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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">K7YjhYvtrZbMgMzChpydsXk</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000100202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230808</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Eletrocardiograma na Avalia&#231;&#227;o Pr&#233;-Operat&#243;ria do Paciente de Baixo Risco: Evid&#234;ncias Atuais</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Jos&#233; de</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8280-471X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Rufino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Mellucci</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Luciano</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Lenize da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Bertanha</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Mesquita Filho Faculdade de Medicina Campus de Botucatu</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho Faculdade de Medicina Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Matheus Bertanha</bold> &#8226; Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho Faculdade de Medicina Campus de Botucatu - Av. Prof. M&#225;rio Rubens Guimar&#227;es Montenegro, s/n - UNESP - Campus de Botucatu. CEP <postal-code>18618-687</postal-code>, Botucatu, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>matheusbertanha@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230808</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Assist&#234;ncia Perioperat&#243;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Neoplasias/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Medi&#231;&#227;o de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares representam a principal causa de mortalidade da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta, tanto no Brasil quanto globalmente. A mortalidade proporcional por essas doen&#231;as no Brasil &#233; de aproximadamente 27%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> As altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares se tornam objeto de enorme preocupa&#231;&#227;o para os pacientes que ser&#227;o submetidos a procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos, momento em que o organismo &#233; exposto a alto n&#237;vel de estresse metab&#243;lico e, dessa forma, complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares podem se sobrepor com desfechos desfavor&#225;veis. No mundo, estima-se que anualmente cerca de 900 mil pacientes submetidos a cirurgias evoluam com complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas relacionadas diretamente ao ato cir&#250;rgico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Neste contexto, o per&#237;odo perioperat&#243;rio e, portanto, as altera&#231;&#245;es fisiol&#243;gicas secund&#225;rias ao trauma cir&#250;rgico s&#227;o, isoladamente, um fator de risco para a manifesta&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
    <p>No Brasil, s&#227;o realizadas entre 2 e 3 milh&#245;es de cirurgias por ano de acordo com o Departamento de Inform&#225;tica do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (DATASUS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A grandeza dos n&#250;meros reitera a import&#226;ncia da realiza&#231;&#227;o de um preparo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio pormenorizado para que sejam minimizados os riscos relativos ao procedimento cir&#250;rgico, incluindo a avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiol&#243;gica.</p>
    <p>Dentre os exames complementares para avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria cardiovascular, o eletrocardiograma (ECG) apresenta caracter&#237;sticas de destaque, principalmente por ser um exame simples, n&#227;o invasivo, barato, facilmente dispon&#237;vel e com interpreta&#231;&#227;o relativamente simples por profissionais treinados. Por essas raz&#245;es, o ECG se torna um importante instrumento diagn&#243;stico na detec&#231;&#227;o de condi&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares em desenvolvimento ou j&#225; instaladas. A relev&#226;ncia do ECG como exame pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio &#233; reconhecida em grandes diretrizes aplicadas mundialmente, como a classifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cir&#250;rgico da <italic>American Society of Anesthesiologists</italic> (ASA),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> a <italic>American College of Cardiology</italic> / <italic>American Heart Association</italic> (ACC/AHA)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> e o <italic>European Society of</italic> Cardiology (ESC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre achados do ECG e os eventos adversos perioperat&#243;rios &#233; classicamente descrita, incluindo anormalidades no tra&#231;ado que podem predizer complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas como infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e arritmias, ajudando na ado&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias preventivas perioperat&#243;rias como a possibilidade de interven&#231;&#245;es coronarianas precoces, controle medicamentoso e evitando eventos mais graves durante a anestesia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Importante ressaltar que a relev&#226;ncia do ECG varia de acordo com o tipo de cirurgia a ser realizada. Em procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos de grande porte, como cirurgias cardiovasculares e para pacientes de alto risco cardiovascular, o ECG desempenha um papel cr&#237;tico na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria, pois essas cirurgias est&#227;o mais associadas a eventos card&#237;acos adversos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Entretanto, o consenso da <italic>European Society of</italic> Cardiology recomenda a dispensa do ECG na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria cardiovascular de pacientes com idade inferior a 65 anos, sem fatores de risco cardiovasculares e que ser&#227;o submetidos a procedimentos de baixo risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Evid&#234;ncias atuais demonstram que a realiza&#231;&#227;o do ECG pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, nessas condi&#231;&#245;es, n&#227;o tem influ&#234;ncia em reduzir a mortalidade perioperat&#243;ria, al&#233;m de ocasionar um aumento ao custo total do tratamento, n&#227;o de forma direta, mas como um efeito em cadeia da sua sobreutiliza&#231;&#227;o, o que se apresenta em acordo com artigo <italic>&#8220;Import&#226;ncia Progn&#243;stica Do Eletrocardiograma Pr&#233;-Operat&#243;rio Em Pacientes De Baixo Risco Submetidos &#192; Interven&#231;&#227;o Cir&#250;rgica Sob Anestesia Geral&#8221;</italic> publicado nesta edi&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Deve-se ressaltar que a avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica perioperat&#243;ria deve ser realizada de forma individualizada e minuciosa, incluindo anamnese e exame cl&#237;nico completos, n&#227;o dispensando a realiza&#231;&#227;o de diversos exames complementares. Por vezes, o ECG pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio ainda pode servir como padr&#227;o de compara&#231;&#227;o na ocorr&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es de tra&#231;ado no perioperat&#243;rio, em situa&#231;&#245;es nas quais n&#227;o exista uma altera&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica pr&#233;via. Deve-se lembrar, contudo, que existem altera&#231;&#245;es do ECG que nem sempre se correlacionam com altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas estruturais, sendo muitas vezes benignas em alguns subgrupos de pacientes, como os bloqueios atrioventriculares de 1&#176; grau, bloqueios de condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular, bloqueios de ramo direito e bloqueios da divis&#227;o anterossuperior do ramo esquerdo, o que pode refor&#231;ar as conclus&#245;es dos autores j&#225; citados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Finalmente, a medicina baseada em evid&#234;ncias deve ser um baluarte na tomada de decis&#227;o e, nesse sentido, estudos com popula&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas podem apresentar limita&#231;&#245;es quando se prop&#245;e a tentativa de extrapola&#231;&#227;o para popula&#231;&#245;es gerais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, podem indicar o come&#231;o para a mudan&#231;a de alguns paradigmas.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Import&#226;ncia Progn&#243;stica do Eletrocardiograma Pr&#233;-Operat&#243;rio em Pacientes de Baixo Risco Submetidos &#224; Interven&#231;&#227;o Cir&#250;rgica sob Anestesia Geral</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Electrocardiography in the Pre-Operative Assessment of Low-Risk Patients: Current Evidence</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Jos&#233; de</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8280-471X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Rufino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Mellucci</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Luciano</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Lenize da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Bertanha</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho Faculdade de Medicina Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Matheus Bertanha &#8226;</bold> Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho Faculdade de Medicina Campus de Botucatu - Av. Prof. M&#225;rio Rubens Guimar&#227;es Montenegro, s/n - UNESP - Campus de Botucatu. Postal Code <postal-code>18618-687</postal-code>, Botucatu, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>matheusbertanha@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Perioperative Care</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Neoplasms//surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Assessment</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Cardiovascular diseases represent the main cause of mortality in the adult population, both in Brazil and globally. The proportional mortality from these diseases in Brazil is approximately 27%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Cardiovascular alterations become the cause of great concern for patients who will undergo surgical procedures, a time when the body is exposed to a high level of metabolic stress and, therefore, cardiovascular complications can overlap with unfavorable outcomes. Worldwide, it is estimated that annually, approximately 900,000 patients undergoing surgery develop cardiac complications directly related to the surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In this context, the perioperative period and, therefore, physiological changes secondary to surgical trauma are a more important risk factor for the manifestation of cardiovascular diseases.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, between 2 and 3 million surgeries are performed per year, according to the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System (DATASUS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The magnitude of the data reiterates the importance of carrying out detailed pre-operative preparation so that the risks related to the surgical procedure are minimized, including cardiological evaluation.</p>
      <p>Among the complementary tests for pre-operative cardiovascular assessment, the electrocardiogram (ECG) has outstanding characteristics, mainly because it is a simple, non-invasive, inexpensive, easily available test with relatively simple interpretation by trained professionals. For these reasons, the ECG becomes an important diagnostic tool in detecting developing or already established cardiovascular conditions. The relevance of the ECG as a pre-operative exam is recognized in major guidelines applied worldwide, such as the surgical risk classification of the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> the American College of Cardiology / American Heart Association (ACC/AHA)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The relationship between ECG findings and perioperative adverse events is classically described, including abnormalities in the tracing that can predict cardiac complications such as acute myocardial infarction and arrhythmias, helping in the adoption of preventive perioperative strategies such as early coronary interventions, medication control, and avoiding more serious events during anesthesia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>It is important to highlight that the relevance of the ECG varies according to the type of surgery to be performed. In major surgical procedures, such as cardiovascular surgeries and for patients at high cardiovascular risk, the ECG plays a critical role in the pre-operative assessment, as these surgeries are more frequently associated with adverse cardiac events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>However, the consensus of the European Society of Cardiology recommends that ECG should not be used in the pre-operative cardiovascular assessment of patients under the age of 65, without cardiovascular risk factors, and who will undergo low-risk procedures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Current evidence demonstrates that performing a pre-operative ECG under these conditions does not influence reducing perioperative mortality, in addition to causing an increase in the total cost of treatment, not directly, but as a chain effect of its overutilization, which agrees with the article &#8220;Prognostic Importance of Pre-Operative Electrocardiogram in Low-Risk Patients Undergoing Surgical Intervention Under General Anesthesia&#8221; published in this journal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>It should be noted that the pre-operative medical evaluation must be carried out in an individualized and meticulous manner, including a complete anamnesis and clinical examination, without excluding the need for various complementary exams. Sometimes, the pre-operative ECG can still serve as a standard parameter for comparison in the occurrence of perioperative tracing changes in situations in which there was no previous electrocardiographic change. It should be remembered, however, that there are ECG changes that do not always correlate with structural cardiac changes and are often benign in some subgroups of patients, such as 1st-degree atrioventricular blockages, intraventricular conduction blockages, right bundle branch block and block of the anterosuperior division of the left bundle branch, which may reinforce the conclusions of the authors previously mentioned.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Finally, evidence-based medicine must be the foundation in decision-making, and, in this sense, studies with specific populations may present limitations when trying to extrapolate to general populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> However, they may indicate the beginning of some paradigm changes.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Prognostic Value of Preoperative Electrocardiogram in Low-Risk Patients Undergoing Surgical Intervention and General Anesthesia</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
