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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">hyL4W8GM4r5v8Cn5znQYz7S</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000100206</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00206</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230850</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Imagens Complementam Palavras: Aus&#234;ncia de Progress&#227;o de Les&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica e Coronariana em Crian&#231;as em Idade Escolar submetidos &#224; Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter de Radiofrequ&#234;ncia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2947-3066</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Elias</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7554-8001</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Servi&#231;o de Eletrofisiologia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Vit&#243;ria Apart Hospital</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Serra</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Vit&#243;ria Apart Hospital - Servi&#231;o de Eletrofisiologia, Serra, ES - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Eletrofisiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo (UFES) - Servi&#231;o de Eletrofisiologia, Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jorge Elias Neto</bold> &#8226; Vitoria Apart Hospital - Servi&#231;o de Eletrofisiologia - Rodovia BR-101 Norte, Km 2,38, s/n. CEP <postal-code>29161-900</postal-code>, Boa Vista II, Serra, ES - Brasil E-mail: <email>jeliasneto@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230850</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Les&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Pedi&#225;trico</kwd>
        <kwd>Seguran&#231;a</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="25"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Nem mesmo os maiores entusiastas entre os cardiologistas poderiam prever, no final da d&#233;cada de 1980, o impacto que a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter teria no tratamento das arritmias card&#237;acas. Desde o seu advento acumularam-se evid&#234;ncias e experi&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica que permitem afirmar a sua efic&#225;cia no tratamento das mais variadas formas de taquiarritmias card&#237;acas em indiv&#237;duos de todas as faixas et&#225;rias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Particularmente na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica, essas perspectivas mudaram gradualmente do uso de abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter apenas em casos de arritmia refrat&#225;ria a medicamentos para um tratamento de primeira linha e prefer&#234;ncia do paciente/familiares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> No entanto, essa generaliza&#231;&#227;o levanta um questionamento referente ao uso dessa t&#233;cnica na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica na aus&#234;ncia de dados em animais ou humanos que demonstrem suficientemente sua seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia em &#243;rg&#227;os imaturos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O manejo das arritmias pedi&#225;tricas &#233; potencialmente desafiador, embora, em crian&#231;as sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita, os mecanismos das arritmias sejam os mesmos que nos adultos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Esta observa&#231;&#227;o &#233; particularmente relevante em pacientes com menor peso corporal e naqueles com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Desde o advento da abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter, os autores demonstraram preocupa&#231;&#227;o sobre o potencial de les&#227;o das estruturas card&#237;acas, mediada por trauma mec&#226;nico do cateter ou por energia ablativa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Pacientes pedi&#225;tricos podem ter maior probabilidade de apresentar les&#245;es estruturais devido &#224;s paredes mioc&#225;rdicas mais finas, v&#225;lvulas mais delicadas e mioc&#225;rdio imaturo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Apesar disso, mesmo em adultos, o objetivo final de analisar as complica&#231;&#245;es da abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter restringe-se &#224; fase aguda, com as complica&#231;&#245;es usuais como bloqueio atrioventricular, perfura&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, tromboembolismo, derrame peric&#225;rdico, dano valvar e, raramente, les&#227;o arterial coronariana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao acompanhamento em longo prazo, os estudos geralmente se restringem &#224; recorr&#234;ncia da taquiarritmia ou &#224; progress&#227;o para bloqueio atrioventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Dentre as complica&#231;&#245;es tardias estudadas em pacientes jovens, podemos destacar a influ&#234;ncia psicol&#243;gica das taquiarritmias,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> o efeito da exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; radia&#231;&#227;o e o potencial impacto na ocorr&#234;ncia de futuras neoplasias<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> e na potencial progress&#227;o da les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica causada pela radiofrequ&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os dados relativos &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es induzidas pela descarga de corrente de radiofrequ&#234;ncia no mioc&#225;rdio imaturo s&#227;o esparsos e controversos.</p>
    <p>A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (RM) consolidou-se como um parceiro importante na defini&#231;&#227;o do manejo e no monitoramento da evolu&#231;&#227;o das doen&#231;as card&#237;acas e, mais recentemente, os avan&#231;os na tecnologia de imagem e no p&#243;s-processamento est&#227;o facilitando o uso de imagens avan&#231;adas antes, durante e ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com arritmias atriais e ventriculares. Al&#233;m disso, em pacientes com arritmia recorrente p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o, o realce tardio com gadol&#237;nio pode potencialmente identificar alvos para repeti&#231;&#227;o da abla&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Pensando nisso, Melo et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> de forma in&#233;dita, realizando RM e angiografia coronariana ap&#243;s um tempo mediano de 6,7 anos desde a abla&#231;&#227;o, buscaram avaliar achados tardios secund&#225;rios &#224; radiofrequ&#234;ncia em uma coorte de pacientes que realizaram tratamento das formas mais comuns de taquicardia parox&#237;stica supraventricular na inf&#226;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Os autores demonstraram que a RM, realizada com cateteres n&#227;o irrigados na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia, foi associada &#224; presen&#231;a de pequenas quantidades de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica sem qualquer impacto na evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Esses achados levaram os autores a considerar que a abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia n&#227;o aumenta as chances de arritmias ou disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo durante o acompanhamento e desenvolvimento dessas crian&#231;as.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
    <p>De qualquer forma, como bem observado pelos autores, esse estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> foi realizado em crian&#231;as em idade escolar, o que pode minimizar o impacto da evolu&#231;&#227;o da fibrose quando comparado a uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes mais jovens.</p>
    <p>Saul et al., em estudo experimental, observaram que les&#245;es por radiofrequ&#234;ncia, realizadas em ovinos infantis e avaliadas de forma aguda e com intervalo de 8 semanas, parecem aumentar de tamanho com o passar do tempo. Os autores especularam que esses achados, que presumivelmente resultam de diferen&#231;as na resposta inflamat&#243;ria ou no potencial de crescimento celular no mioc&#225;rdio em desenvolvimento, podem ter implica&#231;&#245;es para o desempenho da abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia em cora&#231;&#245;es infantis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos resultados diferentes dos estudos em animais comparados aos realizados em humanos, Melo et al. observaram que faltam dados comparando varia&#231;&#245;es de idade e evolu&#231;&#227;o entre diferentes esp&#233;cies e sua potencial interfer&#234;ncia fisiopatol&#243;gica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Talvez por esta raz&#227;o, um novo estudo experimental randomizado realizado em porcos jovens, que avaliou e comparou o crescimento das les&#245;es durante o primeiro ano produzidas por abla&#231;&#227;o criot&#233;rmica e por cateter de radiofrequ&#234;ncia em cora&#231;&#245;es de beb&#234;s, reproduziu os resultados de Saul et al. e mostrou que em ambos os tipos de energia houve um grau de les&#227;o transmural que progrediu de forma semelhante em n&#237;vel atrial e ventricular, refutando a no&#231;&#227;o de que a crioabla&#231;&#227;o deveria ser favorecida com base na expans&#227;o da les&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Esse mesmo estudo demonstrou que os volumes das les&#245;es do sulco AV n&#227;o aumentam significativamente com nenhuma das modalidades de energia, o que torna a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter mais vi&#225;vel, uma vez que a maioria dos casos em todas as idades &#233; realizada para substratos relacionados ao sulco AV (71% em lactentes e 89% em crian&#231;as).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Outra observa&#231;&#227;o relevante foi a aus&#234;ncia de les&#245;es coronarianas, sejam estenoses ou calcifica&#231;&#245;es, documentadas por tomografia computadorizada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A les&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter continua a ser uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o, embora felizmente seja um evento raro. Essa complica&#231;&#227;o geralmente &#233; aguda, causada por les&#227;o t&#233;rmica direta na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria que pode levar a espasmo arterial coronariano, trombose aguda, estenose e at&#233; oclus&#227;o cr&#244;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Paul et al., tamb&#233;m utilizando ovelhas jovens, observaram que na maioria dos animais estudados havia algum grau de comprometimento coronariano e levantaram a hip&#243;tese de um risco potencial de comprometimento da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria, ou seja, espessamento intimal que pode proporcionar um nicho para for&#231;as de cisalhamento e forma&#231;&#227;o de placa ao longo dos anos de desenvolvimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Da mesma forma que no presente estudo, esses achados n&#227;o foram corroborados por Khairy et al., que n&#227;o relataram efeitos de abla&#231;&#227;o em art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias pr&#243;ximas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Embora estejamos vivenciando um avan&#231;o tecnol&#243;gico sem precedentes no campo da eletrofisiologia card&#237;aca, e tamb&#233;m que os achados do estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> em quest&#227;o n&#227;o incluam pacientes de baixo peso, pacientes com arritmias complexas e pacientes com cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, devemos ter em mente que no mundo real, a maioria dos pacientes jovens submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de radiofrequ&#234;ncia usando fluoroscopia, pelo menos no primeiro procedimento, s&#227;o diagnosticados com taquicardia atrioventricular ou taquicardia de reentrada nodal na aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca subjacente. Ou seja, eles est&#227;o representados neste estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Novos estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para avaliar o impacto de novas t&#233;cnicas de abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter, que acrescentem, por um lado, novos cateteres (cateter irrigado com e sem sensor de contato) associados a novas t&#233;cnicas de mapeamento (mapeamento 3D) e novos tipos de energia (crioabla&#231;&#227;o e abla&#231;&#227;o por campo pulsado) sobre o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es agudas e o risco potencial de futura forma&#231;&#227;o de cicatriz mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Progress&#227;o da Les&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica ap&#243;s Abla&#231;&#227;o por Radiofrequ&#234;ncia em Crian&#231;as em Idade Escolar</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Images Complement Words: Absence of Progression of Myocardial and Coronary Artery Injury in School-Age Children Undergoing Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2947-3066</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Elias</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7554-8001</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Serra</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Vit&#243;ria Apart Hospital - Servi&#231;o de Eletrofisiologia, Serra, ES - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo (UFES) - Servi&#231;o de Eletrofisiologia, Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Jorge Elias Neto</bold> &#8226; Vitoria Apart Hospital - Servi&#231;o de Eletrofisiologia - Rodovia BR-101 Norte, Km 2,38, s/n. Postal Code <postal-code>29161-900</postal-code>, Boa Vista II, Serra, ES - Brazil E-mail: <email>jeliasneto@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Catheter Ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>ocardial Contusions</kwd>
        <kwd>Pediatrics</kwd>
        <kwd>Safety</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Not even the biggest enthusiasts among cardiologists could predict, at the end of the 1980s, the impact that catheter ablation would have on the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Since its advent, evidence, and clinical experience have accumulated that allow to affirm its effectiveness in the treatment of the most varied forms of cardiac tachyarrhythmias in individuals of all age groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Particularly in the pediatric population, these perspectives have gradually shifted from the use of catheter ablation only in cases of drug-refractory arrhythmia to a first-line treatment and patient/parent preference.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> However, this generalization raises the question of whether it is appropriate to adopt a technique into clinical practice in the absence of animal or human data that sufficiently demonstrates both its safety and efficacy in immature organs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Management of pediatric arrhythmias is potentially challenging, although, in children without congenital heart disease, the mechanisms of arrhythmias are the same as in adults.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> This observation is particularly relevant in patients of lower body weight and those with congenital heart disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Since the advent of catheter ablation, authors have raised concerns about the potential for injury to cardiac structures, mediated either by mechanical catheter trauma or by ablative energy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Pediatric patients may be more likely to present with structural injuries due to their thinner myocardial walls, more delicate valves, and immature myocardium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Despite this, even in adults, the final objective of analyzing complications from catheter ablation is restricted to the acute phase, with the usual complications such as atrioventricular block, cardiac perforation, thromboembolism, pericardial effusion, valvular damage and, rarely, coronary artery injury.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> With regard to long-term follow-up, studies are usually restricted to tachyarrhythmia recurrence or progression to atrioventricular block.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Among the late complications studied in young patients, we can highlight the psychological influence of tachyarrhythmias,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> the effect of exposure to radiation, and the potential impact on the occurrence of future neoplasia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> and the potential progression of myocardial injury caused by radiofrequency.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Data concerning lesion formation induced by radiofrequency current discharge in immature myocardium are sparse and controversial.</p>
      <p>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has established itself as an important partner in defining management and monitoring the evolution of heart disease and, more recently, advances in imaging technology and postprocessing are facilitating the use of advanced imaging before, during, and after ablation in patients with both atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. Furthermore, in patients with recurrent arrhythmia post-ablation, late gadolinium enhancement can potentially identify targets for repeat ablation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>With this in mind, Melo et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> in an unprecedented way, performing MRI and coronary angiography after a median time from ablation of 6.7 years sought to evaluate late findings secondary to radiofrequency in a cohort of patients who underwent treatment of the most common forms of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia during childhood.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> The authors demonstrated that MRI, performed with non-irrigated catheters in middle childhood and adolescence, was associated with the presence of small amounts of myocardial fibrosis without any impact on the patients&#8217; clinical evolution.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> These findings lead to consider that radiofrequency ablation does not increase the chances of arrhythmias or left ventricular dysfunction during follow-up and development of these children.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In any case, as appropriately noted by the authors, this study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> was carried out in school-age children, which may minimize the impact of fibrosis evolution when compared to a younger patient population.</p>
      <p>Saul et al., in an experimental study, observed that radiofrequency lesions, performed on infant sheep and evaluated acutely and at an interval of 8 weeks, appear to increase in size over time. The authors speculated that these findings, which presumably result from differences in either the inflammatory response or the potential for cell growth in developing myocardium, may have implications for the performance of RF ablation in infant hearts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Regarding the different results of animal studies compared to those carried out in humans, Melo et al. observed that there is a lack of data comparing variations in age and evolution between different species and their potential pathophysiological interference.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Perhaps for this reason, a new randomized experimental study carried out in young pigs now evaluates and compares the growth of lesions during the first year produced by cryothermal and radiofrequency catheter ablation in infant's hearts, reproducing the results of Saul et al. and showing that in both types of energy, a degree of transmural lesion that progressed similarly at the atrial and ventricular level, refuting the notion that cryoablation should be favored based on lesion expansion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>This same study demonstrated that AV groove lesion volumes do not increase significantly with either energy modality, which makes catheter ablation more feasible since most cases at every age are performed for AV groove-related substrates (71% in infants and 89% in children).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Another relevant observation was the absence of coronary artery lesions, either stenosis or calcification, documented by computed tomography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Coronary artery injury following catheter ablation remains a concern, although it is fortunately a rare event. This complication is usually acute, caused by direct thermal injury to the coronary artery that may lead to coronary artery spasm, acute thrombosis, stenosis, and even chronic occlusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Paul et al., also using young sheep, observed that in most of the animals studied, there was some degree of coronary involvement and raised the hypothesis of a potential risk of the coronary artery being affected, that is, intimal thickening that may provide a nidus for shear forces and plaque formation over years of development.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Similarly to the present study, these findings were not corroborated by Khairy et al., who did not report on ablation effects on nearby coronary arteries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Although we are experiencing an unprecedented technological advance in the field of cardiac electrophysiology, and also that the findings of the study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> in question do not include low-weight patients, patients with complex arrhythmias, and patients with congenital heart disease, we must bear in mind that in the real world, most young patients undergo radiofrequency catheter ablation using fluoroscopy, at least in the first procedure, are diagnosed with atrioventricular tachycardia or nodal reentry tachycardia in the absence of underlying heart disease. In other words, they are represented in this study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>New studies are needed to evaluate the impact of new catheter ablation techniques, which add, on the one hand, new catheters (irrigated catheter with and without contact sensor) associated with new mapping techniques (3D mapping) and new types of energy (cryoablation and pulsed-field ablation) on the risk of acute complications and the potential risk of future myocardial scar formation.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Myocardial Injury Progression after Radiofrequency Ablation in School-Age Children</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
