19, in addition to the greater thrombotic and inflammatory load that the disease can cause.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In 2020, Libby et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> highlighted the interaction between endothelial dysfunction and COVID-19. The author raised the hypothesis that COVID-19, in essence, was an "endothelial disease". COVID-19, in its severe form, triggered a cytokine storm and deregulated counter-regulatory mechanisms, affecting the inflammatory balance, thrombosis and fibrinolysis mechanisms, and vasodilation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Similar to the study presented, one of the first descriptions of ACS and COVID-19 presented 18 patients, of which only 8 had ST-ACS and thrombotic coronary lesions. At the beginning of the pandemic, this study drew attention, showing a 50% mortality rate in these patients and signaling high levels of D-dimer, an uncommon finding in the acute phase of ACS in other studies. For the first time, in the context of ACS, the hypothesis of plaque rupture, inflammatory storm, hypoxia, coronary spasms, microthrombi, and endothelial dysfunction as joint mechanisms in this form of presentation was beginning to be raised.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In 2020, Stefanini et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> described 28 cases of ST-ACS and COVID-19 in the Lombardy region of Italy. In 24 patients, ST-ACS was considered the first manifestation of COVID-19. Similar to previous findings, the author drew attention to a mortality rate of 39.3%. Furthermore, around 40% did not have obstructive coronary disease at catheterization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Following the same line, another study published in 2020 compared 348 cases of ST-ACS and COVID-19 with 440 retrospective cases from 2019 without COVID-19. The authors showed a shorter health service activation time in 2019 vs. 2020 (75 vs. 87 min, p &lt; 0.001), but this did not impact the revascularization time of the culprit artery. However, the mortality of patients with COVID-19 was 21.7% vs. 9.3% (p = 0.012), once again showing the severity linked to COVID-19 infection during ACS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Similarly, other studies presented data always with worse outcomes in the group of patients with COVID-19 and ACS. However, each study brings its own particularities and helps us to have a better understanding of the disease and to improve the treatment and outcomes linked to it. Perhaps the key to better results really is the inflammatory context, but there is still a lot that needs to be clarified and studied.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: In-Hospital Outcomes of ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction in COVID-19 Positive Patients Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Intervention</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
