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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">wt4RJFDJCQkH9fsCMZVD8QC</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000100308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230242</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Atingimento das Metas de Colesterol LDL em Pacientes com Hist&#243;rico de Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio: Estudo Transversal do Mundo Real</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6894-648X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9968-477X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6317-4847</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5039-320X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Rita</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0881-053X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Rita Reis</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0078-6512</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Presume</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1625-1459</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Trabulo</surname>
            <given-names>Marisa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5970-6353</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aguiar</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5592-6199</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1623-7382</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#243;nio M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Santa Cruz</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Santa Cruz &#8211; Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital da Luz</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital da Luz, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Daniel A. Gomes</bold> &#8226; Av. Prof. Dr. Reinaldo dos Santos, <postal-code>2790-134</postal-code> Carnaxide, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>danielssagomes@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230242</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>As diretrizes da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia recomendam um n&#237;vel de colesterol LDL (LDL-C) &lt; 55 mg/dL para pacientes com doen&#231;a cardiovascular estabelecida. Embora a f&#243;rmula de Friedewald ainda seja amplamente utilizada para estimar o LDL-C, a f&#243;rmula mais recente de Martin-Hopkins mostrou maior precis&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Nosso objetivo foi avaliar: A) a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que atingiram a meta de LDL-C e as terapias utilizadas em um centro terci&#225;rio; B) o impacto da utiliza&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo de Martin-Hopkins em vez do m&#233;todo de Friedewald na propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes controlados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal monoc&#234;ntrico, incluindo pacientes consecutivos p&#243;s-infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, acompanhados por 20 cardiologistas, em um hospital terci&#225;rio. Os dados foram coletados retrospectivamente de consultas cl&#237;nicas realizadas ap&#243;s abril de 2022. Para cada paciente, os n&#237;veis de LDL-C e o atingimento das metas foram estimados a partir de um perfil lip&#237;dico ambulatorial, utilizando as f&#243;rmulas de Friedewald e Martin-Hopkins. Um valor-p bicaudal &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo para todos os testes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 400 pacientes (com 67 &#177; 13 anos, 77% do sexo masculino). Utilizando a f&#243;rmula de Friedewald, a mediana de LDL-C sob terapia foi de 64 (50-81) mg/dL, e 31% tinham LDL-C dentro da meta. Estatinas de alta intensidade foram usadas em 64% dos pacientes, 37% estavam em uso de ezetimiba e 0,5% estavam em uso de inibidores de PCSK9. A terapia combinada de estatina de alta intensidade + ezetimiba foi utilizada em 102 pacientes (26%). A aplica&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo de Martin-Hopkins reclassificaria um total de 31 pacientes (7,8%). Entre aqueles considerados controlados pela f&#243;rmula de Friedewald, 27 (21,6%) teriam LDL-C estimado por Martin-Hopkins acima da meta.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Menos de um ter&#231;o dos pacientes p&#243;s-infarto do mioc&#225;rdio apresentaram LDL-C dentro da meta. A aplica&#231;&#227;o da f&#243;rmula de Martin-Hopkins reclassificaria um quinto dos pacientes presumivelmente controlados no grupo de pacientes n&#227;o controlados.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Colesterol LDL</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Preven&#231;&#227;o Secund&#225;ria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="32"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <fig id="f2">
      <p>A: Gr&#225;fico de densidade de LDL-C estimada pelas f&#243;rmulas de Friedewald e Martin-Hopkins. No geral, 31% e 26% dos pacientes apresentaram LDL-C dentro da meta, respectivamente. B: Gr&#225;fico circular exibindo a prescri&#231;&#227;o de terapias hipolipemiantes. Menos de dois ter&#231;os dos pacientes (64%) receberam prescri&#231;&#227;o de estatinas de alta intensidade. A intoler&#226;ncia &#224;s estatinas foi relatada em cinco casos.</p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230242-30242-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-C) &#233; um fator de risco bem estabelecido e modific&#225;vel para doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica (DCVA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Atualmente, as diretrizes da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia (ESC)/Sociedade Europeia de Aterosclerose (EAS) de 2019 para o tratamento de dislipidemias recomendam uma redu&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 50% do n&#237;vel basal e uma meta de LDL-C &lt; 55 mg/dL para preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria (recomenda&#231;&#227;o classe IA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> O colesterol n&#227;o HDL (n&#227;o HDL-C) &#233; considerado uma meta secund&#225;ria, com meta de tratamento &lt; 85 mg/dL em pacientes com risco muito alto de eventos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A terapia hipolipemiante intensiva &#233;, portanto, a chave para reduzir o risco de futuros eventos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Ensaios anteriores forneceram evid&#234;ncias de que as terapias hipolipemiantes de alta intensidade s&#227;o seguras e mais eficazes do que os medicamentos de baixa intensidade na redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por todas as causas e de eventos cardiovasculares recorrentes em pacientes com DCVA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> As recomenda&#231;&#245;es internacionais defendem o uso de estatinas de alta intensidade (um substituto para alcan&#231;ar uma redu&#231;&#227;o de &#8805; 50% do LDL-C) como farmacoterapia de primeira linha para reduzir o LDL-C e o risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Em pacientes com risco muito alto de eventos cardiovasculares, incluindo aqueles com DCVA estabelecida, que n&#227;o atingem as metas estabelecidas com a dose m&#225;xima tolerada de uma estatina, recomenda-se a associa&#231;&#227;o de ezetimiba e, se necess&#225;rio, de um inibidor de PCSK9.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Apesar de estar cada vez mais reconhecido que os maiores benef&#237;cios absolutos das terapias hipolipemiantes ocorrem em indiv&#237;duos com maior risco, como aqueles com hist&#243;rico de DCVA, ainda existe um contraste significativo entre as recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes e a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica do mundo real.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora o LDL-C plasm&#225;tico possa ser medido diretamente, na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, ele &#233; mais frequentemente calculado a partir de um perfil lip&#237;dico padr&#227;o, desde que o colesterol total (CT) esteja distribu&#237;do principalmente entre LDL-C, lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-C) e lipoprote&#237;na de densidade muito baixa (VLDL-C).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A f&#243;rmula de Friedewald &#233; o m&#233;todo mais utilizado para estimar o LDL-C.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Usando este m&#233;todo, o LDL-C &#233; calculado subtraindo-se tanto o HDL-C quanto os triglicer&#237;deos (TG) /5 (como uma estimativa para o VLDL-C) do CT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Embora conveniente, esta f&#243;rmula apresenta diversas limita&#231;&#245;es. Como um fator fixo de 5 &#233; usado para estimar o VLDL-C, a f&#243;rmula de Friedewald &#233; propensa a maior imprecis&#227;o em pacientes com n&#237;veis baixos de LDL-C e/ou n&#237;veis elevados de TG, resultando em uma subestima&#231;&#227;o significativa do LDL-C.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a f&#243;rmula de Friedewald deve ser utilizada com cautela em pacientes com risco alto ou muito alto de DCVA devido a sua subestima&#231;&#227;o significativa do LDL-C, pois pode impedir os m&#233;dicos de intensificar a terapia hipolipemiante recomendada pelas diretrizes. A f&#243;rmula de Martin-Hopkins &#233; um m&#233;todo mais recente para estimar o LDL-C e tem mostrado maior precis&#227;o do que a de Friedewald, especialmente em LDL-C baixo e TG alto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Ao contr&#225;rio da f&#243;rmula de Friedewald, a f&#243;rmula de Martin-Hopkins divide o TG por um fator ajust&#225;vel com base nos n&#237;veis de n&#227;o HDL-C e TG do paciente. Embora a f&#243;rmula de Friedewald ainda seja a mais utilizada, as Diretrizes para Colesterol da American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology de 2018 forneceram uma recomenda&#231;&#227;o de classe IIa (N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia C) para o uso da f&#243;rmula de Martin-Hopkins ou medi&#231;&#227;o direta em pacientes com LDL-C &lt; 70 mg/dL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> &#201; importante ressaltar que ambas as f&#243;rmulas foram validadas apenas para pacientes com TG &lt; 400 mg/dL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Em n&#237;veis mais elevados de TG, os quilom&#237;crons se acumulam e podem alterar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre TG e VLDL-C.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Nestas circunst&#226;ncias, deve ser utilizada a medi&#231;&#227;o direta do LDL-C.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Objetivos</title>
      <p>Os objetivos deste estudo foram: A) avaliar a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que atingiram sua meta de LDL-C e as terapias utilizadas em um hospital terci&#225;rio, e B) avaliar o impacto do uso do m&#233;todo de Martin-Hopkins em vez da f&#243;rmula de Friedewald sobre a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes controlados.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Este foi um estudo transversal, monoc&#234;ntrico, incluindo pacientes consecutivos p&#243;s-infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, acompanhados por 20 cardiologistas diferentes (cada um acompanhando 20 pacientes), em um hospital terci&#225;rio, que tiveram consulta cl&#237;nica ap&#243;s abril de 2022. Os pacientes foram considerados eleg&#237;veis quando cumpriram todos os seguintes crit&#233;rios: A) infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio tipo 1 &#8805; 6 meses antes da consulta; B) perfil lip&#237;dico em jejum, ambulatorial, dispon&#237;vel, realizado no laborat&#243;rio do hospital; C) terapia hipolipemiante est&#225;vel por &#8805; 6 semanas antes da an&#225;lise de sangue; D) n&#237;vel medido de TG em jejum &lt; 400 mg/dL.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais</title>
        <p>Dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais, bem como medicamentos, foram coletados retrospectivamente dos prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos de consultas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes. Tamb&#233;m foram coletados dados referentes &#224;s mudan&#231;as terap&#234;uticas e agendamento de acompanhamento. Fatores de risco cardiovascular e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio foram definidos de acordo com recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> As medi&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais de CT, HDL-C e TG foram realizadas a partir de amostras de sangue em jejum dos pacientes, no laborat&#243;rio central do hospital.</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi conduzido de acordo com emenda da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque. Os dados cl&#237;nicos foram coletados pelo cardiologista respons&#225;vel pelo paciente e anonimizados de forma irrevers&#237;vel antes de sua introdu&#231;&#227;o na base de dados &#224; disposi&#231;&#227;o dos investigadores. O consentimento informado dos pacientes foi dispensado no &#226;mbito do Programa de Certifica&#231;&#227;o de Qualidade da Autoridade Nacional de Sa&#250;de para o desenvolvimento de uma Auditoria Interna. N&#227;o houve aus&#234;ncia de pacientes ou dados. Os dados foram relatados de acordo com as diretrizes de relat&#243;rios RECORD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Terapias hipolipemiantes e metas de LDL-C</title>
        <p>A estatina de baixa intensidade foi definida como uma dose di&#225;ria de sinvastatina 10 mg, pravastatina 10-20 mg, lovastatina 20 mg ou fluvastatina 20-40 mg. A estatina de intensidade moderada foi definida como uma dose di&#225;ria de sinvastatina 20-40 mg, atorvastatina 10-20 mg, rosuvastatina 5-10 mg, pravastatina 40-80 mg, pitavastatina 1-4 mg, lovastatina 40 mg ou fluvastatina 80 mg. A estatina de alta intensidade foi definida como uma dose di&#225;ria de rosuvastatina 20-40 mg ou atorvastatina 40-80 mg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Os pacientes foram considerados intolerantes &#224;s estatinas quando claramente indicado nos registros cl&#237;nicos.</p>
        <p>Para cada paciente, os n&#237;veis de LDL-C e o de atingimento das metas foram estimados pelas f&#243;rmulas de Friedewald e Martin-Hopkins. De acordo com as diretrizes da ESC, os pacientes foram considerados controlados quando em um n&#237;vel de LDL-C em jejum dentro da meta recomendada (&lt; 55 mg/dL),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> ao passo que um n&#237;vel de colesterol n&#227;o-HDL &lt; 85 mg/dL foi uma meta secund&#225;ria.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram relatadas como n&#250;meros e porcentagens. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas como m&#233;dias e desvio padr&#227;o para vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, e medianas e intervalos interquartis para vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal. A normalidade dos dados foi avaliada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos subgrupos de interesse foram comparadas por meio do teste &#967;2 e teste exato de Fisher (quando aplic&#225;vel) para vari&#225;veis dicot&#244;micas; e teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado ou teste U de Mann-Whitney (quando aplic&#225;vel) para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. Modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada foram utilizados para explorar fatores associados &#224; n&#227;o prescri&#231;&#227;o de estatinas de alta intensidade e ao n&#227;o atingimento das metas de LDL-C. Apenas vari&#225;veis com valor-p &lt; 0,05 foram inclu&#237;das no modelo multivariado. Um valor-p bicaudal &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo para todos os testes. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando o software IBM&#174; SPSS&#174; Statistics (vers&#227;o 26.0).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes e medica&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Um total de 400 pacientes p&#243;s-infarto do mioc&#225;rdio foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. A popula&#231;&#227;o era composta de 20 grupos de 20 pacientes consecutivos, sendo cada coorte acompanhada por um cardiologista diferente. No geral, o &#250;ltimo infarto do mioc&#225;rdio havia ocorrido dentro de uma mediana de cinco anos (IQR 2-12) antes da consulta, e a experi&#234;ncia em pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica mediana dos m&#233;dicos (ou seja, anos desde a gradua&#231;&#227;o da faculdade de medicina), naquela &#233;poca, era de sete anos (IQR 5-26). As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes est&#227;o detalhadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> e na Tabela Suplementar 1.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="19%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Todos<break/> (N = 400)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Nenhuma terapia com estatinas de alta intensidade<break/> (N = 144)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Terapia com estatinas de alta intensidade<break/> (N = 256)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Anos de idade</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">67&#177;13</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">72&#177;12</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">65&#177;13</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Sexo masculino</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">307 (76,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">113 (78,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">194 (75,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,541</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Hipertens&#227;o arterial</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">266 (66,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">100 (69,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">166 (64,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,349</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Diabetes tipo 2</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">125 (31,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">50 (34,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">75 (29,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,261</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Hist&#243;rico de tabagismo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">228 (57,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">74 (51,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">154 (60,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,089</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Fumante ativo</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">70 (17,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">20 (13,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">50 (19,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,154</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica</bold>
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">72 (18,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">32 (22,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">40 (15,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,099</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Anos desde o &#250;ltimo IM</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5 (2-12)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">10 (5-16)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3 (1-9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                  <bold>DCVA em outros territ&#243;rios</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">AVC pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">18 (4,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">8 (5,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">10 (3,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,445</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">49 (12,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">18 (12,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">31 (12,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,909</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Eventos CV recorrentes</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">93 (23,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">38 (26,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">55 (21,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,265</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Perfil lip&#237;dico s&#233;rico</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Colesterol total, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">135 (118-155)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">145 (129-166)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">130 (114-148)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">HDL-C, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">45 (38-53)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">46 (38-55)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">44 (37-52)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,106</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">LDL-C, mg/dL (f&#243;rmula de Friedewald)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">64 (50-81)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">72 (57-92)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">62 (47-75)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Colesterol n&#227;o-HDL, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">89 (72-110)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">97 (79-118)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">86 (69-103)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">TG, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">107 (82-153)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">107 (84-157)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">107 (80-153)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,776</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Os valores s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, mediana (intervalo interquartil) ou <italic>n</italic> (%).</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica definida como taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada &lt; 60 mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup> (Equa&#231;&#227;o CKD-EPI). DCVA: doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica; CV: cardiovascular; HDL-C: colesterol lipoproteico de alta densidade; LDL-C: colesterol lipoproteico de baixa densidade; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; TG: triglicer&#237;deos.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Utilizando a f&#243;rmula de Friedewald, a mediana estimada de LDL-C sob terapia foi de 64 mg/dL (IQR 50-81), enquanto foi de 69 mg/dL (IQR 54-86) quando calculada pela f&#243;rmula de Martin-Hopkins. Dependendo do m&#233;todo de estimativa utilizado (Martin-Hopkins ou Friedewald), 102 ou 125 pacientes (26% ou 31%, respectivamente) apresentaram LDL-C dentro da meta [ou seja, &lt; 55 mg/dL] (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura Central</xref>). No total, 88% (n = 110) dos pacientes considerados controlados pela f&#243;rmula de Friedewald e todos aqueles com LDL-C dentro da meta estimada por Martin-Hopkins atingiram a meta secund&#225;ria de colesterol n&#227;o-HDL.</p>
        <p>Estatinas de alta intensidade foram utilizadas em 64% dos pacientes e 26% receberam prescri&#231;&#227;o de estatinas de alta intensidade em associa&#231;&#227;o com ezetimiba (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> e Figura Central). A intoler&#226;ncia &#224;s estatinas foi relatada em 3,5% (n = 5) dos pacientes que n&#227;o tomaram doses de alta intensidade. O grupo de pacientes em uso de estatinas de alta intensidade (com ou sem ezetimiba) atingiu n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos mais baixos de LDL-C, calculados pela f&#243;rmula de Friedewald (62 [IQR 47-75] vs. 72 [57-92] mg/dL, p&lt; 0,001) e colesterol n&#227;o-HDL (86 [IQR 69-103] vs. 97 [IQR 79-118] mg/dL, p &lt; 0,001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Ao considerar pacientes sob uso de estatina de alta intensidade mais ezetimiba (n = 102), 35% (n = 36) apresentaram LDL-C dentro da meta, enquanto 11% (n = 11) permaneceram acima de 100 mg/dL.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Terapias hipolipemiantes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="19%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Terapia hipolipemiante</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Toda a coorte<break/> (N=400)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">LDL-C dentro da meta<break/> (N=125)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">LDL-C fora da meta<break/> (N=275)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Estatinas em monoterapia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">252 (63,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">73 (58,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">179 (65,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,199</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Baixa intensidade</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3 (0,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3 (1,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,241</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Intensidade moderada</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">95 (23,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">20 (16,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">75 (27,3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Alta intensidade</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">154 (38,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">56 (44,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">98 (35,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,081</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Ezetimiba em monoterapia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3 (0,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1 (0,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2 (0,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,938</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Estatina + ezetimiba</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">142 (35,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">48 (38,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">94 (34,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,414</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Baixa intensidade</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Intensidade moderada</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">40 (10,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">12 (9,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">26 (10,2%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,857</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Alta intensidade</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">102 (25,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">36 (28,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">66 (24,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,773</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Fibratos</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">16 (4,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3 (2,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13 (4,7%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,271</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Inibidores de PCSK9</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2 (0,5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2 (1,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,035</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Sem terapia hipolipemiante</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3 (0,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3 (1,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,241</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>LDL-C estimado pela f&#243;rmula de Friedewald.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>No modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, a idade mais avan&#231;ada dos pacientes e o tempo de atua&#231;&#227;o do cardiologista foram preditores de n&#227;o prescri&#231;&#227;o de estatinas de alta intensidade (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>). Os fatores associados ao atingimento das metas de LDL-C est&#227;o representados na Tabela Suplementar 2.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lises univariadas e multivariadas explorando fatores associados &#224; n&#227;o prescri&#231;&#227;o de estatinas de alta intensidade</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="3" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">An&#225;lise Univariada</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="3" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">An&#225;lise Multivariada</th>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="center" valign="middle">OR</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">IC 95%</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor-p</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">OR ajustada</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">IC 95%</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Idade, por ano</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,045</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,027-1,064</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,041</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,021&#8211;1,060</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,858</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,526-1,401</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,541</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,812</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,524-1,258</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,350</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Diabetes mellitus tipo 2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,779</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,504-1,205</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,262</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Fumante ativo</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,665</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,378-1,168</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,156</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Anos desde o &#250;ltimo IM</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,999</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,996-1,001</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,382</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,648</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,386-1,088</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,101</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,964</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,519-1,792</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,909</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Doen&#231;a cerebrovascular</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,691</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,266-1,792</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,447</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="top">Eventos CV recorrentes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,763</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,474-1,229</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,266</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Experi&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica de cardiologistas: &gt; 10 anos vs. &#8804; 10 anos</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,937</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,279-2,932</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,002</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,885</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,230&#8211;2,890</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,004</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; CV: cardiovascular; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; OR: raz&#227;o de chances (odds ratio).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>M&#233;todo de estimativa de LDL-C</title>
        <p>Aplicando-se a f&#243;rmula de Martin-Hopkins em vez da de Friedewald, um total de 31 pacientes (7,8%) seriam reclassificados quanto ao atingimento das metas de LDL-C. Enquanto 27 (21,6%) pacientes considerados controlados pela f&#243;rmula de Friedewald teriam LDL-C calculado por Martin-Hopkins acima de 55 mg/dL, 4 (1,5%) pacientes previamente classificados como n&#227;o controlados teriam LDL-C recalculado dentro da meta (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). Os pacientes reclassificados apresentaram valores mais elevados de TG (183 [IQR 127-287] vs. 104 [IQR 79-148] mg/dL, p &lt; 0,001) e n&#237;veis mais baixos de LDL-C estimado pela f&#243;rmula de Friedewald (51 [IQR 46-54] vs. 67 [IQR 61-82] mg/dL, p &lt; 0,001).</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Diagrama de Sankey mostrando a reclassifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes, de acordo com o atingimento da meta de LDL-C ao aplicar a f&#243;rmula de Martin-Hopkins em vez da de Friedewald. No geral, 22% dos pacientes considerados controlados pela f&#243;rmula de Friedewald teriam um LDL-C de Martin-Hopkins acima da meta, enquanto 2% seriam recategorizados como tendo LDL-C dentro da meta.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230242-30242-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Mudan&#231;as de medica&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O ajuste das terapias hipolipemiantes foi feito em 70 (25,5%) dos 275 pacientes com n&#237;veis de LDL-C acima da meta. As altera&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas mais frequentes foram titula&#231;&#227;o da intensidade ou dose das estatinas (36, 13,1%) e/ou associa&#231;&#227;o de ezetimiba (48, 17,5%). Sete pacientes (2,5%) foram encaminhados para terapia com inibidor de PCSK9. A consulta seguinte de acompanhamento foi agendada dentro de uma mediana de 8 meses (IQR 6-11).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nesta an&#225;lise transversal do mundo real, relatamos o padr&#227;o de prescri&#231;&#227;o de terapias hipolipemiantes e o atingimento das metas de LDL-C em pacientes com hist&#243;rico de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, acompanhados em uma cl&#237;nica de cardiologia de um hospital terci&#225;rio. Os principais resultados podem ser resumidos da seguinte forma: (1) Houve uma subutiliza&#231;&#227;o significativa de terapias hipolipemiantes prontamente dispon&#237;veis, com estatinas de alta intensidade sendo prescritas em menos de dois ter&#231;os dos pacientes; (2) Apenas um em cada tr&#234;s pacientes atingiu a meta de LDL-C; (3) A aplica&#231;&#227;o da f&#243;rmula de Martin-Hopkins em vez da de Friedewald reclassificaria mais de 20% dos pacientes presumivelmente controlados no grupo n&#227;o controlado.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Padr&#227;o de prescri&#231;&#227;o e atingimento das metas de LDL-C</title>
        <p>O LDL-C &#233; um importante determinante do risco cardiovascular e tem sido, h&#225; muito tempo, uma meta prim&#225;ria de tratamento nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Na verdade, cada redu&#231;&#227;o absoluta de 38,7 mg/dL no LDL-C atingido com estatinas reduz os eventos vasculares maiores em 22% e a mortalidade por todas as causas em 10%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> As diretrizes atuais defendem o uso de terapia hipolipemiante (nomeadamente estatinas de alta intensidade), se n&#227;o for contraindicada, em todos os pacientes com DCVA estabelecida, independentemente do n&#237;vel basal de LDL-C, para reduzir a morbidade e a mortalidade, visando uma meta de LDL-C &lt; 55 mg/dL e uma redu&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos 50%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> &#201; importante reconhecer que estas metas s&#227;o dif&#237;ceis de obter com estatinas em monoterapia, e que a terapia combinada com ezetimiba &#233; muitas vezes necess&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Caso os n&#237;veis de LDL-C permane&#231;am acima da meta, recomenda-se a associa&#231;&#227;o com um inibidor de PCSK9.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Neste estudo contempor&#226;neo de pacientes em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria de DCVA, 64% receberam estatinas de alta intensidade e apenas 31% apresentaram LDL-C controlado, mesmo que a intoler&#226;ncia &#224;s estatinas tenha sido relatada em pouco mais de 1%. Al&#233;m disso, apesar de ter descoberto que a maioria dos pacientes n&#227;o apresentava LDL-C dentro da meta, n&#227;o mais do que um quarto estava sob uso de estatina de alta intensidade mais ezetimiba, e apenas dois dos 36 (6%) pacientes eleg&#237;veis, de acordo com as diretrizes ESC/EAS, estavam em uso de um inibidor de PCSK9. Estes resultados ressaltam a grande lacuna entre as diretrizes sociais e a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica no mundo real e, embora desanimadores, est&#227;o alinhados a outros estudos observacionais anteriores: (i) a pesquisa EUROASPIRE V relatou que apenas 29% dos pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana estabelecida, acompanhados em centros europeus, apresentavam um LDL-C &lt; 70 mg/dL (anteriormente recomendado pelas diretrizes ESC/EAS de 2016);<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> (ii) O estudo DA VINCI, incluindo pacientes em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria, mostrou que um ter&#231;o atingiu as metas de LDL-C recomendadas pela ESC/EAS em 2019;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> (iii) na an&#225;lise inicial do estudo SANTORINI, apenas 21% dos pacientes com DCVA estabelecida, acompanhados em centros de cuidados prim&#225;rios ou secund&#225;rios em toda a Europa, apresentavam LDL-C &lt; 55 mg/dL;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> (iv) no estudo LATINO, incluindo pacientes acompanhados em centros de cuidados prim&#225;rios e secund&#225;rios portugueses ao longo de 20 anos, apenas 10% dos pacientes de risco muito alto atingiram a meta de LDL-C da ESC/EAS de 2016.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Ao contr&#225;rio do que &#233; preconizado nas diretrizes, as estatinas de alta intensidade tamb&#233;m foram significativamente subutilizadas nestes estudos de grande escala, variando a sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o entre 12% no LATINO e 50% na pesquisa EUROASPIRE V, em pacientes com risco muito alto de eventos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Notavelmente, os pacientes mais velhos, bem como aqueles que foram acompanhados durante mais tempo, tiveram menos probabilidade de receber terapias de maior intensidade, enquanto, ao contr&#225;rio do EUROASPIRE V, n&#227;o foram registadas diferen&#231;as relacionadas ao sexo nos padr&#245;es de prescri&#231;&#227;o ou no atingimento das metas de LDL-C. Al&#233;m disso, os anos de atua&#231;&#227;o como cardiologista foram um dos preditores de n&#227;o prescri&#231;&#227;o de estatinas de alta intensidade. &#201; poss&#237;vel que os m&#233;dicos mais experientes sejam menos propensos a aderir &#224;s novas diretrizes sociais e mais propensos a confiar em evid&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas n&#227;o atualizadas, como cogitado anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Apenas cerca de 25% dos pacientes n&#227;o controlados tiveram sua medica&#231;&#227;o hipolipemiante titulada, e a pr&#243;xima consulta de acompanhamento foi agendada dentro de um tempo m&#233;dio de 8 meses, apesar das diretrizes recomendarem a reavalia&#231;&#227;o do LDL-C dentro de 4-6 semanas e, se necess&#225;rio, intensificar a terapia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Esses achados destacam o conceito de in&#233;rcia terap&#234;utica, que &#233; definida como "falha em avan&#231;ar ou intensificar a terapia quando as metas terap&#234;uticas n&#227;o s&#227;o alcan&#231;adas".<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Os impulsionadores da in&#233;rcia terap&#234;utica podem ser divididos em tr&#234;s categorias: relacionados ao provedor (restri&#231;&#245;es de tempo, demandas concorrentes e falta de conhecimento), relacionadas ao paciente (multimorbidade, preocupa&#231;&#245;es com efeitos colaterais, incompreens&#227;o dos regimes de tratamento) e relacionadas ao sistema (quest&#245;es e custos de sa&#250;de).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> A in&#233;rcia terap&#234;utica pode, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, aumentar o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es evit&#225;veis relacionadas &#224; doen&#231;a e, portanto, todos os esfor&#231;os devem ser empregados para a reduzi-la.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>M&#233;todo de estimativa de LDL-C</title>
        <p>As diretrizes da ESC/EAS de 2019 n&#227;o fornecem orienta&#231;&#227;o sobre o m&#233;todo ideal de avalia&#231;&#227;o de LDL-C (medi&#231;&#227;o direta vs. calculada).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A sua avalia&#231;&#227;o precisa &#233;, no entanto, essencial, uma vez que as decis&#245;es de tratamento s&#227;o muitas vezes baseadas no atingimento de uma meta espec&#237;fica. Apesar dos m&#233;todos diretos estarem cada vez mais dispon&#237;veis, a f&#243;rmula de Friedewald de 1972 ainda &#233; a mais utilizada para estimar o LDL-C. Na verdade, a quantifica&#231;&#227;o da Apolipoprote&#237;na B (ApoB), padr&#227;o-ouro para medi&#231;&#227;o do LDL-C plasm&#225;tico, n&#227;o &#233; conveniente para uso rotineiro, pois &#233; cara, trabalhosa e pode ser realizada somente em laborat&#243;rios especializados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, os ensaios qu&#237;micos diretos carecem de padroniza&#231;&#227;o e seu desempenho depende do tipo de m&#233;todo e reagentes, justificando cautela na interpreta&#231;&#227;o e compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Uma das advert&#234;ncias do uso da f&#243;rmula de Friedewald &#233; que ela subestima significativamente o LDL-C em pacientes com n&#237;veis baixos de LDL-C e/ou n&#237;veis elevados de TG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Como tal, pode n&#227;o ser ideal para pacientes de risco muito alto, nos quais os n&#237;veis recomendados de LDL-C s&#227;o significativamente baixos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A f&#243;rmula de Martin-Hopkins mostrou maior correla&#231;&#227;o com os n&#237;veis de LDL-C medidos por ultracentrifuga&#231;&#227;o, especialmente em valores mais baixos (&lt; 40 mg/dL), conforme demonstrado por Martin et al. em uma an&#225;lise do ensaio FOURIER.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Em pacientes de risco muito alto, descobrimos que a aplica&#231;&#227;o de Martin-Hopkins mais recente reclassificaria cerca de 20% dos pacientes, anteriormente considerados controlados, no grupo n&#227;o controlado, enquanto menos de 2% seriam recategorizados como tendo um LDL-C dentro da meta. Sendo assim, estimar rotineiramente o LDL-C pelo m&#233;todo de Martin-Hopkins em pacientes com risco muito alto aumentaria o n&#250;mero de pacientes n&#227;o controlados, nos quais a intensifica&#231;&#227;o da terapia &#233; justificada. Esses achados est&#227;o alinhados com as diretrizes americanas de 2018 que recomendam a medi&#231;&#227;o direta ou o uso da f&#243;rmula de Martin-Hopkins para obter n&#237;veis de LDL-C quando LDL-C &lt; 70 mg/dL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>N&#227;o obstante, deve-se notar que, sob certas circunst&#226;ncias, incluindo n&#237;veis elevados de TG, diabetes, obesidade e LDL-C muito baixo, tanto o LDL-C calculado como o medido diretamente podem subestimar o risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Nesses casos, a an&#225;lise de ApoB, que de outra forma est&#225; altamente correlacionada com LDL-C e colesterol n&#227;o-HDL, &#233; recomendada para avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco (recomenda&#231;&#227;o classe IC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> As lipoprote&#237;nas contendo ApoB desempenham um papel central na inicia&#231;&#227;o e progress&#227;o do processo ateroscler&#243;tico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Embora normalmente 90% das lipoprote&#237;nas ApoB circulantes sejam part&#237;culas de LDL, nessas circunst&#226;ncias mencionadas, o VLDL pode representar uma propor&#231;&#227;o maior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Tem havido um interesse crescente na medi&#231;&#227;o direta da ApoB, pois &#233; precisa, barata e n&#227;o requer jejum.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Na verdade, estudos anteriores demonstraram que a ApoB &#233; superior ao LDL-C e ao colesterol n&#227;o-HDL na previs&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares, sendo o par&#226;metro mais informativo sobre o benef&#237;cio da terapia com estatinas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Pontos fortes e limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>V&#225;rios pontos fortes e limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo devem ser reconhecidos. Os estudos observacionais de grande escala mencionados anteriormente s&#227;o heterog&#234;neos, pois recrutaram pacientes de centros de cuidados prim&#225;rios e secund&#225;rios ao longo de v&#225;rios anos, e alguns deles foram produzidos antes da publica&#231;&#227;o das diretrizes da ESC/EAS de 2019. Como tal, os padr&#245;es de prescri&#231;&#227;o desses estudos e o atingimento das metas de LDL-C podem n&#227;o refletir completamente as atuais recomenda&#231;&#245;es internacionais. Ao contr&#225;rio destes estudos, inclu&#237;mos apenas pacientes com DCVA estabelecida durante um per&#237;odo limitado de tempo em 2022. Al&#233;m disso, tamb&#233;m coletamos dados sobre mudan&#231;as terap&#234;uticas, o que fornece informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais sobre o padr&#227;o de prescri&#231;&#227;o de terapia hipolipemiante e ades&#227;o &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes. Por outro lado, este foi um estudo monoc&#234;ntrico, com um tamanho amostral pequeno. Na maioria dos pacientes, o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio foi a primeira manifesta&#231;&#227;o da DCVA. Portanto, o LDL-C basal antes da medica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o estava dispon&#237;vel para a grande maioria, e n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel avaliar se os pacientes considerados controlados tamb&#233;m tiveram uma redu&#231;&#227;o de LDL-C de pelo menos 50%. Al&#233;m disso, a intoler&#226;ncia &#224;s estatinas foi atribu&#237;da de acordo com os registros m&#233;dicos e pode n&#227;o corresponder &#224; defini&#231;&#227;o comumente aceita. Finalmente, devido ao desenho retrospectivo do estudo, n&#227;o temos dados sobre ades&#227;o &#224; terapia hipolipemiante ou estilo de vida saud&#225;vel.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo transversal, menos de um ter&#231;o dos pacientes p&#243;s-infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, acompanhados na cl&#237;nica de cardiologia de um hospital terci&#225;rio, apresentaram valores de LDL-C dentro da meta, com um padr&#227;o de prescri&#231;&#227;o sugerindo uma grande subutiliza&#231;&#227;o de terapias prontamente dispon&#237;veis. A aplica&#231;&#227;o da f&#243;rmula de Martin-Hopkins para calcular o LDL-C reclassificaria cerca de um quinto dos pacientes presumivelmente controlados no grupo n&#227;o controlado.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pekkanen</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Linn</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heiss</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Suchindran</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leon</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Park</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morrill</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blazing</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association of Apolipoprotein B-Containing Lipoproteins and Risk of Myocardial Infarction in Individuals with and without Atherosclerosis: Distinguishing Between Particle Concentration, Type, and Content</article-title>
          <source>JAMA Cardiol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>250</fpage>
          <lpage>256</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jamacardio.2021.5083</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>32 Marston NA, Giugliano RP, Melloni GEM, Park JG, Morrill V, Blazing MA, et al. Association of Apolipoprotein B-Containing Lipoproteins and Risk of Myocardial Infarction in Individuals with and without Atherosclerosis: Distinguishing Between Particle Concentration, Type, and Content. JAMA Cardiol. 2022;7(3):250-6. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2021.5083.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <app-group>
      <app id="app1">
        <label>*Material suplementar</label>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12101/2023-0242-supplementary.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </app>
    </app-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Attainment of LDL-Cholesterol Goals in Patients with Previous Myocardial Infarction: A Real-World Cross-Sectional Analysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6894-648X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9968-477X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6317-4847</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5039-320X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Rita</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0881-053X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Rita Reis</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0078-6512</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Presume</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1625-1459</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Trabulo</surname>
            <given-names>Marisa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5970-6353</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aguiar</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5592-6199</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1623-7382</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#243;nio M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Santa Cruz &#8211; Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital da Luz, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Daniel A. Gomes</bold> &#8226; Av. Prof. Dr. Reinaldo dos Santos, <postal-code>2790-134</postal-code> Carnaxide, Lisboa - Portugal E-mail: <email>danielssagomes@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential conflict of interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The European Society of Cardiology guidelines recommend an LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) &lt; 55 mg/dL for patients with established cardiovascular disease. While the Friedewald equation to estimate LDL-C is still widely used, the newer Martin-Hopkins equation has shown greater accuracy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>We aimed to assess: A) the proportion of patients reaching LDL-C goal and the therapies used in a tertiary center; B) the impact of using the Martin-Hopkins method instead of Friedewald&#8217;s on the proportion of controlled patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A single-center cross-sectional study including consecutive post-myocardial infarction patients followed by 20 cardiologists in a tertiary hospital. Data was collected retrospectively from clinical appointments that took place after April 2022. For each patient, the LDL-C levels and attainment of goals were estimated from an ambulatory lipid profile using both Friedewald and Martin-Hopkins equations. A two-tailed p-value of &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant for all tests.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Overall, 400 patients were included (aged 67 &#177; 13 years, 77% male). Using Friedewald&#8217;s equation, the median LDL-C under therapy was 64 (50-81) mg/dL, and 31% had LDL-C within goals. High-intensity statins were used in 64% of patients, 37% were on ezetimibe, and 0.5% were under PCSK9 inhibitors. Combination therapy of high-intensity statin + ezetimibe was used in 102 patients (26%). Applying the Martin-Hopkins method would reclassify a total of 31 patients (7.8%). Among those deemed controlled by Friedewald&#8217;s equation, 27 (21.6%) would have a Martin-Hopkins&#8217; LDL-C above goals.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Less than one-third of post-myocardial infarction patients had LDL-C within the goal. Applying the Martin-Hopkins equation would reclassify one-fifth of presumably controlled patients into the non-controlled group.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cholesterol, LDL</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Secondary Prevention</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <fig id="f4">
        <p>A: Density plot of LDL-C estimated by both Friedewald and Martin-Hopkins equations. Overall, 31% and 26% of patients had their LDL-C within the goal, respectively. B: Doughnut chart displaying the prescription of lipid-lowering therapies. Less than two-thirds of patients (64%) were prescribed high-intensity statins. Statin intolerance was reported in five cases.</p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230242-30242-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a well-established and modifiable risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Currently, the 2019 European Society of Cardiology (ESC)/European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS) guidelines for the management of dyslipidemias recommend a reduction of &#8805; 50% from the baseline and a goal of LDL-C &lt; 55 mg/dL for secondary prevention (class I-A recommendation).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Non-HDL-cholesterol (non-HDL-C) is regarded as a secondary goal, with a treatment goal of &lt; 85 mg/dL in patients at very high risk of cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Intensive lipid-lowering therapy is, therefore, the key to reducing the risk of future cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Previous trials have provided evidence that high-intensity lipid-lowering therapies are safe and more effective than low-intensity drugs at reducing all-cause mortality and recurrent cardiovascular events in patients with ASCVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> International recommendations advocate the use of high-intensity statins (a surrogate for achieving a reduction of &#8805; 50% of LDL-C) as first-line pharmacotherapy to lower LDL-C and cardiovascular risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In patients at very high risk of cardiovascular events, including those with established ASCVD, not achieving their set goals on a maximum tolerated dose of a statin, the association of ezetimibe and, if necessary, of a PCSK9 inhibitor is recommended.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Despite being increasingly acknowledged that the largest absolute benefits of lipid-lowering therapies occur in individuals at the greatest risk, such as those with previous ASCVD events, there is yet a significant contrast between the guidelines&#8217; recommendations and real-world clinical practice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although plasma LDL-C can be directly measured, in clinical practice, it is most often calculated from a standard lipid profile, provided that total cholesterol (TC) is primarily distributed among LDL-C, high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL-C).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Friedewald equation is the most widely used method for estimating LDL-C.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Using this method, LDL-C is calculated by subtracting both HDL-C and triglycerides (TG) /5 (as an estimation for VLDL-C) from TC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Although convenient, this equation has several limitations. Since a fixed factor of 5 is used to estimate VLDL-C, the Friedewald equation is prone to greater inaccuracy in patients with low LDL-C and/or high TG levels, resulting in a significant underestimation of LDL-C.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Furthermore, the Friedewald equation must be used with caution in patients at high or very high risk of ASCVD due to its significant underestimation of LDL-C, as this prevents physicians from intensifying guideline-recommended lipid-lowering therapy. The Martin-Hopkins equation is a newer method for estimating LDL-C and has shown greater accuracy than Friedewald&#8217;s, especially at low LDL-C and high TG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Unlike the Friedewald equation, Martin-Hopkins divides TG by an adjustable factor based on the patient&#8217;s non-HDL-C and TG levels. Although the Friedewald equation is still the most often used, the 2018 American Heart Association/ American College of Cardiology Cholesterol guideline provided a class IIa recommendation (Level of Evidence C) for using either the Martin-Hopkins equation or direct measurement in patients with LDL-C &lt; 70 mg/dL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Notably, both equations were only validated for patients with TG &lt; 400 mg/dL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> At higher TG levels, chylomicrons accumulate and may alter the relationship between TG and VLDL-C.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In these circumstances, direct LDL-C measurement should be employed.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Objectives</title>
        <p>The aims of this study were: A) to assess the proportion of patients reaching their LDL-C goal and the therapies used in a tertiary hospital, and B) to assess the impact of using the Martin-Hopkins method instead of the Friedewald equation on the proportion of controlled patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>This was a single-center cross-sectional study including consecutive post-myocardial infarction patients followed by 20 different cardiologists (each contributing 20 patients) in a tertiary hospital who had had a clinical appointment after April 2022. Patients were considered eligible if they fulfilled all of the following criteria: A) type 1 acute myocardial infarction &#8805; 6 months prior to the appointment; B) available ambulatory fasting lipid profile performed at the hospital&#8217;s lab; C) stable lipid-lowering therapy for &#8805; 6 weeks prior to the blood analysis; D) measured fasting TG level &lt; 400 mg/dL.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data</title>
          <p>Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data, as well as medication, were collected retrospectively from patients&#8217; electronic medical records of clinical appointments. Data regarding therapeutic changes and follow-up scheduling were also collected. Cardiovascular risk factors and myocardial infarction were defined according to current recommendations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Laboratory measurements of TC, HDL-C, and TG were performed from patients&#8217; fasting blood samples at the hospital&#8217;s central lab.</p>
          <p>This study was conducted according to the amended Declaration of Helsinki. Clinical data was collected by the patient&#8217;s attending cardiologist, and irreversibly anonymized prior to its introduction in the database available to the investigators. The patients&#8217; informed consent was waived in the setting of the Quality Certification Program of the National Health Authority for the development of an Internal Audit. There were no missing patients or data. Data was reported according to the RECORD reporting guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Lipid-lowering therapies and LDL-C goals</title>
          <p>Low-intensity statin was defined as a daily dose of simvastatin 10 mg, pravastatin 10-20 mg, lovastatin 20 mg, or fluvastatin 20-40 mg. Moderate-intensity statin was defined as a daily dose of simvastatin 20-40 mg, atorvastatin 10-20 mg, rosuvastatin 5-10 mg, pravastatin 40-80 mg, pitavastatin 1-4 mg, lovastatin 40 mg, or fluvastatin 80 mg. High-intensity statin was defined as a daily dose of rosuvastatin 20-40 mg or atorvastatin 40-80 mg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Patients were considered to be intolerant to statins when it was clearly stated in the clinical records.</p>
          <p>For each patient, LDL-C levels and attainment of goals were estimated using both Friedewald and Martin-Hopkins equations. According to ESC guidelines, patients were deemed controlled if they had a fasting LDL-C level within the recommended goal (&lt; 55 mg/dL),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> while a non-HDL-C level of &lt; 85 mg/dL was a secondary goal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analyses</title>
          <p>Categorical variables were reported as numbers and percentages. Continuous variables were described as means and standard deviations for normally distributed variables and medians and interquartile ranges for non-normally distributed variables. The normality of the data was assessed using the Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov test. Clinical characteristics of the subgroups of interest were compared using the &#967;2-test and Fisher&#8217;s exact test (when applicable) for dichotomous variables, and the unpaired student&#8217;s t-test or Mann-Whitney U test was used (when applicable) for continuous variables. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were used to explore factors associated with no prescription of high-intensity statins and no attainment of LDL-C goals. Only variables with a p-value &lt; 0.05 were included in the multivariable model. A two-tailed p-value of &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant for all tests. All analyses were performed using the IBM&#174; SPSS&#174; Statistics software (version 26.0).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients&#8217; characteristics and medication</title>
          <p>A total of 400 post-myocardial infarction patients were included in the study. The population was comprised of 20 groups of 20 consecutive patients, each cohort being followed up by a different cardiologist. Overall, the last myocardial infarction had occurred a median of five years (IQR 2-12) before the patient&#8217;s appointment, and the median clinical practice experience of the attending physicians (i.e., years from medical school graduation) at that time was seven years (IQR 5-26). Patients&#8217; demographic and clinical characteristics are detailed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref> and Supplementary Table 1.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of the population under study</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="19%">
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2"/>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">All (N = 400)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">No high-intensity statin therapy<break/> (N = 144)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">High-intensity statin therapy<break/> (N = 256)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                    <bold>Age, years</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">67&#177;13</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">72&#177;12</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">65&#177;13</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                    <bold>Male sex</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">307 (76.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">113 (78.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">194 (75.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.541</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                    <bold>Arterial hypertension</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">266 (66.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">100 (69.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">166 (64.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.349</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                    <bold>Type 2 diabetes</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">125 (31.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">50 (34.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">75 (29.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.261</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                    <bold>Smoking history</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">228 (57.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">74 (51.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">154 (60.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.089</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Active smoker</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">70 (17.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">20 (13.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">50 (19.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.154</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                    <bold>Chronic kidney disease</bold>
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">72 (18.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">32 (22.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">40 (15.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.099</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                    <bold>Years since last MI</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">5 (2-12)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">10 (5-16)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3 (1-9)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                    <bold>ASCVD in other territories</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Previous stroke</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">18 (4.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">8 (5.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">10 (3.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.445</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Peripheral artery disease</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">49 (12.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">18 (12.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">31 (12.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.909</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                    <bold>Recurrent CV events</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">93 (23.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">38 (26.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">55 (21.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.265</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                    <bold>Serum lipid profile</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Total cholesterol, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">135 (118-155)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">145 (129-166)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">130 (114-148)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">HDL-C, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">45 (38-53)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">46 (38-55)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">44 (37-52)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.106</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">LDL-C, mg/dL (Friedewald equation)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">64 (50-81)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">72 (57-92)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">62 (47-75)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Non-HDL-C, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">89 (72-110)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">97 (79-118)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">86 (69-103)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">TG, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">107 (82-153)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">107 (84-157)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">107 (80-153)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.776</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>Values are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation, median (interquartile range), or n (%).</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Chronic kidney disease defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate &lt; 60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> (CKD-EPI equation). ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; CV: cardiovascular; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MI: myocardial infarction; TG: triglycerides.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Using the Friedewald equation, the median estimated LDL-C under therapy was 64 mg/dL (IQR 50-81), whereas it was 69 mg/dL (IQR 54-86) when calculated by the Martin-Hopkins equation. Depending on the estimation method used (Martin-Hopkins or Friedewald), 102 or 125 patients (26% or 31%, respectively) had an LDL-C within the goals [i.e., &lt; 55 mg/dL] (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Central Illustration</xref>). In total, 88% (n = 110) of patients deemed controlled by the Friedewald equation and all of those with LDL-C within goals as estimated by the Martin-Hopkins equation achieved the secondary non-HDL-C goal.</p>
          <p>High-intensity statins were used in 64% of patients, and 26% were prescribed high-intensity statins in association with ezetimibe (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref> and Central Illustration). Statin intolerance was reported in 3.5% (n = 5) of patients not taking high-intensity dosages. The group of patients on high-intensity statins (with or without ezetimibe) attained lower plasmatic levels of LDL-C calculated by the Friedewald equation (62 [IQR 47-75] vs. 72 [57-92] mg/dL, p &lt; 0.001), and non-HDL-C (86 [IQR 69-103] vs. 97 [IQR 79-118] mg/dL, p &lt; 0.001) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 1</xref>). When considering patients under high-intensity statin plus ezetimibe (n = 102), 35% (n = 36) had their LDL-C within the goal, while 11% (n = 11) remained above 100 mg/dL.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Lipid-lowering therapies</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="19%">
                <col width="1%"/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Lipid-lowering therapy</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">All Cohort<break/> (N=400)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">LDL-C within goals<break/> (N=125) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">LDL-C outside goals <break/> (N=275) <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref></th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                    <bold>Statin monotherapy</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">252 (63.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">73 (58.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">179 (65.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.199</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Low-intensity</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3 (0.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0 (0.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3 (1.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.241</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Moderate-intensity</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">95 (23.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">20 (16.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">75 (27.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.014</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">High-intensity</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">154 (38.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">56 (44.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">98 (35.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.081</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                    <bold>Ezetimibe monotherapy</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3 (0.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1 (0.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2 (0.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.938</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                    <bold>Statin + ezetimibe</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">142 (35.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">48 (38.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">94 (34.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.414</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Low-intensity</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0 (0.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0 (0.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0 (0.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Moderate-intensity</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">40 (10.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">12 (9.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">26 (10.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.857</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">High-intensity</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">102 (25.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">36 (28.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">66 (24.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.773</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                    <bold>Fibrates</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">16 (4.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3 (2.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">13 (4.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.271</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                    <bold>PCSK9 inhibitors</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2 (0.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2 (1.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0 (0.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.035</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                    <bold>No lipid-lowering therapy</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3 (0.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0 (0.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3 (1.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.241</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>LDL-C estimated by the Friedewald equation.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>On the multivariable logistic regression model, older patients&#8217; age and attending cardiologist&#8217;s years of practice were predictors of not prescribing high-intensity statins (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 3</xref>). Factors associated with the attainment of the LDL-C goals are depicted in Supplementary <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 2</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Univariable and multivariable analyses exploring factors associated with no high-intensity statin prescription</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="2"/>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="3" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Univariable Analysis</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle" colspan="3" style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">Multivariable Analysis</th>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">OR</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">95% CI</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Adjusted OR</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">95% CI</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Age, per year</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.045</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.027-1.064</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.041</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.021&#8211;1.060</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Male sex</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.858</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.526-1.401</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.541</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.812</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.524-1.258</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.350</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Type 2 diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.779</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.504-1.205</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.262</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Active smoker</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.665</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.378-1.168</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.156</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Years since last MI</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.999</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.996-1.001</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.382</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Chronic kidney disease</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.648</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.386-1.088</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.101</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Peripheral artery disease</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.964</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.519-1.792</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.909</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Cerebrovascular disease</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.691</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.266-1.792</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.447</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Recurrent CV events</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.763</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.474-1.229</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.266</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Attending cardiologists&#8217; clinical experience: &gt; 10 years vs. &#8804; 10 years</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.937</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.279-2.932</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.002</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.885</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.230&#8211;2.890</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0.004</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>CI: confidence interval; CV: cardiovascular; MI: myocardial infarction; OR: odds ratio.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>LDL-C estimation method</title>
          <p>By applying the Martin-Hopkins equation instead of Friedewald&#8217;s, a total of 31 patients (7.8%) would be reclassified regarding the attainment of the LDL-C goals. While 27 (21.6%) patients deemed controlled by the Friedewald equation would have a Martin-Hopkins calculated LDL-C above 55 mg/dL, 4 (1.5%) patients previously classified as uncontrolled would have a recalculated LDL-C within goals. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>) Reclassified patients had higher values of TG (183 [IQR 127-287] vs. 104 [IQR 79-148] mg/dL, p &lt; 0.001) and lower levels of LDL-C as estimated by the Friedewald equation (51 [IQR 46-54] vs. 67 [IQR 61-82] mg/dL, p &lt; 0.001).</p>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Sankey diagram showing reclassification of patients according to the attainment of LDL-C goals when applying the Martin-Hopkins equation instead of Friedewald&#8217;s. Overall, 22% of the patients who were considered controlled by the Friedewald equation would have a Martin-Hopkins LDL-C above goals, whereas 2% would be recategorized as having LDL-C within goals.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230242-30242-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medication changes</title>
          <p>Adjustment of lipid-lowering therapies was made in 70 (25.5%) of the 275 patients with LDL-C levels above goals. The most frequent medication changes were titration of statin intensity or dose (36, 13.1%) and/or association of ezetimibe (48, 17.5%). Seven patients (2.5%) were referred for PCSK9 inhibitor therapy. The next follow-up appointment was scheduled within a median of 8 months (IQR 6-11).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this real-world cross-sectional analysis, we report the prescription pattern of lipid-lowering therapies and attainment of LDL-C goals in patients with prior myocardial infarction followed in a Cardiology clinic of a tertiary Hospital. The main results can be summarized as follows: (1) There was a significant underutilization of readily available lipid-lowering therapies, with high-intensity statins being prescribed in less than two-thirds of the patients; (2) Only one in every three patients reached their LDL-C goal; (3) Applying the Martin-Hopkins equation instead of Friedewald&#8217;s would reclassify more than 20% of presumably controlled patients into the non-controlled group.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Prescription pattern and attainment of LDL-C goals</title>
          <p>LDL-C is a major determinant of cardiovascular risk and has long been a primary treatment goal in clinical recommendations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In fact, every 38.7 mg/dL absolute reduction in LDL-C achieved with statins decreases major vascular events by 22% and all-cause mortality drops by 10%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Current guidelines advocate the use of lipid-lowering therapy (namely high-intensity statins), if not contraindicated, in all patients with established ASCVD irrespectively of baseline LDL-C level to reduce morbidity and mortality, aiming for a goal of LDL-C &lt; 55 mg/dL and a reduction of at least 50%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> It is important to acknowledge that these goals are difficult to obtain with statin monotherapy and combination therapy with ezetimibe is often necessary.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Should LDL-C levels remain above goals, association with a PCSK9 inhibitor is recommended.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In this contemporary study of patients in ASCVD secondary prevention, 64% were prescribed high-intensity statins, and only about 31% had a controlled LDL-C, even if statin intolerance was reported in just over 1%. Furthermore, despite having found that most patients did not have LDL-C within the goal, no more than one-fourth was under high-intensity statin plus ezetimibe, and only two out of 36 (6%) eligible patients, according to the ESC/EAS guidelines, were taking a PCSK9 inhibitor. These results outline the large gap between societal guidelines and real-world clinical practice and, although discouraging, are in line with other previous observational studies: (i) EUROASPIRE V survey reported that only 29% of patients with established coronary heart disease followed in European centers had an LDL-C &lt; 70 mg/dL (previously recommended by the 2016 ESC/EAS guidelines);<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> (ii) DA VINCI study, including patients in primary and secondary prevention, showed that one-third of them reached the 2019 ESC/EAS LDL-C recommended goals;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> (iii) in the baseline analysis of the SANTORINI study, only 21% of patients with established ASCVD followed in primary or secondary care sites across Europe had LDL-C &lt; 55 mg/dL;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> (iv) in the LATINO study, including patients followed in Portuguese primary and secondary care sites over 20 years, only 10% of very-high-risk patients achieved the 2016 ESC/EAS LDL-C goal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Contrarily to what is advocated in the guidelines, high-intensity statins were also significantly underutilized in these large-scale studies, with their use ranging from 12% in LATINO to 50% in the EUROASPIRE V survey in patients at a very high risk of cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Remarkably, older patients, as well as those who had been followed for a longer time, were less likely to receive higher-intensity therapies. At the same time, as opposed to EUROASPIRE V, no sex-related differences in prescription patterns or attainment of LDL-C goals were registered. Furthermore, the attending cardiologist&#8217;s years of practice were one of the predictors of not prescribing high-intensity statins. It is possible that more-experienced physicians were less likely to adhere to newer societal guidelines and more likely to rely on clinical evidence that is not up to date, as hypothesized previously.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Only roughly 25% of uncontrolled patients had their lipid-lowering medication up-titrated, and the next follow-up appointment was scheduled within a median time of 8 months, despite guidelines recommending reassessing LDL-C within 4-6 weeks and, if necessary, intensifying therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> These findings highlight the concept of therapeutic inertia, which is defined as "failure to advance or intensify therapy when therapeutic goals are not reached."<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> The drivers of therapeutic inertia can be divided into three categories: provider-related (time constraints, competing demands, and lack of knowledge), patient-related (multimorbidity, concerns over side effects, misunderstanding of treatment regimens), and system-related (healthcare issues and costs).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Therapeutic inertia may increase the risk of preventable disease-related complications, and therefore, all efforts should be employed to reduce it.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>LDL-C estimation method</title>
          <p>The 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines offer no direction on the most suitable method of evaluating LDL-C (direct measurement vs. calculated).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Its accurate assessment is, however, essential as treatment decisions are often based on the achievement of a specific goal. Despite direct methods being increasingly available, the 1972 Friedewald equation is still the most widely used to estimate LDL-C. In fact, Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) quantification, the gold standard for plasma LDL-C measurement, is not convenient for routine use as it is expensive, laborious, and can only be performed in specialized laboratories.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Furthermore, direct chemical assays lack standardization, and their performance depends on the type of method and reagents, warranting caution when interpreting and comparing the results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
          <p>One of the caveats of using the Friedewald equation is that it significantly underestimates LDL-C in patients with low LDL-C and/or high TG levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> As such, it may not be ideal for very-high-risk patients in whom the recommended LDL-C levels are significantly low.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The Martin-Hopkins equation has shown a greater correlation with LDL-C measured levels by ultracentrifugation, especially at lower values (&lt; 40 mg/dL), as demonstrated by Martin et al. in an analysis of the FOURIER trial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> In very-high-risk patients, we found that applying the newer Martin-Hopkins would reclassify roughly 20% of previously deemed controlled patients into the non-controlled group, while less than 2% would be recategorized as having an LDL-C within goals. Accordingly, routinely estimating LDL-C by the Martin-Hopkins method in patients at very high risk would increase the number of uncontrolled patients with whom therapy intensification is warranted. These findings are in line with the 2018 American guidelines that recommend either direct measurement or the use of the Martin-Hopkins equation to obtain LDL-C levels when LDL-C &lt; 70 mg/dL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Notwithstanding, it should be noted that under certain circumstances, including elevated TG levels, diabetes, obesity, and very low LDL-C, both calculated and directly measured LDL-C may underestimate the cardiovascular risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> In such cases, ApoB analysis, which is otherwise very highly correlated to LDL-C and non-HDL-C, is recommended for risk assessment (class IC recommendation).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> ApoB-containing lipoproteins play a leading role in the initiation and progression of the atherosclerotic process.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Although typically 90% of the circulating ApoB lipoproteins are LDL particles, under those mentioned circumstances, VLDL may represent a greater proportion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> There has been an increasing interest in the direct measurement of ApoB as it is accurate, inexpensive, and does not require fasting.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> In fact, previous studies have shown that ApoB is superior to LDL-C and non-HDL-C for predicting cardiovascular events and is the most informative parameter on the benefit of statin therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Strengths and limitations</title>
          <p>Several strengths and limitations of this study must be acknowledged. The large-scale observational studies mentioned previously are heterogeneous as they recruited patients from both primary and secondary care sites over several years, and some of them were produced before the publication of the 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines. As such, these studies&#8217; prescription patterns and attainment of LDL-C goals may not completely reflect current international recommendations. Unlike these studies, we only included patients with established ASCVD during a limited period of time in 2022. Furthermore, we also collected data regarding therapeutic changes, which provides additional insights into the pattern of lipid-lowering therapy prescription and adherence to guidelines&#8217; recommendations. On the other hand, this was a single-center study with a small sample size. In most patients, acute myocardial infarction was the first manifestation of ASCVD. Therefore, baseline LDL-C before medication was unavailable for the vast majority, and it was not possible to assess whether patients deemed controlled also had a reduction of LDL-C of at least 50%. Also, statin intolerance was ascribed according to physician records and may not correspond to the commonly accepted definition. Finally, due to the study&#8217;s retrospective design, we have no data regarding adherence to lipid-lowering therapy or a healthy lifestyle.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In this cross-sectional study, less than one-third of post-myocardial infarction patients followed in a tertiary hospital&#8217;s Cardiology clinic had LDL-C values within the goal, with a prescription pattern suggesting a large underutilization of readily available therapies. Applying the Martin-Hopkins equation to calculate LDL-C would reclassify roughly one-fifth of presumably controlled patients into the non-controlled group.</p>
      </sec>
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      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>tudy association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app2">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2024/12101/2023-0242-supplementary.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </app>
      </app-group>
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