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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="case-report" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">qgCgmt9gJDY8P6JNHRDpZXR</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000100701</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00701</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230537</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos do Exerc&#237;cio em Choque Cardiog&#234;nico e Bal&#227;o Intra-A&#243;rtico: Um Relato de Caso</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Dayane Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Contreras</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto Mendez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5959-9359</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rossi</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Rui Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1815-6498</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7378-4094</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Mayron F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Terapia Intensiva</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro de Terapia Intensiva - Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Unidade de Cirurgia Card&#237;aca</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Cirurgia Card&#237;aca - Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Unidade de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca - Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Unidade de Fisioterapia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Grupo de Pesquisa VO<sub>2</sub> Care</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Grupo de Pesquisa VO<sub>2</sub> Care - Unidade de Fisioterapia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>5</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Grupo de Fisiologia do Exerc&#237;cio e Pesquisa Cardiopulmonar Integrada</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Lyon College</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Batesville</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">AR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">EUA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Grupo de Fisiologia do Exerc&#237;cio e Pesquisa Cardiopulmonar Integrada - EPIC Group, Exercise Science, Lyon College, Batesville, AR - EUA</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Mayron F. Oliveira</bold> &#8226; Exercise Science, Science Division, Lyon College, Batesville, AR, EUA. 2300 Highland Rd, Batesville, AR, EUA, <postal-code>72501</postal-code>. E-mail: <email>mayronfaria@lyon.edu</email>; <email>mayronfaria@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230537</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>O presente relato de caso descreve o programa de exerc&#237;cios aplicado a um paciente do sexo masculino, de 54 anos, internado com choque cardiog&#234;nico, aguardando transplante card&#237;aco e assistido por bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico, um dispositivo de suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico tempor&#225;rio.</p>
        <p>O dispositivo de suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico tempor&#225;rio, um bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico, foi colocado na art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via esquerda, possibilitando o protocolo de exerc&#237;cios. Antes e ap&#243;s um protocolo de exerc&#237;cios, foram obtidos dados a partir de cateter de Swan-Ganz, amostra de sangue, pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral (NT-proBNP), prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade (PCR-as), teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6min) e medi&#231;&#227;o da satura&#231;&#227;o venosa de oxig&#234;nio (SvO<sub>2</sub>). O protocolo de treinamento f&#237;sico envolveu a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um cicloerg&#244;metro adaptado ao leito, sem carga, uma vez ao dia, por no m&#225;ximo 30 minutos, at&#233; o limite da toler&#226;ncia.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o foram observados eventos adversos tampouco relacionados ao deslocamento do bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico durante o protocolo de exerc&#237;cios. O programa de exerc&#237;cios resultou em maior SvO<sub>2</sub> com aumento do TC6min e menores escores de dispneia de Borg (312 metros vs. 488 metros e cinco pontos vs. tr&#234;s pontos, respectivamente). Ap&#243;s completar o protocolo de exerc&#237;cios de dez dias, o paciente foi submetido a uma cirurgia de transplante card&#237;aco sem complica&#231;&#245;es e recupera&#231;&#227;o total na UTI.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo demonstrou que o exerc&#237;cio &#233; uma op&#231;&#227;o vi&#225;vel para pacientes com choque cardiog&#234;nico em uso de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico e que &#233; bem tolerado, al&#233;m de n&#227;o haver relatos de eventos adversos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Choque cardiog&#234;nico</kwd>
        <kwd>Bal&#227;o Intra-a&#243;rtico</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Fisioterapia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Diversos estudos indicaram treinamento f&#237;sico como uma interven&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica vi&#225;vel para pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC). Entretanto, podem ocorrer epis&#243;dios agudos de IC descompensada (ICD) e choque cardiog&#234;nico, levando &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o e longos per&#237;odos de repouso no leito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Recentemente, Reeves GR et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> demonstraram que a reabilita&#231;&#227;o iniciada durante a interna&#231;&#227;o foi vi&#225;vel e bem tolerada em pacientes idosos internados com ICD. No entanto, o estudo n&#227;o foi desenhado ou desenvolvido para avaliar definitivamente a efic&#225;cia ou seguran&#231;a da interven&#231;&#227;o de reabilita&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica. Nessa linha, nosso grupo constatou que o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio pode beneficiar pacientes com ICD, com ou sem medicamentos invasivos, reduzindo o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e minimizando desfechos adversos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Contudo, para alguns pacientes gravemente doentes, dispositivos card&#237;acos de suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico tempor&#225;rios, como um bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico, podem ser necess&#225;rios para melhorar o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e reduzir a mortalidade. Por&#233;m, tais dispositivos podem dificultar a realiza&#231;&#227;o da reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Alguns artigos sobre pacientes est&#225;veis com dispositivo de suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico tempor&#225;rio submetidos &#224; reabilita&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular conclu&#237;ram que o treinamento f&#237;sico &#233; seguro e recomendam a mobiliza&#231;&#227;o precoce, proporcionando excelente suporte para pacientes selecionados na forma de uma ponte para o transplante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Contudo, at&#233; o momento, nenhum estudo relatou a seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia do exerc&#237;cio no choque cardiog&#234;nico com dispositivo de suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico tempor&#225;rio, como o bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico.</p>
      <p>Portanto, o objetivo do nosso estudo foi apresentar um relato de caso examinando os efeitos do exerc&#237;cio no choque cardiog&#234;nico com bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico como dispositivo de suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico tempor&#225;rio.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de Caso</title>
      <p>O presente relato de caso descreve a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um programa de exerc&#237;cios em um paciente do sexo masculino internado, de 54 anos, pesando 62 kg, com choque cardiog&#234;nico &#224; espera de transplante card&#237;aco, que recebeu o suporte de um aparelho circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico tempor&#225;rio, bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico.</p>
      <p>O paciente apresentava hist&#243;rico de tabagismo, alcoolismo e era portador de marca-passo, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 20% por ecodopplercardiograma e, de acordo com a <italic>New York Hear Association</italic> (NYHA), calssificado como classe IV D. Relat&#243;rio pr&#233;vio indicava fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar normal com aumento da press&#227;o de oclus&#227;o pulmonar. Assim que o paciente foi admitido na UTI, foi solicitado e instalado cateter de Swan-Ganz para acompanhamento do paciente durante todo o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o. O paciente recebeu inotr&#243;pico (Dobutamina 1,34 mcg/kg/min) com bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico inserido pela art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via esquerda, como um dispositivo de suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico tempor&#225;rio, sendo posteriormente indicado para transplante card&#237;aco. O estudo envolveu a an&#225;lise de amostras de sangue e medi&#231;&#227;o do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral (NT-proBNP) e prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade (PCR-as), al&#233;m da realiza&#231;&#227;o de teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6min) e medi&#231;&#227;o da satura&#231;&#227;o venosa de oxig&#234;nio (SvO<sub>2</sub>) antes e ap&#243;s o protocolo de exerc&#237;cios. O paciente permaneceu com o bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico por 12 dias at&#233; o transplante card&#237;aco e o protocolo de exerc&#237;cios foi realizado durante dez dias.</p>
      <p>Durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, o protocolo de treinamento f&#237;sico envolveu a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um cicloerg&#244;metro adaptado ao leito, sem carga, uma vez ao dia, por no m&#225;ximo 30 minutos, at&#233; o limite da toler&#226;ncia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). Amostras hemodin&#226;micas e sangu&#237;neas foram coletadas para mensura&#231;&#227;o da SvO<sub>2</sub> antes e ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio (pr&#233; e p&#243;s). Al&#233;m disso, ao final de cada sess&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio, o paciente foi solicitado a avaliar seu n&#237;vel de "falta de ar" usando a escala de propor&#231;&#227;o de categorias de Borg.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Protocolo de exerc&#237;cios ilustrativo utilizando um dispositivo de suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico tempor&#225;rio, um bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico, via art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230537-30537-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>O cateter de Swan-Ganz indicou redu&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco em repouso (choque cardiog&#234;nico), conforme demonstrado nos dados basais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Com base no choque cardiog&#234;nico, a equipe m&#233;dica decidiu utilizar bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico como dispositivo de suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico tempor&#225;rio durante o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o. O bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico foi inserido na art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via esquerda conforme discuss&#227;o pr&#233;via entre m&#233;dicos, cirurgi&#245;es e equipe de fisioterapia, possibilitando o protocolo de exerc&#237;cios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o criteriosa e libera&#231;&#227;o da equipe m&#233;dica, o paciente iniciou os exerc&#237;cios 48 horas ap&#243;s a coloca&#231;&#227;o do bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico. A an&#225;lise dos dados foi baseada em duas categorias - per&#237;odo basal e compara&#231;&#227;o entre pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-exerc&#237;cio. Os dados basais, coletados antes do in&#237;cio do protocolo de exerc&#237;cios, representam os valores de repouso. Por outro lado, os dados hemodin&#226;micos apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>, tanto pr&#233; quanto p&#243;s, representam os valores m&#233;dios obtidos em dez sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cios realizadas ao longo dos dez dias de interna&#231;&#227;o do paciente (valores m&#233;dios registrados do dia 1 ao dia 10).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Hemodin&#226;mica e oxigena&#231;&#227;o tecidual em paciente com choque cardiog&#234;nico apoiado por dispositivo de suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico tempor&#225;rio - bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="24%">
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#78B2CB">
              <th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Per&#237;odo Basal</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Exerc&#237;cio</th>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#78B2CB">
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Pr&#233;</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">P&#243;s</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="5" valign="top">
                <bold>Amostra sangu&#237;nea</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Hb, g/dL</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">12</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Plaquetas, mm<sup>3</sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">107.000</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">PCR-as, mg/L</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">4,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">NT-proBNP, &#961;g/mL</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">48.100</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">U, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">177</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Cr, mg/dL</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">3,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Leucograma, /mm<sup>3</sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">5.200</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">pH</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">7,39</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">7,40 &#177; 0,15</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">7,37 &#177; 0,20</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">PvO<sub>2</sub>, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">33,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">32,7 &#177; 2,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">39,2 &#177; 3,5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">PvCO<sub>2</sub>, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">41,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">41,0 &#177; 1,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">41,1 &#177; 1,6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>&#8722;</sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">25,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">25,3 &#177; 3,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">24,0 &#177; 3,1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Lactato, mmol/L</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2,1 &#177; 0,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1,9 &#177; 0,4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C6DDE9;">
              <td align="left" colspan="5" valign="top">
                <bold>Swan-Ganz</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C6DDE9;">
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">DC, l/min</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">3,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">3,0 &#177; 0,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">3,3 &#177; 0,7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C6DDE9;">
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">IC, l/min/m<sup>2</sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2,1 &#177; 0,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2,4 &#177; 0,6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C6DDE9;">
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">VS, mL</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">33</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">32 &#177; 6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">38 &#177; 7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C6DDE9;">
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">RVS, din&#8226;s/cm<sup>5</sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2.087</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2.102 &#177; 389</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1.912 &#177; 425</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C6DDE9;">
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">RVP, din&#8226;s/cm<sup>5</sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">509</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">505 &#177; 47</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">499 &#177; 41</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C6DDE9;">
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Press&#227;o de oclus&#227;o pulmonar, mmHg</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">50</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">51 &#177; 4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">51 &#177; 5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C6DDE9;">
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">DO<sub>2</sub>, mL/min</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">485</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">487 &#177; 55</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">490 &#177; 58</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C6DDE9;">
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">&#10834;O<sub>2</sub>, mL/min</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">126</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">122 &#177; 23</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">131 &#177; 25</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C6DDE9;">
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">SvO<sub>2</sub>, %</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">64</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">62 &#177; 6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">67 &#177; 9</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Hb: hemoglobina; PCR-as: prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade; U: ureia; Cr: creatinina; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral; DC: d&#233;bito card&#237;aco; IC: &#237;ndice card&#237;aco; VS: volume sist&#243;lico; RVS: resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica; RVP: resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar; DO<sub>2</sub>: fornecimento de oxig&#234;nio; &#10834;O<sub>2</sub>: consumo de oxig&#234;nio; SvO<sub>2</sub>: satura&#231;&#227;o venosa de oxig&#234;nio; pH: potencial hidrogeni&#244;nico; PvO<sub>2</sub>: press&#227;o venosa de oxig&#234;nio; PvCO<sub>2</sub>: press&#227;o venosa de di&#243;xido de carbono; HCO<sub>3</sub>-: bicarbonato; BE: excesso de base; SvO<sub>2</sub>: satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio do sangue venoso central.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>&#201; importante enfatizar que nenhum deslocamento do dispositivo foi observado durante ou ap&#243;s as sess&#245;es de treinamento. N&#227;o houve necessidade de nenhum procedimento de reposicionamento ou substitui&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o foram observados eventos adversos relacionados ao bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico ao longo do estudo. Adicionalmente, antes de cada sess&#227;o do treinamento f&#237;sico, tomamos precau&#231;&#245;es extras, verificando cuidadosamente o posicionamento e a estabilidade do bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico para garantir a seguran&#231;a das sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cios. Estas verifica&#231;&#245;es meticulosas foram realizadas para minimizar quaisquer poss&#237;veis riscos associados ao bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico durante os exerc&#237;cios. Ademais, &#233; importante ressaltar que as sess&#245;es de exerc&#237;cios foram realizadas em cicloerg&#244;metro adaptado ao leito, e n&#227;o envolveram caminhada. Esta decis&#227;o foi tomada com cautela para reduzir a probabilidade de deslocamento do dispositivo, uma vez que exerc&#237;cios de caminhada ou resistidos podem representar um risco maior nesta popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica de pacientes.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, os valores relatados no exerc&#237;cio representam a m&#233;dia das medidas antes e ap&#243;s os blocos realizados ao longo do protocolo de exerc&#237;cios (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> - valores pr&#233; e p&#243;s). O programa de exerc&#237;cios resultou em maiores n&#237;veis de SvO<sub>2</sub> com aumento do TC6min, al&#233;m de menores escores de dispneia de Borg (312 metros vs. 488 metros e cinco pontos vs. tr&#234;s pontos, respectivamente). Ap&#243;s completar o protocolo de exerc&#237;cios de 10 dias, o paciente foi submetido a uma cirurgia de transplante card&#237;aco sem complica&#231;&#245;es, tendo se recuperado na UTI e recebido alta sem quaisquer complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este &#233; o primeiro relato de caso que examina o papel da reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca no choque cardiog&#234;nico com dispositivo de suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico tempor&#225;rio, especificamente o bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico. Os resultados demonstraram que a reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca n&#227;o exacerbou os sintomas durante a interna&#231;&#227;o e tampouco exigiu interrup&#231;&#227;o dos exerc&#237;cios.</p>
      <p>Recentemente, Chen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> discutiram a seguran&#231;a e a viabilidade de um protocolo de mobiliza&#231;&#227;o precoce para pacientes com bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico femoral como uma ponte para o transplante card&#237;aco. O estudo constatou que a mobiliza&#231;&#227;o precoce em pacientes selecionados com bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico femoral pode ser realizada com seguran&#231;a e sucesso. As poss&#237;veis implica&#231;&#245;es dos achados de Chen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e de nosso relato de caso s&#227;o que a mobiliza&#231;&#227;o precoce pode ser uma estrat&#233;gia segura e eficaz para melhorar os resultados nesta popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes e pode ajudar a melhorar os desfechos dos pacientes, reduzir a dura&#231;&#227;o da interna&#231;&#227;o e minimizar os custos com assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica. Entretanto, novas abordagens relacionadas a um dispositivo externo tempor&#225;rio poderiam ser colocadas na art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via, na tentativa de mobilizar precocemente os pacientes com ICD. Nessa linha, Macapagal et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> mostram que um paciente pr&#233;-transplante card&#237;aco com bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico inserido na art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via axilar de forma percut&#226;nea pode ser mobilizado com seguran&#231;a. O estudo constatou que o bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico subcl&#225;vio axilar permitiu que os pacientes fossem mobilizados com seguran&#231;a enquanto aguardavam o transplante, com os pacientes sendo mobilizados 1,39 (&#177;1,41) dia ap&#243;s a inser&#231;&#227;o, em vez de tr&#234;s dias como no estudo de Chen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Nossos resultados corroboram os de Macapagal et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e demonstram que o bal&#227;o a&#243;rtico inserido na art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via &#233; vi&#225;vel e proporciona uma mobiliza&#231;&#227;o muito precoce, evitando, assim, as complica&#231;&#245;es do repouso prolongado no leito, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o repouso absoluto no leito para pacientes que possuem um bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico femoral tradicional. Nossos resultados nos permitem aprofundar esse assunto, uma vez que a capacidade de mobilizar pacientes com choque cardiog&#234;nico com um dispositivo externo tempor&#225;rio pode melhorar os resultados e a qualidade de vida dos pacientes, reduzindo o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es associadas ao repouso prolongado no leito, como trombose venosa profunda, embolia pulmonar e atrofia muscular.</p>
      <p>Estudos relataram perda de massa muscular durante a interna&#231;&#227;o foi independentemente associada &#224; um maior risco de mortalidade tardia em pacientes com IC ap&#243;s interna&#231;&#227;o aguda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Estudo recente sugere que aumentos no &#237;ndice de massa corporal e melhor massa muscular esquel&#233;tica podem fornecer prote&#231;&#227;o contra mortalidade por todas as causas em pacientes com IC ap&#243;s alta hospitalar causada por ICD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, Lopez et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> e Hasin et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> sugeriram que pacientes com menor massa muscular ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o ou aqueles com menor capacidade de locomo&#231;&#227;o apresentavam maior taxa de mortalidade em compara&#231;&#227;o aos seus pares. Recentemente, Oliveira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> demonstraram que a realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios durante a interna&#231;&#227;o pode reduzir o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com ICD sem causar complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao exerc&#237;cio. No presente relato de caso, observamos um padr&#227;o semelhante, o que sugere que pode ter ocorrido uma melhora na dist&#226;ncia percorrida no TC6min e possivelmente no metabolismo muscular intr&#237;nseco, incluindo melhorias na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, vale ressaltar que o TC6min e a dispneia t&#234;m sido associados a taxas de mortalidade e reinterna&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> O aumento na dist&#226;ncia total percorrida com redu&#231;&#227;o da dispneia (Borg) durante um protocolo de exerc&#237;cios pode, portanto, reduzir a probabilidade de eventos adversos em pacientes internados em uso de dispositivo de suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico tempor&#225;rio.</p>
      <p>Ademais, estudo anterior constatou que valores baixos de SvO<sub>2</sub> estavam associados a maiores taxas de mortalidade em UTI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Nosso estudo indica que os n&#237;veis de SvO<sub>2</sub> estavam reduzidos, sugerindo que mecanismos musculares intr&#237;nsecos poderiam desempenhar um papel na toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com choque cardiog&#234;nico. No entanto, os programas de exerc&#237;cios melhoraram os n&#237;veis de SvO<sub>2</sub>, o que pode indicar uma utiliza&#231;&#227;o mais eficiente do oxig&#234;nio fornecido nos m&#250;sculos em exerc&#237;cio. Vale ressaltar que medidas diretas obtidas por meio do cateter de Swan-Ganz indicaram medidas card&#237;acas est&#225;veis ou discretamente melhores, sugerindo que o exerc&#237;cio n&#227;o interferiu na hemodin&#226;mica nem aumentou o risco ao paciente durante o exerc&#237;cio. &#201; poss&#237;vel supor que tanto o exerc&#237;cio quanto o dispositivo de suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico tempor&#225;rio podem levar &#224; melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar durante o exerc&#237;cio, reduzindo a incompatibilidade ventila&#231;&#227;o/perfus&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Em pacientes com IC/choque cardiog&#234;nico, as adapta&#231;&#245;es pulmonares relacionadas ao exerc&#237;cio s&#227;o importantes e o suporte tempor&#225;rio do dispositivo de suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico pode normalizar as press&#245;es da art&#233;ria pulmonar, possivelmente reduzindo as limita&#231;&#245;es do exerc&#237;cio. No presente relato de caso, observamos discreta melhora no d&#233;bito card&#237;aco durante o exerc&#237;cio, sem qualquer aumento na press&#227;o de oclus&#227;o pulmonar. Nossos achados indicam a possibilidade de tais ocorr&#234;ncias, pois todos esses fatores juntos nos levam a especular que descarregar o sistema cardiovascular e permitir os benef&#237;cios do exerc&#237;cio podem ter contribu&#237;do para a melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica (SvO<sub>2</sub>, muscular e/ou endotelial).</p>
      <p>Gostar&#237;amos de enfatizar que este &#233; um relato de caso e, como tal, nossos achados devem ser analisados com cautela. &#201; importante ressaltar que o protocolo de exerc&#237;cios foi realizado durante um per&#237;odo de apenas dez dias e n&#227;o medimos sarcopenia e/ou for&#231;a muscular. No entanto, obtivemos dados indiretos relacionados &#224; musculatura (aumento do TC6min com redu&#231;&#227;o da dispneia e altera&#231;&#245;es nos valores de SvO<sub>2</sub>) que poderiam nos levar a sugerir tais adapta&#231;&#245;es. Al&#233;m disso, como este foi o primeiro estudo a investigar o uso de um dispositivo de suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico tempor&#225;rio em pacientes com choque cardiog&#234;nico durante o exerc&#237;cio, a dura&#231;&#227;o limitada foi apropriada. Entretanto, n&#227;o h&#225; diretrizes quanto &#224; melhor abordagem para realiza&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios ou prescri&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cios para pacientes com dispositivo de suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico tempor&#225;rio ou em choque cardiog&#234;nico.</p>
      <p>Tanto quanto &#233; de nosso conhecimento, este foi o primeiro relato de caso de exerc&#237;cio em paciente com choque cardiog&#234;nico. Nessa linha, decidimos seguir nosso protocolo anterior de exerc&#237;cios para ICD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos adicionais para determinar a prescri&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio, o momento ideal e a dura&#231;&#227;o da mobiliza&#231;&#227;o precoce, bem como os poss&#237;veis benef&#237;cios em outras popula&#231;&#245;es de pacientes submetidos a procedimentos de transplante card&#237;aco. Vale ressaltar que os dados cir&#250;rgicos foram incertos devido &#224; rara condi&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-transplante, que poderia ter surgido em qualquer momento do estudo. Ademais, n&#227;o tivemos um grupo controle e estudos maiores realizados no futuro devem considerar um grupo controle para melhor concretizar e confirmar nossos achados.</p>
      <p>Concluindo, o presente estudo demonstrou que o exerc&#237;cio &#233; uma op&#231;&#227;o vi&#225;vel para pacientes em choque cardiog&#234;nico em uso de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico como dispositivo de suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico tempor&#225;rio e que &#233; bem tolerado, sem relatos de eventos adversos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Ricardo Stein</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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          <subject>Case Report</subject>
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      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Effects of Exercise on Cardiogenic Shock with an Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump: A Case Report</article-title>
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          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centro de Terapia Intensiva - Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
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            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
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          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Cirurgia Card&#237;aca - Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca - Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff9">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Grupo de Pesquisa VO<sub>2</sub> Care - Unidade de Fisioterapia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff10">
          <label>5</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Batesville</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">AR</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">USA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Exercise Physiology and Integrated Cardiopulmonary Research Group - EPIC Group, Exercise Science, Lyon College, Batesville, AR - USA</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Mayron F. Oliveira</bold> &#8226; Exercise Science, Science Division, Lyon College, Batesville, AR, EUA. 2300 Highland Rd, Batesville, AR, USA, <postal-code>72501</postal-code> E-mail: <email>mayronfaria@lyon.edu</email>; <email>mayronfaria@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>This case report describes the exercise program on a hospitalized 54-year-old male patient with cardiogenic shock waiting for a heart transplant assisted by an intra-aortic balloon pump, a temporary mechanical circulatory support device.</p>
        <p>The temporary mechanical circulatory support device, an intra-aortic balloon pump, was placed in the left subclavian artery, enabling the exercise protocol. Measurements and values from Swan-Ganz catheter, blood sample, brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), as well as the six-minute walk test (6MWT) and venous oxygen saturation (SvO<sub>2</sub>) were obtained before and after an exercise protocol. The exercise training protocol involved the use of an unloaded bed cycle ergometer once a day, for a maximum of 30 minutes, to the tolerance limit.</p>
        <p>No adverse events or events related to the dislocation of the intra-aortic balloon pump were observed during the exercise protocol. The exercise program resulted in higher SvO<sub>2</sub> levels, with an increased 6MWT with lower Borg dyspnea scores (312 meters vs. 488 meters and five points vs. three points, respectively). After completing the ten-day exercise protocol, the patient underwent a non-complicated heart transplant surgery and a full recovery in the ICU.</p>
        <p>This study showed that exercise is a feasible option for patients with cardiogenic shock who are using an intra-aortic balloon pump and that it is well-tolerated with no reported adverse events.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiogenic Shock</kwd>
        <kwd>Intra-Aortic Balloon Pumping</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Rehabilitation</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical Therapy Modalities</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Several studies have indicated that exercising can serve as a viable non-pharmacological intervention for patients with heart failure (HF). However, acute decompensated HF (ADHF) and cardiogenic shock episodes may occur, leading to hospitalization and extended periods of bed rest.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Recently, Reeves GR et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> found that a physical rehabilitation intervention initiated during hospitalization was feasible and well-tolerated in older patients hospitalized with ADHF. However, the study was not designed or powered to definitively assess the efficacy or safety of the physical rehabilitation intervention. In this line, our group found that aerobic exercise can benefit patients with ADHF, with or without invasive medications, by reducing the length of hospital stay and minimizing adverse outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, for some severely ill patients, temporary mechanical circulatory support cardiac devices like an intra-aortic balloon pump may be necessary to improve cardiac output and reduce mortality, but such devices may make it difficult to conduct cardiac rehabilitation. Some papers regarding stable patients with cardiac temporary mechanical circulatory support devices undergoing cardiovascular rehabilitation concluded that exercising is safe and recommended early mobilization, providing excellent support for selected patients as a bridge to transplant.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Still, to date, no studies have reported on the safety and efficacy of exercising in cardiogenic shock that has a temporary mechanical circulatory support device, such as an intra-aortic balloon pump.</p>
        <p>Therefore, our study aims to present a case report examining the effects of exercise on cardiogenic shock with an intra-aortic balloon pump as a temporary mechanical circulatory support device.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>This case report describes the use of an exercise program on a hospitalized 54-year-old male patient (weight - 62 kg) with cardiogenic shock waiting for a heart transplant, who was assisted with a temporary mechanical circulatory support device, an intra-aortic balloon pump.</p>
        <p>The patient had a history of smoking and alcohol use and had a pacemaker, with an ejection fraction of 20% by Doppler echocardiography, being classified as New York Heart Association (NYHA) IV class D. A previous report indicated that the patient exhibited normal lung function with a higher pulmonary wedge pressure. As soon as the patient was admitted to ICU, a Swan-Ganz catheter was requested and installed to monitor the patient's evaluation throughout the hospitalization period. The patient received an inotropic agent (Dobutamine 1.34 mcg/kg/min) with an intra-aortic balloon pump inserted through the left subclavian artery as a temporary mechanical circulatory support device, and the patient was subsequently listed for a heart transplant. The study involved measuring blood samples, brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), as well as conducting a six-minute walk test (6MWT) and venous oxygen saturation (SvO<sub>2</sub>) before and after an exercise protocol. The patient had the intra-aortic balloon pump in place for 12 days until the heart transplant, and the exercise protocol was performed for ten days.</p>
        <p>The exercise training protocol involved the use of an unloaded bed cycle ergometer once a day, for a maximum of 30 minutes, to the tolerance limit, during the hospitalization period (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>). Hemodynamic and blood samples were taken to measure SvO<sub>2</sub> before and after the exercise (pre and post). Additionally, at the end of each exercise session, the patient was asked to rate their level of "shortness of breath" using the Borg Category-Ratio scale.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An illustrative exercise protocol using a temporary mechanical circulatory support device, an intra-aortic balloon pump, via the subclavian artery.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230537-30537-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>The Swan-Ganz catheter indicated reduced cardiac output at rest (cardiogenic shock), as shown in baseline data (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>). Based on cardiogenic shock, the medical team decided to use an intra-aortic balloon pump as a temporary mechanical circulatory support device during his hospitalization. The intra-aortic balloon pump was placed in the left subclavian artery as per the previous discussion by the clinicians, surgeons, and physiotherapy team, enabling the exercise protocol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> After a careful evaluation and clearance from the medical team, the patient commenced exercising 48 hours following the placement of the intra-aortic balloon pump. Data analyses were based on two categories - baseline and the comparison between pre- and post-exercise. The baseline data, collected before the initiation of the exercise protocol, represents the resting values. On the other hand, the hemodynamic data presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>, both pre and post, represents the average values obtained from ten exercise sessions conducted over the ten days of the patient's hospitalization (mean values recorded from day one to day ten).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Hemodynamics and tissue oxygenation in cardiogenic shock patient supported by a temporary mechanical circulatory support device - intra-aortic balloon pump</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="19%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#78B2CB">
                <th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Baseline</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" valign="middle">Exercise</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#78B2CB">
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Pre</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Post</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="5" valign="top">
                  <bold>Blood-sample</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Hb, g/dL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">12</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Platelets, mm<sup>3</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">107,000</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">hs- RCP, mg/L</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">NT-proBNP, &#961;g/mL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">48,100</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">U, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">177</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Cr, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Leucogram, /mm<sup>3</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5,200</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">pH</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7.39</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7.40 &#177; 0.15</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7.37 &#177; 0.20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">PvO<sub>2</sub>, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">33.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">32.7 &#177; 2.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">39.2 &#177; 3.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">PvCO<sub>2</sub>, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">41.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">41.0 &#177; 1.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">41.1 &#177; 1.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>&#8722;</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">25.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">25.3 &#177; 3.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">24.0 &#177; 3.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Lactate, mmol/L</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2.1 &#177; 0.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1.9 &#177; 0.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C6DDE9;">
                <td align="left" colspan="5" valign="top">
                  <bold>Swan-Ganz</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C6DDE9;">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">CO, l/min</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3.0 &#177; 0.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3.3 &#177; 0.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C6DDE9;">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">CI, l/min/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2.1 &#177; 0.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2.4 &#177; 0.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C6DDE9;">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">SV, mL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">33</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">32 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">38 &#177; 7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C6DDE9;">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">SVR, dyn&#8226;s/cm<sup>5</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2,087</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2,102 &#177; 389</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,912 &#177; 425</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C6DDE9;">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">PVR, dyn&#8226;s/cm<sup>5</sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">509</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">505 &#177; 47</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">499 &#177; 41</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C6DDE9;">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Pulmonary wedge pressure, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">50</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">51 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">51 &#177; 5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C6DDE9;">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">DO<sub>2</sub>, mL/min</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">485</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">487 &#177; 55</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">490 &#177; 58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C6DDE9;">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">&#10834;O<sub>2</sub>, mL/min</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">126</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">122 &#177; 23</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">131 &#177; 25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C6DDE9;">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">SvO<sub>2</sub>, %</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">64</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">62 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">67 &#177; 9</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Hb: hemoglobin; hs-CRP: high sensitive C-reactive protein; U: Urea; Cr: Creatinine; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; CO: cardiac output; CI: cardiac index; SV: stroke volume; SVR: systemic vascular resistance; PVR: pulmonary vascular resistance; DO<sub>2</sub>: oxygen delivery; &#10834;O<sub>2</sub>: oxygen consumption; SvO<sub>2</sub>: Venous oxygen saturation; pH: hydrogen potential; PvO<sub>2</sub>: venous oxygen pressure; PvCO<sub>2</sub>: venous carbon dioxide pressure; HCO<sub>3</sub>-: bicarbonate; BE: base excess; SvO<sub>2</sub>: oxygen saturation of central venous blood.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>We want to emphasize that no device displacement was observed during or following the training sessions. There was no need for any repositioning procedures or replacements, and no adverse events related to the intra-aortic balloon pump were observed throughout the study. Additionally, before each exercise training section, we took extra precautions by carefully double-checking the placement and stability of the intra-aortic balloon pump to ensure the safety of the exercise sessions. These meticulous checks were conducted to minimize any potential risks associated with the intra-aortic balloon pump during exercise. Furthermore, it is important to note that the exercise sessions were performed using a bed cycle ergometer rather than walking. This decision was made with careful consideration to reduce the likelihood of device displacement, as walking or weight-bearing exercises might carry a higher risk in this particular patient population.</p>
        <p>In addition, the values reported in the exercise represent the average of pre- and post-section measurements taken over the exercise protocol (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref> - pre- and post-values). The exercise program resulted in higher SvO<sub>2</sub> levels with increased 6MWT results, in addition to lower Borg dyspnea scores (312 meters vs. 488 meters and five points vs. three points, respectively). After completing the ten-day exercise program, the patient underwent a non-complicated heart transplant surgery and a full recovery in the ICU, being discharged without any complications.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This is the first case report that examines the role of cardiac rehabilitation in cardiogenic shock with a temporary mechanical circulatory support device, specifically the intra-aortic balloon pump. The results showed that cardiac rehabilitation did not exacerbate symptoms during hospitalization or necessitate interruption of the exercises.</p>
        <p>Recently Chen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> discussed the safety and feasibility of an early mobilization protocol for patients with femoral intra-aortic balloon pumps as a bridge to heart transplant. The study found that early mobilization in select patients with femoral intra-aortic balloon pumps can be performed safely and successfully. The potential implications of the Chen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> findings and our case report are that early mobilization can be a safe and effective strategy to improve outcomes in this patient population, and it may help to improve patient outcomes, shorten hospital stays, and reduce healthcare costs. However, new approaches related to a temporary external device could be placed on the subclavian artery, in an attempt to early mobilize ADHF patients. In this line, Macapagal et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> shows that a pre-heart transplant patient with a percutaneously placed axillary subclavian intra-aortic balloon pump can be safely mobilized. The study found that the axillary subclavian intra-aortic balloon enabled patients to be safely mobilized while awaiting transplant, with patients being mobilized at 1.39 (&#177;1.41) days after insertion instead of three days as mentioned in the Chen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> study. Our results agree with Macapagal et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and show that the subclavian aortic-balloon pump is feasible and allows very early mobilization, thereby avoiding the complications of prolonged bed rest, as compared to complete bed rest for patients who have a traditional femoral intra-aortic balloon pump. Our results allow us to go deeper into this subject, since the ability to mobilize patients with cardiogenic shock with a temporary external device might improve patient outcomes and quality of life by reducing the risk of complications associated with prolonged bed rest, such as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and muscle atrophy.</p>
        <p>Studies have reported a loss of muscle mass during hospitalization, which has been found to be independently associated with a higher risk of late mortality in patients with HF following acute hospitalization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A recent study suggests that increases in body mass index and better skeletal muscle mass may protect against all-cause mortality in patients with HF after hospital discharge caused by ADHF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Additionally, Lopez et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and Hasin et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> suggested that patients with lower muscle mass after a hospitalization period or those with lower walking capacity had higher mortality rates compared to their counterparts. Recently, Oliveira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> demonstrated that performing exercise during hospitalization can reduce the length of stay for patients with ADHF without causing any exercise-related complications. In this case report, we observed a similar pattern, which suggests an enhancement in walking distance by 6MWT and, possibly, intrinsic muscle metabolism, including possible improvements in endothelial function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Furthermore, it is worth noting that the 6MWT and dyspnea have been linked to mortality and re-hospitalization rates in patients with HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> An increase in the total distance covered with a reduced Borg dyspnea during an exercise protocol may, therefore, decrease the likelihood of adverse events in hospitalized patients using temporary mechanical circulatory support devices.</p>
        <p>Furthermore, a prior study found that lower values of SvO<sub>2</sub> were associated with higher mortality rates in ICU.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Our study indicates that SvO<sub>2</sub> levels were reduced, suggesting that intrinsic muscle mechanisms could play a role in exercise tolerance among patients with cardiogenic shock. However, exercise programs improved SvO<sub>2</sub> levels, which might indicate a more efficient utilization of oxygen delivery in exercising muscles. It is worth noting that direct measurements obtained through a Swan-Ganz catheter indicated stable or slightly improved cardiac measurements, suggesting that exercise did not interfere with hemodynamics or increase the risk to the patient during exercise. We could assume that both exercise and the temporary mechanical circulatory support device may lead to improved pulmonary function during exercise by reducing ventilation/perfusion mismatching.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> In HF patients/cardiogenic shock, exercise-related pulmonary adaptations are important, and temporary mechanical circulatory support devices can normalize pulmonary artery pressures, potentially improving exercise limitations. In this case report, we observed slight enhancements in cardiac output during exercise without any increase in pulmonary wedge pressure. Our findings indicate the possibility of such occurrences, as all these factors together lead us to speculate that unloading the cardiovascular system and providing exercise benefits may have contributed to improved peripheral function (SvO<sub>2</sub>, muscle, and/or endothelial).</p>
        <p>We want to emphasize that this is a case report and, as such, our findings should be analyzed with caution. It is important to note that the exercise protocol was conducted over only ten days and we did not measure sarcopenia and/or muscle strength. Nonetheless, we had indirect muscle-related data (increase in 6MWT with reduced dyspnea and changes in SvO<sub>2</sub> values) that could lead us to suggest such adaptations. Additionally, since this was the first study to investigate the use of a temporary mechanical circulatory support device in cardiogenic shock patients during exercise, the limited duration was appropriate. However, there are no guidelines regarding the best approach toward exercise prescription or methodology for patients with temporary mechanical circulatory support devices or in cardiogenic shock.</p>
        <p>To the best of our knowledge, this was the first case report of exercise in a cardiogenic shock patient. In this line, we decided to follow our previous ADHF exercise protocol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> However, further studies are needed to determine the exercise prescription, optimal timing, and duration of early mobilization, as well as the potential benefits in other patient populations undergoing heart transplant procedures. Additionally, it is worth noting that surgical data was uncertain due to the rare pre-transplant condition, which could have arisen at any point during the study. Furthermore, we did not have a control group. Therefore, larger future studies should consider a control group to better accomplish and confirm our findings.</p>
        <p>In conclusion, this study has shown that exercising is a feasible option for patients with cardiogenic shock who are using an intra-aortic balloon pump as a temporary mechanical circulatory support device and that it is well tolerated with no reported adverse events.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Study association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
