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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">ZQ5ky6XP4PR6Q64nCmmTPym</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000100502</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00502</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230421</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca para Avaliar a Elimina&#231;&#227;o Completa do Substrato ap&#243;s a Abla&#231;&#227;o Endoc&#225;rdica da Taquicardia Ventricular na Doen&#231;a de Chagas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7327-2275</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio I.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9322-5641</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kulchetscki</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4505-3344</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pisani</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Departamento de Arritmia, S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular, S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Mauricio I. Scanavacca &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Departamento de Arritmia &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>mauricio.scanavacca@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230421</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>Taquicardia Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Espectroscopia de Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>T&#233;cnicas de Abla&#231;&#227;o/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="14"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O desfecho principal da abla&#231;&#227;o da taquicardia ventricular (TV) inclui a elimina&#231;&#227;o do substrato anormal no remapeamento e promover a n&#227;o indu&#231;&#227;o da TV pela estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular programada (EVP). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) tem sido crescentemente utilizada como uma ferramenta para localizar o substrato arritmog&#234;nico dos pacientes com TV relacionada a cicatriz. As imagens podem ser integradas com mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico para direcionar a abla&#231;&#227;o aos canais respons&#225;veis pelos circuitos de reentrada, otimizando os resultados da abla&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> No entanto, at&#233; o momento, a RMC n&#227;o foi usada para confirmar a elimina&#231;&#227;o completa do substrato nem a efic&#225;cia da abla&#231;&#227;o da TV.</p>
      <p>Neste artigo, relatamos um caso de um paciente com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> que foi submetido &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o endoc&#225;rdica da TV, guiada por mapeamento da TV e modifica&#231;&#227;o do substrato. Descrevemos, pela primeira vez, o uso da RMC ap&#243;s o procedimento para confirma&#231;&#227;o da elimina&#231;&#227;o do substrato da TV.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o do Caso</title>
      <p>Paciente de 68 anos, do sexo masculino, com doen&#231;a de Chagas, apresentou com palpita&#231;&#245;es causadas por TV monom&#243;rfica sustentada (Figura 1A). A TV foi interrompida por cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica. O paciente relatou um epis&#243;dio anterior de s&#237;ncope e recebia amiodarona (200mg) pela presen&#231;a de TV n&#227;o sustentada detectada no Holter. O ecocardiograma mostrou Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda (FEVE) de 40%, dimens&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 67 x 58 mm, acinesia da parede lateral e hipocinesia da parede inferior. O conjunto dos achados sugere que o paciente estava no est&#225;gio B2 da doen&#231;a, de acordo com a classifica&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na doen&#231;a de Chagas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Uma tomografia computadorizada (TC) abdominal foi realizada para avalia&#231;&#227;o de megac&#243;lon. Uma RMC tridimensional com Realce Tardio (RMC-3D-RT) foi realizada (Phillips <sup>&#174;</sup> Achieva 1.5T system), usando a ferramenta <italic>Navigator</italic> para compensa&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria (sequ&#234;ncia 3D-LGE), e os arquivos crus foram exportados para o programa ADAS <sup>&#174;</sup> (Galgo Medical, Barcelona, Espanha) para processamento da imagem para avaliar a distribui&#231;&#227;o da cicatriz e presen&#231;a de corredores. Foram identificados uma cicatriz inferior, lateral, basal e apical, com 19,4g (14,83% da massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo) na &#225;rea da margem e centro, e dois corredores relacionadas &#224; cicatriz inferior e basal (Figura 1A). A massa do corredor foi 1,72g e ambos se encontravam na camada endoc&#225;rdica (10 e 30%), em que o corredor n&#250;mero 1 estava na por&#231;&#227;o lateral da cicatriz, e o n&#250;mero 2 relacionava-se ao anel mitral.</p>
      <p>O paciente foi encaminhado para abla&#231;&#227;o da TV usando o sistema CARTO 3 <sup>&#174;</sup> (Biosense Webster/Johnson &amp; Johnson, EUA) e recrutado para um ensaio cl&#237;nico, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> em que foi alocado aleatoriamente para o grupo &#8220;somente abla&#231;&#227;o endoc&#225;rdica&#8221;. O paciente foi submetido ao mapeamento do endoc&#225;rdio, que mostrou cicatriz inferior, lateral, e basal com potenciais fragmentados na por&#231;&#227;o lateral da cicatriz e pr&#243;xima ao seio coron&#225;rio. A TV cl&#237;nica, hemodinamicamente est&#225;vel, foi induzida (S1 600ms S4 310ms), com atividade diast&#243;lica sugestiva de uma TV do istmo mitral, tamb&#233;m correlacionada ao corredor n&#250;mero 2. A abla&#231;&#227;o endoc&#225;rdica (30W, tempo RF total: 24m4s) foi realizada, com interrup&#231;&#227;o da TV; a abla&#231;&#227;o foi estendida, eliminando todos os sinais fragmentados pr&#243;ximo ao anel ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ). Ap&#243;s o remapeamento, potenciais anormais ainda eram observados na parte lateral da cicatriz na regi&#227;o do corredor n&#250;mero 1. Assim, abla&#231;&#227;o adicional foi realizada nessa por&#231;&#227;o, alcan&#231;ando completa homogeneiza&#231;&#227;o do substrato. Uma EVP realizada ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o com S1 600ms e 430ms at&#233; S4 n&#227;o induziu nenhuma TV. O paciente recebeu alta sem Cardioversor Desfibrilador Implant&#225;vel (CDI) e agendado para reavalia&#231;&#227;o em um m&#234;s.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Taquicardia ventricular cl&#237;nica induzida no procedimento, mostrando ativa&#231;&#227;o do seio coronariano e mapa de ativa&#231;&#227;o CARTO &#174; sugestivo de um circuito no istmo mitral; o mapeamento de voltagem mostrou cicatriz na regi&#227;o &#237;nfero-basal, com potenciais fragmentados na lateral da cicatriz e pr&#243;ximo ao anel mitral. Existiam tr&#234;s diferentes morfologias de taquicardia ventricular induzida durante o procedimento. Imagens de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca tridimensional com realce tardio (camada de 20%) e anatomia por tomografia computadorizada foram exportadas offline para CARTO&#174;, ap&#243;s processamento pelo ADAS&#174;, mostrando que o conjunto de les&#245;es por radiofrequ&#234;ncia estava relacionado &#224; cicatriz heterog&#234;nea e presen&#231;a de corredores</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230421-30421-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Um m&#234;s depois, uma segunda RMC-3D-RT foi realizada, com o mesmo equipamento usado anteriormente, que agora mostrou 38,8g (28,6% da massa do VE) de cicatriz. Um ponto importante &#233; que n&#227;o foram detectados canais no interior da cicatriz ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> B). Durante um segundo estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico usando o mesmo protocolo de EVP, ainda n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel a indu&#231;&#227;o de TV. O paciente recebeu alta sem implante de CDI, mantendo o uso de amiodarona 200mg. Em um seguimento de cinco anos, o paciente foi mantido sob a mesma dose de amiodarona, com FEVE de 48% no ecocardiograma, sem recorr&#234;ncia de TV, e sem implanta&#231;&#227;o de CDI.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; A) Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca tridimensional com realce tardio processada no programa ADAS &#174; , mostrando uma cicatriz heterog&#234;nea na regi&#227;o &#237;nfero-basal, com um centro e uma zona perif&#233;rica, volume da cicatriz de 19,4g (14,83% da massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo), e dois corredores, o corredor #1, pr&#243;ximo ao anel mitral, e o corredor #2, na lateral da cicatriz. B) mesma reconstru&#231;&#227;o, mas ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o; observe a extens&#227;o lateral da cicatriz, relacionada &#224; &#225;rea da abla&#231;&#227;o, com massa da cicatriz de 38,8g (26,6% da massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo), e aus&#234;ncia de corredores</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230421-30421-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Embora o desfecho cl&#225;ssico da abla&#231;&#227;o da TV seja a impossibilidade de se induzir arritmias ap&#243;s o procedimento, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> a completa elimina&#231;&#227;o de todos os eletrogramas anormais <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m se correlaciona com um risco mais baixo de recorr&#234;ncia de TV. Apesar da possibilidade de recorr&#234;ncia de TV devido &#224; progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a, a elimina&#231;&#227;o incompleta do substrato arritmog&#234;nico parece ser o principal mecanismo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Uma RMC pr&#233;-abla&#231;&#227;o &#233; comumente usada para localizar os corredores dentro da cicatriz, um achado que se correlaciona com piores desfechos na cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica, e pode guiar a abla&#231;&#227;o da TV. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Neste artigo, descrevemos o uso da RMC repetida ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o para confirmar que todos os corredores foram eliminados.</p>
      <p>Nosso paciente apresentou uma TV hemodinamicamente tolerada, depress&#227;o moderada (40%) da FEVE, sem cicatriz extensa (19g), e apenas dois corredores identificados na RMC. Durante a abla&#231;&#227;o, a TV foi mapeada e interrompida sem reindu&#231;&#227;o, e todos os potenciais anormais foram eliminados. Na ocasi&#227;o, decidimos n&#227;o implantar um CDI, e repetir uma RMC controle em um m&#234;s, seguida de um estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico. A RMC de p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o confirmou que todos os corredores foram eliminados, juntamente com um estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico negativo, permitindo a alta do paciente sem um CDI. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Cinco anos depois, o paciente continuava livre de s&#237;ncope ou recorr&#234;ncia de TV, sem depress&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (48%), mantendo o uso de uma dose moderada de amiodarona (200mg), a mesma que ele usava antes dos primeiros epis&#243;dios de TV e sem CDI.</p>
      <p>O tempo necess&#225;rio para que as les&#245;es de radiofrequ&#234;ncia sejam identificadas na RMC &#233; completamente desconhecido, uma vez que les&#245;es agudas podem apresentar edema e regi&#245;es de obstru&#231;&#227;o microvascular. Nesse caso, n&#243;s repetimos a RMC &#8211; na mesma m&#225;quina e pela mesma equipe -, bem como o estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico um m&#234;s ap&#243;s o procedimento index, um per&#237;odo que deveria mostrar um padr&#227;o mais consolidado da les&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>&#201; not&#225;vel que, uma vez que a doen&#231;a de Chagas &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o progressiva, com uma hist&#243;ria natural de fibrose progressiva, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> novos circuitos de TV reentrante podem se formar, assim a estrat&#233;gia de n&#227;o usar CDI precisa ser testada em um ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado.</p>
      <p>Esta carta cient&#237;fica, no entanto, corrobora a aplica&#231;&#227;o investigativa sobre o uso de uma RMC controle para avaliar a modifica&#231;&#227;o do substrato ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o, permitindo que pacientes com cicatrizes menos extensas e sem disfun&#231;&#227;o grave do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo possam continuar sem CDI com seguran&#231;a.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiac Magnetic Resonance to Evaluate Complete Substrate Elimination after Endocardial Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation in Chagas Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7327-2275</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio I.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9322-5641</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kulchetscki</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4505-3344</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pisani</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Departamento de Arritmia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Mauricio I. Scanavacca &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Departamento de Arritmia - Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: mauricio.scanavacca@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Tacchycardia, Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy</kwd>
        <kwd>Ablation Techniques/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The main endpoint of ventricular tachycardia (VT) ablation includes elimination of the abnormal substrate on remapping and rendering non-inducible VT with programmed ventricular stimulation. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) has been increasingly used as a tool for locating the arrhythmogenic substrate of patients with scar-related VT. The images can be integrated with the electroanatomical mapping to guide ablation to the identified channels responsible for the VT-reentry circuits, optimizing the ablation results. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> However, until now, CMR has not been used to confirm the complete substrate elimination and effectiveness of VT ablation.</p>
        <p>In this manuscript we report a case of a patient with Chagas disease cardiomyopathy <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> who underwent endocardial VT ablation, guided by VT mapping and substrate modification. We report, for the first time, the use of a post-procedure CMR for confirmation of VT-substrate elimination.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>A 68-years-old male patient with Chagas disease presented with palpitations due to sustained monomorphic VT (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1A</xref>). The VT was terminated with direct current cardioversion. The patient reported a prior episode of syncope and was receiving amiodarone 200mg due to non-sustained VT on Holter. The echocardiogram showed left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 40%, left ventricular (LV) dimensions 67x58 mm, lateral wall akinesis and inferior wall hypokinesis. The set of findings suggests that the patient was in stage B2 of the disease, according to the evolutionary classification of heart failure in Chagas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> An abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan was performed to evaluate for megacolon. A three-dimensional late gadolinium enhancement CMR (3D-LGE-CMR) was performed (Phillips <sup>&#174;</sup> Achieva 1.5T system), using Navigator tool for respiratory compensation (3D-LGE sequence), and the raw files were then exported to ADAS <sup>&#174;</sup> software (Galgo Medical, Barcelona, Spain) for imaging processing to evaluate scar distribution and presence of corridors. An inferior, lateral, basal, and apical scar with 19.4g (14.83% of LV mass) in the border zone and core and two corridors related to the inferior and basal scar were identified (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1A</xref>). The corridor mass was 1.72g and both were on endocardial layers (10 and 30%), in which corridor #1 was in the lateral portion of the scar and #2 was related to the mitral annulus.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A) Before ablation three-dimensional late gadolinium enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance processed in the ADAS &#174; software, showing a heterogeneous infero-basal scar with a core and a border zone, scar volume of 19.4g (14.83% of all left ventricular mass) and two corridors, corridor #1 close to the mitral annulus and Corridor #2 in the lateral aspect of the scar. B) same reconstruction but after the ablation; note the lateral extension of the scar, related to the area of ablation, with scar mass of 38.8g (26.6% of left ventricular mass) and no more corridors.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230421-30421-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The patient was referred for VT ablation using CARTO 3 <sup>&#174;</sup> (Biosense Webster/Johnson &amp; Johnson, USA) system and recruited to a clinical trial, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> in which was randomized to the &#8220;endocardial ablation only&#8221; group. The patient underwent endocardial voltage mapping showing inferior, lateral, and basal scar with fragmented potentials in the lateral portion of the scar and close to the coronary sinus. A hemodynamically stable clinical VT was induced (S1 600ms S4 310ms), with diastolic activity suggestive of a mitral isthmus VT, also correlated to corridor #2. Endocardial ablation (30W, total RF time: 24m4s) was performed with interruption of VT; the ablation was extended, eliminating all fragmented signals close to the annulus ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ). After remapping, abnormal potentials were still observed in the lateral part of the scar, in the region of corridor #1, so additional ablation was performed in that portion achieving complete substrate homogenization. A programmed ventricular stimulation (PVS) performed after ablation with S1 600ms and 430ms up to S4 did not induce any VT. Patient was discharged without an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) and scheduled for re-evaluation in one month.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical ventricular tachycardia induced in the procedure, showing coronary sinus activation and CARTO &#174; activation mapping suggestive of a mitral isthmus circuit. Voltage mapping showed infero-basal scar, with abnormal fragmented potentials on the lateral aspect of the scar and close to the mitral annulus. There were three different VT morphologies induced during the procedure. The tridimensional-late gadolinium enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance (20% layer) and computed tomography anatomy were offline exported to CARTO &#174; after ADAS &#174; processing, showing that the radiofrequency lesion set was related to the heterogeneous scar and presence of corridors</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230421-30421-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>One month later, a second 3D-LGE-CMR was performed using the same equipment prior used, now showing 38.8g (28.6% of LV mass) of scar. Importantly, no channels were detected within the scar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1B</xref>). During a second electrophysiological study using the same protocol of PVS, VT was still not inducible. Patient was discharged without ICD implantation, maintaining use of amiodarone 200mg. In a follow-up of 5 years, the patient was maintained under the same dose of amiodarone, with EF of 48% on echocardiogram, with no VT recurrence, and without ICD implantation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The classical endpoint of VT ablation is non-inducibility of arrhythmias after the procedure, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> but the complete elimination of all the abnormal electrograms <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> also correlates with a lower risk of VT recurrence. Although VT recurrence may occur due to disease progression, incomplete elimination of the arrhythmogenic substrate appears to be the main mechanism. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A <italic>pre-ablation</italic> CMR is commonly used to locate the corridors within the scar, a finding that is correlated with worse outcomes in chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy, and may guide VT ablation. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In this report we describe the use of repeated CMR after ablation to confirm that all such corridors have been eliminated.</p>
        <p>Our patient had a hemodynamically tolerated VT, moderate LVEF (40%) depression, without extensive scar (19g) and only two corridors identified on CMR. During ablation, VT was mapped and interrupted without reinduction, and all abnormal potentials were eliminated. At the occasion, we decided not to implant an ICD, and to repeat a control CMR in one month followed by an electrophysiological study. Post-ablation CMR confirmed that all corridors were eliminated, together with a negative electrophysiological study, allowing for discharge of the patient without an ICD. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Five years later, the patient remained free of syncope or VT recurrence, without depression of LV function (48%), maintaining the use of a moderate dose of amiodarone (200mg), same he used before index VT episodes, and without an ICD.</p>
        <p>The time necessary for the radiofrequency lesions to be identified on CMR is not completely known, since acute lesions can present edema and microvascular obstruction regions. In this case we repeated CMR &#8211; in the same machine and with same personnel &#8211;, and also the electrophysiological study one month after the index procedure, a timeframe that should show a more consolidated pattern of the lesion. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It is noteworthy that, since Chagas Disease is a progressive condition, with a natural history of progressive fibrosis, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> new reentrant VT circuits may form, so the strategy of withholding the ICD still needs to be tested in a randomized clinical trial.</p>
        <p>This research letter, however, supports an investigative application on the use of a control CMR to evaluate substrate modification after ablation, allowing patients with less extensive scar and without severe LV dysfunction to safely remain without ICD implantation.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
