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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">JXR5knMCZ4D7PxzK644nYfb</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2024000100305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230214</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter para Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial em Pacientes com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo &#8804; 45%: Uma Metan&#225;lise de Ensaios Cl&#237;nicos Randomizados</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0597-8676</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cui</surname>
            <given-names>Yujie</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yao</surname>
            <given-names>Jialu</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1151-8916</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Junyi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4254-7541</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Liu</surname>
            <given-names>Zhenghao</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chen</surname>
            <given-names>Tan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhou</surname>
            <given-names>Yafeng</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Medical Center</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Soochow University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Suzhou</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Department of Cardiology, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Medical Center of Soochow University , Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospital , Suzhou &#8211; China </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">The First Affiliated Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Soochow University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Suzhou</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Department of Cardiology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou &#8211; China </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Yafeng Zhou &#8226; Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Medical Center of Soochow University, Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospital, Institute for Hypertension of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000 &#8211; China Email: <email>zhouyafeng73@126.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o: Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>121</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230214</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) e a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) coexistem frequentemente, resultando em desfechos adversos. No entanto, permanecem controv&#233;rsias quanto &#224; efic&#225;cia da abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter (AC) em pacientes com FA com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda grave.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma metan&#225;lise de ensaios prospectivos randomizados e controlados para avaliar a efic&#225;cia da AC versus terapia m&#233;dica (TM) em pacientes com FA com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &#8804;45%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Procuramos na literatura estudos que comparassem AC com TM em pacientes com FA com FEVE &#8804;45%. Foi realizada uma metan&#225;lise de 7 ensaios cl&#237;nicos, incluindo 1.163 pacientes com FA e IC. A an&#225;lise de subgrupo foi realizada com base na FEVE basal. Todos os testes foram bilaterais; apenas o valor p &lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>Descobrimos que a AC estava associada a menor mortalidade por todas as causas (taxa de risco: 0,52, IC 95%: 0,37 a 0,72; p&lt;0,01) e maiores melhorias na FEVE (diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia: 4,80%, IC 95%: 2,29% a 7,31%; p&lt;0,01) em compara&#231;&#227;o com TM. Os pacientes do grupo AC apresentaram menor risco de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC e recorr&#234;ncia de FA e qualidade de vida significativamente melhor do que aqueles do grupo TM. Os resultados da an&#225;lise de subgrupo indicaram que pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda mais leve melhoraram a FEVE ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o de FA (diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia: 6,53%, IC 95%: 6,18% a 6,88%; p&lt;0,01) em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com doen&#231;a mais grave (diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia : 2,02%, IC 95%: 0,87% a 3,16%; p&lt;0,01).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p>Nossa metan&#225;lise demonstrou que a AC foi associada a melhorias significativas nos resultados de pacientes com FA com FEVE &#8804;45%. Al&#233;m disso, pacientes com FA com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda mais leve poderiam se beneficiar mais com a AC.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Metan&#225;lise</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>National Natural Science Foundation of China</funding-source>
          <award-id>81873486</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Science and Technology Development Program of Jiangsu Province-Clinical Frontier Technology</funding-source>
          <award-id>BE2022754</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Jinji Lake Health Talents Program of Suzhou Industrial Park</funding-source>
          <award-id>SZYQTD202102</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Suzhou Key Discipline for Medicine</funding-source>
          <award-id>SZXK202129</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Demonstration of Scientific and Technological Innovation Project</funding-source>
          <award-id>SKY2021002</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Suzhou Dedicated Project on Diagnosis and Treatment Technology of Major Diseases</funding-source>
          <award-id>LCZX202132</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Research on Collaborative Innovation of medical engineering combination</funding-source>
          <award-id>SZM2021014</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="14"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="25"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) e a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) s&#227;o condi&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas comuns. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Estas duas doen&#231;as coexistem frequentemente, resultando em desfechos cl&#237;nicos adversos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter (AC) &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica estabelecida para a FA. Evid&#234;ncias anteriores de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados (ECR) indicaram que a abla&#231;&#227;o de FA estava associada a resultados ben&#233;ficos em pacientes com FA e IC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Embora as diretrizes recomendem AC como uma op&#231;&#227;o de tratamento para certos pacientes selecionados com FA e IC, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> n&#227;o h&#225; um consenso claro sobre potenciais grupos de pacientes que poderiam se beneficiar da AC.</p>
      <p>Recentemente, algumas metan&#225;lises descobriram que a AC melhora os resultados cl&#237;nicos em pacientes com FA e IC, incluindo a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e a mortalidade por todas as causas, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a terapia m&#233;dica (TM). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> No entanto, a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo dos pacientes variou entre os estudos inclu&#237;dos nessas metan&#225;lises. O estudo CASTLE-AF inscreveu apenas pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) basal &#8804;35%. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Em contraste, o estudo RAFT-AF incluiu um subconjunto de pacientes com FEVE &gt;45%. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o estudo CABANA at&#233; inscreveu participantes com FEVE &gt;50%. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Isso significou que alguns pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ou sist&#243;lica leve foram inclu&#237;dos nas metan&#225;lises publicadas. Dada a associa&#231;&#227;o entre FEVE e mau progn&#243;stico dos pacientes com IC, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> os resultados dos estudos publicados podem ser influenciados, uma vez que alguns pacientes sem diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa da FEVE foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise. Esta metan&#225;lise de ECRs teve como objetivo explorar ainda mais o papel da abla&#231;&#227;o de FA em pacientes com IC com FEVE &#8804;45% em compara&#231;&#227;o com a terapia medicamentosa. Al&#233;m disso, procuramos avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre a FEVE m&#233;dia basal e a efic&#225;cia da AC, conduzindo uma metan&#225;lise de subgrupo pr&#233;-especificada comparando os ECRs inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Esta metan&#225;lise foi realizada de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es descritas na declara&#231;&#227;o PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Fontes de dados e estrat&#233;gia de busca de estudos</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos artigos sobre AC em pacientes com IC e FA publicados no PubMed, na Biblioteca Cochrane e na Web of Science at&#233; janeiro de 2023. Identificamos ECR usando os seguintes termos: &#8220; <italic>Atrial Fibrillation</italic> &#8221;, &#8220; <italic>Heart Failure</italic> &#8221; e &#8220; <italic>Radiofrequency Ablation</italic> &#8221;. Nossa pesquisa foi limitada a ensaios cl&#237;nicos em humanos. Apenas a publica&#231;&#227;o em ingl&#234;s com texto completo foi inclu&#237;da. Tamb&#233;m recuperamos refer&#234;ncias cruzadas de artigos de revis&#227;o e diretrizes relevantes para identificar todos os estudos relevantes. Dois investigadores conduziram uma pesquisa de estudo de forma independente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o de estudos</title>
        <p>Apenas ECR prospectivos foram inclu&#237;dos. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram os seguintes: 1) estudos cl&#237;nicos inclu&#237;ram pacientes com FA com FEVE &#8804;45%; 2) o grupo interven&#231;&#227;o utilizou AC para controle do ritmo (o procedimento principal foi o isolamento das veias pulmonares); 3) o grupo controle utilizou TM apenas para tratamento; 4) os estudos relataram pelo menos um desfecho cardiovascular, como mortalidade por todas as causas, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC, FEVE e qualidade de vida.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Os desfechos cl&#237;nicos para esta metan&#225;lise foram mortalidade por todas as causas, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC, recorr&#234;ncia de FA, melhora na FEVE e altera&#231;&#245;es na dist&#226;ncia percorrida no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6) e nos escores do Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Extra&#231;&#227;o de dados e avalia&#231;&#227;o de qualidade</title>
        <p>Os dados foram obtidos por dois revisores consecutivos e relatados em formul&#225;rios padronizados. Dois revisores extra&#237;ram caracter&#237;sticas de cada estudo, incluindo caracter&#237;sticas basais do paciente, dura&#231;&#227;o do acompanhamento e desfechos de forma independente. A qualidade metodol&#243;gica dos estudos inclu&#237;dos foi avaliada usando a ferramenta Cochrane Risk of Bias. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o foi avaliado qualitativamente por gr&#225;fico de funil. Eventuais discrep&#226;ncias entre os revisores foram resolvidas pela discuss&#227;o que chegou a um consenso.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de subgrupo</title>
        <p>Os estudos inclu&#237;dos foram divididos em dois grupos para metan&#225;lise de subgrupos com base no fato de a FEVE m&#233;dia basal ser superior a 30%. A suban&#225;lise pr&#233;-especificada foi realizada para testar se a efic&#225;cia da AC diferia de acordo com o subgrupo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>S&#237;ntese de dados e an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Todas as an&#225;lises foram avaliadas com base na inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar. Uma raz&#227;o de risco (RR) com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% foi utilizada para estimar as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, incluindo mortalidade por todas as causas, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC e recorr&#234;ncia de FA. A diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia com IC 95% pesou as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, incluindo altera&#231;&#245;es nos escores de FEVE, DTC6 e MLHFQ. A heterogeneidade entre os estudos foi avaliada com a estat&#237;stica I <sup>2</sup> . A heterogeneidade foi considerada se o valor da estat&#237;stica I <sup>2</sup> fosse &gt;30%. As an&#225;lises de sensibilidade foram realizadas removendo um ensaio individual de cada vez da metan&#225;lise para identificar a fonte de heterogeneidade. Todas as compara&#231;&#245;es foram bilaterais e quando valor de p &lt;0,05, os resultados foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Modelos de efeito aleat&#243;rio foram utilizados para calcular todos os resultados agrupados. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o pacote de software RevMan (Review Manager, Vers&#227;o 5.4. Copenhagen, The Nordic Cochrane Centre, Cochrane Collaboration).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Os resultados prim&#225;rios do nosso estudo est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> . Procuramos na literatura estudos que comparassem AC com TM em pacientes com FA e IC. Nossa busca inicial resultou em 1.499 cita&#231;&#245;es. A maioria desses artigos foi exclu&#237;da por n&#227;o serem ECRs. Ap&#243;s triagem com base no t&#237;tulo e resumo, restaram 18 estudos para avalia&#231;&#227;o do texto completo. Destes, 11 artigos foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise final por n&#227;o atenderem aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. Por fim, um total de 7 artigos foram inclu&#237;dos na metan&#225;lise. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> )</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura Central</label>
          <caption>
            <title>: Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter para Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial em Pacientes com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo &#8804; 45%: Uma Metan&#225;lise de Ensaios Cl&#237;nicos Randomizados</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>(1) Mortalidade por todas as causas; (2) Melhora m&#233;dia da FEVE; (3) An&#225;lise de subgrupo para FEVE: AC: abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter; TM: terapia m&#233;dica; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230214-30214-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fluxograma de sele&#231;&#227;o dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230214-30214-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>As principais caracter&#237;sticas dos ECRs que atenderam aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . Os 7 estudos cl&#237;nicos inclu&#237;ram 1.163 pacientes com FA com FEVE &#8804;45%. Os participantes de cada estudo foram alocados aleatoriamente na propor&#231;&#227;o de 1:1 para receber AC ou TM para FA. Quatro dos estudos inclu&#237;dos geraram desenhos de randomiza&#231;&#227;o computadorizados usando randomiza&#231;&#227;o em blocos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> O estudo de MacDonald foi alocado por meio de uma sequ&#234;ncia gerada por computador. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Nos estudos ARC-HF e CASTLE-AF, a randomiza&#231;&#227;o estratificada foi usada para garantir o equil&#237;brio de caracter&#237;sticas iniciais. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> No geral, 584 pacientes foram randomizados para o grupo de abla&#231;&#227;o de FA e 579 pacientes foram randomizados para o grupo de TM. A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes nos estudos variou de 57 a 67 anos, 70% dos participantes eram do sexo masculino. Cinco ensaios inclu&#237;dos inscreveram apenas pacientes com FA persistente, mas os ensaios CASTLE-AF e RAFT-AF tamb&#233;m inscreveram pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica. No grupo AC dos estudos inclu&#237;dos, o principal procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o foi o isolamento das veias pulmonares. Ao mesmo tempo, nova abla&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m foi realizada na maioria dos pacientes. Conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref> , a qualidade metodol&#243;gica dos estudos inclu&#237;dos foi classificada como de alta qualidade. Nenhum vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o significativo foi observado nos gr&#225;ficos de funil. No geral, houve um risco relativamente baixo de vi&#233;s nesta an&#225;lise.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Ensaios Cl&#237;nicos Randomizados de AC Versus TM</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Sigla de Estudo</th>
                <th>MacDonald et al.</th>
                <th>ARC-HF</th>
                <th>AATAC</th>
                <th>C&#194;MERA-RM</th>
                <th>CASTELO-AF</th>
                <th>AMICA</th>
                <th>RAFT-AF</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Ano</td>
                <td align="center">2011</td>
                <td align="center">2013</td>
                <td align="center">2016</td>
                <td align="center">2017</td>
                <td align="center">2018</td>
                <td align="center">2019</td>
                <td align="center">2022</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tamanho da amostra para abla&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">102</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">179</td>
                <td align="center">98</td>
                <td align="center">124</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tamanho da amostra para TM</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">101</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">184</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">116</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade Anos</td>
                <td align="center">63</td>
                <td align="center">63</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">64</td>
                <td align="center">65</td>
                <td align="center">67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masc., %</td>
                <td align="center">78</td>
                <td align="center">87</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">91</td>
                <td align="center">86</td>
                <td align="center">90</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acompanhamento, Meses</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NYHA Class</td>
                <td align="center">II/III</td>
                <td align="center">II-IV</td>
                <td align="center">II/III</td>
                <td align="center">II-IV</td>
                <td align="center">I-IV</td>
                <td align="center">II/III</td>
                <td align="center">II/III</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estrat&#233;gia principal de abla&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">IPV</td>
                <td align="center">IPV</td>
                <td align="center">IPV</td>
                <td align="center">IPV</td>
                <td align="center">IPV</td>
                <td align="center">IPV</td>
                <td align="center">IPV</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estrat&#233;gia m&#233;dica</td>
                <td align="center">Controle de taxa</td>
                <td align="center">Controle de taxa</td>
                <td align="center">Amiodarona</td>
                <td align="center">Controle de taxa</td>
                <td align="center">Controle de taxa ou ritmo</td>
                <td align="center">Controle de taxa ou ritmo</td>
                <td align="center">Controle de taxa</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes</td>
                <td align="center">FEVE&lt;35%por RMC</td>
                <td align="center">FEVE&#8804;35%por ventriculografia com radionucl&#237;deos</td>
                <td align="center">FEVE&#8804;40%por ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica</td>
                <td align="center">FEVE&#8804;45%por RMC</td>
                <td align="center">FEVE&#8804;35% por ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica</td>
                <td align="center">FEVE&#8804;35%por ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica</td>
                <td align="center">FEVE&#8804;45%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE no grupo de abla&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">16,1 (7,1)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (8)</td>
                <td align="center">29(5)</td>
                <td align="center">32(9,4)</td>
                <td align="center">32,5(9,6)</td>
                <td align="center">27,8(9,5)</td>
                <td align="center">30,1(8,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE no grupo m&#233;dico</td>
                <td align="center">19,6 (5,5)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (7)</td>
                <td align="center">30(8)</td>
                <td align="center">34(7,8)</td>
                <td align="center">31,5(7,4)</td>
                <td align="center">24,8(8,8)</td>
                <td align="center">30,3(9,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE m&#233;dia</td>
                <td align="center">17,7(6,5)</td>
                <td align="center">23,5(7,6)</td>
                <td align="center">29,5(6,6)</td>
                <td align="center">33(8,5)</td>
                <td align="center">32,2(7,9)</td>
                <td align="center">26,3(9,3)</td>
                <td align="center">30,2(8,7)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; AC: abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter; TM: terapia m&#233;dica; RM: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica; NYHA: classe funcional da New York Heart Association; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; RMC: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular; IVP: isolamento da veia pulmonar. Todos os ensaios inclu&#237;dos adotaram um valor P bilateral de 0,05 para avaliar a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; 1) Risco de Vi&#233;s; 2) Gr&#225;fico de funil. Gr&#225;ficos de funil para (A) mortalidade por todas as causas, (B) melhora na FEVE, (C) hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC, (D) recorr&#234;ncia de FA, (E) mudan&#231;a nos escores do Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire, (F) mudan&#231;a em Teste de 6 minutos de caminhada. FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, IC=insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230214-30214-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Mortalidade por todas as causas</title>
        <p>Seis estudos inclu&#237;dos relataram dados sobre mortalidade por todas as causas no final do acompanhamento. Conforme exibido na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref> (1), a AC foi associada a menor mortalidade por todas as causas em compara&#231;&#227;o com a TM (RR: 0,52; p&lt;0,01). N&#227;o houve heterogeneidade entre estudos entre os ensaios.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lises agrupadas para (1) Mortalidade por todas as causas, (2) hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC, (3) recorr&#234;ncia de FA. AC: abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter; TM: terapia m&#233;dica; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; HF: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230214-30214-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Melhoria na FEVE</title>
        <p>Comparado ao grupo TM, o grupo AC foi associado a uma maior melhora na FEVE (MD: 4,80%; p&lt;0,01) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref> (1)). Not&#225;vel heterogeneidade foi observada entre os ensaios. A an&#225;lise de sensibilidade, excluindo um ensaio individual de cada vez, n&#227;o reduziu significativamente a heterogeneidade. (Suplemento 1)</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lises agrupadas para (1) Melhoria na FEVE, (2) Mudan&#231;a na qualidade de vida. AC: abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter, TM: terapia m&#233;dica; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230214-30214-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC e recorr&#234;ncia de FA</title>
        <p>Os dados de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC estavam dispon&#237;veis em 6 estudos. Comparado com o grupo TM, o grupo abla&#231;&#227;o teve uma taxa de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC reduzida (RR: 0,46; p&lt;0,01) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref> (2)). Nenhuma heterogeneidade significativa entre os estudos foi observada.</p>
        <p>Cinco estudos relataram o n&#250;mero de pacientes que permaneceram com FA ao final do acompanhamento. Os resultados agrupados sugeriram que no grupo AC, a taxa de recorr&#234;ncia de FA dos pacientes foi significativamente menor do que no grupo TM (RR: 0,16; p&lt;0,01) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref> (3)). Foi detectada heterogeneidade significativa na an&#225;lise, sens&#237;vel &#224; exclus&#227;o do ensaio ARC-HF (I2=52%). A taxa de recorr&#234;ncia de FA dos pacientes do grupo AC permaneceu menor ap&#243;s a exclus&#227;o do ARC-HF (RR: 0,21; p&lt;0,01) (Suplemento 2).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Mudan&#231;a na qualidade de vida</title>
        <p>Cinco estudos relataram dados sobre qualidade de vida com a pesquisa Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire. Conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref> (2), o grupo de abla&#231;&#227;o de FA foi associado a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o mais significativa nos escores do MLHFQ do que o grupo TM (MD: -2,94 pontos; p=0,04), indicando uma maior melhora na qualidade de vida no grupo AC. Houve apenas uma leve heterogeneidade entre os ensaios.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Melhoria na dist&#226;ncia de caminhada de 6 minutos</title>
        <p>Os resultados de altera&#231;&#227;o na DTC6 estavam dispon&#237;veis em 7 estudos. A an&#225;lise agrupada sugeriu n&#227;o haver diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos de abla&#231;&#227;o e m&#233;dico (MD: 7,15 metros; p = 0,18) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 5</xref> (1)). Heterogeneidade significativa foi observada entre os estudos e foi sens&#237;vel &#224; exclus&#227;o do estudo AMICA (I2=0%). Ap&#243;s a exclus&#227;o do ensaio, a an&#225;lise mostrou um aumento significativo da DTC6 no grupo abla&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo TM (MD: 5,98 metros; p&lt;0,01) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 5</xref> (2)).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lises agrupadas para (1) Melhoria na dist&#226;ncia de caminhada de 6 minutos; (2) Melhoria no Teste de 6 minutos de caminhada sem AMICA. AC: abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter; TM: terapia m&#233;dica; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; AMICA: abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter versus melhor terapia m&#233;dica em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial persistente e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva: o estudo randomizado AMICA.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230214-30214-gf06.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de subgrupo</title>
        <p>Realizamos uma an&#225;lise de subgrupo de FEVE e mortalidade por todas as causas pela FEVE m&#233;dia basal &#8804;30% e &gt;30%. Conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 6</xref> (1), em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com FEVE m&#233;dia basal &#8804;30%, os pacientes com FEVE m&#233;dia basal &gt;30% obtiveram uma melhora maior na FEVE com a abla&#231;&#227;o de FA (DM: 2,02%; p&lt;0,01 vs. DM: 6,53%; p&lt;0,01). A intera&#231;&#227;o entre os subgrupos foi estatisticamente significativa (p&lt;0,01) e n&#227;o foi observada heterogeneidade entre estudos dentro de cada subgrupo. Al&#233;m disso, descobrimos que para pacientes com FEVE m&#233;dia &gt;30% no in&#237;cio do estudo, o risco de mortalidade por todas as causas foi menor no grupo AC do que no grupo TM (RR: 0,48; p&lt;0,01), enquanto para pacientes com FEVE &#8804;30% , n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica na mortalidade por todas as causas entre os dois grupos (RR: 0,68; p=0,39) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 6</xref> (2)). Embora tenha havido uma intera&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre os subgrupos (p = 0,47), os resultados agrupados indicaram que os m&#233;dicos deveriam considerar cuidadosamente se os pacientes com FA e IC poderiam se beneficiar da AC.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f07">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de subgrupo para (1) FEVE; (2) Mortalidade por todas as causas. AC: abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter, TM: terapia medicamentosa; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230214-30214-gf07.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os principais achados desta metan&#225;lise foram que a AC para FA em pacientes com FEVE &#8804;45% foi associada a redu&#231;&#245;es na mortalidade por todas as causas, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC e recorr&#234;ncia de FA em compara&#231;&#227;o com a TM. A abla&#231;&#227;o da FA tamb&#233;m foi associada a melhorias mais significativas na FEVE e na qualidade de vida do que a terapia medicamentosa. Em suma, os pacientes com FA com FEVE &#8804;45% poderiam se beneficiar mais da AC em compara&#231;&#227;o com a TM. Al&#233;m disso, os resultados das an&#225;lises de subgrupo relataram que os pacientes com FEVE m&#233;dia basal &gt;30% poderiam obter melhora da FEVE com a abla&#231;&#227;o de FA do que aqueles com FEVE &#8804;30%.</p>
      <p>Sobre assuntos relacionados, diversas revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas e metan&#225;lises relataram melhor progn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico com a abla&#231;&#227;o de FA em pacientes com IC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> No entanto, a FEVE dos pacientes variou amplamente entre os estudos inclu&#237;dos nessas an&#225;lises. No estudo CABANA, mais de 70% dos pacientes apresentaram FEVE &gt;50%; <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> enquanto o estudo AMICA incluiu pacientes com FEVE de 35% ou menos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> O n&#237;vel de FEVE est&#225; intimamente correlacionado com o progn&#243;stico de pacientes com IC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Pacientes com FEVE mais elevada pode impactar os resultados da metan&#225;lise. Assim, &#233; essencial realizar uma metan&#225;lise espec&#237;fica de ECRs que recrutem pacientes com FEVE mais baixa.</p>
      <p>Identificamos 7 estudos que inclu&#237;ram pacientes com FEVE &#8804;45% ap&#243;s uma pesquisa de artigos e realizamos uma an&#225;lise agrupada subsequente deles. Em 2022, &#350;ayl&#305;k et al. e Chang et al. publicaram novas metan&#225;lises sobre o papel da AC em pacientes com FA e IC, dos quais v&#225;rios ECRs inclu&#237;ram pacientes com FEVE &gt;50%. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, exclu&#237;mos o estudo CABANA que incluiu pacientes com FEVE &gt;50%. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> O estudo PABA-CHF tamb&#233;m foi exclu&#237;do porque o grupo controle foi submetido a abla&#231;&#227;o adicional do n&#243; atrioventricular com estimula&#231;&#227;o biventricular em vez de TM. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> O estudo RAFT-AF publicado recentemente realizou an&#225;lises de subgrupos com base na FEVE basal dos pacientes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Assim, diferentemente de &#350;ayl&#305;k et al., inclu&#237;mos a an&#225;lise de subgrupo de RAFT-AF para pacientes com FEVE &#8804;45% em vez da an&#225;lise completa. Acreditamos que nosso estudo possa beneficiar os m&#233;dicos na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com FA com menor FEVE e com menor candidatura para AC.</p>
      <p>Pacientes com FA com IC tendem a ter maior mortalidade e resultados ruins. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Estudos anteriores sugerem que a FA pode causar a deteriora&#231;&#227;o constante da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> O controle do ritmo e a manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal s&#227;o as chaves para o tratamento cl&#237;nico em pacientes com FA com IC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Cateter a abla&#231;&#227;o &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica estabelecida para controle do ritmo em pacientes com FA. Nossa an&#225;lise conjunta descobriu que, para pacientes com FEVE &#8804;45%, a AC para FA foi associada a melhores resultados cl&#237;nicos, incluindo menor mortalidade por todas as causas e taxa de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC, al&#233;m de maior FEVE. Conforme relatado em nosso estudo, a abla&#231;&#227;o da FA tamb&#233;m poderia melhorar significativamente a qualidade de vida do paciente e reduzir a carga da doen&#231;a. Portanto, os m&#233;dicos devem levar em considera&#231;&#227;o os benef&#237;cios da AC ao tomar a decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica para pacientes com FA com FEVE &#8804;45%.</p>
      <p>A dist&#226;ncia percorrida no teste de caminhada de seis minutos &#233; um preditor independente de progn&#243;stico de IC. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Em pacientes com IC, a DTC6 est&#225; intimamente associada &#224; mortalidade por todas as causas e &#224; qualidade de vida. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> A an&#225;lise conjunta da dist&#226;ncia percorrida no teste de caminhada de seis minutos n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a significativa entre a dist&#226;ncia percorrida no teste de abla&#231;&#227;o e grupo m&#233;dico. Esta an&#225;lise teve heterogeneidade significativa entre estudos e foi sens&#237;vel &#224; exclus&#227;o do AMICA. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Ap&#243;s excluir o AMICA, descobrimos que o grupo AC teve uma melhora mais significativa na DTC6 do que o grupo TM. Os investigadores do ensaio AMICA encerraram o estudo precocemente, o que pode ser a causa da heterogeneidade. A confiabilidade e a estabilidade da nossa an&#225;lise agrupada s&#227;o limitadas devido &#224; heterogeneidade significativa. O efeito da AC na DTC6 necessita de maior explora&#231;&#227;o em estudos futuros.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, notamos diferen&#231;a no grau de melhora da FEVE no grupo AC em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo TM entre os estudos inclu&#237;dos na metan&#225;lise. Nos ensaios CAMERA-MRI, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> CASTLE-AF <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> e RAFT-AF, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> a melhora da FEVE no grupo de abla&#231;&#227;o aumentou em mais de 6% em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo de medicamentos (8,80% no CAMERA-MRI, 7,80% no CASTLE-AF, 6,50% em RAFT-AF). No entanto, os outros quatro estudos tiveram melhorias relativamente menores na FEVE (1,70% no MacDonald&#8217;s, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> 5,50% no ARC-HF, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> 1,90% no AATAC <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> e 1,50% no AMICA <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> ). Nos ensaios MacDonald&#8217;s, AATAC e AMICA, a melhoria da FEVE no grupo de abla&#231;&#227;o foi ainda inferior a 2%. Ao comparar esses estudos inclu&#237;dos, descobrimos que a FEVE m&#233;dia basal foi superior a 30% nos ensaios CAMERA-MRI, CASTLE-AF e RAFT-AF, enquanto a FEVE foi inferior a 30% nos outros quatro estudos. ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ) Para explorar isso ainda mais, realizamos an&#225;lises de subgrupos de FEVE e mortalidade por todas as causas pela FEVE m&#233;dia basal &#8804;30% e &gt;30%. Os resultados das an&#225;lises de subgrupos relataram que a melhora da FEVE foi mais significativa em pacientes com FEVE &gt;30% do que naqueles com FEVE &#8804;30%. Al&#233;m disso, nenhuma diferen&#231;a na mortalidade por todas as causas entre os grupos AC e TM foi observada na metan&#225;lise de pacientes inclu&#237;dos no subgrupo com FEVE m&#233;dia basal &#8804;30%. A suban&#225;lise do estudo CASTLE-AF observou resultados semelhantes, onde pacientes com FEVE basal grave (&lt;20%) no grupo AC apresentaram desfechos adversos com mais frequ&#234;ncia em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com FEVE basal moderada (&#8805;20% e &lt;35%). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Em uma palavra, apesar da grosseria dos nossos crit&#233;rios de agrupamento, esses achados indicaram que a AC para FA em pacientes com melhor FEVE foi associada a maiores melhorias nos desfechos do que aqueles com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda mais grave. A FEVE de 30% pode ser um crit&#233;rio de estratifica&#231;&#227;o para os m&#233;dicos avaliarem a candidatura do paciente com IC &#224; AC.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, descobrimos que algumas outras caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes tamb&#233;m podem estar relacionadas aos resultados cl&#237;nicos do estudo. Os resultados do estudo de MacDonald <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> n&#227;o relataram diferen&#231;a na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC entre os grupos AC e TM. No estudo ARC-HF, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> a mortalidade por todas as causas foi maior no grupo de abla&#231;&#227;o de FA do que no grupo de TM. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com os outros ensaios, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> a dura&#231;&#227;o da FA nos pacientes dos ensaios MacDonald&#8217;s e ARC-HF foi significativamente mais longa, ultrapassando os 40 meses. Sugeriu que pacientes com dura&#231;&#227;o prolongada de FA podem ter levado a um menor benef&#237;cio da AC. Assim, a AC precoce para FA em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica prejudicada pode ser crucial para melhorar os resultados cl&#237;nicos. A maioria dos participantes nos ensaios inclu&#237;dos apresentava FA persistente, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> enquanto os ensaios CASTLE-AF <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> e RAFT-AF <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> inscreveram um subconjunto de pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica. Em ambos os ensaios, o aumento da FEVE associado ao grupo de abla&#231;&#227;o foi maior do que nos outros ensaios que inclu&#237;ram apenas pacientes com IC persistente. Isto indicou que os pacientes com IC e FA parox&#237;stica podem ser melhores candidatos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, o ensaio AATAC, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> que incluiu pacientes com IC e FA persistente, descreveu a redu&#231;&#227;o mais significativa na mortalidade por todas as causas associada &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o entre os ensaios inclu&#237;dos. Uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o dos resultados poderia ser que o grupo TM no estudo AATAC foi tratado com amiodarona para controlar o ritmo. Os efeitos colaterais da amiodarona podem aumentar os resultados adversos no grupo de medicamentos.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, observamos tamb&#233;m que o di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo dos pacientes do grupo de abla&#231;&#227;o dos estudos ARC-HF <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> e AMICA <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> foi maior que nos demais estudos, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> chegando a 50 mm. Os resultados agrupados de ambos os ensaios relataram que a mortalidade por todas as causas no grupo AC de ambos os ensaios foi maior do que no grupo TM. Um di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo maior pode estar associado a disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca mais grave e maior carga de FA. Sugeriu ainda que pacientes com IC grave poderiam se beneficiar menos com a abla&#231;&#227;o de FA. Em resumo, os efeitos da abla&#231;&#227;o da FA variam em grupos de pacientes com IC com caracter&#237;sticas diferentes, portanto a sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com IC a serem submetidos &#224; AC deve ser considerada com cautela. S&#227;o necess&#225;rios mais ensaios cl&#237;nicos controlados para explorar os crit&#233;rios de estratifica&#231;&#227;o e identificar potenciais grupos de pacientes com IC que poderiam beneficiar mais da abla&#231;&#227;o da FA.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Primeiro, este estudo atual foi limitado por crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade inconsistentes para cada ensaio. As diferen&#231;as podem resultar em heterogeneidade ao combinar os dados destes ensaios. Em segundo lugar, o ensaio RAFT-AF forneceu ao desfecho prim&#225;rio um desfecho composto, que pode impactar os resultados da an&#225;lise. Al&#233;m disso, a an&#225;lise de subgrupo baseou-se na FEVE m&#233;dia basal dos pacientes em cada estudo. A FEVE m&#233;dia n&#227;o conseguiu representar a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda de cada paciente nos estudos.</p>
        <p>No entanto, nosso trabalho forneceu novas ideias para estudos futuros. Al&#233;m disso, devido aos problemas do pr&#243;prio estudo, os m&#233;dicos e os pacientes n&#227;o ficaram cegos ao processo de tratamento. A vontade subjetiva de m&#233;dicos e pacientes pode afetar os resultados.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, esta &#233; a primeira vez que avaliamos a efic&#225;cia da AC em pacientes com FA com FEVE &#8804;45% em qualquer uma das metan&#225;lises publicadas at&#233; o momento. Nosso estudo demonstrou que, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a TM, a AC para FA em pacientes com IC foi associada a um menor risco de mortalidade por todas as causas, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC e recorr&#234;ncia de FA, al&#233;m de melhorias mais significativas na FEVE e na qualidade de vida. Al&#233;m disso, a suban&#225;lise revelou que os pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda mais leve poderiam se beneficiar mais da abla&#231;&#227;o da FA do que os pacientes com doen&#231;a mais grave. Mais pesquisas s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para explorar as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes com FA e IC que poderiam se beneficiar da AC.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Este trabalho foi apoiado por doa&#231;&#245;es da National Natural Science Foundation of China (81873486), the Science and Technology Development Program of Jiangsu Province-Clinical Frontier Technology (BE2022754), Clinical Medicine Expert Team (Class A) of Jinji Lake Health Talents Program of Suzhou Industrial Park(SZYQTD202102), Suzhou Key Discipline for Medicine(SZXK202129), Demonstration of Scientific and Technological Innovation Project (SKY2021002), Suzhou Dedicated Project on Diagnosis and Treatment Technology of Major Diseases(LCZX202132), Research on Collaborative Innovation of medical engineering combination(SZM2021014). Os financiadores n&#227;o tiveram nenhum papel no desenho do estudo, na coleta e an&#225;lise de dados, nas decis&#245;es de publica&#231;&#227;o ou na prepara&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito.</p>
    </ack>
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          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1067/mhj.2001.118468</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25. Sohns C, Zintl K, Zhao Y, Dagher L, Andresen D, Siebels J, et al. Impact of Left Ventricular Function and Heart Failure Symptoms on Outcomes Post Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation in Heart Failure: CASTLE-AF Trial. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2020;13(10):e008461. doi: 10.1161/CIRCEP.120.008461.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sohns</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zintl</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhao</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dagher</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andresen</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siebels</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Impact of Left Ventricular Function and Heart Failure Symptoms on Outcomes Post Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation in Heart Failure: CASTLE-AF Trial</article-title>
          <source>Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <elocation-id>e008461</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCEP.120.008461</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado por National Natural Science Foundation of China (81873486), the Science and Technology Development Program of Jiangsu Province-Clinical Frontier Technology (BE2022754), Clinical Medicine Expert Team (Class A) of Jinji Lake Health Talents Program of Suzhou Industrial Park (SZYQTD202102), Suzhou Key Discipline for Medicine (SZXK202129), Demonstration of Scientific and Technological Innovation Project (SKY2021002), Suzhou Dedicated Project on Diagnosis and Treatment Technology of Major Diseases (LCZX202132), Research on Collaborative Innovation of medical engineering combination (SZM2021014).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction &#8804; 45%: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0597-8676</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cui</surname>
            <given-names>Yujie</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yao</surname>
            <given-names>Jialu</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1151-8916</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Junyi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4254-7541</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Liu</surname>
            <given-names>Zhenghao</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chen</surname>
            <given-names>Tan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhou</surname>
            <given-names>Yafeng</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Department of Cardiology, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Medical Center of Soochow University, Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospital, Suzhou &#8211; China </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou &#8211; China </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Yafeng Zhou &#8226; Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Medical Center of Soochow University, Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospital, Institute for Hypertension of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000 - China Email: zhouyafeng73@126.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Editor responsible for the review: Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential conflict of interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) and heart failure (HF) frequently coexist, resulting in adverse outcomes. However, controversies remain regarding the efficacy of catheter ablation (CA) in AF patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>The purpose of this study was to perform a meta-analysis of prospective randomized controlled trials to evaluate the efficacy of CA versus medical therapy (MT) in AF patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &#8804;45%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>We searched the literature for studies that compared CA to MT in AF patients with LVEF &#8804;45%. A meta-analysis of 7 clinical trials was performed, including 1163 patients with AF and HF. Subgroup analysis was performed based on baseline LVEF. All tests were 2-sided; only the p-value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>We found that CA was associated with lower all-cause mortality (risk ratio: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.37 to 0.72; p&lt;0.01) and greater improvements in LVEF (mean difference: 4.80%, 95% CI: 2.29% to 7.31%; p&lt;0.01) compared to MT. Patients in the CA group had a lower risk of HF hospitalization and AF recurrence and a significantly better quality of life than those in the MT group. The results of subgroup analysis indicated that patients with milder left ventricular dysfunction improved LVEF after AF ablation (mean difference: 6.53%, 95% CI: 6.18% to 6.88%; p&lt;0.01) compared to patients with more severe disease (mean difference: 2.02%, 95% CI: 0.87% to 3.16%; p&lt;0.01).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>Our meta-analysis demonstrated that CA was associated with significant improvements in outcomes of AF patients with LVEF &#8804;45%. Additionally, AF patients with milder left ventricular dysfunction could benefit more from CA.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Catheter Ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Meta-Analysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>In clinical practice, atrial fibrillation (AF) and heart failure (HF) are common cardiac conditions. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> These two diseases frequently coexist, resulting in adverse clinical outcomes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Catheter ablation (CA) is an established therapeutic strategy for AF. Previous evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) indicated that AF ablation was associated with beneficial outcomes in AF patients with HF. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Although guidelines recommend CA as a treatment option for certain selected patients with AF and HF, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> there is no clear consensus on potential patient groups that could benefit from CA.</p>
        <p>Recently, some meta-analyses have found that CA improves clinical outcomes in AF patients with HF, including left ventricular systolic function and all-cause mortality, compared with medical therapy (MT). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> However, patients&#8217; left ventricular systolic function varied among the studies included in these meta-analyses. The CASTLE-AF trial enrolled only patients with baseline left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &#8804;35%. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In contrast, the RAFT-AF trial included a subset of patients with LVEF &gt;45%. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Additionally, the CABANA trial even enrolled participants with LVEF &gt;50%. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> This meant that some diastolic or mild systolic dysfunction patients were included in the published meta-analyses. Given the association between LVEF and poor prognosis of HF patients, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> the results of the published studies may be influenced as some patients with no significant decrease in LVEF were included in the analysis. This meta-analysis of RCTs was aimed to further explore the role of AF ablation in HF patients with LVEF &#8804;45% compared to drug therapy. Additionally, we sought to evaluate the correlation between baseline mean LVEF and the efficacy of CA by conducting a prespecified subgroup meta-analysis comparing RCTs included in the study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This meta-analysis was performed according to the recommendations described in the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) statement. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Data sources and study search strategy</title>
          <p>Papers regarding CA in patients with HF and AF that were published on PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and the Web of Science until January 2023 were included. We identified RCTs using the following terms: &#8220;Atrial Fibrillation,&#8221; &#8220;Heart Failure,&#8221; and &#8220;Radiofrequency Ablation.&#8221; Our search was limited to clinical trials in humans. Only full-text English publication was included. We also retrieved cross-references of relevant review articles and guidelines to identify all relevant studies. Two investigators conducted a study search independently.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study selection</title>
          <p>Only prospective randomized clinical trials were included. The inclusion criteria were as follows: 1) clinical studies enrolled AF patients with LVEF &#8804;45%; 2) the intervention group used CA to control rhythm (the principal procedure was pulmonary vein isolation); 3) the control group used MT for treatment only; 4) the studies reported at least one cardiovascular endpoint, such as all-cause mortality, HF hospitalization, LVEF and quality of life.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outcomes</title>
          <p>The clinical outcomes for this meta-analysis were all-cause mortality, HF hospitalization, AF recurrence, improvements in LVEF, and changes in 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) and Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ) scores.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data extraction and quality assessment</title>
          <p>Data were obtained by 2 reviewers back-to-back and reported on standardized forms. Two reviewers extracted characteristics of each study, including baseline patient characteristics, follow-up duration, and end points independently. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Publication bias was assessed qualitatively by funnel plot. Any discrepancies between the reviewers were resolved by the discussion that arrived at a consensus.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Subgroup analysis</title>
          <p>The included studies were divided into two groups for subgroup meta-analysis based on whether the baseline mean LVEF was greater than 30%. The prespecified sub-analysis was conducted to test whether the efficacy of CA differed according to subgroup.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data synthesis and statistical analysis</title>
          <p>All analyses were assessed on an intention-to-treat basis. A risk ratio (RR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to estimate the categorical variables, including all-cause mortality, hospitalization for HF, and AF recurrence. Mean difference (MD) with 95% CI weighed the continuous variables, including changes in LVEF, 6MWD, and MLHFQ scores. Heterogeneity among studies was assessed with the I <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> statistic. Heterogeneity was considered if the value of the I <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> statistic was &gt;30%. Sensitivity analyses were conducted by removing one individual trial at a time from the meta-analysis to identify the source of heterogeneity. All comparisons were 2-sided, and when a p-value &lt;0.05, the results were considered statistically significant. Random-effect models were used to calculate all pooled results. Statistical analyses were performed using the RevMan software package (Review Manager, Version 5.4. Copenhagen, The Nordic Cochrane Centre, the Cochrane Collaboration).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The primary results of our study are summarized in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> . We searched the literature for studies that compared CA to MT in patients with AF and HF. Our initial search resulted in 1499 citations. Most of these articles were excluded due to non-RCTs. After being screened based on title and abstract, 18 studies remained for full-text evaluation. Of these, 11 articles were excluded from the final analysis because they did not meet the inclusion criteria. Finally, a total of 7 articles were included in the meta-analysis. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> )</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction &#8804; 45%: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>(1) All-cause mortality; (2) Mean improvement in LVEF; (3) Subgroup analysis for LVEF. CA: catheter ablation; MT: medical therapy; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; CI: confidence interval.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230214-30214-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Flowchart of Clinical Trials Selection.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230214-30214-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The main characteristics of the RCTs that met the inclusion criteria are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . The 7 clinical studies included 1163 AF patients with LVEF &#8804;45%. The participants in each study were randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to receive CA or MT for AF. Four of the included studies generated computerized randomization designs using block randomization. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> MacDonald&#8217;s study was allocated through a computer-generated sequence. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> In the ARC-HF and CASTLE-AF trials, stratified randomization was used to ensure the balance of baseline characteristics. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Overall, 584 patients were randomly assigned to the AF ablation group, and 579 patients were randomized to the MT group. The mean age of patients in the studies ranged from 57 to 67 years, 70% of the participants were males. Five included trials enrolled patients with persistent AF only, but the CASTLE-AF and RAFT-AF trials also enrolled patients with paroxysmal AF. In the CA group of the included trials, the key ablation procedure was pulmonary vein isolation. At the same time, further ablation was also performed in most patients. As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref> , the methodological quality of the included studies was classified as high-quality. No significant publication bias was observed in funnel plots. Overall, there was a relatively low risk of bias in this analysis.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Randomized Clinical Trials of CA Versus MT</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="13%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Study Acronym</th>
                  <th>MacDonald et al.</th>
                  <th>ARC-HF</th>
                  <th>AATAC</th>
                  <th>CAMERA-MRI</th>
                  <th>CASTLE-AF</th>
                  <th>AMICA</th>
                  <th>RAFT-AF</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Year</td>
                  <td align="center">2011</td>
                  <td align="center">2013</td>
                  <td align="center">2016</td>
                  <td align="center">2017</td>
                  <td align="center">2018</td>
                  <td align="center">2019</td>
                  <td align="center">2022</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sample size for ablation</td>
                  <td align="center">22</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                  <td align="center">102</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">179</td>
                  <td align="center">98</td>
                  <td align="center">124</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sample size for MT</td>
                  <td align="center">19</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                  <td align="center">101</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">184</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">116</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, years</td>
                  <td align="center">63</td>
                  <td align="center">63</td>
                  <td align="center">61</td>
                  <td align="center">61</td>
                  <td align="center">64</td>
                  <td align="center">65</td>
                  <td align="center">67</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male, %</td>
                  <td align="center">78</td>
                  <td align="center">87</td>
                  <td align="center">74</td>
                  <td align="center">91</td>
                  <td align="center">86</td>
                  <td align="center">90</td>
                  <td align="center">74</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Follow-up, Months</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NYHA class</td>
                  <td align="center">II/III</td>
                  <td align="center">II-IV</td>
                  <td align="center">II/III</td>
                  <td align="center">II-IV</td>
                  <td align="center">I-IV</td>
                  <td align="center">II/III</td>
                  <td align="center">II/III</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Principal ablation strategy</td>
                  <td align="center">PVI</td>
                  <td align="center">PVI</td>
                  <td align="center">PVI</td>
                  <td align="center">PVI</td>
                  <td align="center">PVI</td>
                  <td align="center">PVI</td>
                  <td align="center">PVI</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Medical strategy</td>
                  <td align="center">Rate control</td>
                  <td align="center">Rate control</td>
                  <td align="center">Amiodarone</td>
                  <td align="center">Rate control</td>
                  <td align="center">Rate or rhythm control</td>
                  <td align="center">Rate or rhythm control</td>
                  <td align="center">Rate control</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Patients population</td>
                  <td align="center">LVEF&lt;35% by CMR</td>
                  <td align="center">LVEF&#8804;35% by radionuclide ventriculography</td>
                  <td align="center">LVEF&#8804;40% by transthoracic echocardiography</td>
                  <td align="center">LVEF &#8804;45% by CMR</td>
                  <td align="center">LVEF&#8804;35% by transthoracic echocardiography</td>
                  <td align="center">LVEF&#8804;35% by transthoracic echocardiography</td>
                  <td align="center">LVEF&#8804;45%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF in the ablation group</td>
                  <td align="center">16.1 (7.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (8)</td>
                  <td align="center">29(5)</td>
                  <td align="center">32(9.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">32.5(9.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">27.8(9.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">30.1(8.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF in the medical group</td>
                  <td align="center">19.6 (5.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">30(8)</td>
                  <td align="center">34(7.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">31.5(7.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">24.8(8.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">30.3(9.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Average LVEF</td>
                  <td align="center">17.7(6.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">23.5(7.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">29.5(6.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">33(8.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">32.2(7.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">26.3(9.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">30.2(8.7)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>AF: atrial fibrillation; HF: heart failure; CA: catheter ablation; MT: medical therapy; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; NYHA: New York Heart Association functional class; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; CMR: cardiovascular magnetic resonance; PVI: pulmonary vein isolation. All included trials adopted a 2-sided P-value of 0.05 to evaluate statistical significance.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; (1) Risk of Bias; (2) Funnel plot. Funnel plots for (A) All-cause mortality, (B) Improvement in LVEF, (C) HF hospitalization, (D) AF recurrence, (E) change in Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire scores, (F) change in 6 Minute Walk Distance. LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; HF: heart failure; AF: atrial fibrillation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230214-30214-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>All-cause mortality</title>
          <p>Six included studies reported data on all-cause mortality at the end of follow-up. As displayed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref> (1), CA was associated with lower all-cause mortality compared with MT (RR: 0.52; p&lt;0.01). There was no interstudy heterogeneity among trials.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Pooled analyses for (1) All-cause mortality, (2) HF hospitalization, (3) AF recurrence. CA: catheter ablation; MT: medical therapy; CI: confidence interval; HF: heart failure; AF: atrial fibrillation.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230214-30214-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Improvement in LVEF</title>
          <p>Compared with the MT group, the CA group was associated with a greater improvement in LVEF (MD: 4.80%; p&lt;0.01) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref> (1)). Remarkable heterogeneity was observed among trials. Sensitivity analysis by excluding one individual trial at a time did not significantly reduce the heterogeneity. (Supplementary 1)</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Pooled analyses for (1) Improvement in LVEF, (2) Change in quality of life. CA: catheter ablation; MT: medical therapy; CI: confidence interval; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230214-30214-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>HF hospitalization and AF recurrence</title>
          <p>HF hospitalization data were available in 6 studies. Compared with the MT group, the ablation group had a reduced HF hospitalization rate (RR: 0.46; p&lt;0.01) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref> (2)). No significant heterogeneity among studies was observed.</p>
          <p>Five studies reported the number of patients who remained with AF at the end of follow-up. The pooled results suggested that in the CA group, the AF recurrence rate of patients was significantly lower than those in the MT group (RR: 0.16; p&lt;0.01) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref> (3)). Significant heterogeneity was detected in the analysis, which was sensitive to the exclusion of the ARC-HF trial (I <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> =52%). The AF recurrence rate of patients in the CA group remained lower after the exclusion of ARC-HF (RR: 0.21; p&lt;0.01) (Supplementary 2).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Change in quality of life</title>
          <p>Five studies reported data on quality of life with the MLHFQ survey. As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref> (2), the AF ablation group was associated with a more significant decrease in MLHFQ scores than the MT group (MD: -2.94 points; p=0.04), indicating a greater improvement in quality of life in the CA group. There was just mild heterogeneity among trials.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Improvement in 6-Minute Walk Distance</title>
          <p>The results of change in 6MWD were available in 7 studies. The pooled analysis suggested no significant difference between ablation and medical groups (MD: 7.15 meters; p=0.18) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 5</xref> (1)). Significant heterogeneity was observed among studies, and it was sensitive to the exclusion of the AMICA trial (I <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> =0%). After the exclusion of the trial, the analysis showed a significant increase of 6MWD in the ablation group compared to the MT group (MD: 5.98 meters; p&lt;0.01) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 5</xref> (2)).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Pooled analyses for (1) Improvement in 6-Minute Walk Distance; (2) Improvement in 6-Minute Walk Distance without AMICA. CA: catheter ablation; MT: medical therapy; CI: confidence interval; AMICA: Catheter Ablation Versus Best Medical Therapy in Patients With Persistent Atrial Fibrillation and Congestive Heart Failure: The Randomized AMICA Trial.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230214-30214-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Subgroup analysis</title>
          <p>We performed a subgroup analysis of LVEF and all-cause mortality by baseline average LVEF &#8804;30% and &gt;30%. As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 6</xref> (1), compared to patients with baseline mean LVEF &#8804;30%, patients with baseline mean LVEF &gt;30% got a greater improvement in LVEF from AF ablation (MD: 2.02%; p&lt;0.01 vs. MD: 6.53%; p&lt;0.01). The interaction between subgroups was statistically significant (p&lt;0.01), and no interstudy heterogeneity was observed within each subgroup. Additionally, we found that for patients with average LVEF &gt;30% at baseline, the risk of all-cause mortality was lower in the CA group than MT group (RR: 0.48; p&lt;0.01), while for patients with LVEF &#8804;30%, there was no statistical difference in all-cause mortality between the two groups (RR: 0.68; p=0.39) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 6</xref> (2)). Although there was a non-statistically significant interaction between subgroups (p=0.47), the pooled results indicated that clinicians should consider carefully whether AF patients with HF could benefit from CA.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f07001">
              <label>Figure 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Subgroup analysis for (1) LVEF; (2) All-cause mortality. CA: catheter ablation; MT: medical therapy; CI: confidence interval; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-121-01-e20230214-30214-gf07-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The main findings of this meta-analysis were that CA for AF in patients with LVEF &#8804;45% was associated with reductions in all-cause mortality, HF hospitalization, and AF recurrence compared to MT. AF ablation was also associated with more significant improvements in LVEF and quality of life than drug therapy. In a word, AF patients with LVEF &#8804;45% could benefit more from CA in comparison with MT. In addition, the results of the subgroup analyses reported that patients with baseline mean LVEF &gt;30% could get LVEF improvement from AF ablation than those with LVEF &#8804;30%.</p>
        <p>On related subjects, several systematic reviews and meta-analyses reported better clinical prognosis with AF ablation in HF patients. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> However, the LVEF of patients varied widely among the studies included in these analyses. In the CABANA trial, more than 70% of patients had LVEF &gt;50%; <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> while the AMICA trial included patients with LVEF of 35% or less. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> The level of LVEF is closely correlated with the prognosis of HF patients. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Patients with higher LVEF may impact the results of the meta-analysis. Thus, conducting a specific meta-analysis of RCTs recruiting patients with lower LVEF is essential.</p>
        <p>We identified 7 studies that enrolled patients with LVEF &#8804;45% after a search of articles and performed a subsequent pooled analysis of them. In 2022, &#350;ayl&#305;k et al. and Chang et al. published new meta-analyses on the role of CA in AF patients with HF, of which several RCTs comprised patients with LVEF &gt;50%. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> In our study, we excluded the CABANA trial enrolling patients with LVEF &gt;50%. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The PABA-CHF trial was also excluded because the control group underwent additional atrioventricular-node ablation with biventricular pacing instead of MT. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> The recently published RAFT-AF trial performed subgroup analyses based on the baseline LVEF of patients. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> So, unlike &#350;ayl&#305;k et al. work, we included the subgroup analysis of RAFT-AF for patients with LVEF &#8804;45% instead of the complete analysis. We believe our study could benefit clinicians when assessing AF patients with lower LVEF candidacy for CA.</p>
        <p>AF patients with HF tend to have higher mortality and poor outcomes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Previous studies suggest AF could cause the steady deterioration of left ventricular dysfunction. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Rhythm control and maintenance of sinus rhythm are the keys to clinical treatment in AF patients with HF. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> CA is an established therapeutic strategy for rhythm control in patients with AF. Our pooled analysis found that for patients with LVEF &#8804;45%, the CA for AF was associated with improved clinical outcomes, including lower all-cause mortality and HF hospitalization rate and higher LVEF. As reported in our study, ablation of AF could also significantly improve patient&#8217;s quality of life and reduce their disease burden. Hence, clinicians should take complete account of the benefits of CA when making the clinical decision for AF patients with LVEF &#8804;45%.</p>
        <p>Six-minute walk distance is an independent predictor of HF prognosis. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> In HF patients, 6MWD is closely associated with all-cause mortality and quality of life. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> The pooled analysis regarding the 6-minute walk distance showed no significant difference between the ablation and medical group. This analysis had significant interstudy heterogeneity and was sensitive to the exclusion of AMICA. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> After excluding AMICA, we found that the CA group had a more significant improvement in 6MWD than the MT group. The investigators of the AMICA trial terminated the study early, which might be the cause of the heterogeneity. The reliability and stability of our pooled analysis are limited due to significant heterogeneity. The effect of CA in 6MWD needed further exploration in future studies.</p>
        <p>Furthermore, we noticed a difference in the degree of LVEF improvement in the CA group compared to the MT group among the studies included in the meta-analysis. In the CAMERA-MRI, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> CASTLE-AF <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and RAFT-AF <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> trials, LVEF improvement in the ablation group was increased by more than 6% compared to the drug group (8.80% in CAMERA-MRI, 7.80% in CASTLE-AF, 6.50% in RAFT-AF). However, the other four studies had relatively lower improvements in LVEF (1.70% in MacDonald&#8217;s, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> 5.50% in ARC-HF, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> 1.90% in AATAC, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> and 1.50% in AMICA <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> ). In the MacDonald&#8217;s, AATAC, and AMICA trials, the improvement of LVEF in the ablation group was even less than 2%. By comparing these included studies, we found that the baseline mean LVEF was greater than 30% in the CAMERA-MRI, CASTLE-AF, and RAFT-AF trials, while the LVEF was less than 30% in the other four studies. ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ) To explore this further, we performed subgroup analyses of LVEF and all-cause mortality by baseline average LVEF &#8804;30% and &gt;30%. Results of the subgroup analyses reported that the LVEF improvement was more significant in patients with LVEF &gt;30% than those with LVEF &#8804;30%. In addition, no difference in all-cause mortality between the CA and MT groups was observed in the meta-analysis of subgroup enrolling patients with baseline mean LVEF &#8804;30%. The sub-analysis of the CASTLE-AF trial noted similar findings, where patients with severe baseline LVEF (&lt;20%) in the CA group experienced adverse endpoints more often compared to patients with moderate baseline LVEF (&#8805;20% and &lt;35%). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> In a word, despite the crudeness of our grouping criteria, these findings indicated that CA for AF in patients with a better LVEF was associated with greater improvements in outcomes than those with more severe left ventricular dysfunction. LVEF of 30% might be a stratification criterion for clinicians to assess the HF patient&#8217;s candidacy for CA.</p>
        <p>In addition, we found that some other baseline characteristics of patients may be related to the clinical outcomes in the study as well. Results from MacDonald&#8217;s trial <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> reported no difference in HF hospitalization between the CA and MT groups. In the ARC-HF trial, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> all-cause mortality was higher in the AF ablation group than in the MT group. Compared to the other trials, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> the duration of AF in patients in the MacDonald&#8217;s and ARC-HF trials was significantly longer, exceeding 40 months. It suggested that patients with prolonged duration of AF may have led to a lower benefit from CA. Thus, early CA for AF in patients with impaired systolic function could be crucial in improving clinical outcomes. Most participants in the included trials were with persistent AF, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> while the CASTLE-AF <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and RAFT-AF <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> trials enrolled a subset of patients with paroxysmal AF. In both trials, the increase in LVEF associated with the ablation group was greater than in the other trials that included only persistent HF patients. This indicated that HF patients with paroxysmal AF may be better candidates for ablation. However, the AATAC trial, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> enrolling HF patients with persistent AF, described the most significant reduction in all-cause mortality associated with ablation among the included trials. A possible explanation of the results could be that the MT group in the AATAC trial was treated with amiodarone to control the rhythm. Side effects of amiodarone might increase adverse outcomes in the drug group.</p>
        <p>Moreover, we also noted that the left atrial diameter of patients in the ablation group of the ARC-HF <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> and AMICA <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> trials was larger than in the other studies, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> reaching 50 mm. Pooled results from both trials reported that all-cause mortality in the CA group of both trials was higher than in the MT group. A larger left atrial diameter may be associated with more severe cardiac dysfunction and a greater burden of AF. It further suggested that patients with severe HF might benefit less from AF ablation. In brief, the effects of AF ablation vary in HF patient groups with different characteristics, so the selection of HF patients to undergo CA should be considered cautiously. More clinical controlled trials are needed to explore the stratification criteria and identify potential HF patient groups who could benefit more from AF ablation.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>The limitations include: First, this current study was limited by inconsistent eligibility criteria for each trial. The differences may result in heterogeneity when combining the data of these trials. Second, the RAFT-AF trial provided the primary outcome with a composite endpoint, which might impact the analysis results. In addition, the subgroup analysis was based on the baseline mean LVEF of patients in each study. The average LVEF could not represent the left ventricular function of each patient in studies.</p>
          <p>Nevertheless, our work provided new ideas for future study. Moreover, due to the problems of the study itself, clinicians and patients were not blind to the treatment process. The subjective will of clinicians and patients may affect the outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time to evaluate the efficacy of CA in AF patients with LVEF &#8804;45% in any of the meta-analyses published to date. Our study demonstrated that compared to MT, CA for AF in patients with HF was associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality, hospitalization for HF, and recurrence of AF, and more significant improvements in LVEF and quality of life. Furthermore, the sub-analysis revealed that patients with milder left ventricular dysfunction could benefit more from AF ablation than patients with more severe disease. More research is needed to explore the characteristics of AF patients with HF that could benefit from CA.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81873486), the Science and Technology Development Program of Jiangsu Province-Clinical Frontier Technology (BE2022754), Clinical Medicine Expert Team (Class A) of Jinji Lake Health Talents Program of Suzhou Industrial Park(SZYQTD202102), Suzhou Key Discipline for Medicine(SZXK202129), Demonstration of Scientific and Technological Innovation Project (SKY2021002), Suzhou Dedicated Project on Diagnosis and Treatment Technology of Major Diseases(LCZX202132), Research on Collaborative Innovation of medical engineering combination(SZM2021014). The funders had no roles in study design, data collection and analysis, publication decisions, or manuscript preparation.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of funding: This study was partially funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (81873486), the Science and Technology Development Program of Jiangsu Province-Clinical Frontier Technology (BE2022754), Clinical Medicine Expert Team (Class A) of Jinji Lake Health Talents Program of Suzhou Industrial Park(SZYQTD202102), Suzhou Key Discipline for Medicine(SZXK202129), Demonstration of Scientific and Technological Innovation Project (SKY2021002), Suzhou Dedicated Project on Diagnosis and Treatment Technology of Major Diseases(LCZX202132), Research on Collaborative Innovation of medical engineering combination(SZM2021014).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
