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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">rhmjSBjtrwv6JgW7JdbPkhz</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000100303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230229</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Diferen&#231;as entre Duas Condi&#231;&#245;es Card&#237;acas Hipertr&#243;ficas Distintas: Doen&#231;a de Fabry Versus Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4440-9599</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Akhan</surname>
            <given-names>Onur</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0775-8992</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>K&#305;&#351;</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8470-1928</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>G&#252;zel</surname>
            <given-names>Tuncay</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zoghi</surname>
            <given-names>Mehdi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Bilecik Training and Research Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bilecik</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Bilecik Training and Research Hospital &#8211; Cardiology, Bilecik &#8211; Turquia </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Izmir</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine &#8211; Cardiology, Izmir &#8211; Turquia </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Health Science University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Gazi Yasargil Training and Research Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Diyarbak&#305;r</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Health Science University , Gazi Yasargil Training and Research Hospital &#8211; Cardiology, Diyarbak&#305;r &#8211; Turquia </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Ege University Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Izmir</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Ege University Faculty of Medicine &#8211; Cardiology, Izmir &#8211; Turquia </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Onur Akhan</bold> &#8226; Bilecik Training and Research Hospital Cardiology Department Bilecik 11230 &#8211; Turquia. E-mail: <email>akhanonur@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Nat&#225;lia Olivetti</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230229</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>A cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) e a doen&#231;a de Fabry (DF) s&#227;o doen&#231;as herdadas geneticamente com caracter&#237;sticas fenot&#237;picas de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) que causam resultados card&#237;acos adversos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p>Investigar as diferen&#231;as demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas, bioqu&#237;micas, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas (ECG) e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas (ECO) entre CMH e DF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>60 pacientes com CMH e 40 pacientes com DF foram analisados retrospectivamente como uma suban&#225;lise do &#8220;estudo LVH-TR&#8221; ap&#243;s exclus&#227;o de pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, ritmo de estimula&#231;&#227;o, bloqueios de ramo e bloqueios atrioventriculares (AV) de segundo e terceiro graus. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi aceito como &lt;0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>O sexo masculino (p=0,048) e a creatinina (p=0,010) s&#227;o significativamente maiores a favor da DF; entretanto, infradesnivelamento do segmento ST (p=0,028), dura&#231;&#227;o do QT (p=0,041), espessura do septo interventricular (SIVd) (p=0,003), espessura da parede posterior (PWd) (p=0,009), insufici&#234;ncia mitral moderada a grave (IM) (p=0,013) e o &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda (IMVE) (p=0,041) s&#227;o significativamente maiores a favor da CMH nas an&#225;lises univariadas. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica apenas permanece na creatinina (p=0,018) e na dura&#231;&#227;o do intervalo QT (0,045). A DF foi positivamente correlacionada com a creatinina (rho=0,287, p=0,004) e a CMH foi positivamente correlacionada com o PWd (rho=0,306, p=0,002), IVSd (rho=0,395, p&lt;0,001), IM moderada-grave (rho= 0,276, p&lt;0,005), IMVE (rho=0,300, p=0,002), espessura relativa da parede (ERP) (rho=0,271, p=0,006), dura&#231;&#227;o do QT (rho=0,213, p=0,034) e depress&#227;o do segmento ST (rho =0,222, p=0,026).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Caracter&#237;sticas bioqu&#237;micas, ECG e ECO espec&#237;ficas podem auxiliar na diferencia&#231;&#227;o e no diagn&#243;stico precoce da CMH e da DF.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatias</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Fabry</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="39"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a de Fabry (FD) &#233; uma doen&#231;a de armazenamento lisoss&#244;mico ligada ao cromossomo X, caracterizada pela defici&#234;ncia da enzima a-galactosidase A (a-Gal A), que deposita globotriaosilceramida (Gb3) e glicoesfingolip&#237;dios relacionados e afeta os sistemas vascular, renal, neurol&#243;gico e card&#237;aco. <sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> - <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> </sup> A DF pode ser classificada como cl&#225;ssica (grave) e de in&#237;cio tardio (n&#227;o cl&#225;ssica - envolvimento limitado dos &#243;rg&#227;os). O envolvimento card&#237;aco &#233; o principal fator progn&#243;stico e &#233; frequentemente caracterizado por aumento da espessura/massa da parede do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), anormalidades funcionais, valvopatia, arritmias e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. <sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> </sup> A incid&#234;ncia de DF varia de 1/40.000 a 1/117.000, e a preval&#234;ncia de DF na hipertrofia inexplic&#225;vel do VE (HVE) varia de 0% a 12%. <sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> - <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> </sup> Em um estudo realizado em 2023, 19,5% dos pacientes com hipertrofia do VE de origem desconhecida apresentavam diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade da enzima a-Gal A. <sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> Devido &#224; inativa&#231;&#227;o aleat&#243;ria do cromossomo X, pacientes do sexo feminino podem apresentar sintomas t&#227;o graves quanto pacientes do sexo masculino ou ser assintom&#225;ticos. <sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> - <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref> </sup> A natureza ligada ao cromossomo X da DF causa disparidades diagn&#243;sticas entre os sexos. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da menor atividade de a-Gal em pacientes do sexo masculino &#233; diagn&#243;stica. A atividade da a-Gal A pode ser lim&#237;trofe ou normal em mulheres, portanto o sequenciamento gen&#233;tico &#224;s vezes &#233; a &#250;nica maneira de diagnosticar. <sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref> , <xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref> </sup> </p>
      <p>A cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH), uma doen&#231;a card&#237;aca gen&#233;tica de transmiss&#227;o autoss&#244;mica dominante (causada por uma muta&#231;&#227;o nas prote&#237;nas do sarc&#244;mero) com caracter&#237;sticas fenot&#237;picas de HVE com uma incid&#234;ncia de 1/500, causa consequ&#234;ncias card&#237;acas graves, como arritmias ventriculares, maior risco de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e morte card&#237;aca s&#250;bita. <sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref> - <xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref> </sup> </p>
      <p>As diretrizes da CHM recomendam a investiga&#231;&#227;o de causas at&#237;picas de HVE, como a DF. <sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> , <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> , <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref> </sup> As mulheres s&#227;o subdiagnosticadas em ambas as doen&#231;as, talvez devido &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas da doen&#231;a ou aos m&#233;todos de triagem. <sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref> , <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref> , <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref> , <xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref> </sup> O reconhecimento e a diferencia&#231;&#227;o precoces s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para tratar a DF e a CMH, especialmente o envolvimento card&#237;aco. Consequentemente, esses dist&#250;rbios podem ser tratados precocemente, melhorando a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. <sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> , <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref> , <xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref> - <xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref> </sup> </p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, objetivamos avaliar as caracter&#237;sticas eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas (ECG) e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas (ECO) de forma padronizada, minimizando os poss&#237;veis fatores de confus&#227;o com exclus&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA), Bloqueio de ramo direito (BRD), bloqueios atrioventriculares (AV) de 2&#186; e 3&#186; graus e o ritmo do marca-passo para o in&#237;cio diagn&#243;stico e diferencia&#231;&#227;o de ambas as doen&#231;as.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo &#233; uma an&#225;lise de subgrupo do estudo nacional, multic&#234;ntrico, observacional e de triagem &#8216;LVH-TR&#8217; realizada em 22 centros entre fevereiro de 2020 e agosto de 2021. No estudo LVH-TR, a taxa de pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de CMH foi de 7,5% (66 pacientes). Na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial do estudo LVH-TR, fatores como hipertens&#227;o, valvulopatias, doen&#231;as card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica, cardiomiopatias infiltrativas, cora&#231;&#227;o de atleta e cardiomiopatia ventricular esquerda n&#227;o compactada foram reconhecidos como poss&#237;veis causas de HVE. Os pacientes que foram avaliados inicialmente e apresentaram HVE de origem desconhecida foram submetidos ao algoritmo DF. Pacientes com suspeita de DF, com achados cl&#237;nicos (dor neurop&#225;tica, dor de est&#244;mago, diarreia, hipoidrose,&#8230;), exame f&#237;sico (angioqueratoma, perda auditiva, opacidades da c&#243;rnea&#8230;), laboratoriais (protein&#250;ria&#8230;), ECG, ECO e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca foram considerados para avalia&#231;&#227;o adicional. N&#237;veis baixos da enzima &#945;-Gal-A foram detectados em 43 pacientes com HVE avaliados no grupo DF do nosso estudo. Os pacientes Fabry em nosso estudo consistiam em fen&#243;tipos geralmente mais leves. A muta&#231;&#227;o do gene GLA foi geralmente vista como uma muta&#231;&#227;o <italic>missense</italic> e foi positiva em 14 pacientes, dos quais 5 eram do sexo feminino e 9 do sexo masculino. Pacientes do sexo feminino n&#227;o apresentavam muta&#231;&#245;es variantes de significado incerto. <sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref> , <xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref> </sup> DF foi diagnosticada com menor atividade de a-Gal em homens e an&#225;lise de muta&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica em mulheres em pacientes com HVE inexplicada. Embora a menor atividade de A-Gal A em homens seja suficiente para o diagn&#243;stico, a an&#225;lise gen&#233;tica foi realizada para avalia&#231;&#227;o adicional. Notavelmente, indiv&#237;duos com diagn&#243;stico preexistente de DF n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos. Assim, se verifica que nenhum dos pacientes identificados com DF recebe terapia de reposi&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica durante o per&#237;odo diagn&#243;stico. Nosso estudo n&#227;o observou rela&#231;&#227;o familiar entre os pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de DF.</p>
      <p>Os pacientes com bloqueio AV de 2&#186; e 3&#186; graus, BRD, FA e ritmo de marca-passo foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo para compara&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos de forma padronizada. Ap&#243;s a exclus&#227;o, foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo 60 pacientes com CMH e 40 com DF em ritmo sinusal (o diagrama de Consort e o resumo dos resultados s&#227;o mostrados na <xref rid="f01" ref-type="fig">Figura Central</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura Central</label>
          <caption>
            <title>: Diferen&#231;as entre Duas Condi&#231;&#245;es Card&#237;acas Hipertr&#243;ficas Distintas: Doen&#231;a de Fabry Versus Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</title>
            <p>
              <italic>Diagrama Consort e resumo dos resultados.</italic>
            </p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230229-30229-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, sintomas, medicamentos, dados de medi&#231;&#227;o bioqu&#237;mica padr&#227;o (glicose no sangue, HgA1c, hemoglobina, ureia, creatina, taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (TFG), troponina T de alta sensibilidade (TnT), Nt-pro-BNP), dados de ECG e ECO foram comparados para CHM e DF.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise eletrocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
        <p>Em repouso, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, o tempo PR, a largura do QRS e a dura&#231;&#227;o do QT foram avaliados a partir dos ECGs padr&#227;o de registro de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es (velocidade do papel de 10 mV/mm e 25 mm/s). A f&#243;rmula de Bazett (QT/&#8730;RR) mede o intervalo QT corrigido (QTc). Al&#233;m disso, negatividade T, achatamento da onda T, depress&#227;o do segmento ST (os valores do limiar de depress&#227;o do ponto J s&#227;o -0,05 mV nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V2 e V3 e -0,1 mV em todas as outras deriva&#231;&#245;es para homens e mulheres) e &#205;ndice de Sokolow-Lyon A positividade (SLI = SV1 + VD5 ou V6 &#8805; 35 mm) foi registrada de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes de eletrocardiografia da <italic>American Heart Association</italic> .</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o ECO transtor&#225;cica padr&#227;o com eixo longo paraesternal, eixo curto paraesternal, incid&#234;ncias apicais de duas c&#226;maras e apicais de quatro c&#226;maras s&#227;o avaliadas de acordo com as diretrizes atuais. A HVE &#233; diagnosticada pelo IMVE, corrigido pela &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal (ASC). A massa do VE &#233; calculada com a f&#243;rmula 0,8&#215;1,04&#215;[(DDVE + IVSd +PWd)3 &#8211; DDVE3]+0,6, e o IMVE tamb&#233;m &#233; calculado com a f&#243;rmula Massa do VE/SC. A espessura relativa da parede (ERP) &#233; calculada pela f&#243;rmula (2 x LV-PWd / DDVE), e o modo M &#233; usado para a medi&#231;&#227;o do IVSd na fase diast&#243;lica (DDfVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, IVSd: espessura diast&#243;lica do septo interventricular , PWd: Espessura diast&#243;lica da parede posterior).</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a exclus&#227;o de doen&#231;as sist&#234;micas, como miopatias mitocondriais, doen&#231;as de armazenamento de glicog&#234;nio/lisossomas em crian&#231;as, DF, amiloidose, sarcoide, hemocromatose e cardiomiopatia de Danon e causas secund&#225;rias de HVE, como cora&#231;&#227;o de atleta, cardiomiopatia hipertensiva, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC), obstru&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica causada por les&#245;es obstrutivas do lado esquerdo (estenose valvular ou subvalvar), ou obstru&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s infarto &#226;ntero-apical e cardiomiopatia de estresse, espessura de parede &#8805;15 mm em um ou mais segmentos mioc&#225;rdicos no VE &#233; diagnosticada como CMH.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Teste de atividade enzim&#225;tica de &#945;-Galactosidase A</title>
        <p>Um m&#233;todo fluorim&#233;trico &#233; usado para medir a atividade da enzima &#945;-Gal-A (AGAL), com teste de sangue seco obtido pela aspira&#231;&#227;o de amostras de sangue venoso perif&#233;rico em papel de amostra de sangue seco (Substrato: 4-Metilumbeliferil-&#945;-D-galactopiranos&#237;deo (TRC, M334475) - Inibidor: N-Acetil-D-galactosamina (Sigma, A2795)). A incuba&#231;&#227;o foi feita a 37&#176;C durante 17 horas e a rea&#231;&#227;o foi interrompida. A fluoresc&#234;ncia foi registrada no fluor&#237;metro (Ex: 366 nm - Em: 442 nm), e a curva de calibra&#231;&#227;o foi criada (4-Metilumbeliferona (Sigma M1381)). O valor limite foi determinado como &gt;2,50 nmol/mL/h para a faixa usual de atividade AGAL pelo teste de caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor (ROC) realizado pelo &#8216;grupo de laborat&#243;rio Duzen&#8217;.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de muta&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; an&#225;lise genot&#237;pica para DF, a an&#225;lise da sequ&#234;ncia do gene GLA foi realizada com o m&#233;todo de sequenciamento de pr&#243;xima gera&#231;&#227;o (NGS). Os produtos de PCR amplificados a partir do DNA isolado foram sequenciados e comparados com a sequ&#234;ncia de refer&#234;ncia (NCBI Genomic Reference Sequence: NG 007119.1, NM 000169.2). As muta&#231;&#245;es da sequ&#234;ncia codificante foram relatadas entre as muta&#231;&#245;es encontradas neste banco de dados. Al&#233;m disso, foi adicionada a associa&#231;&#227;o de muta&#231;&#245;es relatadas com DF dos bancos de dados &#8216;HGMD&#8217; e &#8216;ClinVar&#8217;. Programas de an&#225;lise de modelo como SIFT, Mutation t@ster e previs&#245;es PolyPhen-2 foram adicionados para muta&#231;&#245;es que n&#227;o est&#227;o no banco de dados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Foi utilizado o programa IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0. A conformidade das vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas com a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foi examinada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Para comparar os dois grupos em termos de vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas, foi utilizado o teste-t para amostras independentes, caso a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal fosse alcan&#231;ada, e o teste U de Mann-Whitney, caso contr&#225;rio. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como n&#250;meros (n) e propor&#231;&#245;es (%). A rela&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foi examinada com o teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson e Exato de Fisher. O poder da CMH e do valor da DF na predi&#231;&#227;o foi avaliado com an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada. Os valores de Odd&#8217;s Ratio (OR) e IC 95% foram registrados. Os par&#226;metros preditores de CMH e DF foram avaliados com an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman. Os valores de rho e p foram registrados. Os dados descritivos foram expressos como valores de m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e valores de mediana (intervalo interquartil - IIQ) para vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia para todas as hip&#243;teses foi aceito como &lt;0,05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Em ambas as doen&#231;as, a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes do sexo masculino foi maior. Palpita&#231;&#245;es, sintomas de tontura e taxa de uso de betabloqueadores foram encontrados em maior propor&#231;&#227;o na CMH do que na DF. TFG, creatinina e TnT foram significativamente maiores em favor da DF. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas, uso de medicamentos e par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos est&#227;o resumidas na <xref rid="t1" ref-type="table">Tabela 1</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o de caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas, uso de medicamentos e par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Par&#226;metros</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">CMH (n=60)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Fabry (n=40)</th>
                <th>valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, m&#233;dia&#177;dp</td>
                <td align="center">53,9&#177;14,0</td>
                <td align="center">51,9&#177;12,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,483</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (70,0)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (87,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,042</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#205;ndice de Massa Corporal, kg/m <sup>2</sup> , m&#233;dia&#177;dp</td>
                <td align="center">29,0&#177;5,0</td>
                <td align="center">27,5&#177;4,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,139</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal, m&#233;dia&#177;dp</td>
                <td align="center">1,94&#177;0,19</td>
                <td align="center">1,96&#177;0,17</td>
                <td align="center">0,655</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica, m&#233;dia&#177;dp</td>
                <td align="center">132+22</td>
                <td align="center">138&#177;23</td>
                <td align="center">0,208</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o Arterial Diast&#243;lica, m&#233;dia &#177; dp</td>
                <td align="center">79&#177;11</td>
                <td align="center">84&#177;13</td>
                <td align="center">0,055</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hiperlipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (21,7)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,242</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes Mellitus, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (16,7)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,568</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Sintomas</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dor no peito, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (45,0)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (40,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,621</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Palpita&#231;&#245;es, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (55,0)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (22,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dispneia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (56,7)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (40,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,102</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cansa&#231;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (50,0)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (45,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,624</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tontura, n(%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (35,0)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (15,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,027</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#237;ncope, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (10,0)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,367</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Uso de drogas</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bloqueador dos canais de c&#225;lcio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (20,0)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (25,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,554</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#946;-bloqueador, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (85,0)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (50,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Amiodarona, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,515*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estatina, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (18,3)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,436</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros Bioqu&#237;micos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hb, g/dl, m&#233;dia&#177;dp</td>
                <td align="center">13,8&#177;1,6</td>
                <td align="center">13,8&#177;2,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,852</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HbA1c, %, m&#233;dia&#177;dp</td>
                <td align="center">5,7&#177;0,7</td>
                <td align="center">5,8&#177;0,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,705</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina, mg/dl, mediana (intervalo interquartil)</td>
                <td align="center">0,90 (0,80-1,00)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 (0,86-1,34)</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TFG (ml/min)</td>
                <td align="center">90,7&#177;27,1</td>
                <td align="center">73,9&#177;31,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nt&#177;probnp, pg/ml, mediana (intervalo interquartil)</td>
                <td align="center">321 (212-481)</td>
                <td align="center">192 (156-656)</td>
                <td align="center">0,240</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Troponina, pg/ml, mediana (intervalo interquartil)</td>
                <td align="center">11,5 (5,0-22,7)</td>
                <td align="center">44,0 (15,2-125,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>CMH: cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica; BCC: bloqueador dos canais de c&#225;lcio; BB: betabloqueador; Hb: hemoglobina; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular; *Teste Exato de Fischer.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As diferen&#231;as detectadas nas caracter&#237;sticas do ECG foram que a depress&#227;o do segmento ST foi maior e a dura&#231;&#227;o do QT foi maior na CMH do que na DF. A disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE) grau I foi maior a favor da DF, enquanto a DDVE grau III foi maior a favor da CMH. A <xref rid="t2" ref-type="table">Tabela 2</xref> mostra todos os par&#226;metros de ECG e ECO para outras especificidades e diferen&#231;as. Em nosso estudo tamb&#233;m temos a informa&#231;&#227;o de que o percentual de OVSVE em pacientes com CMH foi de 38,3% e o percentual de MAS foi de 43,3%.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" scope="col" style="font-weight:normal" align="left">Eletrocardiografia Par&#226;metros</th>
                <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal">CMH (n=60)</th>
                <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal">Fabry (n=40)</th>
                <th scope="col">valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, m&#233;dia &#177; dp</td>
                <td align="center">73&#177;15</td>
                <td align="center">73&#177;14</td>
                <td align="center">0,883</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Bloqueio AV de 1&#186; grau, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (13,3)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (15,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,814</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Negatividade T, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (65,0)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (55,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,315</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Achatamento T, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (26,7)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (22,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,637</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Depress&#227;o ST, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (65,0)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (42,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,026</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Dist&#226;ncia PR, msn, m&#233;dia&#177;dp</td>
                <td align="center">162,3&#177;31,8</td>
                <td align="center">151,5&#177;36,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,124</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS, msn, m&#233;dia&#177;dp</td>
                <td align="center">102,3&#177;12,3</td>
                <td align="center">98,0&#177;13,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,106</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" align="left">Dura&#231;&#227;o do QT, msn, m&#233;dia&#177;dp</td>
                <td align="center">412,7&#177;65,1</td>
                <td align="center">388,1&#177;39,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,035</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Dura&#231;&#227;o do QTc, m&#233;dia&#177;dp</td>
                <td align="center">447,3&#177;70,9</td>
                <td align="center">423,7&#177;39,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,058</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">&#205;ndice Sokolow-Lyon, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (73,3)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (60,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,161</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros Ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">FEVE, m&#233;dia&#177;dp</td>
                <td align="center">58,6&#177;7,4</td>
                <td align="center">57,9&#177;5,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,588</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">FEVD &#8805; 45, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">57 (95,0)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (100,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,151</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">DDVE Classifica&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">DDVE Grau I</td>
                <td align="center">25 (41,7)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (60,0)</td>
                <td rowspan="3" align="center">0,016</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">DDVE Grau II</td>
                <td align="center">18 (30,0)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (20,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">DDVE Grau III</td>
                <td align="center">14 (23,3)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">DDVE, mm, m&#233;dia&#177;dp</td>
                <td align="center">43,2&#177;6,2</td>
                <td align="center">44,7&#177;3,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,148</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">DSVE, mm, m&#233;dia&#177;dp</td>
                <td align="center">28,8&#177;7,3</td>
                <td align="center">27,7&#177;4,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,310</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">IVSd, mm, m&#233;dia&#177;dp</td>
                <td align="center">19,5&#177;4,4</td>
                <td align="center">16,5&#177;4,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">PWd, mm, m&#233;dia&#177;dp</td>
                <td align="center">15,3&#177;4,0</td>
                <td align="center">13,3&#177;2,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">E lateral, mm, m&#233;dia&#177;dp</td>
                <td align="center">8,9&#177;2,9</td>
                <td align="center">6,7&#177;1,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">E Septal, mm, m&#233;dia&#177;dp</td>
                <td align="center">6,3&#177;2,3</td>
                <td align="center">5,5&#177;1,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,041</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Raiz A&#243;rtica, mm, m&#233;dia&#177;dp</td>
                <td align="center">27,1&#177;4,5</td>
                <td align="center">27,0&#177;4,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,898</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Seio de Valsalva, mm, m&#233;dia&#177;dp</td>
                <td align="center">35,4&#177;4,0</td>
                <td align="center">35,5&#177;4,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,917</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Aorta ascendente, mm, m&#233;dia&#177;dp</td>
                <td align="center">34,9&#177;3,7</td>
                <td align="center">35,1&#177;3,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,848</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Di&#226;metro VD, mm, m&#233;dia&#177;dp</td>
                <td align="center">28,9&#177;4,7</td>
                <td align="center">27,6&#177;3,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,154</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">TAPSE mm</td>
                <td align="center">20,7&#177;3,5</td>
                <td align="center">19,7&#177;4,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,232</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">PABs, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">29,8&#177;9,6</td>
                <td align="center">23,9&#177;5,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">E/e&#8242; m&#233;dia &gt; 14, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (38,3)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (45,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,507</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Volume do AE, mL/m <sup>2</sup> , m&#233;dia&#177;dp</td>
                <td align="center">62,7&#177;28,7</td>
                <td align="center">53,5&#177;11,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,028</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Velocidade m&#225;xima de TR &gt; 2,8 m/s, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (21,7)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (17,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,610</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">IM moderada-grave, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (26,7)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">IMVE, g/m <sup>2</sup> , m&#233;dia&#177;dp</td>
                <td align="center">161,5&#177;32,0</td>
                <td align="center">143,7&#177;50,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,033</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">ERP, m&#233;dia&#177;dp</td>
                <td align="center">0,72&#177;0,25</td>
                <td align="center">0,60&#177;0,15</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>CMH: cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica; AV: atrioventr&#305;cular; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FEVD: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IVSd: espessura diast&#243;lica do septo interventricular; PWd: espessura da parede posterior diast&#243;lica; PABs: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; TR: insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide; IM: insufici&#234;ncia mitral, AR: insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica, IMVE: &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ERP: espessura relativa da parede; MAS: movimento anterior sist&#243;lico.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Os preditores e preditores independentes foram resumidos na <xref rid="t3" ref-type="table">Tabela 3</xref> devido &#224; an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada. Esses resultados tamb&#233;m ser&#227;o explicados mais detalhadamente na se&#231;&#227;o de discuss&#227;o. Na an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman, tamb&#233;m encontramos uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva moderada entre DF e creatinina e uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva moderada entre CMH e PWd, IVSd, IM moderada-grave, IMVE, EPR e uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva fraca entre CMH e dura&#231;&#227;o do QT e depress&#227;o de ST ( <xref rid="t4" ref-type="table">Tabela 4</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lises de regress&#227;o univariada - multivariada para determina&#231;&#227;o de preditor de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica e doen&#231;a de Fabry</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2" align="left">Par&#226;metros</th>
                <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Univariada An&#225;lise</th>
                <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Multivariada An&#225;lise</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>OR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th>valor p</th>
                <th>OR (IC 95%)</th>
                <th>valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">0,333 (0,112-0,989)</td>
                <td align="center">0,048</td>
                <td align="center">0,561 (0,154-2,046)</td>
                <td align="center">0,381</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina</td>
                <td align="center">7.313 (1.623-32.954)</td>
                <td align="center">0,010</td>
                <td align="center">6.405 (1.371-29.925)</td>
                <td align="center">0,018</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Troponina</td>
                <td align="center">1,004 (0,999-1,010)</td>
                <td align="center">0,130</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Depress&#227;o ST</td>
                <td align="center">2.513 (1.105-5.712)</td>
                <td align="center">0,028</td>
                <td align="center">2,025 (0,719-5,702)</td>
                <td align="center">0,181</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o do QT</td>
                <td align="center">0,991 (0,983-1,000)</td>
                <td align="center">0,041</td>
                <td align="center">0,989 (0,978-1,000)</td>
                <td align="center">0,045</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IVSd</td>
                <td align="center">0,836 (0,744-0,940)</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
                <td align="center">0,945 (0,796-1,121)</td>
                <td align="center">0,513</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PWd</td>
                <td align="center">0,820 (0,707-0,951)</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
                <td align="center">0,847 (0,695-1,031)</td>
                <td align="center">0,098</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Volume AE</td>
                <td align="center">0,982 (0,963-1,001)</td>
                <td align="center">0,063</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IM moderada a grave</td>
                <td align="center">6.909 (1.492-31.994)</td>
                <td align="center">0,013</td>
                <td align="center">4,660 (0,702-30,939)</td>
                <td align="center">0,111</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMVE</td>
                <td align="center">0,987 (0,975-0,999)</td>
                <td align="center">0,041</td>
                <td align="center">1,004 (0,985-1,023)</td>
                <td align="center">0,692</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>OR: odds ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; IVSd: espessura diast&#243;lica do septo interventricular; DP: espessura diast&#243;lica da parede posterior, IM: insufici&#234;ncia mitral, IMVE: &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de Correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman para Determinar Preditor de Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica e Doen&#231;a de Fabry</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="11%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                <th>Creatinina</th>
                <th>ST Depr.</th>
                <th>QT Dur.</th>
                <th>IVSd</th>
                <th>PWd</th>
                <th>IM Mod.-Sev.</th>
                <th>IMVE</th>
                <th>ERP</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>rho</td>
                <td align="center">0,287</td>
                <td align="center">-0,222</td>
                <td align="center">-0,213</td>
                <td align="center">-0,395</td>
                <td align="center">-0,306</td>
                <td align="center">-0,276</td>
                <td align="center">-0,300</td>
                <td align="center">-0,273</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>valor p</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
                <td align="center">0,026</td>
                <td align="center">0,034</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>
                <italic>Depr.: depress&#227;o; Dur.: dura&#231;&#227;o; IVSd: espessura diast&#243;lica do septo interventricular; PWd: espessura diast&#243;lica da parede posterior, Mod.-Sev: moderada-grave; IM: insufici&#234;ncia mitral; IMVE: &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda; ERP: espessura relativa da parede.</italic>
                <italic>+ valores est&#227;o correlacionados com a Doen&#231;a de Fabry / - os valores est&#227;o correlacionados com a Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo examina caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas, bioqu&#237;micas, de ECG e ECO de DF e CMH. Devido &#224;s suas semelhan&#231;as e potenciais resultados adversos, estas duas doen&#231;as devem ser distinguidas. Assim como a literatura, nossa popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo teve mais pacientes do sexo masculino em ambas as doen&#231;as. <sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> - <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> - <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref> </sup> As caracter&#237;sticas heredit&#225;rias da DF, seu curso assintom&#225;tico no sexo feminino, poss&#237;vel vi&#233;s de triagem e modificadores gen&#233;ticos e hormonais na CMH explicam essa situa&#231;&#227;o. Em nosso estudo, o percentual do sexo masculino tamb&#233;m foi significativamente maior no DF do que no CHM. No entanto, Jungua et al. n&#227;o detectaram diferen&#231;a significativa no sexo masculino (p=0,42), e no estudo de Sacchari et al., nenhum valor de p foi atribu&#237;do em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; discrep&#226;ncia entre os sexos masculinos. <sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> , <xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref> </sup> Poss&#237;veis varia&#231;&#245;es nas caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas podem ter causado essa diferen&#231;a.</p>
      <p>Embora existam algumas diferen&#231;as na ordem de frequ&#234;ncia, angina, dispneia, palpita&#231;&#245;es e s&#237;ncope s&#227;o os sintomas card&#237;acos comuns em ambas as doen&#231;as. <sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> , <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref> , <xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref> </sup> A s&#237;ncope tamb&#233;m est&#225; inclu&#237;da na pontua&#231;&#227;o de risco de morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca do CHM. Os exames de triagem, e n&#227;o os sintomas, levam ao diagn&#243;stico de CMH, de acordo com as diretrizes. <sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> , <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref> </sup> Embora os sintomas comuns em nosso estudo fossem consistentes com as diretrizes, as diferen&#231;as entre os grupos foram consideradas coincidentes porque esses sintomas eram subjetivos e inespec&#237;ficos.</p>
      <p>Betabloqueadores, verapamil e diltiazem diminuem a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca para diminuir as press&#245;es diast&#243;licas do VE e melhorar o enchimento do VE na CMH. Os &#223;-bloqueadores s&#227;o inicialmente titulados para a dose m&#225;xima toler&#225;vel para obstru&#231;&#227;o sintom&#225;tica da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (OVSVE). <sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> , <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref> </sup> Al&#233;m da reposi&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica e da terapia com acompanhantes, medicamentos concomitantes tamb&#233;m podem ser usados para a redu&#231;&#227;o das queixas, retardando/prevenindo o progress&#227;o das manifesta&#231;&#245;es org&#226;nicas e melhora da qualidade de vida na DF. <sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref> , <xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref> </sup> Em nosso estudo, o uso de &#223;-bloqueadores foi significativamente maior na CMH em compara&#231;&#227;o com a DF, semelhante ao estudo de Jungua N. et al. (84% vs. 26%, respectivamente; p&lt;0,001). <sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> </p>
      <p>O ac&#250;mulo gradual de GL3 em todos os tipos de c&#233;lulas renais, predominantemente em pod&#243;citos, e a libera&#231;&#227;o de mediadores inflamat&#243;rios causam nefropatia por DF. <sup><xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup> A DRC &#233; exclu&#237;da da CMH devido &#224; defini&#231;&#227;o nas diretrizes atuais. <sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> Mas a CMH tamb&#233;m pode prejudicar a fun&#231;&#227;o renal secund&#225;ria a desfechos card&#237;acos adversos. <sup><xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, a creatinina e o TnT s&#227;o significativamente maiores, e a TFG &#233; significativamente menor na DF do que na CMH (todos os valores de p &lt;0,05). Como o estudo LVH-TR foi um estudo de triagem e, em primeiro lugar, as condi&#231;&#245;es com etiologia clara de HVE foram determinadas e posteriormente avaliadas para a etiologia inexplicada de HVE, e ent&#227;o o diagn&#243;stico de DF foi alcan&#231;ado, e talvez devido &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o, o envolvimento renal em pacientes com DF pode ter sido em n&#237;veis baixos (TFG: 73,9&#177;31,0 ml/min em DF). <sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup> DF e CMH podem aumentar indicadores de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica como a troponina (especialmente com OVSVE). <sup><xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref> - <xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref> </sup> Foi afirmado que a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial pode ser observada na cardiomiopatia de Fabry (definida como espessura da parede do VE igual ou superior a 12 mm na resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca) devido a altera&#231;&#245;es nos marcadores de angiog&#234;nese. Neste estudo, os valores de TFG foram 95,7 &#177; 19,6 (ml/min/1,73 m <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> ) no grupo sem cardiomiopatia, 71,9 &#177; 21,5 no grupo com cardiomiopatia e 3,7 &#177; 0,8 e 28,8 &#177; 25,2 no TnT (pg/ml), respectivamente. <sup><xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref></sup> Em estudo sobre biomarcadores s&#233;ricos em pacientes com CMH e FEVE preservada, a diminui&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros de <italic>strain</italic> foi apontada como a raz&#227;o para o aumento dos valores de TnT em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle saud&#225;vel. Neste estudo, o valor mediano da troponina T foi de 14,25 pg/ml (IIQ: 9,98, 22,83) em 64 pacientes com CMH, 65% dos quais tinham OVSVE e 10% que tinham FA. <sup><xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref></sup> O aumento nos valores de TnT em Pacientes com CMH t&#234;m sido associados a arritmias e est&#225;gios da doen&#231;a. <sup><xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, os valores de TnT foram semelhantes aos mencionados acima. As diferen&#231;as entre os grupos podem ser interpretadas com CMH com rela&#231;&#227;o OVSVE (38%), exclus&#227;o de arritmias e poss&#237;veis fatores de confus&#227;o, como diferen&#231;as relacionadas aos par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o renal.</p>
      <p>Em Jungua et al., o BRD (54% vs. 22%, respectivamente; p=0,001), dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS (117&#177;27 msn vs. 99&#177;25, respectivamente; p&lt;0,001) e SLP (p=0,004) foram significativamente maiores no grupo DF do que no grupo CHM. No entanto, nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa foi encontrada em outros par&#226;metros (todos os valores de p&lt;0,05), como QTc (p = 0,58 <italic>)</italic> . <sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, a CMH apresentou maior dura&#231;&#227;o do QT e depress&#227;o do segmento ST (medida n&#227;o observada em estudos anteriores) do que DF. O SLI positivo foi compar&#225;vel em ambos os grupos (p=0,161). Na an&#225;lise univariada, a depress&#227;o do segmento ST e a dura&#231;&#227;o do QT predizem a CMH; entretanto, apenas a dura&#231;&#227;o do QT prediz CMH na an&#225;lise multivariada. A depress&#227;o do segmento ST, a dura&#231;&#227;o do QT e a CMH foram correlacionadas positivamente de forma fraca na an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman. &#192; medida que a CMH e a DF progridem, o QT pode prolongar-se. <sup><xref rid="B36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref> , <xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref> </sup> Assim, a percentagem de OVSVE da CMH e a DF em fases anteriores podem ter afetado as discrep&#226;ncias dos par&#226;metros. Al&#233;m disso, embora seja afirmado na literatura que um intervalo PQ curto (&lt;120 ms) devido ao encurtamento da dura&#231;&#227;o da onda P &#233; um sinal de alerta para o diagn&#243;stico suspeito de DF, especialmente nos est&#225;gios iniciais, foi afirmado que o excesso de volume do AE &#233; um fator de confus&#227;o para esta vari&#225;vel. Afirmou-se que a sensibilidade e a especificidade da vari&#225;vel podem mudar com a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a. Neste estudo, al&#233;m da defici&#234;ncia enzim&#225;tica e muta&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica no sexo masculino, valores enzim&#225;ticos m&#233;dios ou baixos no sexo feminino, positividade para muta&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica em membro da fam&#237;lia, ou pelo menos um dos sinais/sintomas cl&#225;ssicos de DF ou O ac&#250;mulo de Gb3 foi necess&#225;rio para o diagn&#243;stico de DF cl&#225;ssica. <sup><xref rid="B38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref> , <xref rid="B39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref> </sup> Essa situa&#231;&#227;o mostra diferen&#231;as parciais com a metodologia do nosso estudo e pode ter feito com que a diferen&#231;a nos achados relevantes do ECG n&#227;o fosse observada em nosso estudo.</p>
      <p>Assim como Sacchari et al. no estudo de <italic>strain</italic> , em nosso estudo, pacientes com CMH apresentaram maior volume de AE do que DF (Estudo de Sacchari et al.: 48,16 &#177; 14,3 mL/m <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> vs. 38,90 &#177; 14,9 mL/m <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> , respectivamente; p&lt;0,001/Nosso estudo: 62,7&#177;28,7 mL /m <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> vs. 53,5&#177;11,3 mL/m <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> , respectivamente; p=0,028). Em Sacchari et al., ambos os grupos apresentaram menor deforma&#231;&#227;o atrial e maior IMVE do que o controle, mas CMH e DF n&#227;o diferiram. <sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> Diferentemente dos estudos mencionados, o IMVE foi consideravelmente maior na CMH do que no DF em nosso estudo. Em Jungu&#225; et al., fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (FEVE) (69% vs. 65%, respectivamente; p=0,01), espessura mioc&#225;rdica m&#225;xima (EMM) (21,8&#177;4,8 mm vs. 16,2&#177;3,5 mm, respectivamente; p&lt;0,001), OVSVE (25% vs. 5%, respectivamente; p&lt;0,001), o movimento anterior sist&#243;lico (MAS) (25% vs. 6,6%, respectivamente; p=0,01) foi considerado alto a favor da CMH. Entretanto, hipertrofia ventricular direita (23% vs. 3,4%, respectivamente; p=0,004), sVd (20,5&#177;3,9 mm/m <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> vs. 18&#177;2,5 mm/m <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> , respectivamente; p&lt;0,001) e di&#226;metro tubular a&#243;rtico (18,4 &#177;3 mm/m <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> vs. 16,8&#177;2,7 mm/m <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> , respectivamente; p=0,007) foram significativamente maiores em favor do DF. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, o EMM &#233; um preditor independente de CMH (p&lt;0,001), e o sVd &#233; um preditor independente de DF (p&lt;0,01). <sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, IVSd (semelhante a Smid BE et al.), PWd, lateral e valores de E septal, PABs, IM moderada a grave, ERP (par&#226;metros recentemente analisados diferem dos estudos mencionados anteriormente), volume do AE e IMVE tamb&#233;m foram maiores na CMH do que na DF. <sup><xref rid="B38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref></sup> Devido &#224; regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada, IVSd, PWd, IM moderada-grave e IMVE tamb&#233;m s&#227;o preditores de CMH. O DDVE grau I foi maior no DF, enquanto o DDVE grau III foi maior na CMH, mas n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; FEVE. O sVd e o di&#226;metro da raiz a&#243;rtica n&#227;o foram significativamente diferentes entre os grupos em nosso estudo. Os par&#226;metros OVSVE e MAS n&#227;o foram verificados no DF, portanto n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel fazer compara&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>As diferen&#231;as populacionais e o est&#225;gio de progress&#227;o das doen&#231;as podem ter causado essas diferen&#231;as. Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes foram internados no ambulat&#243;rio dentro de um intervalo de tempo no estudo LVH-TR, e esses grupos de pacientes foram alcan&#231;ados por triagem, e n&#227;o por telefone. <sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup> Portanto, conhecer as diferen&#231;as durante a triagem de DF e CMH, possivelmente nos est&#225;gios iniciais, ajudar&#225; a diagnosticar ambas as doen&#231;as e a alcan&#231;ar o tratamento rapidamente.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Embora nosso estudo seja multic&#234;ntrico nacional, ele s&#243; poderia ser realizado com um n&#250;mero limitado de pacientes porque as doen&#231;as relacionadas s&#227;o raras e dif&#237;ceis de diagnosticar. Como nosso estudo foi multic&#234;ntrico e avaliado com diferentes aparelhos de ecocardiografia por m&#233;dicos de 22 centros diferentes, algumas diferen&#231;as podem ter sido observadas, embora o exame tenha sido realizado de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes. Al&#233;m disso, a exclus&#227;o de pacientes com bloqueio AV, BRD, FA e ritmo estimulado pode ter afetado outras caracter&#237;sticas al&#233;m do ECG entre os grupos. Devido &#224; natureza retrospectiva do nosso estudo, alguns par&#226;metros n&#227;o puderam ser comparados de forma t&#227;o semelhante como nos estudos, como dados de ecocardiografia de tens&#227;o e an&#225;lise de testes gen&#233;ticos para pacientes com CMH.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo comparou as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas, uso de medicamentos, caracter&#237;sticas bioqu&#237;micas desses dois grupos de doen&#231;as e dados detalhados de ECG e ECO com par&#226;metros recentemente examinados e mostrou que alguns par&#226;metros espec&#237;ficos poderiam auxiliar na diferencia&#231;&#227;o e diagn&#243;stico precoce de CMH e DF. No futuro, um sistema de escore poder&#225; ser criado planejando uma base de dados com estudos multinacionais para distinguir ambas as doen&#231;as, especialmente nas fases iniciais. Por fim, tamb&#233;m podem ser criados documentos de consenso relacionados ao assunto. Portanto, nosso estudo pode orientar estudos futuros.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
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          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Linhart</surname>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2020-02-21. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Differences Between Two Distinct Hypertrophic Cardiac Conditions: Fabry Disease versus Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4440-9599</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Akhan</surname>
            <given-names>Onur</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0775-8992</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>K&#305;&#351;</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8470-1928</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>G&#252;zel</surname>
            <given-names>Tuncay</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data,</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zoghi</surname>
            <given-names>Mehdi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Bilecik Training and Reseach Hospital &#8211; Cardiology, Bilecik &#8211; Turkey </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine &#8211; Cardiology, Izmir &#8211; Turkey </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Health Science University, Gazi Yasargil Training and Research Hospital &#8211; Cardiology, Diyarbak&#305;r &#8211; Turkey </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Ege University Faculty of Medicine &#8211; Cardiology, Izmir &#8211; Turkey </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Onur Akhan</bold> &#8226; Bilecik Training and Research Hospital Cardiology Department Bilecik 11230 - Turkey. E-mail: akhanonur@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Nat&#225;lia Olivetti</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and Fabry disease (FD) are genetically inherited diseases with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) phenotype characteristics that cause adverse cardiac outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>To investigate the demographic, clinical, biochemical, electrocardiographic (ECG), and echocardiographic (ECHO) differences between HCM and FD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>60 HCM and 40 FD patients were analyzed retrospectively as a subanalysis of the &#8216;LVH-TR study&#8217; after excluding patients with atrial fibrillation, pace rhythm, bundle branch blocks, and second and third-degree atrioventricular (AV) blocks. The significance level was accepted as &lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Male gender (p=0.048) and creatinine (p=0.010) are significantly higher in favor of FD; however, ST depression (p=0.028), QT duration (p=0.041), interventricular septum thickness (IVSd) (p=0.003), posterior wall thickness (PWd) (p=0.009), moderate-severe mitral regurgitation (MR) (p=0.013), and LV mass index (LVMI) (p=0.041) are significantly higher in favor of HCM in the univariate analyses. In multivariate analysis, statistical significance only continues in creatinine (p=0.018) and QT duration (0.045). FD was positively correlated with creatinine (rho=0.287, p=0.004) and HCM was positively correlated with PWd (rho=0.306, p=0.002), IVSd (rho=0.395, p&lt;0.001), moderate-severe MR (rho=0.276, p&lt;0.005), LVMI (rho=0.300, p=0.002), relative wall thickness (RWT) (rho=0.271, p=0.006), QT duration (rho=0.213, p=0.034) and ST depression (rho=0.222, p=0.026).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>Specific biochemical, ECG, and ECHO characteristics can aid in the differentiation and early diagnosis of HCM and FD.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathies</kwd>
        <kwd>Left Ventricular Hypertrophy</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Fabry Disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Fabry Disease (FD) is an X-linked lysosomal storage disease characterized by a-galactosidase A (a-Gal A) enzyme deficiency, which deposits globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) and related glycosphingolipids and affects the vascular, renal, neurologic, and cardiac systems. <sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> - <xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> </sup> FD can be classified as classical (severe) and late-onset (nonclassical - limited involvement of the organs). Cardiac involvement is the main prognostic factor and is often characterized by increased left ventricular (LV) wall thickness/mass, functional abnormalities, valvular heart disease, arrhythmias, and heart failure. <sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> </sup> FD incidence ranges from 1/40,000 to 1/117,000, and the prevalence of FD in unexplained LV hypertrophy (LVH) ranges from 0% to 12%. <sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> , <xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> - <xref rid="B10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref> </sup> In a study in 2023, 19.5% of the patients with LV hypertrophy of unknown origin had decreased a-Gal A enzyme activity. <sup><xref rid="B11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> Owing to random X-chromosomal inactivation, female patients may exhibit as severely as male patients or be asymptomatic. <sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> - <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref> </sup> The FD&#8217;s X-linked nature causes diagnostic disparities between genders. Lower a-Gal activity evaluation in male patients is diagnostic. A-Gal A activity can be borderline or normal in females, so gene sequencing is sometimes the only way to diagnose. <sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref> , <xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>HCM, an autosomal dominantly transmitted genetic heart disease (caused by a mutation in sarcomere proteins) with phenotypic LVH characteristics by an incidence of 1/500, causes severe cardiac consequences like ventricular arrhythmias, higher risk for heart failure, and sudden cardiac death. <sup><xref rid="B13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref> - <xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>HCM guidelines recommend investigating atypical causes of LVH, such as FD. <sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> , <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> , <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref> </sup> Women are underdiagnosed in both diseases, maybe due to disease characteristics or screening methods. <sup><xref rid="B12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref> , <xref rid="B17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref> , <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref> , <xref rid="B23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref> </sup> Early recognition and differentiation are needed to treat FD and HCM, especially cardiac involvement. Consequently, these disorders can be treated early, improving patients&#8217; quality of life. <sup><xref rid="B3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref> , <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> , <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref> , <xref rid="B20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref> - <xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref> </sup> </p>
        <p>In our study, we aimed to evaluate the electrocardiographic (ECG) and echocardiographic (ECHO) features in a standardized way by minimizing the possible confounding factors with the exclusion of atrial fibrillation (AF), right bundle branch block (BBB), 2nd and 3rd degree atrioventricular (AV) blocks and the pace rhythm for the early diagnosis and differentiation of both diseases.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>Our study is a subgroup analysis of the national, multicenter, observational, screening &#8216;LVH-TR&#8217; Study carried out in 22 centers between February 2020 and August 2021. In the LVH-TR study, the rate of patients diagnosed with HCM was 7.5% (66 patients). In the initial assessment in the LVH-TR study, factors such as hypertension, heart valve disorders, congenital heart conditions, chronic renal failure, infiltrative cardiomyopathies, athlete&#8217;s heart, and LV non-compaction cardiomyopathy were recognized as potential causes of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). The patients who were first evaluated and found to have LVH of unknown origin were subjected to the FD algorithm. Patients suspected of FD, with clinical (neuropathic pain, stomach ache, diarrhea, hypohidrosis, &#8230;), physical examination (angiokeratoma, hearing loss, corneal opacities&#8230;), laboratory (proteinuria&#8230;), ECG, ECHO, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging findings were considered for further evaluation. Low &#945;-Gal-A enzyme levels were detected in 43 LVH patients evaluated in our study&#8217;s FD group. Fabry patients in our study consisted of generally milder phenotypes. GLA gene mutation was generally seen as a missense mutation, and it was positive for 14 patients, of which 5 were female and 9 were male. Female patients did not have variant mutations of uncertain significance. <sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref> , <xref rid="B26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref> </sup> FD diagnosed with lower a-Gal activity in males and gene mutation analysis in females in patients with unexplained LVH. Although lower A-Gal A activity in men is sufficient for diagnosis, genetic analysis was performed for further evaluation. Notably, individuals having a preexisting diagnosis of FD were not included. Hence, it is seen that none of the patients identified with FD are administered enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) during the diagnostic period. Our study observed no familiar relationship among the patients diagnosed with FD.</p>
        <p>The patients with 2nd and 3rd-degree AV blocks, BBB, AF, and pace rhythm were excluded from the study to compare ECG parameters in a standardized way. After the exclusion, 60 HCM and 40 FD patients in sinus rhythm were included in the study (Consort diagram and the summary of the results are shown in <xref rid="f01001" ref-type="fig">Central Figure</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Differences Between Two Distinct Hypertrophic Cardiac Conditions: Fabry Disease versus Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</title>
              <p>Consort diagram and summary of the results.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230229-30229-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Demographic characteristics, symptoms, medications, standard biochemistry measurement data (Blood glucose, HgA1c, hemoglobin, urea, creatine, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), high sensitive troponin T (TnT), Nt-pro-BNP), ECG and ECHO data were compared for the HCM and FD.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Electrocardiographic analysis</title>
          <p>At rest, heart rate, PR time, QRS width, and QT duration were evaluated from the standard 12-lead recording ECGs (10 mV/mm and 25 mm/s paper speed). The Bazett formula (QT/&#8730;RR) measures the corrected QT (QTc) interval. In addition, T negativity, T wave flattening, ST segment depression (the J-point depression threshold values are -0.05 mV in leads V2 and V3 and -0.1 mV in all other leads for both males and females), and Sokolow-Lyon Index (SLI = SV1 + RV5 or V6 &#8805; 35 mm) positivity were recorded in line with the recommendations of the American Heart Association electrocardiography guidelines.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic analysis</title>
          <p>The standard transthoracic ECHO evaluation with the parasternal long axis, parasternal short axis, apical two-chamber, and apical four-chamber views are evaluated according to current guidelines. LVH is diagnosed with left ventricular mass index (LVMI), corrected for body surface area (BSA). LV mass is calculated with the formula 0.8&#215;1.04&#215;[(LVEDD + IVSd +PWd) <sup>3</sup> &#8211; LVEDD <sup>3</sup> ]+0.6, and LVMI is also calculated with the formula LV Mass / BSA. Relative wall thickness (RWT) is calculated by the formula (2 x LV-PWd / LVEDD), and M mode is used for the IVSd measurement in the diastolic phase (LVEDD: Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, IVSd: Diastolic interventricular septum thickness, PWd: Diastolic posterior wall thickness).</p>
          <p>After the exclusion of systemic diseases such as mitochondrial myopathies, glycogen/lysosomal storage diseases in children, FD, amyloidosis, sarcoid, hemochromatosis, and Danon cardiomyopathy and secondary causes of LVH such as athletes heart, hypertensive cardiomyopathy, chronic kidney disease (CKD), hemodynamic obstruction caused by left-sided obstructive lesions (valvular or subvalvular stenosis), or obstruction after antero-apical infarction and stress cardiomyopathy, wall thickness &#8805;15 mm in one or more myocardial segments in the left ventricle is diagnosed as HCM.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>&#945;-Galactosidase a enzyme activity test</title>
          <p>A fluorimetric method is used to measure the &#945;-Gal-A (AGAL) enzyme activity, with dry blood testing obtained by aspirating peripheral venous blood samples onto dry blood sample paper (Substrate: 4-Methylumbelliferyl-&#945;-D-galactopyranoside (TRC, M334475) - Inhibitor: N-Acetyl-D-galactosamine (Sigma, A2795)). Incubation was made at 37&#176;C for 17 hours, and the reaction was stopped. Fluorescence was recorded in the fluorimeter (Ex: 366 nm - Em: 442 nm), and the calibration curve was created (4-Methylumbelliferone (Sigma M1381)). The threshold value was determined as &gt;2.50 nmol/mL/hr for the usual range of AGAL activity by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) test performed by the &#8216;Duzen laboratory group.&#8217;</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mutation analysis</title>
          <p>Regarding genotype analysis for FD, GLA gene sequence analysis was carried out with the next-generation sequencing (NGS) method. PCR products amplified from the isolated DNA were sequenced and compared to the reference sequence (NCBI Genomic Reference Sequence: NG 007119.1, NM 000169.2). The coding sequence mutations were reported among the mutations found in this database. Furthermore, the association of reported mutations with FD from the &#8216;HGMD&#8217; and &#8216;ClinVar&#8217; databases was added. Model analysis programs such as SIFT, Mutation t@ster, and PolyPhen-2 predictions have been added for mutations not in the database.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0 Program was used. The conformity of numerical variables to the normal distribution was examined using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. To compare the two groups in terms of numerical variables, the independent samples t-test was used if the normal distribution was achieved, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used if not. Categorical variables were shown as numbers (n) and ratios (%). The relationship between categorical variables was examined with Pearson&#8217;s Chi-square and Fisher Exact test. The power of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and FD value in predicting was evaluated with univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Odd&#8217;s Ratio (OR) and 95% CI values were recorded. Parameters predicting hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and FD were evaluated with Spearman correlation analysis. Rho and p values were recorded. Descriptive data were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) values for normally distributed continuous variables and median (interquartile range - IQR) values for non-normally distributed variables. The significance level for all hypotheses was accepted as &lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>In both diseases, the proportion of male patients was higher. Palpitation, dizziness symptoms, and the rate of beta-blocker use were encountered at a higher rate in HCM than in FD. GFR, Creatinine, and TnT were significantly higher in favor of FD. Comparisons between groups regarding demographic, clinical characteristics, drug use, and biochemistry parameters are summarized in <xref rid="t1001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of Demographic, Clinical Characteristics, Drug Usage, and Biochemical Parameters</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Parameters</th>
                  <th>HCM (n=60)</th>
                  <th>Fabry (n=40)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, mean&#177;std</td>
                  <td align="center">53.9&#177;14.0</td>
                  <td align="center">51.9&#177;12.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.483</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male gender, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (70.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (87.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.042</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Body Mass Index, kg/m <sup>2</sup> , mean&#177;std</td>
                  <td align="center">29.0&#177;5.0</td>
                  <td align="center">27.5&#177;4.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.139</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Body Surface Area, mean&#177;std</td>
                  <td align="center">1.94&#177;0.19</td>
                  <td align="center">1.96&#177;0.17</td>
                  <td align="center">0.655</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Systolic Blood Pressure, mean&#177;std</td>
                  <td align="center">132+22</td>
                  <td align="center">138&#177;23</td>
                  <td align="center">0.208</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diastolic Blood Pressure, mean&#177;std</td>
                  <td align="center">79&#177;11</td>
                  <td align="center">84&#177;13</td>
                  <td align="center">0.055</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hyperlipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (21.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (12.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.242</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes Mellitus, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (16.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (12.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.568</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Symptoms</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chest pain, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (45.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (40.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.621</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Palpitations, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (55.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (22.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyspnea, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (56.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (40.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.102</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tiredness, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (50.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (45.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.624</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dizziness, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (35.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (15.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.027</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Syncope, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (10.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.367</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Drug Usage</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Calcium channel blocker, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (20.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (25.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.554</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#946;- blocker, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (85.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (50.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Amiodarone, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.515*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Statin, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (18.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (12.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.436</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Biochemical Parameters</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hb, g/dl, mean&#177;std</td>
                  <td align="center">13.8&#177;1.6</td>
                  <td align="center">13.8&#177;2.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.852</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HbA1c, %, mean&#177;std</td>
                  <td align="center">5.7&#177;0.7</td>
                  <td align="center">5.8&#177;0.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.705</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine, mg/dl, median (interquartile range)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.90 (0.80-1.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00 (0.86-1.34)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GFR (ml/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">90.7&#177;27.1</td>
                  <td align="center">73.9&#177;31.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nt&#177;probnp, pg/ml, median (interquartile range)</td>
                  <td align="center">321 (212-481)</td>
                  <td align="center">192 (156-656)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.240</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Troponin, pg/ml, median (interquartile range)</td>
                  <td align="center">11.5 (5.0-22.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">44.0 (15.2-125.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>HCM: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; CCB: calcium channel blocker; BB: Beta blocker; Hb: hemoglobin; GFR: glomerular filtration rate; *Fischer-Exact Test.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The differences detected in ECG features were that ST depression was higher, and the QT duration was longer in HCM than in FD <italic>.</italic> Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) grade I was higher in favor of FD, while LVDD grade III was higher in favor of HCM. <xref rid="t2001" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref> shows all ECG and ECHO parameters for other specificities and differences. In our study, we also have the information that the percentage of LVOTO in HCM patients was 38.3%, and the percentage of SAM was 43.3%.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison Of Electrocardiography and Echocardiography Parameters</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2" scope="col" align="left">Electrocardiography Parameters</th>
                  <th scope="col">HCM (n=60)</th>
                  <th scope="col">Fabry (n=40)</th>
                  <th scope="col">p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left">Heart rate, mean&#177;std</td>
                  <td align="center">73&#177;15</td>
                  <td align="center">73&#177;14</td>
                  <td align="center">0.883</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left">1st degree AV block, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (13.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (15.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.814</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left">T negativity, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (65.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (55.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.315</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left">T flattening, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (26.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (22.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.637</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left">ST depression, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (65.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (42.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.026</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left">PR distance, msn, mean&#177;std</td>
                  <td align="center">162.3&#177;31.8</td>
                  <td align="center">151.5&#177;36.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.124</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left">QRS duration, msn, mean&#177;std</td>
                  <td align="center">102.3&#177;12.3</td>
                  <td align="center">98.0&#177;13.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.106</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" align="left">QT duration, msn, mean&#177;std</td>
                  <td align="center">412.7&#177;65.1</td>
                  <td align="center">388.1&#177;39.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.035</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">QTc duration, mean&#177;std</td>
                  <td align="center">447.3&#177;70.9</td>
                  <td align="center">423.7&#177;39.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.058</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Sokolow-Lyon Indeks, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (73.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (60.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.161</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Echocardiography Parameters</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">LVEF, mean&#177;std</td>
                  <td align="center">58.6&#177;7.4</td>
                  <td align="center">57.9&#177;5.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.588</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">RVEF &#8805; 45, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (95.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (100.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.151</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">LVDD Classification</td>
                  <td align="center">LVDD Grade I</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (41.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (60.0)</td>
                  <td rowspan="3" align="center">0.016</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">LVDD Grade II</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (30.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (20.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">LVDD Grade III</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (23.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">LVEDD, mm, mean&#177;std</td>
                  <td align="center">43.2&#177;6.2</td>
                  <td align="center">44.7&#177;3.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.148</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">LVESD, mm, mean&#177;std</td>
                  <td align="center">28.8&#177;7.3</td>
                  <td align="center">27.7&#177;4.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.310</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">IVSd, mm, mean&#177;std</td>
                  <td align="center">19.5&#177;4.4</td>
                  <td align="center">16.5&#177;4.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">PWd, mm, mean&#177;std</td>
                  <td align="center">15.3&#177;4.0</td>
                  <td align="center">13.3&#177;2.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Lateral E, mm, mean&#177;std</td>
                  <td align="center">8.9&#177;2.9</td>
                  <td align="center">6.7&#177;1.6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Septal E, mm, mean&#177;std</td>
                  <td align="center">6.3&#177;2.3</td>
                  <td align="center">5.5&#177;1.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.041</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Aortic Root, mm, mean&#177;std</td>
                  <td align="center">27.1&#177;4.5</td>
                  <td align="center">27.0&#177;4.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.898</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Sinus Valsalva, mm, mean&#177;std</td>
                  <td align="center">35.4&#177;4.0</td>
                  <td align="center">35.5&#177;4.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.917</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Ascending Aorta, mm, mean&#177;std</td>
                  <td align="center">34.9&#177;3.7</td>
                  <td align="center">35.1&#177;3.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.848</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">RV Diameter, mm, mean&#177;std</td>
                  <td align="center">28.9&#177;4.7</td>
                  <td align="center">27.6&#177;3.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.154</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">TAPSE mm</td>
                  <td align="center">20.7&#177;3.5</td>
                  <td align="center">19.7&#177;4.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.232</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">PABs, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">29.8&#177;9.6</td>
                  <td align="center">23.9&#177;5.6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">E/e&#8242; mean &gt; 14, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (38.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (45.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.507</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">LA Volume, mL/m <sup>2</sup> , mean&#177;std</td>
                  <td align="center">62.7&#177;28.7</td>
                  <td align="center">53.5&#177;11.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.028</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Peak TR velocity &gt; 2.8 m/s, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (21.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (17.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.610</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Moderate-Severe MR, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (26.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">LVMI, g/m <sup>2</sup> , mean&#177;std</td>
                  <td align="center">161.5&#177;32.0</td>
                  <td align="center">143.7&#177;50.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.033</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">RWT, mean&#177;std</td>
                  <td align="center">0.72&#177;0.25</td>
                  <td align="center">0.60&#177;0.15</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>HCM: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; AV: atrioventr&#305;cular; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; RVEF: right ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDD: left ventricular end diastolic diameter; LVESD: left ventricular end systolic diameter; IVSd: diastolic &#305;nterventricular septum thickness; PWd: diastolic posterior wall thickness; PABs: systolic pulmonary artery pressure; LA: left atrium; TR: tricuspid regurgitation; MR: mitral regurgitation, AR: aortic regurgitation, LVMI: left ventr&#305;cular mass &#305;ndex; LV: left ventricle; RWT: relative wall thickness; SAM: systolic anterior motion.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Predictors and independent predictors were summarized in <xref rid="t4001" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref> due to the univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. These results will also be further explained in the discussion section. In Spearman&#8217;s correlation analysis, we also found a moderate positive correlation between FD and creatinine and a moderate positive correlation between HCM and PWd, IVSd, moderate-severe MR, LVMI, RWT, and a weak positive correlation between HCM and QT duration and ST depression ( <xref rid="t3001" ref-type="table">Table 4</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Univariate - Multivariate Regression Analyses for Determining Predictor of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Fabry Disease</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2" align="left">Parameters</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Univariate Analysis</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Multivariate Analysis</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>OR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                  <th>OR (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male gender</td>
                  <td align="center">0.333 (0.112-0.989)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.048</td>
                  <td align="center">0.561 (0.154-2.046)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.381</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine</td>
                  <td align="center">7.313 (1.623-32.954)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.010</td>
                  <td align="center">6.405 (1.371-29.925)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.018</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Troponin</td>
                  <td align="center">1.004 (0.999-1.010)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.130</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ST depression</td>
                  <td align="center">2.513 (1.105-5.712)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.028</td>
                  <td align="center">2.025 (0.719-5.702)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.181</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QT duration</td>
                  <td align="center">0.991 (0.983-1.000)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.041</td>
                  <td align="center">0.989 (0.978-1.000)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.045</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IVSd</td>
                  <td align="center">0.836 (0.744-0.940)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  <td align="center">0.945 (0.796-1.121)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.513</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PWd</td>
                  <td align="center">0.820 (0.707-0.951)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.009</td>
                  <td align="center">0.847 (0.695-1.031)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.098</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LA Volume</td>
                  <td align="center">0.982 (0.963-1.001)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.063</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moderate-Severe MR</td>
                  <td align="center">6.909 (1.492-31.994)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.013</td>
                  <td align="center">4.660 (0.702-30.939)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.111</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVMI</td>
                  <td align="center">0.987 (0.975-0.999)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.041</td>
                  <td align="center">1.004 (0.985-1.023)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.692</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>
                  <italic>OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence &#305;nterval; IVSd: diastolic &#305;nterventricular septum thickness ; PWd: diastolic posterior wall thickness; MR: mitral regurgitation; LVMI: left ventricular mass &#305;ndex; RWT: relative wall thickness.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Spearman&#8217;s Correlation Analysis for Determine Predictor of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Fabry Disease</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="11%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal" align="left"> </th>
                  <th>Creatinine</th>
                  <th>ST Depr.</th>
                  <th>QT Dur.</th>
                  <th>IVSd</th>
                  <th>PWd</th>
                  <th>Mod.-Sev. MR</th>
                  <th>LVMI</th>
                  <th>RWT</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>rho</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.287</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.222</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.213</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.395</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.306</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.276</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.300</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.273</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>p-value</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004</td>
                  <td align="center">0.026</td>
                  <td align="center">0.034</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  <td align="center">0.005</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  <td align="center">0.006</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Depr.: depression; Dur.: duration; IVSd: diastolic &#305;nterventricular septum thickness; PWd: diastolic posterior wall thickness; Mod.-Sev: moderate-severe; MR: mitral regurgitation; LVMI: left ventricular mass &#305;ndex; RWT: relative wall thickness. + values are correlated with Fabry Disease / - values are correlated with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Our study examines FD and HCM demographic, clinical, biochemical, ECG, and ECHO features. Due to their similarities and potential adverse outcomes, these two diseases must be distinguished. Like the literature, our study population had more male patients in both diseases. <sup><xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref> - <xref rid="B4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> , <xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> - <xref rid="B18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref> </sup> The hereditary traits of FD, its asymptomatic course in females, possible screening bias, and genetic and hormonal modifiers in HCM explain this situation. In our study, the male sex percentage was also significantly higher in FD than in HCM. However, Jungua et al. did not detect a significant difference in male gender (p=0.42), and in the study of Sacchari et al., no p-value was given regarding male gender discrepancy. <sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> , <xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref> </sup> Possible variances in demographic characteristics may have caused this difference.</p>
        <p>Although there are some differences in the order of frequency, angina, dyspnea, palpitations, and syncope are the common cardiac symptoms in both diseases. <sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> , <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref> , <xref rid="B24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref> </sup> Syncope is also included in HCM&#8217;s sudden cardiac death risk scoring. Screening examinations rather than symptoms lead to HCM diagnosis, according to guidelines. <sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> , <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref> </sup> Although the common symptoms in our study were consistent with the guidelines, the differences between the groups were considered coincidental because these symptoms were subjective and nonspecific.</p>
        <p>Beta-blockers, verapamil, and diltiazem lower heart rate to lower LV diastolic pressures and improve LV filling in HCM. &#223;-blockers are initially titrated to the maximally tolerable dose for symptomatic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO). <sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref> , <xref rid="B16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref> </sup> In addition to enzyme replacement and chaperone therapy, concomitant medications can also be used for the reduction of complaints, delaying/preventing the progression of organ manifestations, and improving quality of life in FD. <sup><xref rid="B27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref> , <xref rid="B28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref> </sup> In our study, &#223;-blocker usage was significantly higher in HCM compared to FD, similar to the Jungua N. et al. study (84% vs. 26%, respectively; p&lt;0.001). <sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> </p>
        <p>The gradual accumulation of GL3 in all types of renal cells, predominantly in podocytes, and the release of inflammatory mediators causes FD nephropathy. <sup><xref rid="B29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref></sup> CKD is excluded from the HCM due to the definition in the current guidelines. <sup><xref rid="B15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref></sup> But HCM can also impair renal function secondary to adverse cardiac outcomes. <sup><xref rid="B30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref></sup> In our study, creatinine and TnT are significantly higher, and GFR is significantly lower in FD than in HCM <italic>(all p values &lt;0.05)</italic> . Since the LVH-TR study was a screening study, and first of all, the conditions with a clear LVH etiology were determined and further evaluated for the unexplained LVH etiology, and then the diagnosis of FD was reached, and perhaps due to population characteristics, renal involvement in FD patients may have been low levels (GFR: 73.9&#177;31.0 ml/min in FD). <sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup> FD and HCM can raise myocardial injury indicators like troponin (especially with LVOTO). <sup><xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref> - <xref rid="B33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref> </sup> It has been stated that endothelial dysfunction may be observed in Fabry cardiomyopathy (defined as LV wall thickness of 12 mm and above in Cardiac MRI imaging) due to changes in angiogenesis markers. In this study, GFR values were 95.7 &#177; 19.6 (ml/min/1.73 m <sup><xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> ) in the group without cardiomyopathy, 71.9 &#177; 21.5 in the group with cardiomyopathy, and 3.7 &#177; 0.8 and 28.8 &#177; 25.2 in TnT (pg/ml), respectively. <sup><xref rid="B31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref></sup> In a study on serum biomarkers in HCM patients with preserved LVEF, the decrease in strain parameters was shown as the reason for the increase in TnT values against the healthy control group. In this study, the median troponin T value was 14.25 pg/ml (IQR: 9.98, 22.83) in 64 HCM patients, 65% of whom had LVOTO and 10% who had AF. <sup><xref rid="B34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref></sup> The increase in TnT values in HCM patients has been associated with arrhythmias and disease stages. <sup><xref rid="B35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref></sup> In our study, TnT values were similar to those mentioned above. Differences between the groups can be interpreted with HCM with LVOTO ratio (38%), exclusion of arrhythmias, and possible confounders such as differences related to renal function parameters.</p>
        <p>In Jungua et al. study, the right BBB (54% vs. 22%, respectively; p=0.001), QRS duration (117&#177;27 msn vs. 99&#177;25, respectively; p&lt;0.001), and SLP (p=0.004) were significantly higher in the FD group than in HCM. However, no significant difference was found in other parameters (all p values&lt;0.05), such as QTc (p=0.58). <sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> In our study, HCM had higher QT duration and ST depression (measured not seen in previous studies) than FD. SLI positive was comparable in both groups (p=0.161). In univariate analysis, ST depression and QT duration predict HCM; however, only QT duration predicts HCM in multivariate analysis. ST depression, QT duration, and HCM were weakly positively correlated in Spearman&#8217;s correlation analysis. As HCM and FD progress, QT may prolong. <sup><xref rid="B36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref> , <xref rid="B37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref> </sup> Hence, the HCM LVOTO percentage and FD in earlier stages may have affected the parameter discrepancies. In addition, although it is stated in the literature that a short PQ interval (&lt;120 ms) due to shorting of P wave duration is a red flag for the suspect diagnosis of FD, especially in the early stages, it has been stated that excess LA volume is a confounding factor for this variable. It has been stated that the variable&#8217;s sensitivity and specificity may change with disease progression. In this study, in addition to enzyme deficiency and genetic mutation in the male gender, average or low enzyme values in the female gender, genetic mutation positivity in a family member, or at least one of the classic signs/symptoms of FD or Gb3 accumulation were required for the diagnosis of classic FD. <sup><xref rid="B38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref> , <xref rid="B39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref> </sup> This situation shows partial differences with the methodology of our study and may have caused the difference in the relevant ECG findings to be not observed in our study.</p>
        <p>Like Sacchari et al. strain study, in our study, HCM patients had larger LA volume than FD (Sacchari et al. study: 48.16 &#177; 14.3 mL/m <sup>2</sup> vs. 38.90 &#177; 14.9 mL/m <sup>2</sup> , respectively; p&lt;0.001 / Our study: 62.7&#177;28.7 mL/m <sup>2</sup> vs. 53.5&#177;11.3 mL/m <sup>2</sup> , respectively; p=0.028). In Sacchari et al. study, both groups had lower atrial strain and higher LVMI than the control, but HCM and FD did not differ. <sup><xref rid="B22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref></sup> Unlike the mentioned studies, LVMI was considerably higher in HCM than FD in our study. In Jungua et al. study, LV ejection fraction (LVEF) (69% vs. 65%, respectively; p=0.01), maximal myocardial thickness (MMT) (21.8&#177;4.8 mm vs. 16.2&#177;3.5 mm, respectively; p&lt;0.001), LVOTO (25% vs. 5%, respectively; p&lt;0.001), systolic anterior motion (SAM) (25% vs. 6.6%, respectively; p=0.01) were found to be high in favor of HCM. However, right ventricular hypertrophy (23% vs. 3.4%, respectively; p=0.004), sVd (20.5&#177;3.9 mm/m <sup>2</sup> vs. 18&#177;2.5 mm/m <sup>2</sup> , respectively; p&lt;0.001), and tubular aortic diameter (18.4&#177;3 mm/m <sup>2</sup> vs. 16.8&#177;2.7 mm/m <sup>2</sup> , respectively; p=0.007) were significantly higher in favor of FD. In multivariate analysis, MMT is an independent predictor of HCM (p&lt;0.001), and sVd is an independent predictor of FD (p&lt;0.01). <sup><xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> In our study, IVSd (similar to Smid BE et al.), PWd, lateral and septal E values, PABs, moderate-severe MR, RWT (newly analyzed parameters differ from previously mentioned studies), LA volume, and LVMI were also higher in HCM than in FD. <sup><xref rid="B38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref></sup> Due to univariate logistic regression, IVSd, PWd, moderate-severe MR, and LVMI are also predictors of HCM. LVDD grade I was higher in FD, while LVDD grade III was higher in HCM, but there was no difference regarding LVEF. sVd and aortic root diameter were not significantly different between groups in our study. LVOTO and SAM parameters were not checked in FD, so comparisons could not be made.</p>
        <p>Population differences and the stage of the progression of the diseases may have caused these differences. In addition, the patients were admitted to the outpatient clinic within a time interval in the LVH-TR study, and these patient groups were reached due to screening, not by calling. <sup><xref rid="B25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref></sup> Therefore, knowing the differences during FD and HCM screening, possibly in earlier stages, will help diagnose both diseases and reach the treatment quickly.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>Although our study is a national multicenter study, it could only be done with a limited number of patients because the related diseases are rare and difficult to diagnose. Since our study was multicenter and evaluated with different echocardiography devices by physicians from 22 different centers, some differences may have been observed even though the examination was carried out in line with the guideline recommendations. In addition, excluding patients with AV block, BBB, AF, and paced rhythm may have affected other characteristics rather than ECG between groups. Due to the retrospective nature of our study, some parameters could not be compared as similarly as in the studies like strain echocardiography data and genetic test analysis for HCM patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Our study compared these two disease groups&#8217; demographic, clinical features, drug use, biochemical characteristics, and detailed ECG and ECHO data with newly examined parameters and showed that some specific parameters could aid in the differentiation and early diagnosis of HCM and FD. In the future, a scoring system can be created by planning a database with multinational studies to distinguish both diseases, especially in the early stages. Finally, consensus documents related to the subject can also be created. Therefore, our study can guide future studies.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital under the protocol number 2020-02-21. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
