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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">dtbnzZC6v7fFQfy7JXZdBHq</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000100304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230258</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Desfechos Hospitalares do Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST em Pacientes Positivos para COVID-19 que Passaram por Interven&#231;&#227;o Percut&#226;nea Prim&#225;ria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4732-9367</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Baytu&#287;an</surname>
            <given-names>Nart Zafer</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kandemir</surname>
            <given-names>Hasan &#199;a&#287;layan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9466-944X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bezgin</surname>
            <given-names>Tahir</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Gebze Fatih State Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Gebze</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Gebze Fatih State Hospital &#8211; Cardiology, Gebze &#8211; Turquia </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Kocaeli Devlet Hastanesi</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Kocaeli</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Kocaeli Devlet Hastanesi &#8211; Cardiology, Kocaeli &#8211; Turquia </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Nart Zafer Baytu&#287;an</bold> &#8226; Gebze Fatih State Hospital &#8211; Cardiology - Gebze Fatih State Hospital Gebze/Kocaeli 41400 &#8211; Turquia. E-mail: <email>nartzafer@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230258</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>A infec&#231;&#227;o concomitante por coronav&#237;rus 2019 (COVID-19) e o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST) est&#227;o associados ao aumento de desfechos adversos hospitalares.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p>O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as diferen&#231;as angiogr&#225;ficas, de procedimentos, laboratoriais e progn&#243;sticas em pacientes positivos e negativos para COVID-19 com IAMCSST submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria (ICP).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Realizamos um estudo observacional retrospectivo e unic&#234;ntrico entre novembro de 2020 e agosto de 2022 em um hospital de n&#237;vel terci&#225;rio. De acordo com o seu estado, os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos (positivo ou negativo para COVID-19). Todos os pacientes foram internados por IAMCSST confirmado e foram tratados com ICP prim&#225;ria. Os desfechos hospitalares e angiogr&#225;ficos foram comparados entre os dois grupos. P-valores bilaterais &lt;0,05 foram aceitos como estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>Dos 494 pacientes com IAMCSST inscritos nesse estudo, 42 foram identificados como positivos para COVID-19 (8,5%) e 452, como negativos. Os pacientes que testaram positivos para COVID-19 tiveram um tempo isqu&#234;mico total maior do que os pacientes que testaram negativos para COVID-19 (p = 0,006). Al&#233;m disso, esses pacientes apresetaram um aumento na trombose de stent (7,1% vs. 1,7%, p = 0,002), no tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o (4 dias vs. 3 dias, p = 0,018), no choque cardiog&#234;nico (14,2% vs. 5,5%, p = 0,023) e na mortalidade hospitalar total e card&#237;aca (p &lt;0,001 e p = 0,032, respectivamente).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p>Pacientes com IAMCSST com infec&#231;&#245;es concomitantes por COVID-19 foram associados ao aumento de eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores. Mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para compreender os mecanismos exatos dos desfechos adversos nesses pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Choque cardiog&#234;nico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="27"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figura Central</label>
        <caption>
          <title>: Desfechos Hospitalares do Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST em Pacientes Positivos para COVID-19 que Passaram por Interven&#231;&#227;o Percut&#226;nea Prim&#225;ria</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230258-30258-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a do coronav&#237;rus 2019 (COVID-19), causada pelo coronav&#237;rus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), &#233; uma pandemia desde mar&#231;o de 2020 e tornou-se uma crise de sa&#250;de global em pouco tempo. <sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> </sup> Embora a COVID-19 afete principalmente o sistema respirat&#243;rio, pode levar ao envolvimento de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os, infec&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial vascular, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e morte. <sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> Infec&#231;&#245;es virais sist&#234;micas e hip&#243;xia podem desencadear ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, ruptura de placas e s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias agudas com dist&#250;rbio do sistema endotelial vascular. <sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </sup> </p>
      <p>A COVID-19 afeta os sistemas arterial e venoso e leva a um aumento da atividade tromb&#243;tica. A trombose &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o grave que frequentemente se manifesta como embolia pulmonar, infarto cerebral e tromboembolismo venoso. S&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda, isquemia mesent&#233;rica e cerebrovascular e trombose da art&#233;ria renal s&#227;o menos comuns. O infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST) geralmente ocorre como resultado de oclus&#227;o tromb&#243;tica completa da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria e requer diagn&#243;stico r&#225;pido e estrat&#233;gia de reperfus&#227;o. N&#227;o h&#225; dados suficientes sobre o efeito da coinfec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19 nos desfechos cl&#237;nicos de pacientes com IAMCSST.</p>
      <p>Planejamos um estudo retrospectivo, unic&#234;ntrico, para avaliar as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, angiogr&#225;ficas, laboratoriais e de procedimento em pacientes positivos para COVID-19 com IAMCSST em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com IAMCSST e negativos para COVID-19.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes</title>
        <p>Realizamos um estudo observacional, unic&#234;ntrico e retrospectivo entre novembro de 2020 e agosto de 2022. Um total de 494 pacientes consecutivos com IAMCSST admitidos em nosso laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. O IAMCSST foi definido com base no supradesnivelamento do segmento ST em duas ou mais deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas &#8805; 0,2 mV ou novo bloqueio de ramo esquerdo associado a um novo aparecimento de dor tor&#225;cica. <sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> O diagn&#243;stico angiogr&#225;fico de doen&#231;a coronariana oclusiva foi realizado em todos os pacientes e nenhum foi tratado com fibrin&#243;lise. Os dados dos pacientes foram obtidos de registros do banco de dados do hospital. Exames laboratoriais (hemograma completo, par&#226;metros inflamat&#243;rios e par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos) foram realizados em todos os pacientes na admiss&#227;o. Pacientes sem IAMCSST, sem dados suficientes e com parada card&#237;aca foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. Al&#233;m disso, pacientes que n&#227;o foram submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) (les&#245;es n&#227;o obstrutivas das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, vasoespasmos ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de emerg&#234;ncia dirigida) n&#227;o foram avaliados. Este estudo foi realizado de acordo com os princ&#237;pios da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki, e o comit&#234; de &#233;tica local aprovou o protocolo do estudo. A ilustra&#231;&#227;o central apresenta o protocolo do estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>Amostras de swab nasal foram coletadas de todos os pacientes na sala de emerg&#234;ncia ou laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo antes da ICP. A infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19 foi confirmada por ensaios de rea&#231;&#227;o em cadeia da polimerase via transcriptase reversa em tempo real (RT-PCR) e/ou pela avalia&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas com tomografia computadorizada (TC) tor&#225;cica. Eles foram categorizados como positivos ou negativos para COVID-19. Tratamentos adicionais (antibi&#243;ticos, antivirais, etc.) foram iniciados utilizando as abordagens atuais nos pacientes positivos para COVID-19.</p>
        <p>A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) foi medida usando uma imagem 2D do volume diast&#243;lico final e do volume sist&#243;lico final pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson modificado. As altera&#231;&#245;es valvares foram avaliadas como regurgita&#231;&#227;o moderada ou grave ou estenose das valvas mitral ou a&#243;rtica.</p>
        <p>Foram registrados a condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos pacientes, hist&#243;ria adicional de doen&#231;a, tabagismo, tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o, trombose de stent (TS), hemorragia, choque cardiog&#234;nico e taxa de mortalidade. Al&#233;m disso, o uso de inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb-IIIa, cateteres de aspira&#231;&#227;o e bombas de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico foi analisado retrospectivamente. O tempo de in&#237;cio dos sintomas e o tempo porta-bal&#227;o foram registrados para todos os pacientes. As imagens angiogr&#225;ficas coronarianas foram analisadas como les&#227;o respons&#225;vel e tipo de les&#227;o, no-reflow p&#243;s-ICP, fen&#244;meno de fluxo lento e les&#227;o residual por dois cardiologistas especialistas diferentes, cegos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos dados do paciente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimentos angiogr&#225;ficos</title>
        <p>Os procedimentos foram realizados de acordo com as diretrizes atuais, e a escolha da art&#233;ria radial ou femoral, estrat&#233;gia de coloca&#231;&#227;o do stent, pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o, p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o, uso de inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb-IIIa e cateter de aspira&#231;&#227;o ficaram a crit&#233;rio do operador. A terapia antiagregante dupla foi iniciada em todos os pacientes antes do procedimento. As TS aguda e subaguda foram definidas dentro de 24 horas e 1 m&#234;s ap&#243;s o implante do stent, respectivamente, de acordo com as defini&#231;&#245;es do Academic Research Consortium. <sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> Todos os pacientes receberam heparina n&#227;o fracionada em dose de ataque de 70-100 u/kg com tempo de coagula&#231;&#227;o ativado &gt;250 segs.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Defini&#231;&#245;es de desfechos cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, positivo ou negativo para COVID-19, comparados de acordo com o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o, eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores (ECAM), hemorragias maiores e menores, choque cardiog&#234;nico e taxas de mortalidade hospitalar. Os ECAM foram definidos como infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular cerebral, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e/ou morte por doen&#231;a cardiovascular. A designa&#231;&#227;o de hemorragia foi realizada usando as defini&#231;&#245;es do Cons&#243;rcio de Pesquisa Acad&#234;mica de Sangramento (BARC). <sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> O choque cardiog&#234;nico foi confirmado como sinal de m&#225; perfus&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo, al&#233;m de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica abaixo de 90 mmHg por pelo menos 30 minutos devido &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como n&#250;meros e porcentagens e comparadas entre os grupos usando-se o teste qui-quadrado e o teste exato de Fisher. O teste Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov foi usado para determinar se os dados tinham distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e as com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal foram expressas como mediana e faixa interquartil. O teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado e o teste U de Mann-Whitney foram usados para comparar vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e n&#227;o normal, respectivamente. Os par&#226;metros foram analisados usando an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada ou multivariada. O m&#233;todo de entrada foi utilizado na an&#225;lise univariada e os par&#226;metros com valores de p &lt;0,1 foram inclu&#237;dos no modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada. O modelo multivariado foi ajustado para idade, troponina I card&#237;aca de alta sensibilidade (cTnI-us), ferritina, hemoglobina, d&#237;mero D, COVID-19 (+), tempo isqu&#234;mico total (TIT) e tempo porta-bal&#227;o. Modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada com vari&#225;veis clinicamente relevantes foram realizados para detectar preditores independentes de ECAM. Os m&#233;todos retroativos utilizaram an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada e um valor de p &lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Para analisar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de d&#237;mero D e o fluxo TIMI p&#243;s-ICP em pacientes com IAMCSST positivos para COVID-19, foi calculado o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman. Todos os testes tiveram valor p bilateral &lt;0,05 e foram aceitos como estatisticamente significativos. Os dados foram analisados utilizando o SPSS vers&#227;o 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo 494 pacientes consecutivos, 298 homens (60,4%) e 196 mulheres (39,6%), com idade mediana de 59 (42-80). Os par&#226;metros demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais de linha de base da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo s&#227;o apresentados na <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref> . O grupo positivo para COVID-19 era mais velho e apresentava preval&#234;ncia semelhante de tabagismo, hipertens&#227;o, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, hist&#243;rico de ICP e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Diabetes mellitus (DM) e doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC) foram mais comuns no grupo positivo para COVID-19 ( <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais dos pacientes na linha de base</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Negativo para COVID-19 (n=452, 91,5%)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Positivo para COVID-19 (n=42, 8,5%)</th>
                <th>p-valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">58 (41-82)</td>
                <td align="center">72 (58-83)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo (Feminino), n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">178 (39,3)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (42)</td>
                <td align="center">0,214</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tabagismo, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">189 (41,8)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (35,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,515</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Sintomas</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Dor</td>
                <td align="center">383 (84,7)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (66,6)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Dispneia</td>
                <td align="center">52 (11,5)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (26,1)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Parada card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">8 (1,7)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4,7)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Outros</td>
                <td align="center">9 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,3)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> DM, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (13,2)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (42,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> HT, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">130 (28,7)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (35,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,344</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> ICC pr&#233;via, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (3,9)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (7,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,245</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> DAC pr&#233;via, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (8,4)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (7,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,431</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> ICP pr&#233;via, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (11,2)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (14,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,795</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> FA, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (5,3)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,712</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> DPOC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (15,0)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (42,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,021</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o do IAMCSST</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Anterior/BRE, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">219 (48,4)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (54,7)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Inferior, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">168 (37,1)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (38,0)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Lateral, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (7,5)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (7,1)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Posterior, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (6,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">45,7 &#177; 7,1</td>
                <td align="center">40,9 &#177; 8,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Doen&#231;a valvar, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (10,8)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (11,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,341</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o Killip</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Killip I, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">304 (67,2)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (42,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,058</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Killip II, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">92 (20,3)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (23,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,267</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Killip III, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (6,8)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (16,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,034</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Killip IV, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (5,5)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (14,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,023</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Valores laboratoriais</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> cTnI-us, ng/mL</td>
                <td align="center">1126 (215-32100)</td>
                <td align="center">12742 (453-48756)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Creatinina, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">0,8 (0,5-2,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 (0,6-2,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,779</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Glicemia, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">105 (79-207)</td>
                <td align="center">144 (106-321)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> AST mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">23 (18-30)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (22-47,5)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> ALT mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">26 (16-29)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (18-30)</td>
                <td align="center">0,208</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> D&#237;mero D, ng/mL</td>
                <td align="center">0,52 (0,3-1,1)</td>
                <td align="center">2,45 (0,8-7,5)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Ferritina (ng/ml)</td>
                <td align="center">174 (101-316)</td>
                <td align="center">421 (134-879)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> PCR-as (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">9,6 (2,3-45,3)</td>
                <td align="center">48,9 (25,1-155,9)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> WBC x10 <sup>3</sup> /&#181;L</td>
                <td align="center">6810 &#177; 2617</td>
                <td align="center">14820 &#177; 4321</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Hemoglobina, g/dL</td>
                <td align="center">13,2 &#177; 1,6</td>
                <td align="center">13,4 &#177; 2,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,447</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Tromb&#243;citos x10 <sup>3</sup> /&#181;L</td>
                <td align="center">235 &#177; 81</td>
                <td align="center">242 &#177; 129</td>
                <td align="center">0,344</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Linf&#243;citos x10 <sup>3</sup> /&#181;L</td>
                <td align="center">2,1 &#177; 0,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 &#177; 0,7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; ALT: alanina aminotransferase; AST: aspartato aminotransferase; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; ICC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; DM: diabetes mellitus; BRE: bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda; PCR-us: Prote&#237;na C. reativa ultrassens&#237;vel; cTnI-us: Troponina card&#237;aca I ultrassens&#237;vel; HT: hipertens&#227;o; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; WBC: leuc&#243;citos.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Achados laboratoriais</title>
        <p>De acordo com exames laboratoriais na admiss&#227;o, os pacientes positivos para COVID-19 apresentavam n&#237;veis mais elevados de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios (cTnI-us, d&#237;mero D, PCR-us, ferritina, contagem de leuc&#243;citos), glicemia de jejum e n&#237;veis de AST. As contagens de ALT, hemoglobina, creatinina e tromb&#243;citos foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos ( <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Achados da angiografia coron&#225;ria</title>
        <p>O di&#226;metro m&#233;dio do stent e o comprimento total do stent foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos, e os tamanhos mais curto e mais longo dos stents foram 8 e 56 mm, respectivamente ( <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref> ). A taxa de ICP multiarterial, les&#227;o de bifurca&#231;&#227;o, pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o, p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o, stent sobreposto e propor&#231;&#227;o de les&#227;o residual foram paralelas nos grupos. Al&#233;m disso, as taxas de fluxo TIMI 0-1 na linha de base e TIMI 3 p&#243;s-ICP foram semelhantes ( <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref> ). O grupo positivo para COVID-19 fez mais uso do inibidor de glicoprote&#237;na Iib/IIIa e de dispositivo de aspira&#231;&#227;o. O fen&#244;meno de no-reflow foi mais alto em pacientes positivos para COVID-19, e o fluxo TIMI 3 p&#243;s-ICP e os n&#237;veis de d&#237;mero D apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o negativa ( <xref rid="f02" ref-type="fig">Figura 1</xref> ). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre os grupos em termos de uso de bomba de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Achados angiogr&#225;ficos e de procedimentos dos pacientes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Negativo para COVID-19 (n= 452)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Positivo para COVID-19 (n= 42)</th>
                  <th>p-valor</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria total, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">471</td>
                  <td align="center">44</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Les&#227;o alvo, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> ADAE</td>
                  <td align="center">216 (47,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (54,7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Cx</td>
                  <td align="center">97 (21,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (14,2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> ACD</td>
                  <td align="center">123 (27,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (26,1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> ACEP</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> ICP de enxerto</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (2,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> ICP multivascular</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (4,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,680</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Les&#227;o de bifurca&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (10,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (7,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,492</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Tipo de les&#227;o, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Tipo A</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (10,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (14,2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Tipo B</td>
                  <td align="center">216 (47,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (57,1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Tipo C</td>
                  <td align="center">188 (41,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (28,5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Comprimento total do stent (mm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">26,1 &#177; 7,0</td>
                  <td align="center">30,1 &#177; 6,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,319</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Terapia antiagregante</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Clopidogrel, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">108 (23,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (45,2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Tigacrelor, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">221 (48,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (42,8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Prasugrel, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">123 (27,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (11,9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Di&#226;metro m&#233;dio do stent (mm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">3,0 &#177; 0,3</td>
                  <td align="center">3,0 &#177; 0,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,473</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Stent de sobreposi&#231;&#227;o, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">32 (6,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (9,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,815</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Les&#227;o residual, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4 (0,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,910</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Fluxo TIMI 0-1 na linha de base, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">401 (88,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (95,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,141</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Fluxo TIMI 3 p&#243;s-ICP, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">389 (86,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (80,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,576</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>No-reflow p&#243;s-ICP, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">34 (7,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (19)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,043</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Uso de inibidor Gp IIb-IIIa, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">58 (12,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (28,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,026</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Uso de trombectomia por aspira&#231;&#227;o, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">78 (17,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (33,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,032</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Uso de BIA, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">15 (3,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (9,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,207</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tempo porta-bal&#227;o em minutos [FIQ mediano]</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">46 (30-72)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (36-77)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,240</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>TIT em minutos [FIQ mediano]</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">270 (110-670)</td>
                  <td align="center">390 (180-960)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>Cx: art&#233;ria circumflexa; Gp: glicoprote&#237;na; BIA: bomba de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico; FIQ: faixa interquartil; ADAE: art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda; ACEP: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda principal; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; ACD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita; TIT: tempo isqu&#234;mico total.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Correla&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de d&#237;mero D e o fluxo TIMI p&#243;s-ICP em pacientes com IAMCSST positivos para COVID-19.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230258-30258-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos hospitalares</title>
        <p>Pacientes com COVID-19 e IAMCSST apresentaram maior mortalidade card&#237;aca e global intra-hospitalar, TS e choque cardiog&#234;nico ( <xref rid="t3" ref-type="table">Tabela 3</xref> , <xref rid="f03" ref-type="fig">Figura 2</xref> ). Na an&#225;lise multivariada, idade avan&#231;ada, infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19, d&#237;mero D, ferritina, hemoglobina e n&#237;veis de cTnI-us foram preditores independentes de ECAM ( <xref rid="t4" ref-type="table">Tabela 4</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Desfechos hospitalares dos pacientes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Negativo para COVID-19 (n= 452)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Positivo para COVID-19 (n= 42)</th>
                  <th>p-valor</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Choque cardiog&#234;nico, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">25 (5,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (14,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,023</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o total (dia)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">3 (2-6)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (3-11)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,018</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Graus BARC 0-1, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">14 (3,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,372</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Graus BARC 2-4, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,571</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Trombose de stent, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">8 (1,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (7,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Mortalidade hospitalar, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">29 (6,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (23,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Causas de mortalidade</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Card&#237;acas, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (5,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (11,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,032</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Sepse, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4,7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Fal&#234;ncia m&#250;ltipla de &#243;rg&#227;os, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2,3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria aguda, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2,3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Outras, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2,3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Desfechos hospitalares com coorte do estudo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230258-30258-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lises univariadas e multivariadas para previs&#227;o dos ECAM</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Univariada</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">p-valor</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Multivariada</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">p-valor</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>FC</th>
                  <th>[IC95%]</th>
                  <th>FC</th>
                  <th>[IC95%]</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1,041</td>
                  <td align="center">1,031-1,052</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1,023</td>
                  <td align="center">1,010-1,032</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sexo masculino</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,610</td>
                  <td align="center">0,382-0,871</td>
                  <td align="center">0,041</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hipertens&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2,421</td>
                  <td align="center">1,041-3,080</td>
                  <td align="center">0,026</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diabetes mellitus</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,901</td>
                  <td align="center">0,871-1,012</td>
                  <td align="center">0,070</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ICC</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1,376</td>
                  <td align="center">0,954-2,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>cTnI-us</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2,581</td>
                  <td align="center">1,557-4,280</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">2,466</td>
                  <td align="center">1,422- 4,263</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Creatinina</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,452</td>
                  <td align="center">0,181-1,103</td>
                  <td align="center">0,778</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PCR-us</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1,532</td>
                  <td align="center">1,062-2,216</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Ferritina</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1,371</td>
                  <td align="center">0,952-2,009</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1,221</td>
                  <td align="center">0,816-1,837</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>D&#237;mero D</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,169</td>
                  <td align="center">0,028-1,222</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,244</td>
                  <td align="center">0,033-1,952</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hemoglobina</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,900</td>
                  <td align="center">0,814-1,011</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                  <td align="center">1,012</td>
                  <td align="center">0,833-1,205</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>COVID-19 (+)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">3,921</td>
                  <td align="center">2,051-7,472</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">3,431</td>
                  <td align="center">1,732-6,825</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>FEVE</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2,106</td>
                  <td align="center">1,433-3,092</td>
                  <td align="center">0,032</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Doen&#231;a multivascular</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1,621</td>
                  <td align="center">0,982-2,688</td>
                  <td align="center">0,331</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Uso de BIA</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1,004</td>
                  <td align="center">1,001-1,102</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Uso de inibidor Gp IIb-IIIa</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1,786</td>
                  <td align="center">1,055-3,012</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>TIT</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1,344</td>
                  <td align="center">0,957-1,880</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1,228</td>
                  <td align="center">0,811-1,832</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tempo porta-bal&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2,588</td>
                  <td align="center">1,553-4,287</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">2,466</td>
                  <td align="center">1,422- 4,260</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>ICC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica; Gp: glicoprote&#237;na; BIA: bomba de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda; TIT: tempo isqu&#234;mico total; PCR-us: prote&#237;na C reativa ultrassens&#237;vel; cTnI-us: troponina card&#237;aca I ultrassens&#237;vel.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Pacientes positivos para COVID-19 tiveram maior tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e apresentaram alta taxa de classe Killip III e IV na admiss&#227;o hospitalar. A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica mostrou que os pacientes negativos para COVID-19 apresentaram FEVE mais elevada. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos devido a doen&#231;a valvar ( <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>Os tempos porta-bal&#227;o foram de 48 minutos e foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos. Entretanto, o TIT foi significativamente mais alto em pacientes positivos para COVID-19 ( <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref> , <xref rid="f04" ref-type="fig">Figura 3</xref> ). Tanto o tempo porta-bal&#227;o quanto o TIT foram preditores independentes de ECAM hospitalar ( <xref rid="t4" ref-type="table">Tabela 4</xref> ). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos nos graus BARC para hemorragia ( <xref rid="t3" ref-type="table">Tabela 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Tempo isqu&#234;mico total e tempo porta-bal&#227;o nos grupos positivo e negativo para COVID-19.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230258-30258-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Planejamos um estudo observacional baseado na experi&#234;ncia de um &#250;nico centro com alta densidade de pacientes. Esses resultados demonstraram que pacientes com IAMCSST positivos para COVID-19 tiveram uma taxa significativamente aumentada de mortalidade hospitalar card&#237;aca e total, choque cardiog&#234;nico e interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Semelhante ao presente estudo, os achados da literatura atual sugerem que pacientes com COVID-19 apresentando IAMCSST apresentaram taxas mais altas de mortalidade hospitalar e choque cardiog&#234;nico. <sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> , <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> </sup> </p>
      <p>O alto &#237;ndice de ECAM nesses pacientes pode se dever a v&#225;rias raz&#245;es. A alta preval&#234;ncia de DM e DPOC pode ter contribu&#237;do para os maus desfechos nesse grupo. Al&#233;m disso, o aumento das infec&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;micas devido &#224; pr&#243;pria COVID-19 conduziu ao aumento da mortalidade e dos ECAM.</p>
      <p>Apesar dos tempos porta-bal&#227;o semelhantes, houve uma diferen&#231;a significativa nos n&#237;veis de cTnI-us entre os grupos. As poss&#237;veis raz&#245;es para a eleva&#231;&#227;o da cTnI-us em pacientes positivos para COVID-19 incluem TIT mais longo e consequente atraso no diagn&#243;stico correto. A ICP tardia e o aumento do tempo isqu&#234;mico podem contribuir para o aumento das enzimas card&#237;acas. As complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas podem ser respons&#225;veis por aproximadamente 40% das mortes em pacientes com COVID-19. <sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> Aumento da inflama&#231;&#227;o, hipercoagula&#231;&#227;o, insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria progressiva, hip&#243;xia, miocardite e efeitos t&#243;xicos diretos do v&#237;rus nas c&#233;lulas hospedeiras podem levar a danos card&#237;acos. Al&#233;m disso, o fen&#244;meno de no-reflow p&#243;s-ICP foi significativamente mais comum no grupo positivo para COVID-19, o que pode afetar a perfus&#227;o p&#243;s-procedimento e levar ao aumento das enzimas card&#237;acas. Portanto, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e choque cardiog&#234;nico podem ser mais comuns nesses pacientes, o que pode explicar os elevados n&#237;veis de ECAM, classe Killip e cTnI-us. <sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> Consideramos que causas n&#227;o card&#237;acas em pacientes com COVID-19, como sepse, embolia pulmonar e fal&#234;ncia de m&#250;ltiplos &#243;rg&#227;os, podem contribuir para o aumento dos n&#237;veis de cTnI-us.</p>
      <p>Hipoxemia, vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o e oxigena&#231;&#227;o prejudicada s&#227;o achados comuns na doen&#231;a COVID-19, portanto, a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar &#233; prolongada e h&#225; um risco avan&#231;ado de fal&#234;ncia m&#250;ltipla de &#243;rg&#227;os do paciente, infec&#231;&#245;es bacterianas, sepse e trombose. <sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> A inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica ativa a cascata pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tica e perturba a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, aumentando assim o risco de trombose e complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas. <sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> Marcadores inflamat&#243;rios elevados est&#227;o associados ao aumento das taxas de mortalidade. <sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> Foi demonstrado que o aumento da resposta inflamat&#243;ria e as altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas aumentam o risco de ruptura da placa e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio relacionado na infec&#231;&#227;o pelo v&#237;rus influenza. <sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> Descobrimos que os n&#237;veis de PCR-us, ferritina e d&#237;mero D foram preditores independentes do desenvolvimento dos ECAM. Al&#233;m disso, os par&#226;metros inflamat&#243;rios foram significativamente maiores no grupo positivo para COVID-19, semelhantes a estes resultados.</p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, marcadores indicando aumento da atividade tromb&#243;tica, como trombo multiarterial, TS, fen&#244;meno de no-reflow, uso de inibidores de GP IIb/IIIa e dispositivo de aspira&#231;&#227;o, foram detectados com mais frequ&#234;ncia em pacientes positivos para COVID-19. Uma maior carga de trombos em pacientes com COVID-19 est&#225; associada a um risco aumentado de eventos card&#237;acos adversos e morte. <sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a emboliza&#231;&#227;o distal do trombo pode interromper o fluxo microvascular, levando ao fen&#244;meno de no-reflow e fluxo lento e a um aumento na &#225;rea infartada. <sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>Em um estudo realizado por Choudry et al., os par&#226;metros inflamat&#243;rios foram maiores em pacientes com IAMCSST e COVID-19, e os n&#237;veis de d&#237;mero D estavam correlacionados com o grau do trombo. <sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> Resultado semelhante foi encontrado em outro estudo, uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre o grau do trombo e os n&#237;veis de d&#237;mero D em pacientes com IAMCSST. <sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> Encontramos um achado paralelo com os n&#237;veis de d&#237;mero D e uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa com o fluxo coronariano p&#243;s-ICP. Al&#233;m disso, foi demonstrado o benef&#237;cio de mortalidade do uso de anticoagulantes em um grande grupo de pacientes com COVID-19 sem infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. <sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>O TIT &#233; um crit&#233;rio importante que afeta a mortalidade em pacientes com IAMCSST. <sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> O prolongamento desse per&#237;odo reduz o salvamento mioc&#225;rdico e aumenta a &#225;rea infartada e subsequente mortalidade em longo prazo. <sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> As diretrizes atuais recomendam ICP prim&#225;ria com tempo porta-bal&#227;o de 90 minutos se o paciente se apresentar em um hospital com capacidade para realizar ICP. <sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref> , <xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref> </sup> Onder et al. mostraram que o tempo m&#233;dio desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas do IAMCSST at&#233; o primeiro contato m&#233;dico durante a pandemia de COVID-19 foi de 318 minutos, <sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup> e outro estudo de Abdelaziz et al. demonstrou que esse tempo foi em m&#233;dia de 227 minutos. <sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, descobrimos que esse tempo foi de 390 minutos em pacientes positivos para COVID-19 e foi significativamente mais longo em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes negativos para COVID-19. Descobrimos que o prolongamento do tempo para o primeiro contato m&#233;dico pode ter afetado o aumento de ECAM observados no grupo positivo para COVID-19 ( <xref rid="t4" ref-type="table">Tabela 4</xref> ).</p>
      <p>As admiss&#245;es por IAMCSST em centros m&#233;dicos foram reduzidas na era COVID-19. <sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> Kiris et al. comparou a era pr&#233;-COVID &#224; era COVID. Houve queda de 30,5% nas taxas de interna&#231;&#227;o por IAMCSST <sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> e outro estudo de Little et al. relatou uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 21% na admiss&#227;o por IAMCSST no Reino Unido. <sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, foi comunicada uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 40% em Espanha <sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup> e uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 38% nos EUA nesses dados. <sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup> No presente estudo, n&#227;o avaliamos esse par&#226;metro, mas o aumento do TIT e a diminui&#231;&#227;o das interna&#231;&#245;es podem contribuir para o aumento das taxas de choque card&#237;aco, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e mortalidade em pacientes positivos para COVID-19. O fato de o tempo porta-bal&#227;o ser semelhante entre os dois grupos sugere que n&#227;o houve atraso hospitalar.</p>
      <p>Nosso centro &#233; uma institui&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de experiente com alta circula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes. Amostras de swab nasal/far&#237;ngeo foram coletadas primeiro e a ICP prim&#225;ria foi aplicada a todos os pacientes em um per&#237;odo semelhante. Portanto, o presente estudo poderia prever dados da vida real sobre desfechos cardiovasculares adversos em pacientes com COVID-19.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Embora nosso estudo enfatize a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o status positivo da COVID-19 e o IAMCSST, houve v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. Este foi um trabalho retrospectivo e unic&#234;ntrico. Al&#233;m disso, foram inclu&#237;dos apenas pacientes submetidos a ICP prim&#225;ria. Embora o n&#250;mero total de pacientes fosse grande, a taxa no grupo positivo para COVID-19 foi inferior a 10% e permaneceu relativamente baixa. Al&#233;m disso, a possibilidade de imprecis&#227;o nas amostras de swab pode ter afetado os resultados. Como a ultrassonografia intravascular n&#227;o estava dispon&#237;vel em nosso hospital, o mau posicionamento do stent n&#227;o p&#244;de ser avaliado com clareza, o que pode ter levado &#224; TS.</p>
        <p>Este estudo n&#227;o retira a import&#226;ncia de descrever as caracter&#237;sticas evolutivas da popula&#231;&#227;o de COVID-19 com IAMCSST e merece estudos adicionais, inclusive j&#225; comparando o impacto da vacina nesses desfechos.</p>
        <p>Nossos dados inclu&#237;ram apenas os resultados intra-hospitalares. N&#227;o havia dados de acompanhamento dispon&#237;veis neste estudo. Ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios dados de longo prazo para determinar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19 e desfechos card&#237;acos, como insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, trombose tardia do stent, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o recorrente e morte.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Em pacientes com IAMCSST, a coinfec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19 apresenta piores desfechos card&#237;acos, atraso no tratamento e aumento das taxas de mortalidade. A ICP prim&#225;ria pode ser uma op&#231;&#227;o de tratamento eficaz e prefer&#237;vel para esses pacientes devido ao tempo porta-bal&#227;o de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes e que foi semelhante nos dois grupos. Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes positivos para COVID-19 podem necessitar de terapia antitromb&#243;tica e anticoagulante mais agressiva devido ao aumento da atividade tromb&#243;tica. Estudos adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para determinar o tratamento adequado e r&#225;pido de pacientes com COVID-19 e com IAMCSST e para identificar a causa subjacente de desfechos piores.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>In-Hospital Outcomes of ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction in COVID-19 Positive Patients Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Intervention</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4732-9367</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Baytu&#287;an</surname>
            <given-names>Nart Zafer</given-names>
          </name>
          <role> Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kandemir</surname>
            <given-names>Hasan &#199;a&#287;layan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9466-944X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bezgin</surname>
            <given-names>Tahir</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Gebze Fatih State Hospital &#8211; Cardiology, Gebze &#8211; Turkey </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Kocaeli Devlet Hastanesi &#8211; Cardiology, Kocaeli &#8211; Turkey </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Nart Zafer Baytu&#287;an</bold> &#8226; Gebze/Kocaeli 41400- Turkey. E-mail: nartzafer@hotmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Concomitant coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) infection and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) are associated with increased adverse in-hospital outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>This study aimded to evaluate the angiographic, procedural, laboratory, and prognostic differences in COVID-19-positive and negative patients with STEMI undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>A single-center, retrospective, observational study was conducted between November 2020 and August 2022 in a tertiary-level hospital. According to their status, patients were divided into two groups (COVID-19 positive and negative). All patients were admitted due to confirmed STEMI and treated with primary PCI. In-hospital and angiographic outcomes were compared between the two groups. Two-sided p-values &lt; 0.05 were accepted as statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Of the 494 STEMI patients enrolled in this study, 42 were identified as having a positive dagnosis for COVID-19 (8.5%), while 452 were negative. The patients who tested positive for COVID-19 had a longer total ischemic time than did those who tested negative for COVID-19 (p=0.006). Moreover, these patients presented an increase in stent thrombosis (7.1% vs. 1.7%, p=0.002), length of hospitalization (4 days vs. 3 days, p= 0.018), cardiogenic shock (14.2% vs. 5.5 %, p= 0.023), and in-hospital total and cardiac mortality (p&lt;0.001 and p=0.032, respectively).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>Patients with STEMI with concomitant COVID-19 infections were associated with increased major adverse cardiac events. Further studies are needed to understand the exact mechanisms of adverse outcomes in these patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiogenic Shock</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been a pandemic since March 2020 and became a global health crisis in a short period of time worldwide. <sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> </sup> Although COVID-19 primarily affects the respiratory system, it can lead to multiple organ involvement, systemic infection, vascular endothelial dysfunction, myocardial infarction, and death. <sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref></sup> Systemic viral infections and hypoxia may trigger platelet activation, plaque rupture, and acute coronary syndromes with disruption of the vascular endothelial system. <sup><xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>COVID-19 affects both the arterial and venous systems, and leads to an increase in thrombotic activity. Thrombosis is a serious complication that often appears as a pulmonary embolism, cerebral infarction, and venous thromboembolism. Acute coronary syndrome, mesenteric and cerebrovascular ischemia, and renal artery thrombosis are less common. ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) usually occurs as a result of complete thrombotic occlusion of the coronary artery and requires a rapid diagnosis and reperfusion strategy. There is insufficient data on the effect of COVID-19 co-infection on the clinical outcomes of patients with STEMI.</p>
        <p>We planned a retrospective, single-center study to evaluate the clinical, angiographic, laboratory, and procedural variables in COVID-19 positive patients with STEMI, as compared to COVID-19 negative and STEMI patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients population</title>
          <p>An observational, single-center, retrospective study was conducted between November 2020 and August 2022. A total of 494 consecutive patients with STEMI, who were admitted to our catheterization laboratory, were included in the study. STEMI was defined based on the ST-segment elevation in two or more contiguous leads &#8805; 0.2 mV or a new left bundle-branch block associated with a new onset of chest pain. <sup><xref rid="B6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref></sup> Angiographic diagnosis of occlusive coronary disease was performed in all patients, and none was treated with fibrinolysis. Patient data were obtained from hospital database records. Laboratory tests (complete blood count, inflammatory parameters, and biochemical parameters) were performed for all patients upon admission. Patients with non-STEMI, insufficient data of patients, and cardiac arrest were excluded from the study. In addition, patients who had not undergone percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) (non-obstructive coronary artery lesions, vasospasms, or directed emergency bypass surgery) were not evaluated. This study was conducted according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, and the local ethics committee approved the study protocol. The <xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">central illustration</xref> illustrates the study&#8217;s protocol.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <caption>
                <title>Central Illustration: In-Hospital Outcomes of ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction in COVID-19 Positive Patients Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Intervention</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230258-30258-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical data collection</title>
          <p>Nasal swab samples were collected from all patients in the emergency room or catheter laboratory before PCI. COVID-19 infection was confirmed by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays and/or by evaluating symptoms with thoracic computed tomography (CT) imaging. They were categorized as COVID-19 negative and positive. Additional treatments (antibiotic, antiviral, etc.) were initiated using the current approaches in COVID-19 positive patients.</p>
          <p>Left ventricular ejection function (LVEF) was measured using a 2D image from end-diastolic and end&#8211;systolic volume, using the modified Simpson&#8217;s method. Valve disorders were evaluated as moderate or severe regurgitation or stenosis of the mitral or aortic valves.</p>
          <p>The clinical condition of the patients, additional disease history, smoking, length of hospital stay, stent thrombosis (ST), bleeding, cardiogenic shock, and mortality rate were recorded. Furthermore, the use of glycoprotein IIb-IIIa inhibitors, aspiration catheters, and intra-aortic balloon pumps were retrospectively analyzed. The time of symptom onset and door-to-balloon time were recorded for all patients. Coronary angiographic images were analyzed as responsible lesions and lesion type, post-PCI no-reflow, slow flow phenomenon, and residual lesion by two different expert cardiologists blinded to the patient&#8217;s data.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Angiographic procedures</title>
          <p>The procedures were performed according to the current guidelines, and the choice of radial or femoral artery, stent placement strategy, predilatation, postdilatation, use of glycoprotein IIb-IIIa inhibitors, and aspiration catheter were left to the operator&#8217;s discretion. Dual anti-aggregate therapy was initiated in all of the patients before the procedure. Acute and subacute ST were defined within 24 hours and 1 month after stent implantation, respectively, according to the Academic Research Consortium definitions. <sup><xref rid="B7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref></sup> All patients were administrated unfractionated heparin at a loading dose of 70-100 u/kg with an activated clotting time &gt; 250 s.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Definition of clinical outcomes</title>
          <p>Patients were divided into two groups as COVID-19 positive and negative and compared according to length of hospital stay, major adverse cardiac events (MACE), major and minor bleeding, cardiogenic shock and in-hospital mortality rates. MACE was defined as myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, and/or death from cardiovascular disease <bold>.</bold> The bleeding designation was performed using the bleeding academic research consortium (BARC) definitions. <sup><xref rid="B8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref></sup> Cardiogenic shock was confirmed as a sign of poor end-organ perfusion in addition to systolic blood pressure below 90 mmHg for at least 30 minutes due to cardiac dysfunction.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Categorical variables were expressed as numbers and percentages and compared using the chi-square and Fisher&#8217;s exact tests. The Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov test was used to determine whether the data had a normal distribution. Continuous variables with normal distribution were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation and non-normal distribution as median and interquartile range. Unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare continuous variables with normal and without normal distributions, respectively. The parameters were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. The enter method was used in univariate analysis, and parameters with p-values &lt; 0.1 were included in the multivariate logistic regression model. The multivariate model was adjusted for age, high sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI), ferritin, hemoglobin, D-dimer, COVID-19 (+), total ischemic time (TIT), and door-to-balloon time. Multivariate logistic regression models with clinically relevant variables was performed to detect independent predictors of MACE. The backward methods used multivariate logistic regression analysis, and a p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. To analyze the correlation between D-dimer levels and post&#8211;PCI TIMI flow in COVID-19 positive STEMI patients, the Spearman correlation coefficient was calculated. All tests had a two-sided p-value &lt; 0.05 and were accepted as statistically significant. Data were analyzed using the SPSS 22.0 version (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The present study included 494 consecutive patients, 298 men (60.4%) and 196 women (39.6%), with a median age of 59 (42-80). Baseline demographic, clinical, and laboratory parameters of the study population are shown in <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> . COVID-19 positive group was older and had a similar prevalence of smoking, hypertension, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, PCI history, and atrial fibrillation. Diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were more common in the COVID-19 positive group ( <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; The baseline demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics of the patients</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>COVID-19 negative (n=452, 91.5%)</th>
                  <th>COVID-19 positive (n=42, 8.5%)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">58 (41-82)</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (58-83)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Gender (Female), n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">178 (39.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (42)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.214</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Smoking, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">189 (41.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (35.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.515</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Symptoms</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Pain</td>
                  <td align="center">383 (84.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (66.6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Dyspnea</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (11.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (26.1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Cardiac arrest</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (1.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4.7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Other</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2.3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Past medical history</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> DM, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (13.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (42.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.017</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> HT, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">130 (28.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (35.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.344</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Previous CHF, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (3.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (7.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.245</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Previous CAD, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (8.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (7.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.431</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Previous PCI, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (11.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (14.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.795</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> AF, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (5.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.712</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> COPD, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (15.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (42.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.021</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>STEMI presentation</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Anterior/LBBB, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">219 (48.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (54.7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> &#304;nferior, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">168 (37.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (38.0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Lateral, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (7.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (7.1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Posterior, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (6.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Echocardiographic features</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> LVEF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">45.7 &#177; 7.1</td>
                  <td align="center">40.9 &#177; 8.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Valve disease, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (10.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (11.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.341</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Killip classification</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Killip I, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">304 (67.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (42.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.058</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Killip II, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (20.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (23.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.267</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Killip III, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (6.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (16.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.034</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Killip IV, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (5.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (14.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.023</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Laboratory values</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> hs-cTnI, ng/mL</td>
                  <td align="center">1126 (215-32100)</td>
                  <td align="center">12742 (453-48756)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Creatinine, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">0.8 (0.5-2.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9 (0.6-2.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.779</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Glucose, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">105 (79-207)</td>
                  <td align="center">144 (106-321)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> AST mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (18-30)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (22-47.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> ALT mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (16-29)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (18-30)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.208</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> D-dimer ng/mL</td>
                  <td align="center">0.52 (0.3-1.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.45 (0.8-7.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Ferritin, ng/mL</td>
                  <td align="center">174 (101-316)</td>
                  <td align="center">421 (134-879)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> hs-CRP, mg/L</td>
                  <td align="center">9.6 (2.3-45.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">48.9 (25.1-155.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> WBC x10 <sup>3</sup> /&#181;L</td>
                  <td align="center">6810 &#177; 2617</td>
                  <td align="center">14820 &#177; 4321</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Hemoglobin, g/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">13.2 &#177; 1.6</td>
                  <td align="center">13.4 &#177; 2.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.447</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Thrombocyte x10 <sup>3</sup> /&#181;L</td>
                  <td align="center">235 &#177; 81</td>
                  <td align="center">242 &#177; 129</td>
                  <td align="center">0.344</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> Lymphocyte x10 <sup>3</sup> /&#181;L</td>
                  <td align="center">2.1 &#177; 0.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9 &#177; 0.7</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>AF: atrial fibrillation; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate transaminase; CAD: coronary artery disease; CHF: chronic heart failure; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DM: diabetes mellitus; LBBB: left bundle branch block; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; hs-cTnI: high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I; HT: hypertension; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; WBC: white blood cell.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Laboratory findings</title>
          <p>According to laboratory assays on admission, COVID-19 positive patients had higher levels of inflammatory markers (hs-cTnI, D-dimer, hs-CRP, ferritin, white blood cell count), fasting blood glucose, and AST levels. ALT, hemoglobin, creatinine, and thrombocyte counts were similar in both groups ( <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coronary angiographic findings</title>
          <p>The average stent diameter and total stent length were similar in both groups, and the shortest and longest stents sizes were 8 and 56 mm, respectively ( <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref> ). The rate of multivessel PCI, bifurcation lesion, pre-dilatation, post-dilatation, overlap stent, and residual lesion ratio were found to be parallel in the groups. In addition, baseline TIMI 0-1 and post-PCI TIMI 3 flow ratios were similar ( <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref> ). The COVID-19 positive group showed a greater use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor and aspiration device. The no-reflow phenomenon was higher in COVID-19 positive patients, and post-PCI TIMI 3 flow and D-dimer levels were negatively correlated ( <xref rid="f02001" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref> ). There was no difference between the groups in terms of intra-aortic balloon pump use.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Angiographic and procedural findings of the patients</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>COVID-19 negative (n= 452)</th>
                    <th>COVID-19 positive (n= 42)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Total coronary intervention, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">471</td>
                    <td align="center">44</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Target lesion, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> LAD</td>
                    <td align="center">216 (47.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (54.7)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Cx</td>
                    <td align="center">97 (21.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (14.2)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> RCA</td>
                    <td align="center">123 (27.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (26.1)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> LMCA</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (0.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Graft PCI</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (2.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Multi-vessel PCI</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (4.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (4.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.680</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Bifurcation lesion</td>
                    <td align="center">46 (10.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (7.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.492</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Lesion Type, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Type A</td>
                    <td align="center">48 (10.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (14.2)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Type B</td>
                    <td align="center">216 (47.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (57.1)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Type C</td>
                    <td align="center">188 (41.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (28.5)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Total stent length (mm)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">26.1 &#177; 7.0</td>
                    <td align="center">30.1 &#177; 6.7</td>
                    <td align="center">0.319</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Anti-aggregate therapy</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Clopidogrel, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">108 (23.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (45.2)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Tigacrelor, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">221 (48.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (42.8)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Prasuqrel, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">123 (27.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (11.9)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Average stent diameter (mm)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">3.0 &#177; 0.3</td>
                    <td align="center">3.0 &#177; 0.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.473</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Overlap stent, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">32 (6.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (9.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.815</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Residual lesion, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">4 (0.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.910</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Baseline TIMI 0-1 flow, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">401 (88.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (95.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.141</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Post-PCI TIMI 3 flow, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">389 (86.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (80.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.576</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Post- PCI no-reflow, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">34 (7.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (19)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.043</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Gp IIb-IIIa inhibitor use, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">58 (12.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (28.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.026</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Aspiration thrombectomy use, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">78 (17.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (33.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.032</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>IABP use, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">15 (3.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (9.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.207</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Door-to-balloon time minutes [median IQR]</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">46 (30-72)</td>
                    <td align="center">48 (36-77)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.240</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>TIT, minutes [median IQR]</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">270 (110-670)</td>
                    <td align="center">390 (180-960)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.006</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Cx: circumflex artery; Gp: glycoprotein; IABP: intra-arterial balloon pump; IQR: inter quarter range; LAD: left anterior descending artery; LMCA: left main coronary artery; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; RCA: right coronary artery; TIT: total ischemic time.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Correlation between D-Dimer levels and post-PCI TIMI flow in COVID-19 positive STEMI patients.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230258-30258-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>In-hospital outcomes</title>
          <p>Patients with COVID-19 and STEMI had higher in-hospital cardiac and overall mortality, ST, and cardiogenic shock ( <xref rid="t3001" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref> , <xref rid="f03001" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref> ). In multivariate analysis, older age, COVID-19 infection, D-dimer, ferritin, hemoglobin, and hs-cTnI levels were an independent predictor of MACE ( <xref rid="t4001" ref-type="table">Table 4</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; In-hospital outcomes of patients</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>COVID-19 negative (n= 452)</th>
                    <th>COVID-19 positive (n= 42)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Cardiogenic shock, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">25 (5,5)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (14,2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,023</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Total hospitalization (day)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">3 (2-6)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (3-11)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,018</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>BARC grades 0-1, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">14 (3,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (4,7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,372</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>BARC grades 2-4, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">2 (0,4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,571</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Stent thrombosis, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">8 (1,7)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (7,1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>In-hospital mortality, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">29 (6,4)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (23,8)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4">
                      <bold>Causes of mortality</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Cardiac, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (5,5)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (11,9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,032</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Sepsis, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (4,7)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Multi-organ dysfunction, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (0,6)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (2,3)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Acute Respiratory failure, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (2,3)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> Other, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0,2)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (2,3)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; In-hospital outcomes with study cohort..</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230258-30258-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Univariate and multivariate analysis to predict MACE</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="14%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Univariate</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">p value</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Multivariate</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">p value</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>HR</th>
                    <th>[95%CI]</th>
                    <th>HR</th>
                    <th>[95%CI]</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.041</td>
                    <td align="center">1.031-1.052</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1.023</td>
                    <td align="center">1.010-1.032</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Male gander</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.610</td>
                    <td align="center">0.382-0.871</td>
                    <td align="center">0.041</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Hypertension</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">2.421</td>
                    <td align="center">1.041-3.080</td>
                    <td align="center">0.026</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Diabetes mellitus</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.901</td>
                    <td align="center">0.871-1.012</td>
                    <td align="center">0.070</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>CHF</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.376</td>
                    <td align="center">0.954-2.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>hs-cTnI</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">2.581</td>
                    <td align="center">1.557-4.280</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">2.466</td>
                    <td align="center">1.422- 4.263</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Creatinine</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.452</td>
                    <td align="center">0.181-1.103</td>
                    <td align="center">0.778</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>hs-CRP</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.532</td>
                    <td align="center">1.062-2.216</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Ferritin</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.371</td>
                    <td align="center">0.952-2.009</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1.221</td>
                    <td align="center">0.816-1.837</td>
                    <td align="center">0.009</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>D-dimer</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.169</td>
                    <td align="center">0.028-1.222</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.244</td>
                    <td align="center">0.033-1.952</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Hemoglobin</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.900</td>
                    <td align="center">0.814-1.011</td>
                    <td align="center">0.007</td>
                    <td align="center">1.012</td>
                    <td align="center">0.833-1.205</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>COVID-19 (+)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">3.921</td>
                    <td align="center">2.051-7.472</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">3.431</td>
                    <td align="center">1.732-6.825</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>LVEF</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">2.106</td>
                    <td align="center">1.433-3.092</td>
                    <td align="center">0.032</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Multi-vessel disease</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.621</td>
                    <td align="center">0.982-2.688</td>
                    <td align="center">0.331</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>IABP use</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.004</td>
                    <td align="center">1.001-1.102</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Gp IIb-IIIa inhibitor use</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.786</td>
                    <td align="center">1.055-3.012</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>TIT</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1.344</td>
                    <td align="center">0.957-1.880</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1.228</td>
                    <td align="center">0.811-1.832</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Door-to-balloon time</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">2.588</td>
                    <td align="center">1.553-4.287</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">2.466</td>
                    <td align="center">1.422- 4.260</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>CHF: chronic heart failure; Gp: glycoprotein; IABP: intra-aortic balloon pump; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; TIT: total ischemic time; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; hs-cTnI: high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>COVID-19 positive patients had longer in-hospital stay, and these patients had a high rate of Killip class III and IV upon hospital admission. Echocardiographic evaluation showed that COVID-19 negative patients had a higher LVEF. There was no difference between the groups due to valve disease ( <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p>Door-to-balloon times were within 48 min and were similar in both groups. However, the TIT was significantly higher in COVID-19 positive patients ( <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref> , <xref rid="f04001" ref-type="fig">Figure 3</xref> ). Both door-to-balloon time and TIT were independent predictors of in-hospital MACE ( <xref rid="t4001" ref-type="table">Table 4</xref> ). There were no significant differences between the groups in the BARC grades for bleeding ( <xref rid="t3001" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Total ischemic time and door-to-balloon time in COVID-19 positive and negative groups.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230258-30258-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>An observational study was planned based on the experience of a single center with high patient density. These results demonstrated that COVID-19 positive, STEMI patients showed a significantly increased rate of in-hospital cardiac and total mortality, cardiogenic shock, and hospitalization stay. Similar to the present study, current literature findings suggest that patients with COVID-19, diagnosed with STEMI, had higher rates of in-hospital mortality and cardiogenic shock. <sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref> , <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>The high MACE rate in these patients may be due to many reasons. The high prevalence of DM and COPD may have contributed to poor outcomes in this group. In addition, increased systemic infections due to COVID-19 itself have led to increased mortality and MACE.</p>
        <p>Despite similar door-to-balloon times, there was a significant difference in hs-cTnI levels between the groups. Possible reasons for elevated hs-cTnI in COVID-19 positive patients include longer TIT and consequent delay in correct diagnosis. Delayed PCI and increased ischemic time may contribute to elevated cardiac enzymes. Cardiac complications may account for approximately 40% of all deaths in COVID-19 patients. <sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> Increased inflammation, hypercoagulation, progressive respiratory failure, hypoxia, myocarditis, and direct toxic effects of the virus on host cells can lead to cardiac damage. In addition, post PCI no reflow phenomenon was significantly more common in the COVID-19 group, which may affect post-procedural perfusion and lead to a cardiac enzyme increase. Therefore, heart failure and cardiogenic shock may be more common in these patients, which may explain the high MACE, Killip class, and hs-cTnI levels. <sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> We consider that non-cardiac causes in COVID-19 patients, such as sepsis, pulmonary embolism, and multiorgan failure, may contribute to the increase in hs-cTnI levels.</p>
        <p>Hypoxemia, vasoconstriction, and impaired oxygenation are common findings in COVID-19 disease, thus hospital stay is prolonged, presenting an advanced risk of the patient&#8217;s multi-organ failure, bacterial infections, sepsis, and thrombosis. <sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> Systemic inflammation activates the pro-thrombotic cascade and disrupts endothelial function, thus increasing the risk of thrombosis and related complications. <sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> Elevated inflammatory markers are associated with increased mortality rates. <sup><xref rid="B14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> Increased inflammatory response and hemodynamic changes have proven to increase the risk of plaque rupture and related myocardial infarction in influenza virus infection. <sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> We found that hs-CRP, ferritin, and D-dimer levels were independent predictors of MACE development. In addition, the inflammatory parameters were significantly higher in the COVID-19-positive group, which is similar to these results.</p>
        <p>In our study, markers indicating increased thrombotic activity, such as multi-vessel thrombus, ST, no-reflow phenomenon, the use of GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors, and the aspiration device, were detected more frequently in COVID-19 positive patients. A higher thrombus burden in COVID-19 patients is associated with an increased risk of adverse cardiac events and death. <sup><xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref></sup> In addition, distal embolization of the thrombus may disrupt the microvascular flow, leading to a no reflow-slow flow phenomenon and an increase in the area of infarction. <sup><xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>In a study by Choudry et al., inflammatory parameters were higher in patients with STEMI and COVID-19, and D-dimer levels were correlated with thrombus grade. <sup><xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref></sup> A similar result was found in another study, with a positive correlation between the thrombus grade and D-dimer levels in STEMI patients. <sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> Our study found a parallel finding with D-dimer levels and a negative correlation with the post-PCI coronary flow. Additionally, the mortality benefit of anticoagulant use in a large group of COVID-19 patients without myocardial infarction was also demonstrated. <sup><xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>TIT is an important criterion affecting mortality in STEMI patients. <sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> Prolongation of this period reduces myocardial salvage and increases the area of infarction and subsequent long-term mortality. <sup><xref rid="B21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref></sup> Current guidelines recommend primary PCI with a door-to-balloon time of 90 minutes if the patient presents to a PCI capable hospital. <sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref> , <xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref> </sup> Onder et al. showed that the mean time from the onset of symptoms of STEMI to the first medical contact during the COVID-19 pandemic was 318 minutes, <sup><xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup> and another study by Abdelaziz et al. demonstrated that this time was an average of 227 minutes. <sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup> Our study found that this time was 390 minutes in COVID-19 positive patients, and it was significantly longer when compared to COVID-19 negative patients. The prolongation of the first medical contact may have affected the increased MACE observed in the COVID-19 positive group ( <xref rid="t4001" ref-type="table">Table 4</xref> ).</p>
        <p>STEMI admissions to medical centers were diminished during the COVID-19 era. <sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> Kiris et al. compared the pre-COVID era with the COVID era itself. There was a 30.5% drop in STEMI hospitalization rates, <sup><xref rid="B19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref></sup> and another study by Little et al. reported a 21% reduction in STEMI admission in the United Kingdom. <sup><xref rid="B9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> Similarly, a 40% reduction was reported in Spain <sup><xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref></sup> and a 38% reduction in the US in these data. <sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref></sup> The present study did not evaluate this parameter, but increased TIT, and decreased admissions may contribute to increased cardiac shock, heart failure, and mortality rates in COVID-19 positive patients. The fact that the door-to-balloon time was similar between the two groups suggests that there was no in-hospital delay.</p>
        <p>Our center is an experienced healthcare institution with a high patient circulation. Nasal swab/pharyngeal samples were collected first, and primary PCI was applied to all patients in a similar time frame. Therefore, the present study could predict real-life data on adverse cardiovascular outcomes in COVID-19 patients.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations of the study</title>
          <p>Although our study emphasized the association between COVID-19 positive status and STEMI, there were several limitations. This was a retrospective and single-center work. In addition, only patients undergoing primary PCI were included. Although the total number of patients was large, the rate in the COVID-19 positive group was less than 10% and remained relatively low. In addition, the possibility of inaccuracy in swab samples may have affected the results. Since intravascular ultrasonography was not available in our hospital, stent malposition could not be evaluated clearly, which may have led to ST.</p>
          <p>This study does not remove the importance of describing the evolutionary characteristics of the COVID-19 population with STEMI and deserves further study, including already comparing the impact of the vaccine on these outcomes</p>
          <p>Our data included only the in-hospital results. No follow-up data were available in this study. Long-term data will be required to determine the association between COVID-19 infection and cardiac outcomes, such as heart failure, late stent thrombosis, recurrent hospitalization, and death.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In patients with STEMI, COVID-19 co-infection presents with poorer cardiac outcomes, delayed treatment, and increased mortality rates. Primary PCI may be an effective and preferable treatment option for these patients because of the door-balloon time according to the recommendations in the guidelines and which was similar in the both groups. In addition, COVID-19 positive patients may require more aggressive antithrombotic and anticoagulant therapy because of their increased thrombotic activity. Additional studies are needed to determine the appropriate and rapid treatment of COVID-19 patients with STEMI and to identify the underlying cause of poorer outcomes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
