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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">NgRQKWFGbfY64Dr8Hm7mHcv</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000100210</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00210</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230823</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>COVID-19 e Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial: Prevendo para Prevenir</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8803-8115</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Faganello</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Simonetto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9980-9114</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zimerman</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro Ioschpe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Lucas Simonetto Faganello &#8226;</bold> Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre &#8211; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350 Bloco A, Av. Prot&#225;sio Alves, 211 &#8211; Bloco B e C. CEP <postal-code>90035-903</postal-code> &#8211; Santa Cec&#237;lia, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>lucasfaganello@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230823</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palabras clave:</title>
        <kwd>Infec&#231;&#245;es por Coronav&#237;rus</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Arterial Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Respirat&#243;ria Aguda Grave</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="16"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; a arritmia cr&#244;nica mais comum em todo o mundo, com significativa morbidade e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> As causas para desenvolvimento e manuten&#231;&#227;o da FA s&#227;o multifatoriais, estando sob maior risco os pacientes com idade avan&#231;ada e comorbidades como hipertens&#227;o, diabetes e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Aumento do t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico e estados inflamat&#243;rios tamb&#233;m est&#227;o associados ao desenvolvimento de FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A pandemia da doen&#231;a pelo novo coronav&#237;rus que se iniciou no final de 2019 (COVID-19) rapidamente se alastrou pelo mundo trazendo consequ&#234;ncias catastr&#243;ficas para sa&#250;de p&#250;blica e economia global.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A infec&#231;&#227;o pode levar a doen&#231;a com severidades variadas, variando desde infec&#231;&#227;o leve de via a&#233;rea alta at&#233; a pneumonia grave, resultando em s&#237;ndrome respirat&#243;ria aguda grave com necessidade de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica. Embora a COVID-19 seja primariamente uma doen&#231;a pulmonar como consequ&#234;ncia de uma resposta inflamat&#243;ria imune, o envolvimento cardiovascular pode compor o quadro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Manifesta&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas incluem miocardite, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, arritmias, e est&#227;o associadas a maior mortalidade. O mecanismo arritmog&#234;nico exato ainda n&#227;o &#233; completamente conhecido, mas hipoxia, miocardite, resposta imune exagerada, isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, dist&#250;rbio eletrol&#237;tico e efeitos adversos de medica&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o potenciais causas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Incid&#234;ncia elevada de FA tem sido documentada em pacientes com COVID-19, estando associada com piores desfechos cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Segundo uma pesquisa online realizada pela <italic>Heart Rhythm Society</italic> em 2020 com 1.197 respondedores de 76 pa&#237;ses diferentes, a FA foi a arritmia mais reportada, presente em 20% dos pacientes internados por COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Pimentel et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> por sua vez, evidenciaram que a presen&#231;a de arritmias em 241 pacientes consecutivos internados com COVID-19 em um hospital brasileiro foi de 8,7%, sendo 76,2% arritmias atriais. A presen&#231;a de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel associada a maior risco de arritmia card&#237;acas em an&#225;lise multivariada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Em uma pesquisa mundial publicada pelo <italic>Circulation</italic> em 2021, com a participa&#231;&#227;o de 12 pa&#237;ses, incluindo o Brasil, a maioria dos pacientes que desenvolveram alguma arritmia durante a interna&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19, n&#227;o tinham hist&#243;ria de arritmia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Dos pacientes que apresentaram arritmia, a FA foi relatada em 61% dos casos. De maneira similar ao descritos em estudos pr&#233;vios, a presen&#231;a de arritmia se associou com significativa morbimortalidade; 43% dos pacientes que desenvolveram arritmia foram submetidos a ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, sendo que somente 51% sobreviveram at&#233; a alta hospitalar. Bernstein et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> por sua vez, analisaram a incid&#234;ncia de FA atrav&#233;s de uma coorte multic&#234;ntrica retrospectiva com 39.415 pacientes internados com diagn&#243;stico de pneumonia e sem diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de FA. A incid&#234;ncia em pacientes com pneumonia por COVID foi menor quando comparada a pacientes com pneumonia n&#227;o COVID (10% versus 14%). Os valores de troponina foram normais, sugerindo que a ocorr&#234;ncia de FA esteja relacionada com a severidade da doen&#231;a de base, e n&#227;o propriamente com inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Andrea et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> acrescentam informa&#231;&#245;es relevantes ao tema. Em um estudo caso-controle com 201 pacientes admitidos com o diagn&#243;stico de pneumonia viral por COVID-19, 14,4% apresentaram FA durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. Estes tinham idade mais avan&#231;ada, maior preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as neurol&#243;gicas cr&#244;nicas e maior n&#250;mero de comorbidades, associando-se a um contexto de maior gravidade durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. A interna&#231;&#227;o em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, e a necessidade de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica associaram-se &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de FA. An&#225;lise multivariada demonstrou que idade &gt; 71 anos, leucometria &#8804; 7.720 cels.&#956;L<sup>-</sup>&#185;, natremia &#8804; 137 mEq.L<sup>-</sup>&#185;, SAPS 3 (<italic>Simplilfied Acute Physiology Score)</italic> &gt; 55 e desorienta&#231;&#227;o foram preditores independentes para ocorr&#234;ncia de FA durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. Os autores foram al&#233;m, atrav&#233;s de uma modelagem progn&#243;stica para a ocorr&#234;ncia de FA. Foi desenvolvido um sistema de pontua&#231;&#227;o, em que para cada vari&#225;vel do modelo foi atribu&#237;do o valor unit&#225;rio quando ela se encontrava na faixa de gravidade, ou zero quando fora da faixa. Utilizando a curva ROC, o valor de corte &#243;timo do escore de gravidade para FA &gt; 2 apresentou uma especificidade de 65,2% e uma sensibilidade de 82,8%.</p>
    <p>O verdadeiro impacto da pandemia ainda est&#225; para ser definido. A real incid&#234;ncia de miocardite, fibrose mioc&#225;rdica, epis&#243;dios de FA assintom&#225;ticos e sintom&#225;ticos, e suas consequ&#234;ncias, s&#227;o lacunas a serem elucidadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A ocorr&#234;ncia de FA em pacientes com COVID-19 parece estar relacionada &#224; gravidade da apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e laboratorial, n&#227;o havendo evid&#234;ncia inequ&#237;voca de que a infec&#231;&#227;o por esse pat&#243;geno seja mais arritmog&#234;nica quando comparada a outras infec&#231;&#245;es virais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Entretanto, por se tratar de uma doen&#231;a com atividade pr&#243; tromb&#243;tica, uma an&#225;lise objetiva do risco de desenvolver uma arritmia como a FA pode acrescentar informa&#231;&#245;es valiosas no manejo desses pacientes. Prever talvez possa ser a melhor preven&#231;&#227;o, na busca de reduzir sintomas e riscos de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos. A produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica cont&#237;nua, baseada em dados atualizados &#233; fundamental para a constru&#231;&#227;o da melhor estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Vari&#225;veis Cl&#237;nicas e Laboratoriais na Admiss&#227;o Hospitalar s&#227;o Preditores de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial Nova em Pacientes Internados com Pneumonia por COVID-19</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>COVID-19 and Atrial Fibrillation: Predicting to Prevent</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8803-8115</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Faganello</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Simonetto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9980-9114</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zimerman</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro Ioschpe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Lucas Simonetto Faganello &#8226;</bold> Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre &#8211; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350 Bloco A, Av. Prot&#225;sio Alves, 211 - Bloco B e C. Postal Code <postal-code>90035-903</postal-code> &#8211; Santa Cec&#237;lia, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>lucasfaganello@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Coronavirus Infections</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common chronic arrhythmia worldwide, with significant morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The causes for the development and maintenance of AF are multifactorial, with advanced-age patients and comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and coronary artery disease being at greater risk. Increased sympathetic tone and inflammatory states are also associated with the development of AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The new coronavirus disease pandemic that began at the end of 2019 (COVID-19) quickly spread across the world, bringing catastrophic consequences for public health and the global economy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The infection can lead to illness with varying severities, ranging from mild upper airway infection to severe pneumonia, resulting in severe acute respiratory syndrome requiring mechanical ventilation. Although COVID-19 is primarily a lung disease as a consequence of an immune inflammatory response, cardiovascular system may be involved as well.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Cardiac manifestations include myocarditis, heart failure, acute coronary syndrome, and arrhythmias and are associated with increased mortality. The exact arrhythmogenic mechanism is not yet completely known, but hypoxia, myocarditis, exaggerated immune response, myocardial ischemia, electrolyte disturbance, and adverse effects of medications are potential causes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A high incidence of AF has been documented in patients with COVID-19, being associated with worse clinical outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> According to an online survey carried out by the Heart Rhythm Society in 2020 with 1,197 respondents from 76 different countries, AF was the most reported arrhythmia, present in 20% of patients hospitalized for COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Pimentel et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> showed that the presence of arrhythmias in 241 consecutive patients admitted with COVID-19 in a Brazilian hospital was 8.7%, 76.2% of which were atrial arrhythmias. The presence of heart failure was the only variable associated with a higher risk of cardiac arrhythmias in multivariate analysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In a global survey published by Circulation in 2021, with the participation of 12 countries, including Brazil, the majority of patients who developed an arrhythmia during hospitalization for COVID-19 had no history of arrhythmia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Of the patients who presented with arrhythmia, AF was reported in 61% of cases. Similar to what was described in previous studies, the presence of arrhythmia was associated with significant morbidity and mortality; 43% of patients who developed arrhythmia were subjected to mechanical ventilation, with only 51% surviving until hospital discharge. Bernstein et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> analyzed the incidence of AF through a retrospective multicenter cohort with 39,415 patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of pneumonia and without a previous diagnosis of AF. The incidence in patients with COVID pneumonia was lower when compared to patients with non-COVID pneumonia (10% versus 14%). Troponin values were normal, suggesting that the occurrence of AF is related to the severity of the underlying disease and not exactly to myocardial injury.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this edition of the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Andrea et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> add relevant information to the topic. In a case-control study with 201 patients admitted with a diagnosis of viral pneumonia due to COVID-19, 14.4% had AF during hospitalization. These had older age, higher prevalence of chronic neurological diseases, and a greater number of comorbidities associated with a context of greater severity during hospitalization. Admission to the Intensive Care Unit and the need for mechanical ventilation were associated with the occurrence of AF. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that age &gt; 71 years, leukometry &#8804; 7,720 cells.&#956;L-&#185;, natremia &#8804; 137mEq.L-&#185;, SAPS 3 (Simplified Acute Physiology Score) &gt; 55, and disorientation were independent predictors for the occurrence of AF during hospitalization. The authors went further through prognostic modeling for the occurrence of AF. A scoring system was developed in which each variable in the model was assigned a value of unity when it was within the severity range or zero when outside the range. Using the ROC curve, the optimal cutoff value of the severity score for AF &gt; 2 had a specificity of 65.2% and a sensitivity of 82.8%.</p>
      <p>The true impact of the pandemic is yet to be defined. The real incidence of myocarditis, myocardial fibrosis, asymptomatic and symptomatic episodes of AF, and their consequences are gaps to be elucidated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The occurrence of AF in patients with COVID-19 appears to be related to the severity of the clinical and laboratory presentation, and there is no unequivocal evidence that infection with this pathogen is more arrhythmogenic when compared to other viral infections.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> However, as it is a disease with prothrombotic activity, an objective analysis of the risk of developing an arrhythmia such as AF can add valuable information to the management of these patients. Forecasting could perhaps be the best prevention in the quest to reduce symptoms and risks of thromboembolic events. Continuous scientific production based on updated data, is essential for building the best therapeutic strategy.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Clinical and Laboratory Data Up on Hospital Admission are Predictors of New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation in Patients Hospitalized Due to COVID-19 Pneumonia</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
