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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">CsGQRZMHTTMbTRfP9GM5Tws</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000100205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00205</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230849</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Hist&#243;ria Natural dos Tumores Card&#237;acos Prim&#225;rios em Crian&#231;as foi Modificada Recentemente?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4185-9423</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aiello</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Demarchi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold> &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Av. Dr. En&#233;as C. Aguiar, 44. CEP <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>, <email>vdaiello@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230849</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Feto/diagn&#243;stico por imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Neoplasias Card&#237;acas/patologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Esclerose Tuberosa/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Cora&#231;&#227;o Fetal/anormalidades</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Camargo et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> apresentam sua experi&#234;ncia de 30 anos no diagn&#243;stico de tumores card&#237;acos prim&#225;rios durante a vida fetal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os autores focaram no grupo dos rabdomiomas, tumor card&#237;aco mais prevalente em fetos relatado na literatura<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> e em sua casu&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>Conforme afirmam Camargo et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> os rabdomiomas card&#237;acos podem sofrer regress&#227;o espont&#226;nea e somente quando causarem obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da ou arritmias que resistam ao tratamento m&#233;dico a ressec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica pode ser necess&#225;ria. No entanto, uma abordagem terap&#234;utica n&#227;o invasiva foi recentemente adotada, com terapia materna com inibidores de mTOR e, se necess&#225;rio devido ao crescimento persistente do tumor, tratamento p&#243;s-natal do paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a maioria dos pacientes diagnosticados em vida fetal com rabdomiomas m&#250;ltiplos tamb&#233;m apresentam o complexo de esclerose tuberosa, e as manifesta&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;micas - inclusive as neurol&#243;gicas - devem ser convenientemente tratadas.</p>
    <p>mTOR &#233; uma quinase que integra v&#225;rios sinais para controlar o crescimento e a tradu&#231;&#227;o celular. O complexo da esclerose tuberosa deriva da presen&#231;a de variantes de genes que codificam prote&#237;nas que, em condi&#231;&#245;es normais, inibem a ativa&#231;&#227;o da via mTOR. Muta&#231;&#245;es nestas prote&#237;nas podem resultar na ativa&#231;&#227;o permanente do mTOR e na prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular descontrolada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Sirolimus e everolimus s&#227;o os medicamentos utilizados para inibir o crescimento de rabdomiomas, mas foram inicialmente utilizados como imunossupressores em transplantes de &#243;rg&#227;os e tamb&#233;m no tratamento de linfangioleiomiomatose em adultos (LAM). Foi relatada regress&#227;o completa dos rabdomiomas card&#237;acos ap&#243;s o uso desses inibidores de mTOR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No Brasil, o Sirolimus est&#225; hoje dispon&#237;vel para pacientes do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) ap&#243;s indica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. O per&#237;odo de estudo de Camargo et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> entretanto, foi de 30 anos e, para a maioria de seus pacientes, os medicamentos inibidores de mTOR n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis.</p>
    <p>Considerando a ampla utiliza&#231;&#227;o dessas drogas em todo o mundo, pode-se considerar que uma hist&#243;ria natural modificada dos rabdomiomas fetais ainda n&#227;o foi descrita.</p>
    <p>Outro procedimento considerado modificador de neoplasias card&#237;acas inoper&#225;veis &#233; o transplante card&#237;aco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> &#192;s vezes utilizado como op&#231;&#227;o para neoplasias recorrentes malignas ou n&#227;o malignas, o transplante pode ser o procedimento de escolha para tumores localizados em topografias cr&#237;ticas. Tamb&#233;m tem sido realizada em lactentes e crian&#231;as para tumores que ocupem grande parte das paredes ventriculares, como ocorre frequentemente com fibromas. Alguns relatos de crian&#231;as pequenas com fibromas card&#237;acos submetidas a transplante j&#225; foram publicados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Neonatos com hamartomas card&#237;acos mais raros se beneficiariam da mesma terapia, por exemplo, casos de hamartomas de cardiomi&#243;citos maduros, que, embora n&#227;o sejam infiltrativos, podem ocupar grandes &#225;reas das paredes ventriculares.</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Morfologia das les&#245;es nodulares do cora&#231;&#227;o fetal e neonatal</title>
      <p>As les&#245;es nodulares mais frequentes do cora&#231;&#227;o fetal e neonatal s&#227;o os rabdomiomas e os fibromas, considerados hamartomas.</p>
      <p>Nas c&#233;lulas do rabdomioma, a falta de marcadores imuno-histoqu&#237;micos proliferativos indica que essas les&#245;es s&#227;o mais provavelmente hamartomas do que verdadeiras neoplasias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora os rabdomiomas sejam frequentemente les&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas e bem demarcadas, os fibromas s&#227;o geralmente &#250;nicos e t&#234;m limites infiltrativos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Aspectos macrosc&#243;picos dos tumores card&#237;acos prim&#225;rios mais frequentes em neonatos. O painel a) mostra um cora&#231;&#227;o neonatal com m&#250;ltiplos rabdomiomas no interior das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas esquerdas, de diferentes tamanhos (setas). No painel b) observamos o cora&#231;&#227;o de um neonato com uma enorme massa intramural (septal) esbranqui&#231;ada, substituindo parcialmente o mioc&#225;rdio e tamb&#233;m projetando-se para dentro da cavidade ventricular (asteriscos). AE: &#225;trio esquerdo.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230849-30849-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Histologicamente, rabdomiomas e fibromas tamb&#233;m s&#227;o bastante distintos. Os primeiros s&#227;o compostos por c&#233;lulas vacuoladas grandes e poligonais com limites claros e ocasionalmente finos filamentos de citoplasma que unem o n&#250;cleo &#224; membrana celular, dando-lhes a apar&#234;ncia de "c&#233;lulas em aranha" (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas histol&#243;gicas de rabdomioma e fibroma. Em a) um rabdomioma ventricular t&#237;pico apresenta grandes c&#233;lulas vacuolizadas, algumas com apar&#234;ncia de "c&#233;lulas em aranha" (setas pretas). O painel b) mostra a periferia de um fibroma card&#237;aco, com c&#233;lulas mioc&#225;rdicas aprisionadas (setas brancas) entre o denso estroma de col&#225;geno (azul). Colora&#231;&#227;o hematoxilina-eosina e tricr&#244;mico de Masson, respectivamente.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230849-30849-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Por outro lado, os fibromas apresentam c&#233;lulas fusiformes bem orientadas (fibroblastos) imersas em um estroma colag&#234;nico denso, que aprisiona c&#233;lulas mioc&#225;rdicas normais na periferia da les&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>Em resumo, os avan&#231;os nos m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos e terap&#234;uticos j&#225; alteraram o progn&#243;stico de crian&#231;as nascidas com tumores card&#237;acos prim&#225;rios. A esperan&#231;a &#233; que haja mais avan&#231;os para que o tratamento da maioria dos tumores possa ser iniciado ainda durante a vida fetal.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Resultados Perinatais e Seguimento em Longo Prazo de Tumores Card&#237;acos Fetais: Estudo de Coorte Hist&#243;rica de 30 Anos</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Has the Natural History of Primary Heart Tumors in Children Been Modified Recently?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4185-9423</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aiello</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Demarchi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold> &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Av. Dr. En&#233;as C. Aguiar, 44. Postal Code <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>, <email>vdaiello@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
        <kwd>Fetus/diagnosis imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Neoplasms/pathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Tuberous Sclerosis/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Fetal Heart/abnormalities</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>In this issue of Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Camargo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> present their 30-year experience in the diagnosis of primary heart tumors during fetal life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The authors focused on the group of rhabdomyomas, the most prevalent heart tumor in fetuses reported in the literature<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and in their casuistic.</p>
      <p>As stated by Camargo et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> cardiac rhabdomyomas may undergo spontaneous regression, and only when causing outflow tract obstruction or arrhythmias that resist medical management, surgical resection may be necessary. However, a noninvasive therapeutic approach has been recently adopted, with maternal therapy with mTOR inhibitors and, if needed because of persistent tumor growth, postnatal treatment of the patient.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Moreover, most patients diagnosed in fetal life with multiple rhabdomyomas also have the tuberous sclerosis complex, and the systemic manifestations- including the neurologic ones- should be conveniently treated.</p>
      <p>mTOR is a kinase that integrates various signals to control cellular growth and translation. Tuberous sclerosis complex derives from the presence of variants of genes that encode proteins that, in normal conditions, inhibit mTOR pathway activation. Mutations in these proteins can result in permanent mTOR activation and uncontrolled cell proliferation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Sirolimus and everolimus are the drugs used to inhibit the growth of rhabdomyomas but were initially used as an immunosuppressor in organ transplantation and also in the treatment of lymphangioleiomyomatosis in adults (LAM). Complete regression the heart rhabdomyomas has been reported after the use of this mTOR inhibitors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In Brazil, Sirolimus is nowadays available for patients from the public Unified Health System (SUS) after clinical indication. The period of study of Camargo et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> however, was 30 years, and for most of their patients, the mTOR inhibitor drugs were not available.</p>
      <p>Considering the widespread utilization of these drugs all over the world, one can consider that a modified natural history of fetal rhabdomyomas is yet to be described.</p>
      <p>Another procedure that is considered a modifier for inoperable heart neoplasms is heart transplantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Sometimes used as an option for malignant or non-malignant recurrent neoplasms, transplantation can be the procedure of choice for tumors located in critical topographies. It has also been performed in infants and children for tumors occupying a great part of the ventricular walls, as it occurs frequently with fibromas. Some reports of small children with heart fibromas submitted to transplant have already been published.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Neonates with rarer heart hamartomas would benefit from the same therapy, for example, cases of hamartoma of mature cardiomyocytes, which, although not infiltrative, can occupy large areas of the ventricular walls.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Morphology of the nodular lesions of the fetal and neonatal heart</title>
        <p>The most frequent nodular lesions of the fetal and neonatal heart are rhabdomyomas and fibromas, which are considered hamartomas.</p>
        <p>In rhabdomyoma cells, the lack of proliferative immunohistochemical markers indicates that these lesions are more likely hamartomas rather than true neoplasms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>While rhabdomyomas are frequently multiple and well-demarcated lesions, fibromas are usually single and have infiltrative boundaries (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Gross features of the most frequent primary heart tumors in neonates. Panel a) shows a neonatal heart with multiple rhabdomyomas inside the left cardiac chambers of different sizes (arrows). In panel b) we observe the heart from a neonate with a huge intra-mural (septal) whitish mass, partially replacing the myocardium and also protruding into the ventricular cavity (asterisks). LA: left atrium.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230849-30849-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Histologically, rhabdomyomas and fibromas are also quite distinct. The first ones are composed of large and polygonal vacuolated cells with clear limits and occasionally fine strands of cytoplasm joining the nucleus to the cell membrane, giving them the appearance of "spider cells" (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Histological features of rhabdomyoma and fibroma. In a) a typical ventricular rhabdomyoma shows large vacuolated cells, a few with the appearance of "spider cells" (black arrows). Panel b) shows the periphery of a cardiac fibroma, with entrapped myocardial cells (white arrows) among the dense collagen stroma (blue). Hematoxylin-eosin stain and Masson's trichrome stain, respectively.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230849-30849-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>On the other hand, fibromas show well-oriented spindle cells (fibroblasts) immersed in a dense collagenic stroma, which entraps normal myocardial cells at the periphery of the lesion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>In summary, advances in diagnostic and therapeutic methods have already changed the prognosis of children born with primary cardiac tumors. The hope is that more advances come so that the treatment for most tumors can be started during fetal life.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Perinatal Results and Long-Term Follow-Up of Fetal Cardiac Tumors: A 30-Year Historical Cohort Study</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
